Chapter XXXVII: External Oppression and Internal Consolidation (3)

=Herem= (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings
to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105;
to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106;
to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190
proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg
(1722), I 211;
(1725), I 211
issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214
issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722),
I 237;
by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237;
and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237;
reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f
new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797),
I 375
issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I
276
Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275
prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344
prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367
power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101
secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188

=Hernish, Stanislav=, Polish-Jewish patriot, II 105
refutes Polish attacks upon Jews, II 109

=Hershel=, Ostropoler. See Ostropoler

=Hershko=, name of Jewish "arendar," I 266

=Hertzen, Alexander=, liberal Russian writer, describes sufferings
of cantonists, II 24 f
influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 207

=Herzl, Theodor=, aroused by Dreyfus Affair, III 42 f
publishes _Judenstaat_, III 43
compared with _Pinsker_, III 43
revives hopes of _Hobebe Zion_, III 43 f
speeches of, discussed in Russia, III 47
author of _Altneuland_, III 48
visit of, to Russia, III 82 ff
negotiates with Plehve, III 83 f;
and Lamsdorff, III 84
greeted enthusiastically by Russian Zionist, III 84
criticized by non-Zionists, III 84
lays Uganda project before Sixth Zionist Congress, III 84
death of, mourned by Seventh Zionist Congress, III 144

=Hetman=, name explained, I 143, 192, 250
head of Cossacks, I 143
Khmelnitzki elected to post of, I 144
H. of Lithuania sends instructions to Kahal of Brest, I 192
H. of Little Russia pleads for admission of Jews, I 250, 260

=Hezekiah=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Hirsch, Baron Maurice=, II 413
proposes to establish arts and crafts schools in Russia, II
415
proposal of, declined by Russian Government, II 415
representatives of, offer Pobyedonostzev large contribution,
II 415
applies funds intended for Russia to schools in Galicia, II
416
sends expedition to Argentina, II 416
sends Arnold White to Russia, II 416 ff
founds Jewish Colonization Association, II 414, 419
obtains permission of Russian Government to regulate emigration,
II 420
issues appeal, warning against emigration, II 420
scheme of, results in failure, II 421, III 10

=Hirsh Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover

=Hirshovich, Abraham=, Polish court broker, submits project of
Jewish reforms to King Stanislav Augustus, I 284

=Historiography=, Jewish, in Russia, III 65

=Hobebe Zion=, see Zionism

=Hollaenderski=, Polish-Jewish patriot and writer, lives as exile
in Paris, II 109

=Holland=, Peter the Great in, I 246
Antonio Sanchez, Russian court physician, invited from, I 258
See Amsterdam

=Horodno=, Nehman of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Homel= (government of Moghilev), massacre under Khmelnitzki
at (1648), I 149
pogrom at (1903), III 87 ff
self-defence organized by Jews of, III 87 f
pogrom at, condoned by governor of Moghilev, III 89
misrepresented in official documents, III 89
described as act of revenge by Jews, III 101
tried by Russian court, III 101 ff
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

=Horowitz, Isaiah=, Cabalist, author of _Sheloh_, I 135

=Horowitz, Sheftel=, son of former, rabbi of Posen and Hebrew
author, I 135
author of liturgy describing catastrophe of 1648, I 158

=Horvitz=, Russian-Jewish writer, attacked by Russian periodical,
II 207 f
defended in public protest of Russian writers, II 208

=Host Desecration, Charge of=, causes death of Jews in Posen
(1399), I 55, 95, 174;
and Sokhachev (1556), I 86 f
forbidden by Sigismund II. (1566), I 88;
and Stephen Batory (1576), I 89
used as pretext to expel Jews of Cracow (1635), I 101
of frequent occurrence at end of 17th century, I 172

=Hoym=, Prussian minister, carries out Jewish reforms in annexed
Polish provinces, I 385

=Hugo, Victor=, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,
II 326

=Hungary=, geographical position of, I 25, 150
adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44
Church Council (of Buda) in, I 49
Louis of, king of Poland, persecutes Jews, I 54

=Husiatyn= (Galicia), place of publication, I 123

=Huss=, influence of, penetrates into Poland, I 57
adherents of, persecuted, I 62

=Ibn Fakih=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23

=Ibn Khordadbeh=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23

=Ibn Shaprut=, see Hasdai, I

=Ibn Sharzi=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23

=Ignatyev=, Nicholas Pavlovich, Russian statesman, militant pan-Slavist,
II 259
ambassador at Constantinople, II 259
nicknamed "Father of Lies," II 259
member of reactionary "Sacred League," II 248
appointed Minister of Interior, II 259
ascribes pogroms to revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f
changes attitude, II 261
refuses to submit memorandum in defence of Jews to Tzar, II
262
shows indifference to pogrom victims, II 263
ascribes pogroms to economic exploitation of Jews, II 271 f
issues circular condemning economic activities of Jews, II
273
influences Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question,
II 277
receives deputation of Jewish Notables, II 277
calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 285, 297
Ignatyev directed to appoint Gubernatorial Commissions, II
272, 363
circular of, read to Gubernatorial Commissions, II 274;
quoted by Cardinal Manning at London protest meeting, II
289
disregards protests in England, II 292
permits holding of Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II
304
holds Jews responsible for pogroms, II 305
considers settlement of Jews on steppes of Central Asia, II
306
suggests "Temporary Rules," II 311
makes concessions to Committee of Ministers, II 311, 318
connivance at pogroms causes downfall of, II 314
downfall of, checks plan of Jewish emigration from Russia,
II 414

=Illarion=, Metropolitan of, preaches hatred against Jews, I
31

=Illustratzia=, Russian magazine, attacks Jews, II 207 f
causes public protest of Russian literateurs, II 208

=Ilovaiski=, professor, of Moscow, opposed to Jews, II 387

=Ilya= (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114

=Ilyer, Menashe= (=Manasseh=), Talmudist with modern tendencies,
II 114 ff
acquires modern culture, II 114
criticises spiritual leaders, II 115
book of, burned, II 115
pleads for modifications of religious law, II 115
unappreciated by contemporaries, II 116

=Imperial Messenger= (_Pravityelstvyenny Vyestnik_), official
organ of Russian Government, minimizes pogroms, II 255
warns against pogrom protests, II 291
foreshadows new pogroms, II 299
criticised by _Moscow News_, II 299

=Informing and Informers=, see Mesirah

=Inkerman, Heights of=, near Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers killed
at, II 149

=Inns= (=and Taverns=), keeping of, forms important Jewish pursuit,
I 265, 362
Jews in White Russia forbidden from, I 311
permitted by Senate, I 312
forbidden by Statute of 1804, I 342 f
See Arendar, Propinatzya, and Villages

=Innocent IV.=, pope, bull of, condemning ritual murder libel
(1247), referred to, I 179

=Intelligenzia=, Jewish, in Russia, assimilation of, II 206 ff
in league with Russian Government, II 211 f
indifferent to things Jewish, II 212
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment acts on behalf of, II
215
disillusionment of, II 324 ff

=Interior, Russian=, the (Russian empire outside Pale of Settlement),
barred to Jews of annexed White Russia (1790, 1791), I 316
Jewish manufacturers, merchants, and artisans permitted to
sojourn temporarily in (1804), I 344
Governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia in, opened to Jewish
agriculturists (1804), I 342 f
Council of State considers admission of Jewish merchants into,
II 35 f;
negatived by Nicholas I., II 36
Jews admitted into, on temporary "furlough" (1835), II 40
Jews, illegally residing in, severely punished (1838), II 42
prominent Jews of St. Petersburg plead for opening of (1856),
II 160
admission of Jews into, discussed by Council of State and "Jewish
Committee," II 161 ff
Jewish guild merchants admitted into (1859), II 162
Jews with learned degrees admitted into (1861), II 166
Jews with higher education admitted into (1879), II 167
Jewish artisans (mechanics and distillers) admitted into (1865),
II 170
Jews begin to settle in, II 171
Alexander II. refuses to admit "Nicholas soldiers" into, II
171;
but yields (1867), II 172
discharged Jewish soldiers barred from (1874), II 354 f
"Jewish Committee" discusses admission of Jews into (1880),
II 196 ff
five "Gubernatorial Commissions" advocate opening of, II 275
"illegal" Jews in, persecuted, II 342 ff, 385
old settlers from among "illegal" Jews permitted to remain
in (1880), II 404
admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 5% (1887), II
350;
restriction placed on Statute books (1908), III 158
admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 3% (1898),
III 29
pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod), II 360
Government endeavors to annul admission of privileged Jews
into, II 399
expulsion of Jews from, II 428
barred to Jews (under Nicholas II.), III 20 f
Jewish soldiers forbidden to spend furlough in (1896), III
21
Jews in, forbidden to acquire real estate in villages (1903),
III 81
attempt to expel families of mobilized Jewish soldiers from,
III 95
Jewish veterans of Russian-Japanese War and families of other
privileged Jews admitted into (1904), III 98 f
pogroms in (October, 1905), III 130
expulsion of Jews from (under Nicholas II.), III 157
See Pale of Settlement, and Residence, Right of

=Ionian Islands=, emigration from, to Black Sea settlements,
I 13 f

=Iphicleides=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 15

=Isaac=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Isaac=, of Chernigov, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33

=Isaac=, Jewish physician at Polish court, I 132

=Isaac ben Jacob=, see Alfasi

=Isaacs, Henry=, Lord Mayor of London, disapproves of protest
meeting against pogroms, II 382

=Ishmaelites=, see Mohammedans

=Ispravnik=, title of Russian official, II 301, 409

=Israel=, son of Shakhna, succeeds his father as rabbi of Lublin,
I 123

=Israel=, of Ruzhany, executed on ritual murder charge, I 162
f

=Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob=, called Besht, founder of Hasidism, I
222 ff
born in Podolia, I 222
sent to heder, I 222
neglects studies, I 222
strange conduct of, I 222
studies Practical Cabala, I 222 f
settles in Brody, I 223
marries sister of rabbi, I 223
retires to solitude in Carpathian mountains, I 223
occupies humble position in Tlusta (Galicia), I 223
considered an ignoramus, I 223
begins to practise as _Baal-Shem_, I 223
reputed as miracle-worker, I 224
called "good _Baal-Shem_," or _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 224
disparages exclusive Talmud study, I 224, 226
recognizes authority of Cabala, I 224
objects to Cabalistic asceticism, I 224, 226
inculcates cheerfulness, I 225
emphasizes faith and prayer, I 225, 226 f
settles in Medzhibozh (Podolia), I 225
doctrine of, I 225 f
evolves belief in _Tzaddik_, I 227
disciples of, I 227 f
acknowledged by rabbi of Brody, I 228
sends epistle to Palestine, I 228
believed to associate with biblical prophets, I 228
popular discourses of, I 228
laments conversion of Frankists, I 229
takes part in Frankist disputation, I 229
sayings of, selected by disciple, I 230, 237
See also Hasidism and Hasidim

=Israel=, of Kozhenitz, leader of Hasidim in duchy of Warsaw,
I 384
successors of, II 122

=Israel=, of Ruzhin (government of Kiev), hasidic leader, keeps
magnificent court, II 120
arouses suspicions of governor-general, I 120 f
arrested, I 121
flees to Sadagora (Bukovina), I 121
dynasty of, branches out, I 221
contests supremacy of Joshua Heshel Apter, II 121

=Isserles, Moses= (_Remo_), son of Kahal elder in Cracow, I 123
pupil of Shakhna of Lublin, I 123
judge and head of yeshibah in Cracow, I 123
writes commentary on _Turim_, I 123
adds notes to _Shulhan Arukh_, I 124
makes _Shulhan Arukh_ great factor in Polish Jewry, I 130
differs from Solomon Luria, I 126
disparages mysticism, I 126
favors moderate philosophy, I 126
studies Maimonides' _Moreh_, I 126, 132
teacher of Mordecai Jaffe, I 127
method of, contrasted with that of Jaffe, I 128
method of, looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, I 129
unequalled by successors, I 199

=Istumin=, Pobyedonostzev's agent in Moscow, II 401

=Italy=, influence of, extends to Crimea, I 34
Guizolfi, Jew from Italy, owns Tanan Peninsula, I 36
Master Leon, Jew from, physician at Moscow court, I 37
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125
Jewish physicians in Poland originate from, I 132, or receive
medical training in, I 132
Delacruta, founder of Polish Cabala, born in, I 134
work of Recanati, Italian Cabalist, studied in Poland, I 134
Calahora, native of, executed in Cracow, I 164 f
Judah Ilasid studies Practical Cabala in, I 208
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209

=Itche (Isaac) Meier Alter=, head of Gher Hasidim, has many adherents
in Warsaw, II 122

=Ityl=, ancient name for Volga, I 19, 26
name of Khazar capital, I 19

=Itzele, Rabbi=, see Zelikin

=Itzhaki, Itzhok= (=Isaac=), head of Volozhin yeshibah, member
of Rabbinical Commission, II 57

=Ivan III.=, grand duke of Moscow, I 29
assisted by Crimean Jews in negotiations with Khan, I 35
corresponds with Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36
orders burning of "Judaizers," I 37
executes his Jewish body-physician, I 37

=Ivan IV., The Terrible=, Tzar of Moscow, I 29
refuses to admit Lithuanian Jews into Russia, I 243
orders drowning of Jews of Polotzk, I 243

=Izyaslav=, former name for government of Volhynia, I 317

=Jacob Itzhok= (=Isaac=), of Lublin, pioneer of Hasidism in Poland,
I 384

=Jacob= (=Nahman=), of Belzhytz, Polish court physician, I 136
author of polemical treatise against Christianity, I 136 f

=Jacob Zelig= (=Selek, or Jelek=), presents petition of Polish
Jews to pope, I 179 f

=Jacob Ben Asher=, author of _Turim_, work of, studied in Poland,
I 118

=Jacobs, Joseph=, quoted, II 287

=Jacobsohn=, deputy to First Duma, reports on Bialystok pogrom,
III 139

=Jaffa= (Palestine), Jewish agricultural settlements in neighborhood
of, II 322
representative of Odessa Palestine Society in, II 422
gymnazium in, III 148

=Jaffe, Mordecai=, native of Bohemia, I 126
pupil of Isserles, I 126
rabbi of various Polish communities, I 126
presides over Council of Four Lands, I 126
author of elaborate code, entitled _Lebushim_, I 126 f
method of, differs from that of Caro and Isserles, I 27;
looked down upon by Meir of Lublin, 129
comments on Maimonides' Mareh, I 132
pupil of Delacruta, Cabalist, I 134
author of cabalistic commentary, I 134
unequalled by successors, I 199

=Japanese=, expel Russians from Kuantung (Shantung) Peninsula,
III 94
destroy Russian fleet, III 110
Jews accused of alliance with, III 95 f

=Jastrow, Marcus=, preacher in Warsaw, active in Polish Insurrection,
II 179 ff
rabbi in Philadelphia, II 179

=Jehiel Michael=, rabbi and head of yeshibah in Niemirov, killed
in massacre (1648), I 146

=Jelek=, see Jacob Zelig

=Jeremiah=, the prophet, teachings of, attacked by Judah Leib
Gordon, II 230

=Jerome, The Holy=, quoted, I 17

=Jerusalem=, referred to by Khazarv king, I 27;
and Khazar Jews, I 30
Polish-Jewish pilgrims arrive in, I 205
Gymnazium in, III 148

=Jesuits=, patronized by Stephen Batory, I 90
establish academy at Vilna, I 90 f
grow in influence, I 91
derive financial benefit from ritual murder libel, I 96
hostile to Jews, I 97, 99 f
effect of; on Polish people, I 171
invited in Posen to exorcise evil spirits, I 203
students of colleges of, assault Jews, I 95, 161;
but in Vilna protect Jews, I 166
college of, in Vitebsk supplies anti-Jewish information, I
330

=Jewish Chronicle=, of London, quoted, II 262, 290, 292, 382

=Jewish Colonial Trust=, created by Zionists, III 45
financial weakness of, III 46
sale of shares of, forbidden in Russia, III 83

=Jewish Colonization Association= (=ICA=), founded by Baron Hirsch
in London, II 414, 419
Central Committee of, established in St. Petersburg, II 420
transplants Jews to Argentina, II 421
refused permission to settle Jews as farmers in Russia, III
10

=Jewish Historico-Ethnographic Society=, in St. Petersburg, founded
1908, III 160
publishes periodical, III 160

=Jewish Judge=, attached to court of voyevoda, I 46
nominated by Jewish elders, I 191
appointed by voyevoda, I 46, 191
functions of, I 46, 191
tries cases between Jews, I 46, 52
sits in Kahal chamber, near synagogue, I 46, 52, 191
officiates in presence of Kahal elders, I 191
guided, in part, by Jewish law, I 191

=Jewish Literary Society=, in St. Petersburg, founded in 1908,
III 160
dissolved (1911), III 161

=Jewish National Fund=, created by Zionists, III 45
collections for, forbidden in Russia, III 83

=Jewish National Party= (Volkspartei), in Russia based on principle
of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 147
recognizes Jewish centers in America and Palestine, III 147
f

=Jewish People's Group=, in Russia, opposes Zionism, III 146
satisfied with minimum of Jewish national rights, III 147

=Jewish Publication Society of America=, referred to, III 51,
60, 62

=Joel Baal-Shem= (miracle worker), of Zamoshch, I 203

=John=, Russian ecclesiastic, preaches hatred against Jews, I
31

=John Albrecht=, king of Poland (1492-1501), establishes ghetto
in Cracow, I 64
permits expelled Lithuanian Jews to settle in Poland, I 65
grants right of distilling (_propinatzya_) to nobles (1496),
I 67
attended by Jewish body-physician, 132

=John Casimir= (1648-1668), concludes peace with Khmelnitzki,
I 151
permits baptized Jews to return to Judaism, I 151
anxious to compensate Jews for past sufferings, I 158
grants right of free commerce to Jews of Cracow, I 159
grants privileges to other communities, I 159

=John Sobieski= (1674-1696), protects Jews against enemies, I
165 f
protects Jews of Vilna, I 166

=Jorjan, Sea of=, see Caspian Sea

=Joseph=, king of Khazars, replies to letter of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut,
I 25 ff

=Joseph II.=, emperor of Austria, engages in "reformatory" experiments,
I 262
project of Jewish reforms in Poland influenced by policy of,
I 271, 273
Toleration Act of (1782), II 30

=Joseph Israel=, see Benjamin III

=Joseph Kalish=, Polish minter, I 42

=Joseph, N. S.=, secretary of Russo-Jewish Committee in London,
II 388

=Josephus=, historian, quoted, I 14 f

=Joshua Heshel Apter=, see Apter

=Jost=, refutes anti-Semitic book of Abbé Chiarini, II 104, quoted,
I 390

=Journal De St. Petersbourg=, Russian official organ, refutes
charge of pogroms, II 287 f

=Jud, Der=, Yiddish weekly in Warsaw, III 59

=Judæophobia=, name for Russian anti-Semitism, II 247
growth of, II 378 ff
contrasted with German anti-Semitism, II 6

=Judah Ha-Nasi=, compiler of the Mishnah, II 114

=Judah Hasid=, founds sect in Poland, I 208 f
heads pilgrims to Palestine, I 209
dies in Jerusalem, I 210

=Judah Leib=, father of Jacob Frank, I 211
settles with son in Wallachia, I 212

"=Judaizing Heresy=," originated in Novgorod by Zechariah (15th
century), I 36
carried to Moscow (1480), I 36
finds adherents at court, I 36
leaders of, burned at stake, I 37
checked, I 37
instills fear of Jews, I 37, 242, 249
spreads in Central Russia (1796), I 401 f
severe measures adopted against (1823), I 402 f
quoted by Senate as proof of Jewish proselytism, I 404
Reformation in Poland regarded as, I 79 f
Christian rationalists in Poland nicknamed "Judaizers," I 136

=Jude, Der=, German-Jewish periodical, published by Riesser,
II 219

=Judea=, part of Hellenistic Orient, I 14
Jewish colonies, in, II 375

=Judicial Authority=, see Courts

=Jüdisch-Deutsch=, see Yiddish

=Jüdische Bibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by I. L. Peretz,
III 59.

=Jüdische Volksbibliothek=, Yiddish periodical, edited by Shalom
Aleichem, III 59

=Jüdischer Verlag=, in Berlin, referred to, III 52

=Jüdisches Volksblatt=, Yiddish weekly in St. Petersburg, III
58 f

=Justinian=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18

=Jutrzenka= ("The Dawn"), organ of Polish-Jewish assimilationists,
II 213

=Kaffa= (now Theodosia), Crimea, maintains commercial relations
with Kiev, I 33
becomes Genoese colony and international emporium, I 33 f
Jews flock to, I 34
taken by Turks (1475), I 34
Khoza-Kokos, Jewish native of, exercises great influence, I
35
Jews, expelled from Lithuania, emigrate to, I 65

=Kahal= (Jewish community), under Polish régime, forms cultural,
national, and civil entity, I 103
signifies "community" and "communal administration," I 105
autonomy of, recognized by Casimir the Great, I 52
fully established by Sigismund II. (1551), I 106 f
organization of, I 106 f
elections to, I 192
oligarchic character of, I 192 f
functions of, I 107 f
acts as fiscal agency, I 107, 181;
and valued as such by Government, 189 f
manages Jewish institutions, I 107
executes civil acts, I 107, 190
supervises elementary education, I 114 f
has separate judiciary, I 83, 191
elders of, attached to general courts, I 84
K. chamber serves as a seat of judiciary, I 191 f
relation of, to Polish authorities, I 191
federation of K's., I 104, 108 f, 112, 193, 196 f
Conferences (or _Waads_), of federated K's., I 108 ff
relation of K's. to one another, I 193
minor K's. called _Pri-Kahalki_, I 108, 193
autonomy of, stimulates learning, I 121;
exerts beneficient effect on Jewish life, I 189
Polish Jews exhorted by rabbis to obey K's., I 188 f
Blackmailed by Polish officials, I 169
K. of Brest ordered by authorities to hold elections (1719),
I 192
K. of Lemberg receives constitution from voyevoda (1692), I
191 f
court of Vilna K. excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237
K. of Vilna engages in litigation with rabbis, I 275 f
financial indebtedness of K's., I 290
degeneration of, I 274 ff
Jews of Minsk complain against (1782), I 275
Simeon Volfovich of Vilna urges abolition of (1788), I 276
abolition or curtailment of, urged by Poles, I 280 ff
weakening of, recommended by Kalmansohn (1796), I 385
defended by Hirsch Yosefovich, rabbi of Khelm, I 283
supervision over, recommended by Abraham Hirschovich, I 284
abolition of, recommended by Committee of Polish Government
(1815), II 89
abolition of, favored by Polish-Jewish assimilationists, II
101
criticised by David Friedländer, II 90
abolished in Poland (December 20, 1821-January 1, 1822), II
102
superseded by "Congregational Board," II 102 f
See also Autonomy and Courts

=Kahal= (Jewish Community), under Russian régime, attitude of
Government towards, I 308 ff
admission of Jews to city government conflicts with separate
organization, I 308
Jews of annexed White Russia in K's. (1772), I 308
sanctioned by Senate (1776), I 309
granted right to issue passports, I 309
charged with collection of state taxes, I 309
endowed with judicial powers, I 309
Government changes attitude towards, I 310
confined to religious and fiscal functions (1786), I 313
deprived of civil and judicial powers (1795), I 319
promise of Government to maintain judicial powers of, violated,
I 320
preservation of, due to fiscal considerations, I 320, 366
establishment of, in Courland, due to same motives (1799),
I 321
curtailed status of, recognized in Statute of 1804, I 344
admission to city government fails to weaken power of, I 368
ff
Government forced to extend functions of, I 367
Government communicates with K's., I 336, 339
K. of Minsk decides to send delegation to St. Petersburg (1802),
I 336
K's. invited by Government to elect deputies (1803), I 337;
(1806), I 349
ordered to assist Jews expelled from villages (1810), I 351
represented at army headquarters (1812), I 358
elected representatives of K's., called "Deputation of
Jewish People," act as advisory council to Government
(1818-1825), I 393 ff
K. of Grodno entrusted with police duties (1812), I 357
Alexander I. receives K. of Kalish, I 358
Alexander I. assures K's. of his high favor (1814), I 359
K. of Minsk inquires about attitude of Vilna Gaon towards Hasidism,
I 373
Gaon issues appeal to K's. against Hasidism (1796), I 373
Hasidim kept within K. by Statute of 1804, I 379
demoralized by hasidic schism, I 371, 379
suppression of, advocated by nobility of Lithuania (1800),
I 326;
and Dyerzhavin (1800), I 332
made responsible for supply of recruits (1827), II 19 f
K's. directed to elect recruiting trustees, II 19
trustees of, turned into police agents, II 22 f
K. of Vilna complains to Council of State about oppression
of Jews, II 38 f;
pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36 f
functions of, regulated by Statute of 1835, II 41
Council of State criticises power of (1840), II 47;
and suggests dissolution of, II 49
abolished by Nicholas I. (December 19, 1844), II 59 ff
retained as fiscal and recruiting agency, I 60 ff
demoralized condition of, II 112
elders of, made personally responsible for quota of recruits
(1850), 147 f
misdeeds of, portrayed by Mapu, II 227;
by Gordon, II 230;
by Bogrov, II 241
Brafman accuses Jews of secret continuation of, in Russia,
II 188;
and of organizing international "World K.," II 189
minutes of K. of Minsk serve as incriminating material, II
189
Brafman's "Book of K." printed and distributed by Government,
II 190; serves
as material for "Jewish Committee," II 193;
influences reports of governors, II 194
Russian officials repeat Brafman's charges concerning K's.,
II 194 f
_Alliance Israélite_ of Paris accused of constituting World
K., II 189, 194
Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment accused of forming part
of, II 216
Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg solemnly denies charges
concerning K. (1882), II 307 f
Pahlen Commission questions Jewish experts in regard to (1888),
II 369 f
See also Municipality and Autonomy

=Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel=, rabbi of Cracow, Hebrew author, I
200

=Kaidanover, Hirsch=, son of former, Hebrew author, I 202

=Kakhanov=, governor-general of Vilna, rebukes Jewish deputation
of welcome, II 383

=Kalarash= (government of) pogrom at, III 128

=Kalayev=, Russian revolutionary, assassinates Grand Duke Sergius,
III 110

=Kalinovski=, Polish commander, defeated by Cossacks, I 145

=Kalish=, leading city of Great Poland, I 42
Synod of, issues canonical laws against Jews, I 57, 62
surrenders to Swedes, I 155
city and province of, annexed by Prussia, I 292
Jews settle in, I 41
Jews of, petition Casimir IV for renewal of charter, I 61
communities in province of, destroyed, I 156
Alexander I. receives Kahal of, I 358
Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshibah in, I 200
Warta, in province of, place of Polish Diet, I 58

=Kalkreuth=, Count, patron of Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Kalman=, Jewish printer in Lublin, I 131

=Kalmansohn, Jacques=, author of pamphlet advocating Jewish reforms
in Poland, I 385

=Kalmanovich=, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims
of Kishinev pogrom, III 91;
and of Homel pogrom, III 102

=Kalmycks=, tribe of, I 367

=Kamenetz-Podolsk= (Podolia), Dembrovski, bishop of, arranges
disputation at, I 214 f
Talmud burned at, I 215
Vilna Gaon appeals against Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373
pogrom at, III 128

=Kaniev= (Ukraina), Starosta of, maltreats Jews, I 169

=Kant, Immanuel=, praises Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Kantakuzenka= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 33

=Karabchevski=, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims
of Kishinev pogrom, III 91

=Karaites=, in Byzantine empire, I 28
in Crimea, I 28 f
in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35
in Lithuania, I 60
K. of Lithuania, receive autonomy from Casimir IV., I 61
autonomy of K's. of Troki confirmed by Alexander Yaguello,
I 64
form separate municipality in Troki, I 73
K's. of Tavrida granted equal rights, I 318 f; II 160
excluded from bar but inofficially admitted, II 352 f
Isaac Troki, Karaite, author of anti-Christian treatise, I
137 f
Simha Pinsker, historian of, II 160

=Karaulov=, deputy to Third Duma, defends Jews, III 156

=Karlin=, near Pinsk (government of Minsk), Hasidim establish
themselves in, I 372
Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234
Solomon of, hasidic leader, I 372

"=Karliners=," nickname for Hasidim in Lithuania, I 372, 375

=Karnyeyev=, governor of Minsk, inquires into condition of peasantry,
I 322 f

=Karpov=, member of "Jewish Committees," advocates Jewish emancipation,
II 196 ff

=Karpovich= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, II 315

=Kattowitz= (Prussia), conference of "Lovers of Zion," at, II
376

=Katzaps=, nickname for Great-Russians in Little Russia, II 248;
III 115, 117

=Katzenellenbogen, Saul=, rabbi of Vilna, objects to heterodoxy
of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f

=Kauffmann=, governor-general of Vilna, appoints commission to
investigate Brafman's charges, II 189

=Kaulbars=, military governor of Odessa, fails to check pogrom,
III 129

=Kazan= (Central Russia), Jews of Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I
154
cantonists stationed in, II 25
suicide of cantonists in, II 27
mosques destroyed in government of, I 254

=Kazimiezh= (_Polish_, Kazimierz), suburb of Cracow, established
as Jewish ghetto, I 64
Jews of, restricted in business, I 75

=Kedars=, name for Polovtzis, conquerors of Crimea, I 29

=Kempster=, United States commissioner, sent to Russia, II 407

=Keneset Israel=, Hebrew periodical, II 372, III 58

=Kerch=, pogrom at, III 120; see Bosporus

=Kertz=, Crimean city, probably identical with Kerch, I 26

=Khagan=, title of Khazar king, I 20 ff

=Khappers=, Yiddish name for recruiting agents, II 23

=Kharkov= (city), Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II
40
Jews expelled from, II 319
merchants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, II 319
_Bilu_, organization of Palestine pioneers, formed in, II 321

=Kharkov= (government), Jews permitted to visit fairs of (1734)[62],
I 251
Gubernatorial Commission appointed for, I 273
governor of, condemns Jews, II 276;
advocates school-norm, II 339

=Khazars=, various forms of name, I 18
appear in Caucasus, I 19
establish kingdom on Volga, I 19
penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19
establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f
church attempts conversion of, I 20
converted to Judaism, I 20 f
invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21
inner life of, I 22
Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23
Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f
Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff
K's. defeated by Russians, I 28
withdraw to Crimea, I 28
K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28
relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28
Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30
settle in principality of Kiev, I 31
civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252

=Khazars, Sea of=, name for Caspian Sea, I 23

=Khazaria=, name for Crimea, I 28 ff

=Khelm= (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge
of host desecration, I 86
rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283

=Kherson= (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch,
II 418

=Kherson= (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143
Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71
included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40
pogroms in, II 251, 304, III 33, 100
governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I
404
Localities in:
Alexandria, III 100
Anayev, II 251
Borki, II 378
Kantakuzenka, III 33

=Khlopitzki=, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers,
II 105

=Khlops=, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182;
see Serfs

=Khmelnitzki= (_Polish_, Chmelnicki), =Bogdan=, I 144 ff
elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144
forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144
defeats Polish army, I 145
heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145
organizes massacre of Jews, I 145
sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146
derides Polish generals, I 149
besieges Lemberg, I 150 f
demands delivery of Jews, I 151
receives ransom and withdraws, I 151
defeated by Poles, I 152
signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152
enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f
extent of K. massacres, I 157
recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182
185
reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205
K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139;
and Bogrov II 242
See Cossacks

=Kholonyevski=, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of
Jewish rights, I 288

=Khomyakov=, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II
141

=Khovanski=, governor-general of White Russia, ordered to provide
livelihood for Jews expelled from villages, I 406
recommends discontinuation of expulsion, I 407
recommends proceedings in ritual murder trial of Velish, II
76 ff
believes to have discovered monstrous crime, II 78
asks governors of Pale for incriminating material, II 80
censured by Nicholas I., II 80
exposed as Jew-baiter by Council of State, I 81

=Khoza Kokos=, Jew of Crimea, agent of Grand Duke Ivan III. of
Moscow, I 35
arranges alliance between grand duke and Khan of Crimea, I
35
writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew, I 35

=Khwarism=, city in Asia, I 26

=Kiev= (city), Khazars make raids on, I 19
captured by Lithuanians (1320), I 94
forms part of Polish empire, I 94, 140
incorporated, together with Little Russia, in Russian empire
(1654), I 94
ceded to Russia by Poland (1667), I 159
Metropolitan of Greek-Orthodox Church resides in, III 125
Jews settle in, I 31
Jews and Khazars in, II 252
Khazar Jews appear in, to convert Prince Vladimir (986), I
30 f
Greek-Orthodox priests in, preach hatred against Jews, I 31
pogroms at (12th century), I 32
Jews of, protected by Prince Svyatopolk II., I 32
fire at, damages Jews (1124), I 32
"Jewish Gate" at, mentioned in Russian Chronicles, I 32
visited by early Jewish travellers, I 32 f
Jews, fleeing from Germany, settle in, I 33
Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in early Hebrew sources, I 33
"Skharia," Jew of, settles in Novgorod (15th century), I 36
burghers of, obtain right of excluding Jews (1619), I 95
Jews permitted to settle in (1794), I 317, II 31
Nicholas I. orders expulsion of Jews from (1827), II 30 ff
authorities of, secure postponement of expulsion, II 33
Nicholas I. insists on expulsion from, II 36
closed to Jews by Statute of 1835, II 40
Jews permitted to visit K. temporarily, II 172
privileged categories of Jews settle in (under Alexander II.),
II 264
Government agents prepare pogrom at (after accession of Alexander
III.), II 248
pogrom at (April, 1881), II 251 ff, 287;
tried in court, II 264
"illegal" Jews expelled from (May, 1881), II 263 f
wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1882), II 319;
(1886), II 346
Jews of, subjected to raids, or _oblavas_, II 346; III 20
wives of Jewish artisans in, forbidden to trade, II 385
visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418
persecution of Jews in (under Nicholas II.), III 19 f
Jews made to pay for night raids, III 20
Government frustrates project of trade bank in, III 25 f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114
pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128
Jewish students excluded from Polytechnicum at (1907), III
152
1200 Jewish families expelled from (1910), III 157
Stolypin assassinated at (1911), III 164
impending pogrom at, stopped, III 165
Beilis ritual murder case in, III 165 f
Jewish printing-press in, II 43;
transferred to Zhitomir, II 43
Jewish printers of Slavuta imprisoned in, II 123
Censorship Committee in, ordered to examine Jewish books, II
44
Professor Mandelstamm, resident of, II 298, 304, III 47
Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, student in, III 81
_Jüdisches Volksblatt_ appears in, III 59

=Kiev= (province, or government), subject to Poland, I 140
estate in, owned by Polish nobles, I 140
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
part of, annexed by Russia (1793), I 292
Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648), I 145
Jews forbidden to settle in (1649), I 151
Jews in part of, exterminated, I 157
few Jewish survivors in, I 246 Haidamacks massacre Jews in
(1768), I 183 f
included in Pale (1794), I 317;
(1804), I 342;
(1835), II 40
Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337
Jews of, invited to send delegates to city of Kiev (1807),
I 349
Hasidism spreads in, I 382; II 119 f
Jews expelled from villages in (1830), II 32;
expulsion postponed until 1835, II 33
number of Jewish artisans in, II 168
Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estates in (1864), II 173
economic activity of Jews in, II 194
pogroms in (1881), II 256 f
Court of Appeals of, tries Homel pogrom, III 101
Localities in:
Berdychev, II 256 f
Chernobyl, I 382, II 119
Ruzhin, II 120
Shpola, III 33
Smyela, II 256
Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122
Bibikow, governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 47;
arrests Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 f
Vasilchikov, Count, favors transfer of Jewish artisans to Russian
Interior, II 168
Dondukov, Korsakov, points out economic danger of Jews, II
193 f
Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II 276, 316 f, 319, 341

=Kiev=, principality of, claims overlordship over Russian lands,
I 29
influenced by Byzantium, I 29 ff
passes under sovereignty of Tatars, I 33;
see Kiev (city)

=Kievlanin=, anti-Semitic paper in Kiev, III 20

=Kings, Polish=, favor Jews because of financial advantages,
I 69
elected by Poles, I 89
keep Jewish body-physicians, I 132
counteracted by Diets, I 160
lose their authority, I 168

=Kirgiz=, tribe, placed in Russian law above Jews, II 367

=Kiselev=, count, appointed chairman of Committee for Radical
Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50, 157
addressess circular to governors-general concerning projected
Jewish reforms (1845)[63], II 65 f
receives petitions in favor of Jews from Moses Montefiore,
II 688
advocates mitigation of Jewish restrictions (1856), II 157

=Kishinev=, modern Jewish school in, II 52
Jews of, accord friendly reception to Max Lilienthal, II 56
"Congregation of New Testament Israelites" in, II 225
"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38
pogrom at (1903), III 69 ff;
stirs Jewish national sentiment, III 82;
avenged by Jewish youth, II 81, 132;
stimulates emigration, III 85;
intensifies animosity of Nicholas II., III 93;
tried in court, III 90 ff
authorities of, impeached before Senate, III 92
Jews accused of seeking to avenge K. massacre, III 95, 101
fear of new pogrom at, causes emigration, III 96 f
Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114
pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121

=Kitovich=, Polish writer, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 180

=Klaus=, name for hasidic house of prayer, II 124

=Klausner, Joseph=, Hebrew writer, editor of _ha-Shiloah_, III
58, 163

=Klopstock=, German poet, imitated in Hebrew, II 135

=Kmita, Peter=, voyevoda of Cracow, accepts bribes from Jewish
merchants, I 76

=Kobrin= (province of Grodno), Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I 201

=Kochubay=, Minister of Interior, appointed chairman of Committees
for Amelioration of Jews (1802), I 335 f
instructs governors to allay fears of Jews, I 336
assisted by Speranski, I 340
recommends postponement of expulsion of Jews from villages,
I 347
assists settlement of Jewish agriculturists in New Russia,
I 363
accepts dedication of pamphlet by Nyevakhovich, I 387
recommends severe measures against "Judaizers," I 402

=Koenigsburg= (Prussia), visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239
visited by Menashe Ilyer, II 114
Jewish socialists arrested in, III 223 f
Hebrew periodicals published in, II 223

=Kohan, Jacob=, Hebrew poet, III 162

=Kohen, Sabbatai=, see Cohen

=Kokovtzev=, Minister of Finance, favors Jewish franchise, III
122

=Kol Mebasser=, Yiddish periodical, II 218

=Kollontay= (_Polish_, Kollontaj), radical member of Polish Diet,
I 280
suggests abolition of Jewish autonomy, I 282
assists Jews in struggle for rights, I 291

=Kolomea= (Galicia), capital of Pokutye province, I 150

=Königsberg=, see Koenigsburg

=Konotop= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, intensified by
Jewish self-defence, II 257

=Koppelman, Jacob=, Hebrew author, I 133

=Koretz= (Volhynia), Phineas of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Korff=, Baron, advocates admission of Jewish artisans into Russian
Interior, II 170

=Korobka=, or basket tax, name explained, II 61;
see Tax

=Korolenko=, Russian writer, signs protest against Jewish persecutions,
II 387
writes public letter in defence of Jews, II 388
portrays Kishinev massacre, III 76 f

=Korostyshev=, hasidic center, II 120

=Korsun= (province), Poles defeated by Cossacks at (1648), I
145

=Kosciuszko=, spelling and pronunciation of name, I 292
leads Polish uprising of 1794, I 292
liberal and democratic, I 292 f
permits formation of Jewish regiment, I 294
announces it in special army order, I 294 f
captured by Russians, I 296
Zayonchek, general under, I 296, II 91

=Kosovo= (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223
Nahman of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Kostantinia, Sea of=, name for Black Sea, I 26

=Kostomarov=, Russian historian, defends ritual murder libel,
II 205

=Kotzebue=, governor-general of New Russia, fails to check Odessa
pogrom (1871), II 192

=Kotzk= (_Polish_, Kock), near Warsaw, Berek Yoselevich killed
in vicinity of, I 303
hasidic dynasty of, II 122

=Kovalevski=, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates admission
into Russian Interior of graduates of secondary schools, II 164

=Kovno= (city), Jews of, barred from city government (1805),
I 370
growth of pauperism in, III 24
"Bund" holds convention in (1899), III 57
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights (1905),
III 108
Abraham Mapu, Hebrew writer, native of, II 226 ff
Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi of, II 304

=Kovno= (government), part of, called Zhmud, I 293, II 133
formed originally part of government of Vilna, I 317
constituted 1872, I 317
forms part of Lithuania, II 39
vitally affected by expulsion of Jews from border zone (1843),
II 63
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov (1863), II 188
Lutostanski, anti-Semitic writer, priest in, II 203
Friedman from, deputy to Third Duma, III 153
Localities in:
Dusyaty, III 115
Salant, II 133
Vilkomir, II 236

=Kozhenitz= (Poland), Israel of, hasidic leader in Poland, I
384, II 122

=Kozhmyan=, member of Polish Council of State, objects to emancipation
of Jews, II 93

=Kozlovska=, witness in ritual murder case of Velizh, II 82

=Kozodavlev=, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, member
of "Jewish Committee," I 352

=Kozubales=, tax to Catholic academies in Poland, I 161, 166

=Kramshtyk=, president of Warsaw community, arrested for participating
in Polish Insurrection, II 181

=Krasinski, Vincent=, Polish general, author of pamphlet on Jews
of Poland, II 96 f

=Kraushar=, quoted, I 136

=Krechatinikov=, Russian general, captures Haidamack leaders,
I 186

=Kremenchug= (government of Poltava), pogrom at (October, 1905),
III 128

=Kremenetz= (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council
of Four Lands, I 110
massacre at (1648), I 149
Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127
native place of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff[64]

=Kremsier= (Moravia), meeting-place of Austrian Parliament, II
179

=Kreslavka= (government of Vitebsk), Frank, Jewish physician,
resident of, I 331, 386

=Krestentzya=, form of lease, forbidden to Jews, I 404 f

=Kretingen= (province of Zhmud), Berek Yoselovich born at, I
293

=Krochmal, Nahman=, Galician thinker, associates with Isaac Baer
Levinsohn, II 126
work of, compared with that of Levinsohn, II 127

=Kronenberg=, convert, protests against Polish anti-Semitism,
II 178

=Kronenstadt=, fortress near St. Petersburg, place of imprisonment,
II 42

=Krueger=, Russian official, accuses Jews of Saratov of ritual
murder, II 151

=Krushevan=, journalist and petty official in Kishinev, III 69
editor of _Bessarabetz_, III 69 ff
carries on violent agitation against Jews, III 69 ff
invited by Plehve to publish =Znamya=, anti-Semitic paper,
in St. Petersburg, III 70
accuses Jews of ritual murder, III 71
incites to pogroms, III 71
wounded by Dashevski, III 81 f

=Krushnitza=, ancient Polish capital, Jew elected king at, I
40

=Krysa, Leib=, represents Frankists at religious disputation,
I 217
baptized, I 217

=Kuantung= (=Shantung=) Peninsula, Jews expelled by Russians
from, III 94

=Kukhazhevski= (=Polish=, Kucharzewski), Polish anti-Semitic
candidate to Russian Duma, defeated by Warsaw Jews, III 167

=Kulak=, Russian name for village boss, II 318, 325

=Kupernik=, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for victims of Homel
pogrom, III 102

=Kursk= (government), number of artisans in, II 168

=Kut=, Crimean city, I 26

=Kutais= (city in Caucasia), ritual murder case at, II 204

=Kutaysov=, Count, declares pogroms result of Jewish "exploitation,"
II 271

=Kutover=, Gershon, rabbi of Brody, brother-in-law of Besht,
I 223
receives message from Besht in Palestine, I 228

=Kuty= (Galicia), Besht settles in neighborhood of, I 228

=Kuyavia=, former Polish province, I 75; II 90

=Ladi= (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman,
founder of _Habad_, and his successors, I 234; II 117

=Lakh=, Ukrainian nickname for Pole, I 142, 184

=Lambat=, Crimean city, I 26

=Lamsdorff=, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, has interview
with Herzl, III 84

=Landed Property=, see Villages

=Landau, Adolph=, Russian-Jewish publicist, II 221

=Language=, use of Polish L., abandonment of Yiddish, and restriction
of Hebrew advocated by Poles (1788-1791), I 273, 281
use of Polish in business [and elimination of Hebrew and Yiddish]
advocated by Friesel, governor of Vilna (1800), I 327
use of Russian, Polish, or German in legal documents and in
business suggested by Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333
Russian, Polish, or German made obligatory for Jewish schools
and for public documents and business [Statute of 1804], I 345
reading and writing knowledge of Russian, Polish, or
German required for Jewish members of municipalities
[Statute of 1804], I 345
Jewish deputies plead for use of Hebrew in business, I 349
f
followers of David Friedländer call upon Polish Jews to abandon
Yiddish and adopt L. of country, I 386
Statute of 1835 requires use of Russian, or other local
dialect, for public and business documents, and forbids
Hebrew categorically, II 40
Kahal elders required to read and write Russian [1835], II
41
Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on Jews to study L. of country,
II 126
Jews of Poland forbidden use of Hebrew and Yiddish
in civil affairs, legal documents, and business
correspondence [Act of 1862], II 182
Jews of Poland retain use of their L., II 195
freedom of L. demanded by League for Equal Rights [1905], III
112
fight between Hebrew and Yiddish (1908), III 161
See Hebrew, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish

=Lanskoy=, Minister of Interior, favors admission into Russian
Interior of Jewish graduates of secondary schools, II 164
corresponds with officials concerning admission of Jewish artisans
into Russian Interior, II 168

=Lantzkorona= (_Polish_, Lanckorona, Podolia), assembly of Frankists
at fair of, I 213, 215

=Lapin, Shalom=, of Grodno, suspected of ritual murder, II 73

=Lapkovski, Benish=, from government of Vitebsk, elected Jewish
deputy, I 393

=Laski, John=, Polish chancellor, edits Polish code of laws,
I 71

=Laschenko= organizes pogrom at Ananyev, government of Kherson,
II 251

=Lavrov=, Russian revolutionary in London, II 223

=Layze= (=Lazarus=), son of Jewish arendar, I 266

=Lazhentzka, Dorothy=, of Sokhachev, sentenced on charge of having
sold host to Jews, I 86

=League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People
in Russia=, the, organized in Vilna (1905), III 111
program of, III 111 f
establishes Central Bureau in St. Petersburg, III 112
conventions of, III 131, 133 f
protests against pogroms, III 132
sends greetings to Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, III
132
decides to call All-Russian Jewish National Assembly, III 133
Jewish Duma deputies accept program of, III 134
presided over by Vinaver, III 134
represents doctrine of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 144
stands above class and party affiliations, III 145 f
disintegration of, III 146 f

=League of Jewish Socialists=, in London, II 223

=League of Jewish Workingmen=, see "Bund"

=League of Russian People=, organization of Black Hundred, III
141
favors re-establishment of unlimited autocracy, III 149
secures pardon for pogrom makers, III 150
forms "Second Government," III 141, 151
badge of, demonstratively worn by Nicholas II., III 151
See Black Hundred

"=Learned Jew=" (_Uchony yevrey_), Russian title for Jewish Government
expert, II 239

=Lebensohn, Abraham Baer= (called "Adam"), Hebrew poet, II 134
f
prominent in Maskilim circle of Vilna, II 136

=Lebensohn, Micah Joseph=, son of former, Hebrew poet, II 226

=Legal Profession=, see Bar

=Leipsic=, Russian-Jewish merchants visit fair of, I 359 f
place of publication, II 135

=Lekkert, Hirsch=, shoots at governor of Vilna, III 67

=Lelevel= (_Polish_, Lelewel), Polish historian, issues manifesto
to Jews, II 107 f
calls upon Poles to be friendly to Jews, II 178
eulogized by Jews at memorial service, II 180

=Lemberg= (Lvov, _Polish_, Lwow), leading city of Red Russia,
I 74, 196
anti-Jewish riots in (1463), I 63 f
Jews of, restricted in commerce, I 74
besieged by Khmelnitzki(1648), I 150 f
authorities of, refuse to deliver Jews, I 151
Jesuit college students in, attack Jews, I 161
Jews of, organize self-defence, I 161; but are massacred (1664),
I 162
Pikolski, monk in, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174
Jews of, receive communal autonomy (1356), I 53;
granted communal constitution(1692), I 191
rights of Kahal elders upheld by voyevoda of, I 190
Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,
I 110
rabbis assembled at, excommunicate adherents of Sabbatai Zevi,
I 211
disputation between Frankists and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229
conversion of Frankists at, I 217
Isaiah Horowitz (_Sheloh_) educated in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Joshua Falk Cohen, head of yeshibah, I 128
David Halevi (Taz), I 130, 206
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Hayyim Rapoport, I 216
Solomon, I 115

=Le Nord=, newspaper in Brussels, organ of Russian Government,
II 393

=Lenchitza= (_Polish_, Leckyca, province of Kalish), Jews of,
executed on ritual murder charge, I 100
Solomon Ephraim of, criticises yeshibahs, I 119 f

=Leon=, Jewish physician, executed by Ivan III., I 37

=Leshek=, Polish prince, receives Jewish delegation from Germany,
I 40

=Leshek The White=, Polish ruler, favorable to Jews, I 42

=Lesnaya= (White Russia), battle at, I 248

=Lessing=, referred to by Nyevakhovich, Russian-Jewish writer,
I 387

=Levanda, Leon= (=Lev=), Russian-Jewish writer, native of Lithuania,
II 238
teacher in Jewish Crown school, II 239
"Learned Jew" in Vilna, II 239 f
novels by, II 239 f
joins Palestine movement, II 240, 332
corresponds with Bogrov, II 241

=Levendahl=, Russian official, inspires Kishinev massacre, III
71, 77

=Levi Itzhok=, of Berdychev, hasidic leader, I 232 f
saintliness of, I 233, 382
Hebrew author, I 382

=Levin, Shmaryahu=, member of Central Committee of League for
Equal Rights, III 112
deputy to First Duma, III 134
denounces Bialystok pogrom, III 137, 139
demands equal rights for Jews, III 137

=Levinsohn, Isaac Baer=, called "the Russian Mendelssohn," II
125 ff
born in Volhynia, II 125
associates with Maskilim of Galicia, II 125 f
author of _Te'udah be-Israel_, II 126;
conclusions of, II 126
author of anonymous anti-hasidic satire, II 127
author of _Bet Yehudah_, II 127 f
suggests plan of Jewish reforms, II 128;
and modifications in Jewish religious life, II 129
keeps in contact with Russian dignitaries, II 129 f
receives subsidies from Russian Government, II 129, 132
advocates prohibition of "harmful" books, II 129 f
_naiveté_ of, II 130
publishes refutation of blood accusation, II 131
author of apologetic treatise _Zerubbabel_, defending the Talmud,
II 131
compared with scholars in other lands, II 131
dies unappreciated, II 132

=Levita, Benedict=, of Cracow, granted monopoly of importing
Hebrew books, I 131

=Levy, Lipman=, financial agent at Russian Court, I 248

=Lewin, L.=, quoted, I 111

=Lewin, Mendel=, of Satanov (Podolia), Hebrew writer, I 388

=Liberum Veto=, Polish parliamentary law, source of anarchy,
I 92, 168

=Lieberman, A.= (=Freeman=), Jewish socialist, II 223 f

=Lieders=, Russian viceroy in Poland, arrests Jewish leaders,
II 181

=Lieven=, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, receives memorandum
from Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 129

=Lifschitz, Gedaliah=, of Lublin, Hebrew author, I 133

=Lilienblum, Moses Leib=, advocates religious reforms, II 236
joins Russified _intelligenzia_, II 237
writes "Sins of Youth," II 237
joins "Love of Zion" and later Zionist movement, II 237, 328
f, 376, III 42, 49

=Lilienthal, Max=, native of Bavaria, II 52
director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52
commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms,
II 53
visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim,
II 136 f
meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55
presents report to Uvarov, Minister of Public Instruction,
II 55
tours Russian South and South-west, II 56
assured by Jewish communities of co-operation, II 56
campaign of, hailed by Jewish leaders of western Europe, II
67
not supported by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 136
emigrates to America, II 59
quoted, II 55

=Lippomano=, papal nuncio, instigates host trial of Sokhachev,
I 86 f

=Liquor=, use of, encouraged by Hasidim, II 124 f

=Liquor Trade=, see Propination

=Literature=, rabbinic L. in Poland, I 121 ff; see also Hebrew,
Yiddish, and Russian

=Lithuania=, Kiev incorporated in, I 94
Volhynia annexed by, I 59
"Union of Lublin," between Poland and L. (1569), I 88
annexed by Russia (1795), I 297
Jews emigrate from Crimea into, I 35
important Jewish communities in, I 59
Jews of, obtain charter from Vitovt (1388), I 59
favorable economic condition of Jews in, I 60, 72 f
Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94
Karaites in, I 60
Jews expelled from (1493), and allowed to return (1503), I
65, 70 f
Jews of, suspected of sheltering proselytes, I 80;
and of planning to leave country, I 81
cleared of suspicion by royal charter (1540), I 81