Chapter XXXVII: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation (5)

=Podolia=, part of Red Russia, I 53
subject to Poland, I 140
uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145
regained by Poland (1667), I 159
annexed by Turkey (1672), I 208
returned to Poland (1699), I 208
strip of, annexed by Austria (1772), I 187
annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 39
Jews prohibited from selling cloth in, I 75
Jews massacred by Cossacks in (1648), I 146 ff, 157
part of, forbidden to Jews (1649), I 151
Jews massacred by haidamacks (1768), I 183 ff
Talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199
Sabbatian movement propagated in, I 208, 210 f
Jacob Frank active in, I 211, 212 f, 216
rabbis of, summoned to disputation with Frankists, I 214 f
difference of intellectual development in, I 221
Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 222, 224 f, 228
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
type of Tzaddik in, I 233
conquered by Hasidim, I 371, 383
Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373
remains hotbed of Hasidism, II 121 f
Jews of, suffer from civil war in Poland (1792), I 292
Shlakhta of, suggests anti-Jewish measures (1798), I 324
Jews of, decide to appeal to Paul I., I 325
Jews of, send delegate to St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited by Government to elect deputies (1807), I
349
Jews of, protest against discrimination in municipal government,
I 369
Jews of, indifferent towards Polish insurrection (1831), II
107
Jewish economic activity in, II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256; (1882), 299 ff, 304
governor of, favors emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414
Localities in:
Balta, II 299 ff
Bratzlav, I 288, 383
Kamenitz, I 215, 324
Lantzkorona, I 213
Moghilev (on the Dniester), I 98
Satanov, I 213, 388

=Pogroms= (under Polish régime), occasioned by Black Death, I
52
at Cracow, I 56 f, 63 f, 97, 102, 161, 166
at Lemberg, I 64
at Posen, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 166
at Brest-Kuyavsk, I 75
at Brest-Litovsk, I 99
at Vilna, I 94, 99
at Warsaw (1790), I 285 ff
occasioned by meetings of provincial diets, or dietines, I
170
perpetrated by Polish irregular troops (1656), I 155 f
suppressed by Sigismund I., I 76
energetically opposed by Stephen Batory, I 90
forestalled by Sigismund III., I 97
prevented by Vladislav IV., I 98
forbidden by diet of Warsaw (1717), I 171
perpetrated by theological students (_Schülergelauf_), I 161
student P's. forbidden by Mechislav III. (1173), I 42; and
condemned by Polish diet, I 166 f

=Pogroms= (in the Ukraina), under Pavluk, Cossack leader (1637),
I 144
under Khmelnitzki, Cossack leader, (1648), I 145 ff
by Haidamacks (1768), I 183
at Uman, I 184 f

=Pogroms= (under Russian régime), term explained, II 191
perpetrated in Poland by invading Russians (1563), I 243;
(1654), I 153 f, 245
checked by Peter the Great (1708), I 248 at Odessa (1871),
II 191 ff;
halts assimilation endeavors, 215 f;
depicted by Smolenskin, II 245;
produces staggering effect on Orshanski, II 239
initiation of policy of (1881), I 247
carefully prepared by Government agents, II 248
_Katzaps_, or Great Russians, imported for perpetration of,
II 248, 256, 359, III 115
at Yelisavetgrad (April, 1881), II 249 ff
in district of Yelisavetgrad and government of Kherson, II
251
at Kiev (April, 1881), II 251 ff;
effects of, minimized by Government press, II 255 f;
tried in court, II 264 f
new P's. in South Russia, II 256 ff
averted at Berdychev by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f
at Odessa (May, 1881), II 257 f;
Jewish self-defence punished, II 264
believed by peasants to have been ordered by Tzar, II 257
ascribed by Government to Russian revolutionary propaganda,
II 259 f, 269, 279
later attributed by it to Jewish economic exploitation, II
261, 315
Government indifferent towards victims of, II 263
perpetrators of, receive slight sentences in court, II 264
outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (summer 1881), II 265
ff
suppressed in Lithuania and White Russia, II 267, 276
replaced there by incendiary activities, II 267
give rise to emigration movement, II 267 f
at Warsaw (December, 1881), II 280 ff;
effect of, on Europe and America, II 283;
London, II, 287;
welcomed by Government "Jewish Committee," II 310
Alexander III. regrets necessity of suppressing, II 284
Jews hold public mourning for victims of, II 286
cause agitation in England, II 287 f
Mansion House Meeting in London protests against (February
1, 1882), II 288 ff
committee to aid victims of, organized in London, II 290 f
perpetrators of, arrested, II 291
at Balta (March, 1882), II 299 ff;
horrors of, II 302 f, terrifies Government, II 314;
tried in court, II 315 f;
produces emigration panic, II 321
discussed by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II 306 f
justified in report of "Jewish Committee," II 309
policy of, abandoned by Government, II 311 ff
perpetrators of, receive severe sentences, II 315 f
Russian press and literature react feebly on, II 325 f
effect of, on Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 326
outbreak of new P's. in South Russia (1883), II 358 ff
at Rostov (May, 1883), II 358;
news of, suppressed, II 358
at Yekaterinoslav (July, 1883), II 358 ff
at Nizhni-Novgorod (1884), II 360 ff;
prompted by greed and prospect of immunity, II 361
referred to by Pahlen Commission, II 367
at Starodub (government of Chernigov, 1891), 411 ff;
displeases Government, II 412
bred in public houses, III 23
outbreak of new P's. in Russian South and South-west (1897),
III 32 ff
stopped by Government on account of Hague Conference, II 35
at Chenstokhov (by Poles), stopped by Russian Government (1902),
III 36
planned by Plehve as counter-revolutionary measure, III 68
f
at Kishinev (April, 1903), III 69 ff;
see Kishinev
at Homel (August, 1903), III 87 ff;
tried in court and misrepresented by Government, III 101
ff
impending P's. stopped by Government (1904), III 96 f
in Russian South-west (August, 1904), III 99
by mobilized soldiers (September, 1904), III 100
at Moghilev (October, 1904) III 100 f;
avenged by Jewish youth, III 107
in government of Vitebsk (October, 1904), III 101
organized by Black Hundred (April, 1905), III 113 ff
at Bialystok, III 114 f
at Dusyaty (government of Kovno), III 115
at Melitopol (government of Tavrida), III 115
at Simferopol (government of Tavrida), III 115
at Zhitomir (Volhynia), III 115 f;
followed by tragedy at Troyanov, III 116 ff;
misrepresented by Government, III 118
intensify revolutionary movement among Jews, III 119
perpetrated by soldiers (summer, 1905), III 119 f
at Minsk, III 119
at Brest-Litovsk, III 119
at Syedletz, III 119
at Lodz, III 119 f
at Bialystok (June, 1905), III 120
at Kerch (Crimea), July, 1905, III 120;
prepared by Government, III 120
"October P's." (October 18-25, 1905), III 124 ff;
organized by Black Hundred, with help of Tzar and police,
III 125 f;
vast extent of, III 128;
followed by anarchy, III 130 f
at Odessa, III 129;
assisted by police, III 129
at Nyezhin (government of Chernigov), III 129
outside Pale (October, 1905), III 130
participation of Government in, denounced by assembled Russian
Jews, III 132
Jews threatened with, during elections to First Duma, III 135;
to Third Duma, III 153
discussed by First Duma, III 130 ff;
and condemned in resolution (1906), III 139
at Bialystok (June, 1906), III 136 f;
investigated and reported upon by commission of First Duma,
III 137
perpetrators of October P. either untried or pardoned, III
150
planned at Kiev but averted (September, 1911), III 165
List of pogroms according to cities and governments:
Alexandria (Kherson), III 100
Ananyev (Kherson), II 251
Balta (Podolia), II 299 ff
Berdychev (Volhynia), II 256 f
Bialystok, III, 114 f, 120, 136 f
Borispol (Poltava), II 267
Chenstokhov (Poland), III 36 f
Chernigov (city), III 128
Chernigov (government), II 257
Dusyaty (Kovno), III 115
Homel (Moghilev), III 87 ff
Kularash, III 128
Kamenetz (Podolia), III 128
Kantakuzenka (Kherson), III 33
Karpovich (Chernigov), II 315
Kerch (Tavrida), III 120
Kherson (government), II 304
Kiev (city), I 32, II 251 ff, III 128, 165
Kiev (government), II 256
Kishinev, III 69 ff, 128
Konotop (Chernigov), II 257
Lodz, III 119 f
Melitopol (Tavrida), III 115
Minsk, III 119
Moghilev (city), I 153 f, 245; III 100
Moghilev (government), III 100
Mstislavl (Moghilev), I 248
Nagartava, Jewish agricultural colony, III 35
Nicholayev (Crimea), III 34 f, 128
Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f
Novo-Moskovsk (Yekaterinoslav), II 360
Nyezhin (Chernigov), II 267, III 129
Odessa, II 191 ff, 257 f, III 128 f
Orsha (Moghilev), III 128
Pereyaslav (Poltava), II 265
Podolia (government), II 256, 304
Polotzk (Vitebsk), I 243
Romny, III 128
Rostov, II 358
Rovno (Volhynia), III 99
Saratov, III 130
Semyonovka (Chernigov), III 129
Shpola (Kiev), III 33
Simferopol (Tavrida), III 115, 128
Smyela (Kiev), II 256; III 99
Starodub (Chernigov), II 411 ff
Syedletz (Poland), III 119
Troyanov (Volhynia), III 116 ff
Vilna, I 154, 245
Vitebsk (city), I 154, 245
Vitebsk (government), III 101
Volhynia (government), II 256
Voronyezh, III 130
Warsaw, II 280 ff
Yekaterinoslav, II 359 f, III 128
Yelisavetgrad, II 249 ff, III 128
Zhitomir (Volhynia), III 115 ff
See also Self-Defence

=Poklonski=, Russian colonel, massacres Jews of Moghilev, I 153
f

=Pokutye= (_Polish_, Pokucie), region in Poland, I 150

=Polakov, Lazarus=, Jewish financier in Moscow, II 400

=Polakov, Samuel=, Jewish financier in St. Petersburg, participates
in Jewish Conference, II 304
discusses Jewish question with Ignatyev, II 305 f

=Poland=, first partition of (1772), I 262
condition of Jews in, after first partition, I 263 ff, 270
schemes for improving condition of Jews in, I 271 ff, 284
inner life of Jews in, I 274 ff
Hasidism spreads in, I 231 f
problem of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, I 280 ff
Polish Diet appoints committee to consider Jewish question,
I 287 f;
postpones action, I 290
second partition of (1793), and revolution under Kosciuszko,
I 292 f
patriotism of Jews in, I 292 ff
third partition of (1795), I 297
reconstituted by Napoleon as Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297
equality of all citizens proclaimed in, I 298
Government of, suspends emancipation of Jews (1808), I 299,
II 100 f
Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 300
assimilated Jews of, apply for equal rights, I 300 ff;
and are refused, I 302
Jews of, released from military service (1812), I 304
Jews of, barred from liquor trade (1812), I 304, II 100
French influences among Jews of, I 385 f
growth of Hasidism in, I 384, II 122
Poles side with Napoleon in Franco-Russian War, I 355;
and threaten to massacre Jews and Russians, I 357
reconstituted as "Kingdom of Poland," and assigned
by Congress of Vienna to Russia [Russian Poland, or
Congress Poland] (1815), I 390
granted complete autonomy by Alexander I., II 88
number of Jews in kingdom of, I 390
Government of, appoints Committee on Jewish Question (1815),
II 89
David Friedländer of Berlin submits memorandum on Jews of,
II 90
Zayonchek, viceroy of, opposed to Jewish emancipation, II 91
f
Polish Diet unfriendly to Jews of, II 93 f, 99 f
Government of, passes anti-Jewish restrictions, II 94 f
condition of Jews in, discussed in Polish literature, II 95
ff
blood accusation in, II 74; forbidden by Russian Government,
II 99
assimilationist tendencies among Jews of, II 100 ff
Kahals abolished in, and replaced by _Gminas_ (1822), II 102
Government of, appoints Committee to Polonize Jews, II 103
anti-Semitism in, II 104 f, 178
Polish insurrection of 1831, II 33, 105
Jews volunteer in revolutionary army of, II 105 ff
Polish writers express sympathy with Jews, II 108 f
Nicholas I. imposes conscription on Jews of (1843), II 109
f
prohibition of Jewish dress in Russia extended to (1845), II
110
Jews of, continue to wear Jewish dress, II 145
influence of Talmud prevails in, II 51
Hasidism firmly established in, II 122 f
Polish insurrection of 1863, II 178 ff, 182 f
patriotic attitude of Jews in, II 179 ff
Jewish disabilities in, removed by Alexander II. (1862), II
181;
and re-established by Alexander III., 367
Jews of, accused of separation, II 195
Poles try to stop pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 283
Poles perpetrate pogrom on Jews of Chenstokhov (1902), III
36
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
Jews of, active in Russian revolution of 1905, III 107
terrorism in (1905), III 130
Jews in, intimidated during Duma elections, III 134
recrudescence of anti-Semitism in (1905), III 166 ff
Jews of, subjected to economic boycott (1912), III 167 f
Jewish life in, depicted by Perez, III 61;
and Ash, III 162
See also Poland (Great), Poland (Little), Polish Language,
Polonization, and Warsaw

=Poland, Great=, forms feudal principality, I 41 f
Posen leading city of, I 74, 110, 196
part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f
part of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187;
(1793), I 292;
(1795), I 297
formed by Napoleon into Duchy of Warsaw (1807), I 297
tribunal of, at Piotrkov, I 96
provincial diet of, I 113
Boleslav, prince of, grants charter to Jews of principality
(1264), I 45, 51
Jews of, secure ratification of charter (1548), I 83
Jewish communities of, receive charter of autonomy (1551),
I 105 ff
"senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1518), I 105
represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196
Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f

=Poland, Little=, forms feudal principality, I 41 f
Cracow, leading city of, I 74
includes Western Galicia, I 53
part of, conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154 f
annexation of, completed by Austria (1795), I 297
added by Napoleon to duchy of Warsaw (1809), I 297
tribunal of, at Lublin, I 96
"senior rabbis" of, confirmed by Sigismund I. (1541), I 105,
109, 122
represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, meet periodically, I 196
Jews of, massacred by Polish troops (1656), I 155 f
Jewish commercial activity held to be injurious to, I 288

=Polemics, and Political Literature=, between Jews and Christians
in Poland, I 136 ff

=Police=, central department of, in St. Petersburg co-operates
with rioters in Kerch, III 120
abets October pogroms (1905), III 125 f
charged by First Duma with complicity in pogroms, II 136
complicity of, in pogroms disclosed by Urussov, III 138

=Police, Political=, known as "The Third Section," term explained,
II 21
chief of, appointed on Committee for Radical Transformation
of Jews (1840), II 50
crushes revolutionary endeavors, II 140
calls forth terrorism, II 184
distributes anti-Semitic book among detectives, II 204
reports on revolutionary activities of Jews, II 348

=Polish Language= used for literary purposes by Nahman and Belzhytz,
I 136 f
by rabbi of Khelm, I 283
by anonymous orthodox rabbi, II 98
by Jewish weekly, II 213
See also Language and Polonization

=Politz=, Universal History by, translated into Hebrew, II 134

=Pollak, Jacob=, of Prague, introduces _pilpul_ method into Poland,
I 122

=Pollak=, of Minsk, offer of, to establish Jewish agricultural
colony refused by Government, III 25

=Polonization=, advocated by David Friedländer and his followers,
I 386, II 90
champions of, advocate abolition of Jewish autonomy, II 100
rabbinical seminary at Warsaw established for, II 103
among Jewish _intelligenzia_ in Poland, II 182
extreme form of, in Warsaw, II 213

=Polonnoye= (Volhynia), Khmelnitzki massacre in (1648), I 148
f
Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230

=Polotzk= (government of Vitebsk), Jews of, drowned by Russian
invaders (1654), I 243
Jewish coachmen of, forbidden to drive beyond Pale, II 70
government of, former name for government of Vitebsk;
see Vitebsk (government)
Kahal of, appealed to by Elijah of Vilna against Hasidism,
I 373

=Polovtzis=, succeed Khazars as masters of Crimea, I 29

=Poltava= (city), Osip Rabinovich, Russian-Jewish writer, native
of, II 238

=Poltava= (region, or government), subject to Poland, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1835), II 40
Pavluk, Cossack leader, massacres Jews of (1637), I 144
Jews forbidden residence in (1649), I 151;
readmitted (1651), I 152
Jewish communities of, disappear almost entirely (1648), I
157
few Jews survive in (after 1648), I 246
Jews of White Russia settle in, 321
Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
Localities in:
Borispol, II 267
Lokhvitz, I 145
Lubny, I 144, 145
Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265
Piryatin, I 145

=Pomerania=, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262

=Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus=, king of Poland (1764-1795),
reign of, I 180 ff
election of, preceded by change in system of Jewish taxation,
I 197
protects Simeon Volfovich, spokesman of Vilna Jewish masses,
against Kahal, I 276
receives plan of Jewish reform from Hirshovich, royal broker,
I 284
grants solemn audience to Jews, I 290 f

=Pontus Euxinus=, see Black Sea

=Populism= (in Russian, _narodnichestvo_), branch of Russian
revolutionary movement, II 222 f
anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f
influences Jacob Gordin, II 333

=Popiel=, ancient Polish ruler, I 40

=Popov=, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government,
I 352

=Port Arthur=, Jews expelled from, III 94;
and denied right of residence in, III 157

=Posen= (_Polish_, Poznan), leading city of Great Poland, I 42,
74, 110, 116
surrendered by Shlakhta to invading Swedes (1655), I 155
refugees from crusades settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV. to renew charter (1447), I 61
Jews of, petition Sigismund I. to ratify election of rabbis
(1518), I 104
Jews of, persecuted on charge of host desecration, I 55, 95
riots in, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 161
Jews of, restricted in economic pursuits, I 74, 95
magistracy of, joins other cities in economic fight against
Jews, I 75
Jews of, limited to separate quarter, I 75;
and forbidden to increase number of houses, I 85
rights of Jews of, enlarged by Stephen Batory, I 89 f
Jews of, accused of ritual murder (1736), I 172, 174 ff
Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,
I 110
exorcism of devils in, I 203
rabbis of:
Naphtali Cohen, I 204
Solomon Edels (_Maharsho_), I 129
Sheftel Horowitz, I 135, 158
Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
Solomon Luria (_Maharshal_), native of, I 120
Arie Leib Calahora, preacher in, I 175

=Posen=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262
Polish troops destroy Jewish communities in (1656), I 156

=Posner, Solomon=, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103

=Potemkin=, Nota Shklover purveyor to army of, I 338

=Pototzki= (_Polish_, Potocki), commander of Polish army, I 145

=Politzki=, voyevoda of Kiev, I 184

=Polotzki, Severin=, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian
Government (1802), I 335

=Politzki, Stanislav=, delivers eulogy on Berek Yoselovich, I
303 f

=Praga=, suburb of Warsaw, attached by Russian Government (1802),
I 335
home of Berek Yoselovich, I 294

=Prague=, capital of Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon,
I 33
Jews attacked by crusaders in, I 41
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127

=Pravo ("The Law")=, Russian journal, suppressed for protesting
against Kishinev massacre, III 77
protests against court verdict in Homel pogrom, III 103 f

=Prayer=, importance of, emphasized by Besht, I 226
Hasidim adopt Ari's form of, I 231

=Press, Russian=, used euphemistically to designate Russian Government,
II 386
pursues anti-Semitic policy, II 278, 379, III 31 f
makes no reference to expulsion from Moscow, II 407
liberal P. protests against Kishinev massacre, III 76 f
stifled by Plehve, III 77

=Press, Jewish=, in Russia, II 216 ff
in Hebrew, II 217 f, 372, III 58, 162
in Yiddish, III 58 f, 162
in Russian, II 218 ff, 277 f;
yields to press in Hebrew, II 372

=Press, Foreign=, protest against Jewish disabilities, II 381
reports (together with Russian P.) on anti-Semitic exploits
of Russian officials, II 384
denounces expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 407 f
protests against Kishinev massacre, III 77
See Printing-Presses

=Prikahalki=, name for minor Kahals, I 108, 193;
see Kahals

=Priluker, Jacob=, founder of Judeo-Christian sect, II 334 f
becomes Christian missionary, II 335

=Printing-Press=, Hebrew, of Cracow and Lublin, I 131
of Vilna, II 42, 115, 127
of Slavuta, II 42, 123
of Kiev, II 43;
transferred to Zhitomir, II 43
establishment of, by Russian Government, suggested by Dyerzhavin,
I 333
See Censorship

=Professions=, restrictions in pursuit of, II 26 f;
see Bar, and Physicians;
also Education and University

=Pro-Gymnazium=, term explained, III 29;
see Gymnazium

=Prokhonvik, Abraham=, legendary king of Poland, I 40

=Property, Real=; see Villages

=Propination= (_Polish_, Propinacya), right of distilling and
selling liquor, term explained, I 67
carried on by Jews in Poland, I 67;
and Ukraine, I 141
forced upon Jews by economic factors, I 266 f
from Polish pan by Jewish arendar, I 93, 170, 265
connected with other economic pursuits, I 93, 361 f
elimination of Jews from, advocated by Polish reformers (1782),
I 272 f, 280;
recommended by Polish Government Committee (1815), II 89;
and demanded by Polish Diet (1818), II 100
law barring Jews from, issued by Duchy of Warsaw (1812), I
304 f;
but vetoed by Alexander I. (1816), II 94
participation of Jews in, defended by Polish officer, II 98
Jews of annexed White Russia hampered in pursuit of (1784),
I 311 ff
Polish nobles of annexed Polish provinces advocate elimination
of Jews from, I 323 ff
abuses of, set forth by Russian Government Committee (1804),
I 341 f
committee appointed to consider elimination of Jews from (1809),
I 352 f;
but reports against it (1812), I 353 f
economic mainstay of village Jewry, I 361 f
nobility of White Russia demands elimination of Jews from,
I 405;
decreed for villages of White Russia (1823), I 406
occupies central place in economic structure of Russian Jewry,
II 72
big Jewish capital transferred from, to railroad, II 186
Government Committee recommends elimination of Jews from (1882),
II 310
Government monopoly of, urged as means of removing Jews from
villages, III 17
effects of Government monopoly of, III 22 f
See Villages

=Protestantism=, see Reformation

=Protoyerey=, Russian ecclesiastic title, term explained, II
301

=Prussia= shares in partition of Poland, I 185 f, 262, 292, 297
participates in siege of Warsaw (1794), I 293
rules over Warsaw (1796-1806), I 385
shattered by Napoleon, I 347
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f
introduces Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385
Jewish regulations of, serve as model for Russian statesmen,
I 331, II 46, 49
Jewish socialist expelled from, II 224
See Berlin

=Pshemyshl= (_Polish_, Pszemysl), see Stupnitza

=Pskov=, Jews exiled from (1654), I 154
situated outside Pale, II 70

=Ptolemies=, the Jewish center under rule of, I 14

=Pulavy=, Poland, Jews of, manifest Polish patriotism, I 292

=Pushkin=, Russian poet, relation of, to Jews, II 138

=Pyetukhov=, member of political police, exposes complicity of
Government in pogrom, III 140

=Quadrennial Diet=, see Diet, Quadrennial

=Raaben, von=, governor of Bessarabia, refuses to stop Kishinev
pogrom, III 74 f
sued for damages by Jews, III 92

=Rabbanites=, in Crimea, I 28, 34

=Rabbinical Commission=, appointed by Russian Government (1842),
II 56
Jews of Western Europe invited to participate in, II 67
Rabbi Mendel of Lubavich, member of, II 118

=Rabbinical Schools= (modern), opened by assimilationist Jews
in Warsaw (1826), II 103 f
opening of, decreased by Nicholas I. (1844), II 38
pupils of, promised alleviations in military service, II 58
graduates of, intended to supersede former type of rabbis and
teachers, II 58, 176
opened in Vilna and Zhitomir (1847), II 59, 174 f
graduates of, act as Government agents, II 212
graduates of, form revolutionary circle, II 223
Levanda, graduate of, II 239
closed (1873), II 177

=Rabbinism= opposes Hasidism, I 233 f, 235 ff
opposes enlightenment, I 238 f
firmly entrenched during reign of Alexander I., 380
uncompromising attitude of, II 111 ff

=Rabbis= (and Rabbinate), officially recognized by Polish king,
I 101 ff
clothed with wide powers, I 73, 105 ff
bear title of _Morenu_, I 117
relation of, to Kahal, I 107 f
conferences of, I 108 f
conference of, "tries" demons in Posen, I 203
accused of purchasing offices from pans, I 284
jurisdiction of, limited to religious affairs (1804), I 344
deprived of right of imposing _herem_ (1804), I 344
highly respected by Jews of Russia, II 112
exempted from military service, II 20
reform of, recommended by Council of State, II 49;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
and by other Maskilim, II 136 f
fanaticism of, attacked by Mapu, II 227 f
See Crown Rabbis

=Rabinovich, I.=, founder of Congregation of New Testament Israelites,
II 335

=Rabinovich, Osip= (=Joseph=), editor of _Razsvyet_, II 219 f
author of Jewish novels (in Russian), II 238

=Rabinovitz, S.=, see Shalom Aleichem

=Radom=, see Shidlovitz

=Radzieyevski=, Polish sub-chancellor, betrays Poland to Swedes,
I 155

=Radzionovski=, Greek-Orthodox priest, admonishes rioters at
Balta, I 301 f

=Radziwill=, Prince, patron of Saul Wahl, I 94

=Radziwill=, voyevoda of Vilna, settles dispute between rabbis
and Kahal, I 276

=Railroads=, Jews become interested in, II 186

=Rakhmistorvka= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Randar=, see Arendar

=Rashi=, works of, studied in Poland, I 117

=Ratisbon=, see Pethahiah of Ratisbon

=Ratner, M.=, counsel for victims of Homel pogrom, III 102
member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III
112

=Rav= (or _Rov_), name for rabbi, II 120

=Ravski, M.=, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103

=Razryaden=, "Assortment" of Jews;
see Assortment

=Razsvyet= ("=The Dawn="), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218,
219 f, 238
resumes publication, after interruption, in St. Petersburg,
II 221, 277
publishes statement of Ignatyev inviting Jews to emigrate,
II 285
favors organization of emigration movement, II 298
champions "Love of Zion," II 332
discontinued (1883), II 372
appears again in St. Petersburg, III 162

=Razumovksi=, president of Russian academy, deplores anti-Jewish
prejudice, I 258

=Real Estate=, see Villages

=Rebbe=, popular name for Tzaddik, or hasidic leader, II 120;
see Tzaddik

=Recanati, Menahem=, Italian Cabalist, work of, studied in Poland,
I 134

=Recruits= (and Recruiting), recruiting ukase of 1827, II 18
ff
minor recruits, see Cantonists
Jewish committee, or Kahals held responsible for quota of, II 19 f
oath of allegiance of, marked by great solemnity, II 20
kept apart from non-Jewish recruits, II 21
recruiting (or conscription) trustees of Kahals, II 19 f
turned into police agents, I 22 f;
retained after abolition of Kahal, II 60;
made personally responsible for completion of quota, II 147
sent to recruiting jails, II 24
divorce wives before leaving home, II 28
drafting of "penal" recruits decreed (1850), II 147 f
community of Mstislavl punished by drafting penal recruits,
II 86
individual Jews permitted to capture recruits as substitutes
(1853), II 148 f
See Military Service and Soldiers

=Red Russia=, see Russia, Red

=Reforms=, religious, in Judaism, advocated by Lilienblum, II
236
preached by Jacob Gordin (and others), II 333 ff
reform Judaism attacked by Smolenskin, II 234

=Reformation= affects unfavorably position of Jews in Poland,
I 79 f, 85 ff
stimulates literary polemics, I 135 ff
Polish adherents of, welcome invading Swedes, I 155
fear of, responsible for Jewish tragedy in Cracow, I 164 f
Russian sect of Stundists traceable to influence of, II 333

=Reisin=, Yiddish writer, III 162

=Renan= protests against Jewish persecutions, II 326

=Repnin=, governor-general of Lithuania, promises to respect
Jewish autonomy, I 320

"=Republic=" (_Polish_, Rzecz Pospolita), title applied to Poland
(after 1572), I 88, 262

=Residence, Right of=, denied to Jews in towns of ancient Poland;
see "_De non Tolerandis Iudæis_";
particularly in Warsaw, I 85, 268, 300; II 94 f
tax paid by Jews for, in Warsaw, II 95
all restrictions in, abolished in Poland (1862), II 181;
reintroduced by Alexander III. (1891), II 367
withdrawn from Jews of Ukraina (1649), I 151;
and returned to them (1651), II 152
withdrawn from Jews of Little Russia (1727), I 250
in ancient Russia, see Moscow, principality of
in modern Russia, see Interior, Pale of Settlement, and Expulsions
outside of cities and towns, see Villages
non-Jews plead before Government for grant of, to Jews, I 256,
II 319
denied to Jews in health and summer resorts, III 18 ff, 154,
157
See also Capitals, and under Kiev and Moscow

=Resolution=, term explained, I 253
by Empress Anna, sentencing Borukkov and Voznitzin to death
(1738), I 253
by Empress Elizabeth, excluding Jews from Russia (1741), I
257;
referred to by Empress Catherine II., I 259, 261
by Paul I., approving of anti-Jewish restrictions (1797), I
323
by Nicholas I., postponing expulsion of Jews from villages,
opposing admission of Jewish merchants to Interior, II 36;
expelling Jews from 50-verst zone, II 62;
limiting Jewish coachmen to Pale, II 70;
closing synagogues in Velizh, II 78;
expressing doubt about existence of ritual murder, II 80;
punishing Jews of Mstislavl, II 86
R's. of Alexander III. assume power of laws, II 339
by Nicholas II., opposing abrogation of Pale, III 11

=Resorts=, see Residence, Right of

=Restrictions=, against Jews, enormous extent of, admitted by
Pahlen Commission, II 364
Guildhall meeting in London protests against, II 391
Russian governors favor repeal of, III 93
regarded by Council of Ministers as cause of revolutionary
movement among Jews, III 141
new R's. decreed by Third Duma, III 156 f
in army, II 319 f, 354 ff
in commerce, see Commerce
in dress, see Dress
in keeping domestics, see Domestics
in education, II 348 ff, III 27 ff;
see Educational Restriction
in language, see Language
in professions, II 352 f, III 26 f
in trades, see Artisans
in rights of residence, see Residence, Right of, also Interior
and Pale

=Revolutionary Movement=, in Russia, unfriendly attitude of,
towards Jews, I 409 ff
anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f
early pogroms ascribed to influence of, II 259 f, 269, 279
Jews participate in, II 198, 221 ff, 243 f, III 67 ff, 105
ff
Jewish college men join ranks of, II 348;
particularly graduates of foreign universities, III 31
Jews held responsible for, III 70
spread of, among Jews, admitted by Russian officials as due
to restrictive laws, II 364 f, III 93, 141
participation of Jews in, blamed for pogroms, II 305, III 89
152;
intensifies anti-Semitism, III 16;
prompts anti-Jewish restrictions at universities, III 28
pogroms engineered for suppression of, III 66 ff, 137
pogroms intensify spread of, among Jews, III 90
Zionism prohibited as contributory to, III 82
intensified after death of Plehve, III 98
combated by Black Hundred, III 124 ff
Jewish participants in, executed, III 140;
see Bund and Socialism

=Rhescupondes, Dynasty of=, rulers of Jewish colonies in Crimea,
I 14 f

=Rhine=, the, Jewish immigration into Poland from, I 41

=Richelieu=, Duke, governor of Kherson, interested in Jewish
agriculture, I 303 f

=Richter, De=, aide-de-camp of Alexander III., receives pro-Jewish
petition from Mayor of London, II 393

=Riesser, Gabriel=, German-Jewish publicist, II 219
compared with Osip Rabinovich, II 238

=Riga=, magistracy of, protests against contemplated expulsion
of Jews (1743), I 256
Jews of White Russia forbidden to settle in, I 313
Max Lilienthal resides in, II 52
Lilienthal's school in, pointed to as model, II 137
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise
(1905), III 121
See also Livonia

=Rindfleisch=, persecution of, in Germany, drives Jews into Poland,
I 50

=Riots=, see Pogroms

=Ripon=, Bishop of, addresses Guildhall meeting in favor of Russian
Jews, II 391

=Rishon-le-Zion=, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 322, 375

=Ritual Murder Libel= (blood accusation), forbidden by Boleslav
of Kalish (1264), I 47;
by Sigismund II. (1564 and 1566), I 88;
by Stephen Batory (1575), I 89
frequency of, in Poland, I 95, 172 ff, II 74, 99
General of Dominican Order in Rome warns Poles against (1664),
I 165
Polish Jews appeal to pope against (1758), I 179
prohibition of, confirmed by Augustus III. (1763), I 180
supported by sect of Frankists, I 216 f
forbidden in kingdom of Poland by Russian Government (1817),
II 99
repeated by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104
prejudices Peter the Great against Jews, I 247 f
assumes malign aspect under Nicholas I., II 73
believed by Nicholas I., I 79, 83
affects Jewish legislation in Russia, II 79
refuted by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 131
commission for investigation of, appointed by Nicholas I. (1854),
II 151
defended by Lutostanski, II 203 f, 244
Alexander III. gives credence to, II 203, 244
championed by _Novoye Vremya_, II 205
preached by Krushevan, III 70
cases of (in Poland):
Bielsk, I 87
Cracow, I 56 f
Lenchitza, I 100 f
Lublin, I 96, 100
Posen, I 172
Ruzhany, I 162 ff
Sandomir, I 172 ff
Zaslav, I 172
Zhitomir, I 178
minor places, I 178
cases of (in Russia):
Dubossary, III 71
Gordonya, II 247 f
Grodno, II 73
Kiev (Beilis trial), see Beilis
Kishinev, III 71
Kutais (Caucasus), II 204
Nizhni-Novgorod, II 360 f
Saratov, II 150 ff
Velizh, II 75 ff
Vilna (Blondes trial), III 37

=Rivkes, Moses=, of Vilna, Hebrew author, I 200

=Rodichev=, Duma deputy, denounces Bialystok pogrom, II 137,
139
defends Jews, III 156

=Rodkinson=, publishes _ha-Kol_, II 223

=Rogov, Anton=, propagates "Judaizing heresy," I 402

=Roman Empire=, immigration into Western Europe proceeds from,
I 13
sovereignty of, acknowledged by rulers of Crimea, I 14 f
menaced by Khazars, I 20

=Rome=, nuncio Lippomano dispatched from, to Poland, I 86
general of Dominican Order in, defends Polish Jews, I 165
Ambassador of Muscovy at, I 242

=Romny=, pogrom at (October 1905), III 128

=Ronne and Simon=, quoted, I 331

=Rosenthal, Leon=, founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment,
II 214

=Rosenthal, N.=, leader of Vilna Maskilim, II 136

=Rosh-Pinah=, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375

=Rosh-Yeshibah=, head of Talmudic academy, recognized by Polish
Government, I 115 f
position of in Jewish community, I 116 ff

=Rossie=, mythical philosopher, quoted in support of blood accusation,
II 73

=Rostov= (on the Don), placed outside Pale and closed to Jews,
II 346
pogrom at, II 358

=Rothschild, Alphonse de=, of Paris, refuses to participate in
Russian loan, II 408
attacked by _Novoye Vremya_, II 410
refusal of, infuriates Russian Government, II 417

=Rothschild, Edmond de=, of Paris, supports Jewish colonization
of Palestine, II 375 f, 422

=Rothschild, Nathaniel de=, of London, member of Committee for
Pogrom Victims, II 291

=Rothschilds=, the, of Paris, offer to pay transportation of
Russian Jews to Algiers, II 69
expected to participate in Russian loan, II 407 f

=Roumania= compelled by Congress of Berlin to emancipate Jews,
II 202
Jews of, establish colonies in Palestine, II 375

=Rovno= (Volhynia), pogrom at, III 99

=Rum=, name for Byzantium, I 24

=Russ=, old name for Russia, I 33;
Red Russia, I 115

=Russ=, anti-Semitic newspaper in Moscow, II 278, 325

=Russia=, ancient, see Moscow, principality of, and Kiev, principality
of
exercises protectorate over Poland, I 181
Jews expelled from (1741), I 255
shares in partition of Poland, I 186 f, 262, 292, 297, 314
joins Prussia in besieging Warsaw (1794), I 293
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
Jews of Poland transferred to, I 241
Jews of White Russia brought under dominion of (1792), I 306
ff
attitude of, towards Jews, I 242 ff
admission of Jews to, favored by Senate and refused by Catherine
II., I 259 f
follows traditional Muscovite policy in excluding Jews, I 246
f, 341, II 35 f
institutes Pale of Settlement, I 314
adopts policy of exceptional laws, I 314 ff
Jews loyal to, in Franco-Russian War (1812), I 355 ff
Zionists of, assemble at Minsk Convention, III 45
importance of Zionism for Jews of, II 146 ff

=Russia, Great=, laborers from, active in pogroms, II 248, 256,
359

=Russia, Little=, population of, I 53
ceded to Russia (1654), I 94, 153
annexed by Russia (1667), I 159, 244
Jews barred from, I 246
ritual murder in, I 247 f
Jews expelled from (1727), I 249 f
Cossacks of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 250
Jews admitted to fairs of, I 250 f
Jews penetrate into, and settle in, I 253, 255
expelled again from (1740), I 254
inhabitants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, I 256
admission of Jews into, favored by Senate, I 257
Empress Elizabeth insists on expulsion of Jews from (1844),
I 257
representatives of, plead for admission of Jews, I 260
Catherine II. refuses to admit Jews into, I 261
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), 342;
(1835), II 40
Jews of White Russia settle in, I 321 f
Great Russians, or _Katzaps_, prepare pogroms in, II 248, 256,
359

=Russia, New (South Russia)=, steppes of, inhabited by Cossacks,
I 142 f
Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316
Karaites of, granted special privileges (1795), I 318
included in Pale (1804), I 342;
(1835), II 40
expelled village Jews beg to be transferred to, I 352
Jews of White Russia settle as farmers in, I 363 f
agricultural immigration into, temporarily stopped (1810),
I 365
Government attempts to settle "Israelitish Christians" in,
I 400
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 70 f, 197
Max Lilienthal makes educational tour, through, II 56
represented on Rabbinical Commission of Bezalel Stern, II 57
Odessa, capital of, center of Haskalah, II 132
Vorontzov, governor-general of, defends Jews, II 64 ff
Stroganov, governor-general of, advocates emancipation of Jews,
II 168 f
pogroms in, II 249 ff
See Odessa

=Russia, Red=, occasionally called Russia (or Russ), I 75, 115
corresponds to Eastern Galicia, I 53
forms independent principality, I 53
annexed by Casimir the Great, I 42, 53
Lemberg, leading city of, I 74
invaded by Khmelnitzki, I 150 f
Jews forbidden to sell cloth in, I 75
Jews of, represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110
federated Kahals of, I 196
Solomon of Lemberg, chosen spiritual head of, I 115
voyevoda of, grants constitution to Lemberg Jews, I 191
See Lemberg

=Russia, White=, Ukrainian bands penetrate into (1648), I 149
invaded by Russian troops (1654), I 153 f, 244 f
annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262, 306
divided into two governments (Moghilev and Vitebsk), I 307
becomes Jewish intellectual center, I 159 f
federated Kahals of, I 196
traces of Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205
differs intellectually from South-west, I 221
Hasidism spreads in, I 230, 238, 372;
but excelled by Rabbinism, I 274
distinct character of Hasidism in, I 233 ff
Kahals of, appealed to by Elijah Gaon against Hasidism, I 373
Hasidism in, founded by Shneor Zalman, I 234, 356, II 57;
and represented by his dynasty, II 117
Jews of, penetrate into Moscow, I 245;
and Smolensk, I 249
Russian Government promises Jews of, preservation of ancient
liberties (1772), I 306 f, 366
Jews of, numbered and taxed, I 307
internal organization of Jews in, I 308 ff
Kahals of, recognized by Government, I 309;
but restricted to spiritual affairs and collection of taxes,
I 313
Jews of, oppressed by Passek, governor-general, I 310 ff
Jews of, appeal to Catherine II., I 311
Jews of, refused permission to settle in Riga, I 313;
and outside of White Russia in general, 315 f
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835, except villages), II 40
Jews of, immigrate to New Russia, I 364, II 70
famine in (1821), I 329
Dyerzhavin sent as investigator to, I 328 f, 386
Jews of, emigrate to New Russia, I 364; II 70
Jews in, elected to municipal offices, I 368
Jews of, marked by public spirit, I 379
traces of "Enlightenment" in, I 386
new famine in (1821), suggests expulsion of Jews from villages,
I 405 f
expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406;
and carried out, I 407;
denounced as useless by Council of State (1835), I 407, II
34 f
expelled village Jews of, settle in New Russia, II 70
Jewish agricultural settlements in, II 72
Khovanski, governor-general of, active in ritual murder trial,
II 76 ff;
see Velizh
pogroms checked by authorities of (1881), II 267
pogroms spread in, III 87 ff, 100 f;
see Moghilev, Vitebsk, and Villages

=Russian Language=, the, Jewish literature in, II 238 ff
Jewish writers in, hail from South, II 238
declared native language of Jews by sect "New Israel," II 334
Jewish press in, III 59, 162
Frug, Jewish poet, writes in, III 63
Jewish science in, III 65
See also Language

=Russian Poland=, see Poland

=Russians=, the, tribe, in land of Khazars, I 22
relation of, to Khazars, I 26, 28
converted to Greek-Orthodoxy, I 31
See Russia

_Russification_ of Jews, under Alexander II., II 174 ff, 206
ff, 215
advocated by Orshanski, II 239;
and Levanda, II 239 f
discarded by Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 326 ff, III 163

=Russkaya Zhizn= ("Russian Life"), newspaper in St. Petersburg,
pictures sufferings of Moscow Jews, II 397

=Russki Vyestnik= ("Russian Herald"), Russian magazine, defends
Jews, II 207 f

=Russki Yevrey= ("The Russian Jew"), Jewish weekly in Russian,
in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277
pursues moderate policy, II 332
discontinued (1884), II 372

=Russo-Japanese War= interrupts labor of Government Commission
on Jewish Question, III 93
participation of Jews in, III 94 ff
Jewish veterans of, granted universal right of residence, III
98 f
Jewish surgeons in, accused of revolutionary propaganda, III
156
Jewish soldiers in, denied residence in Port Arthur, III 157

=Ruthenians, or Little Russians=, the, I 53
belong to Uniat Church, I 141;
see Russia, Little

=Ruzhany= (province of Grodno), ritual murder case of, I 162

=Ruzhin=, Israel of, hasidic leader, II 120 f

=Rybalenko=, alleged victim of ritual murder, III 71

=Sabbatai Zevi=, name of, left out by Halperin, contemporary
Polish-Jewish chronicler, I 201
Hayyun, emissary of, I 204
Polish Jews respond to claims of, I 204;
and send deputation to, I 206 f
betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, I 207
Polish Jews loyal to, I 207
Jacob Frank considered reincarnation of, I 212 f, 214;
and follows example of, I 216
See Sabbatians

=Sabbatarians=, the, "Sabbath observers," "Judaizing" sect in
Russia, I 401 ff

=Sabbatians=, the, adherents of Sabbatai Zevi, movement of, in
Poland, I 204 ff
Council of Four Lands objects to, I 196
join adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209
pose as Mohammedans, I 210
continue secretly in Podolia and Galicia, I 210 f
Jacob Frank associates with, I 212 ff
Hasidim accused of continuing work of, I 376

=Sack=, St. Petersburg banker, member of Jewish deputation to
Alexander III., II 261

"=Sacred League," The=, organization of high Russian officials,
suspected of assisting pogroms, II 248

=Sadogora= (Bukovina), Israel of Ruzhin settles in, II 121
hasidic dynasty of, II 121

=Safed= (Palestine), _Ari_ and Vital, Cabalists, in, I 134, 134

=Salant= (government of Kovno), M. A. Ginzburg, Hebrew writer,
native of, II 133

=Salisbury=, Lord, English premier, answers interpellation concerning
Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 382

=Saloniki=, center of Sabbatian movement, I 207
Jacob Frank resides in, I 212

=Samkers=, Jewish city on Taman Peninsula, I 23

=Samkrtz= (Samkers), locality in Crimea, I 26

=Samogitia (Zhmud)=, Russian province, name explained, I 293,
II 133

=Samson=, of Ostropol, cabalist and martyr, I 148 f

=Samoyeds=, tribe in government of Archangel, II 367

=Samuel Ben Ali=, Gaon of Bagdad, corresponds with Moses of Kiev,
I 33

=San=, river, provinces on, invaded by Swedes, I 154

=Sanchez, Antonio=, Jewish court physician in Russia, I 258

=Sandomir= (Galicia), ritual murder of, I 172 ff
Jews expelled from, I 173

=Saratov= (city), ritual murder of, II 150 ff
pogrom at, III 130

=Saratov= (government), "Judaizing" movement in, I 401 f

=Sardis=, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14

=Sarkel=, city in Crimea, I 26

=Sarmatians=, tribe, I 14

=Sassanido=, dynasty of, in Persia, I 19

=Satanov= (Podolia), rabbis assemble at, I 213
Mendel Lewin, Hebrew writer, native of, I 388

=Savitzki=, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 73

=Savory, Sir Joseph=, Lord Mayor of London, presides at Guildhall
meeting, II 390 ff
signs and forwards to Tzar petition on behalf of Russian Jews,
II 392

=Savranski, Moses=, hasidic leader, II 121

=Saym= (_Polish_, Sejm), see Diet

=Saymists=, the, name of Jewish Socialistic Labor Party, III
145

=Sazonov=, Russian terrorist, kills Plehve, III 97

=Schechter, Solomon=, quoted, I 27

=Schiller=, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240
works of, translated into Hebrew, II 226

=Schiltberber=, German traveller, refers to Jews in Crimea, I
34

=Schluesselburg=, near St. Petersburg, prison at, II 97

=Schneider=, warden of Moscow synagogue, exiled, II 424

=School=, traditional Jewish, see Heder and Yeshibah
modern Jewish S's. in Odessa (1826), II 133;
and in Riga and Kishinev, II 52
S. of Handicrafts (in Zhitomir) closed by Alexander III. (1884),
II 347
large S. fund offered to Russian Government by Baron Hirsch,
II 415;
transferred to S's. in Galicia, II 416
Jewish trade S. in Moscow, III 13
Talmud Torah S. in Moscow, III 13
sending of Jews to Russian Government S's. urged by Friesel,
governor of Vilna, I 327, and Dyerzhavin, I 333
Statute of 1804 permits Jews to attend Government S's., or
to open secular S's. of their own, I 344 f
Jews shun secular S's., I 350, 380
graduates of Government S's. exempted from military service
(1827), II 20
Council of State criticises traditional Jewish S. (1840), II
48;
and suggests special Government (or Crown) S's. for Jews,
II 49
opening of network of Jewish Crown S's. urged by Uvarov, II
51
S. of Lilienthal in Riga serves as model, II 52
Lilienthal commissioned to organize Crown S's., II 56
opening of Crown S's. decreed by Nicholas I. (1844), II 58
attendance at Crown S's. made compulsory, II 58
attendance at Crown S's. stimulated by alleviation in military
service, II 58, 164, 174
graduation from Crown S's. made obligatory for rabbis and teachers,
II 58
Crown S's. expected to weaken influence of Talmud, II 51, 58
Crown S's. opened (1847), II 59, 174
attendance at Crown S's. insignificant, II 175
Crown S's. closed (1873), II 177
J. L. Gordon and Levanda active as teachers in Crown S's.,
II 228, 239
Russian Government abandons fight against traditional Jewish
S. (1879), II 177
attendance at general Government S's. urged by Russian officials,
II 163 ff
Jews begin to flock to Russian S's., II 209
Russian S's. as assimilationist factor, II 209
governors-general of Odessa and Kharkov suggest restrictive
percentage for Jews at gymnazia (school norm), II 339
question of S. norm submitted by Pahlen Commission, II 339;
and disapproved by majority thereof, II 348
Dyelanov, Minister of Public Instruction, directed by Alexander
III. to frame enactment embodying S. norm, II 339, 349
S. norm decreed by ministerial circular (1887), II 350 f;
without preliminary submission to Council of State, II 349
S. norm results in large number of Jewish "externs," II 351,
III 31
attendance at commercial S's. and gymnazia further restricted
(1901), III 29 f
Jewish girls free to attend secondary S's. (gymnazia), but
restricted in higher S's., III 30 f
Pahlen, governor of Vilna, advocates separate S's. for Jews
(1903), III 152
S. norm abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905),
III 124;
but restored (1907), III 152
S. norm placed on Statute books (1909), III 158
many higher S's. barred to Jews, III 158
S. norm applied to private S's., III 158 f;
and extended to "externs" (1911), III 159
one hundred Jewish students excluded from Kiev Polytechnicum
(1907), III 152
Jews barred from Military Academy of Medicine (1910), III 156
See Education, Enlightenment, and University

=Schorr, Solomon=, follower of Jacob Frank, I 217

=Schülergelauf=, see Pogroms (in Poland)

=Schussberg, Gabriel=, describes Cossack massacres of 1648, I
158

=Schwartz=, informer against Jews, II 48

=Schwartz=, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, opposed to
Jews, III 157 f

=Scythians=, the, tribe, I 14

=Sejm=, see Saym

=Selek=, see Jacob Zelig

=Seleucids=, dynasty of, I 14

=Self-Defence=, organized by Jews, in riot at Lemberg (1664),
I 161 f
in Posen (1687), I 166
in massacre at Uman (1768), I 184 f
averts pogrom at Berdychev (1881), I 256 f
intensifies pogrom at Konotop (Chernigov, 1881), II 257
checked by police in Odessa (1881), II 258;
and punished in court, II 264
active in pogrom at Warsaw (1881), II 281
forbidden by authorities (during Balta pogrom, 1882), II 300
organized after Kishinev massacre, III 80
forbidden by Plehve, III 80, 90
active in pogrom at Homel (1903), III 87 ff;
attacked by police, III 88;
arraigned in court, III 102
Jews of Odessa organize (1904), III 96
pogroms checked by, at Melitopol and Simferopol (government
of Tavrida, 1905), III 115
displays heroism during pogrom at Zhitomir (1905), III 116
ff
movement for, intensified during revolution of 1905, III 119
attacked by soldiers during pogrom at Kerch (1905), III 120
police and soldiers ordered to drive off, III 129
displays heroism in Odessa pogrom (October, 1905), III 129;
court-martialed, III 150

=Self-Government, Jewish=, see Autonomy
local and rural, see Zemstvos
urban, see Municipalities

=Selim II.=, Sultan of Turkey, attended by Jewish body-physician,
I 132

=Semender= (Tarku), city in Caucasus, I 26

=Semipalatinsk= (territory), in Central Asia, uncivilized tribes
of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Semiryechensk= (territory), in Central Asia, semi-civilized
tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Semyonovka= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, III 129

=Senate=, the, in Poland, forms upper Chamber, I 167
censures King Sobieski for favoring Jews, I 167
re-established by Napoleon in duchy of Warsaw, I 298
refuses petition of Jews for equal rights, I 301 f

=Senate=, the, in Russia, recommends death penalty for conversion
to Judaism (1738), I 253
decrees expulsion of Jews from Little Russia (1739), I 254
recommends admission of Jews to Little Russia and Livonia (1743),
I 257
favors admission of Jews into Russian empire (1763), I 259
sanctions Kahals in White Russia (1778), I 309;
but suddenly questions their legality (1782), I 310;
and restricts them to spiritual affairs and collection of
taxes (1786), I 313
restricts Jews of White Russia in liquor trade (1786), I 312
refuses permission to White Russian Jews to settle in Riga,
thus laying foundation for Pale (1786), I 313 f
reaffirms Catherine's ukase ordering transfer of village Jews
to towns (1797), I 323 f
Friesel, governor of Vilna, forwards suggestions of Jewish
reforms to, I 326 f
declares Jews not subject to serfdom, I 328
Dyerzhavin's memorandum on Jews laid before (1800), I 334
loses executive power with creation of Council of State (1801),
I 335
case against Shneor Zalman transferred to, I 378
Jewish communal affairs transferred from, to Minister of Ecclesiastic
Affairs (1817), I 392
prohibits keeping of Christian domestics (1820), I 404
puts harsh interpretation on decree of Nicholas I. expelling
Jews from Fifty-Verst Zone (1843), II 62 f
takes over ritual murder case of Velizh (1830), II 81
sends ukase to governors warning against pogroms (1882), II
313
sets aside misconstruction of Temporary Rules (1884), II 341
sustains law of 1874 denying universal right of residence to
discharged Jewish soldiers (1885), II 355
passes upon complaints against misapplication of Temporary
Rules, III 17;
and reverses decisions of lower courts, III 18
sustains expulsion of consumptive Jewish student from health
resort, III 19
sustains practice of confining Jews of Siberia to their places
of registration (1897), III 22
orders second trial of Blondes, III 37
sustains sentence against Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan,
II 82
dismisses complaint of victims of Kishinev massacres, III 92
receives ukase from Nicholas II. permitting submission of suggestions
to Government (1905), III 110
declares Zionism illegal (1907), III 152
prohibits Jewish soldiers from residing in Port Arthur, III
157

"=Senior=," the, title for elder in Poland, I 72 f, 94
title for chief rabbi in Poland, I 105

=Separatism=, of Jews, ascribed by Russian Government to their
inferior "moral status," II 158
combated by Russian Government, II 190 ff
commented upon unfavorably by Ignatyev, II 273;
by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275;
and by Pahlen Commission, II 365

=Serafinovich=, Jewish convert, upholds blood accusation, I 173
f

=Serfs, or Khlops=, form separate estate in Poland, I 442
S's. of Ukraina, resent Polish rule, I 140
Jews in Ukraina mediators between pans and, I 142
S's. of Ukraina rise against Poles and Jews, I 182
conversion of Jews into, rejected by Polish Diet, I 170
subjection of Jews to serfdom not recognized by Russian Senate,
I 328

=Sergius=, grand duke, appointed governor-general of Moscow,
II 400 f
entrance into Moscow of, preceded by expulsion of Jews, II
closes Moscow synagogue, II 423 f
refuses petition of Jews to reopen it, III 12 f
assassinated, III 110

=Serra=, papal nuncio, skeptical towards Frankists, I 216

=Servia= instructed by Berlin Congress to grant equality to Jews,
II 202

=Service, Military=, see Military service

=Sevastopol= (Crimea), ancient Jewish Community in neighborhood
of, I 17
Jews expelled from (1829), II 32
barred to Jews (1835), II 40
reopened to Jews by Alexander II., II 172
thousands of Jewish soldiers fall at (in Crimean War), II 149
consumptive Jewish student marched through streets of, III
19

=Sever=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Sforza=, see Bona Sforza

=Shaftsbury=, Earl of, addresses Mansion House meeting in London
on behalf of Russian Jews, II 288

=Shakhna=, see Shalom Shakhna

=Shaizari, Ash-=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23

=Shak=, see Cohen, Sabbatai

=Shalom Aleichem= (S. Rabinovitz), editor of _Jüdische Volksbibliothek_,
III 59
Yiddish writer, III 62

=Shalom Shakhna=, rabbi of Lublin and Little Poland, I 105, 109
pioneer of Talmud study in Poland, I 122 f
rabbinical conferences initiated by, I 123
responsa of, I 123

=Shamir-Khan-Shur=, city in Caucasus, I 26

=Shantung Peninsula=, see Kuantung

=Shapiro, Samuel Abba and Phinehas=, Russian-Jewish printers,
II 123 f

=Shargorod= (Volhynia), Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227,
230

"=Shabsitzvinnikes=," nickname for adherents of Sabbatai Zevi,
I 210

=Shaving= of heads by Jewish women forbidden by Nicholas I. (1852),
II 144

=Shchebreshin= (_Polish_, Szezebrzeszyn), Meir, Hebrew author,
native of, I 158

=Shchedrin-Saltykov=, Russian satirist, protests against persecution
of Jews, II 325 f
denounces _Novoye Vremya_, I 380