Chapter I: Preface: To the Second Edition

The course of events since 1905, when this work first made its appearance, and the results of further research have necessitated not only the thorough revision of the former text and the rewriting of some of its parts, but also the discussion of a number of new topics. But while the new matter which has been incorporated has added considerably to the length of the work--the additions to the bibliography, text, and notes amounting to nearly a quarter of the former work--this second edition is not less convenient in size than its predecessor. By rearranging the matter on the page, using a line extra on each, and a greater number of words on a line, by setting the bibliography and notes in smaller type, and by omitting the Appendix, it has been found possible to print the text of this new edition on 626 pages, as compared with 594 pages of the first edition.

The system being elastic it was possible to place most of the additional matter within the same sections and under the same headings as before. Some of the points treated are, however, so entirely new that it was necessary to deal with them under separate headings, and within separate sections. The reader will easily distinguish them, since, to avoid disturbing the arrangement of topics, these new sections have been inserted between the old ones, and numbered as the sections preceding them, but with the addition of the letters _a_, _b_, &c. The more important of these new sections are the following: § 178_a_ (concerning the Utilisation of the Flow of Rivers); §§ 287_a_ and 287_b_ (concerning Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea); §§ 287_c_ and 287_d_ (concerning Mines and Tunnels in the Subsoil of the Sea bed); § 446_a_ (concerning the Casa Blanca incident); §§ 476_a_ and 476_b_ (concerning the International Prize Court and the suggested International Court of Justice); §§ 568_a_ and 568_b_ (concerning the Conventions of the Second Hague Peace Conference, and the Declaration of London); § 576_a_ (concerning Pseudo-Guarantees). Only towards the end of the volume has this mode of dealing with the new topics been departed from. As the chapter treating of Unions, the last of the volume, had to be entirely rearranged and rewritten, and a new chapter on Commercial Treaties inserted, the old arrangement comes to an end with § 577; and §§ 578 to 596 of this new edition present an arrangement of topics which differs from that of the former edition.

I venture to hope that this edition will be received as favourably as was its predecessor. My aim, as always, has been to put the matter as clearly as possible before the reader, and nowhere have I forgotten that I am writing as a teacher for students. It is a matter of great satisfaction to me that the prophetic warnings of some otherwise very sympathetic reviewers that a comprehensive treatise on International Law in two volumes would never be read by young students have proved mistaken. The numerous letters which I have received from students, not only in this country but also in America, Japan, France, and Italy, show that I was not wrong when, in the preface to the former edition, I described the work as an elementary book for those beginning to study the subject. Many years of teaching have confirmed me in the conviction that those who approach the study of International Law should at the outset be brought face to face with its complicated problems, and should at once acquire a thorough understanding of the wide scope of the subject. If writers and lecturers who aim at this goal will but make efforts to use the clearest language and an elementary method of explanation, they will attain success in spite of the difficulty of the problems and the wide range of topics to be considered.

I owe thanks to many reviewers and readers who have drawn my attention to mistakes and misprints in the first edition, and I am especially indebted to Mr. C. J. B. Hurst, C.B., Assistant Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office, to Mr. E. S. Roscoe, Admiralty Registrar of the High Court, and to Messrs. F. Ritchie and G. E. P. Hertslet of the Foreign Office who gave me valuable information on certain points while I was preparing the manuscript for this edition. And I must likewise most gratefully mention Miss B. M. Rutter and Mr. C. F. Pond who have assisted me in reading the proofs and have prepared the table of cases and the exhaustive alphabetical index.

L. OPPENHEIM.

WHEWELL HOUSE,
CAMBRIDGE,
_November 1, 1911_.

ABBREVIATIONS

OF TITLES OF BOOKS, ETC., QUOTED IN THE TEXT

The books referred to in the bibliography and notes are, as a rule, quoted with their full titles and the date of their publication. But certain books and periodicals which are very often referred to throughout this work are quoted in an abbreviated form, as follows:--

A.J. = The American Journal of International
Law.
Annuaire = Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit
International.
Bluntschli = Bluntschli, Das moderne Völkerrecht der
civilisirten Staaten als Rechtsbuch
dargestellt, 3rd ed. (1878).
Bonfils = Bonfils, Manuel De Droit International
Public, 5th ed. by Fauchille (1908).
Bulmerincq = Bulmerincq, Das Völkerrecht (1887).
Calvo = Calvo, Le Droit International etc., 5th
ed. 6 vols. (1896).
Despagnet = Despagnet, Cours De Droit International
Public, 4th ed. by de Boeck (1910).
Field = Field, Outlines of an International Code
(1872).
Fiore = Fiore, Nouveau Droit International
Public, deuxième édition, traduite de
l'Italien et annotée par Antoine, 3
vols. (1885).
Fiore, Code = Fiore, Le Droit International Codifié,
nouvelle édition, traduite de
l'Italien par Antoine (1911).
Gareis = Gareis, Institutionen des Völkerrechts,
2nd ed. (1910).
Grotius = Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625).
Hall = Hall, A Treatise on International Law,
4th ed. (1895).
Halleck = Halleck, International Law, 3rd English
ed. by Sir Sherston Baker, 2 vols.
(1893).
Hartmann = Hartmann, Institutionen des praktischen
Völkerrechts in Friedenszeiten
(1874).
Heffter = Heffter, Das Europäische Völkerrecht der
Gegenwart, 8th ed. by Geffcken (1888).
Heilborn, System = Heilborn, Das System des Völkerrechts
entwickelt aus den völkerrechtlichen
Begriffen (1896).
Holland, Studies = Holland, Studies in International Law
(1898).
Holland,
Jurisprudence = Holland, The Elements of Jurisprudence,
6th ed. (1893).
Holtzendorff = Holtzendorff, Handbuch des Völkerrechts,
4 vols. (1885-1889).
Klüber = Klüber, Europäisches Völkerrecht, 2nd ed.
by Morstadt (1851).
Lawrence = Lawrence, The Principles of International
Law, 4th ed.(1910).
Lawrence, Essays = Lawrence, Essays on some Disputed
Questions of Modern International Law
(1884).
Liszt = Liszt, Das Völkerrecht, 6th ed. (1910).
Lorimer = Lorimer, The Institutes of International
Law, 2 vols. (1883-1884).
Maine = Maine, International Law, 2nd ed. (1894).
Manning = Manning, Commentaries on the Law of
Nations, new ed. by Sheldon Amos
(1875).
Martens = Martens, Völkerrecht, German translation
of the Russian original in 2 vols.
(1883).
Martens, G. F. = G. F. Martens, Précis Du Droit Des Gens
Moderne De L'Europe, nouvelle éd. par
Vergé, 2 vols. (1858).
Martens, R. |
Martens, N.R. |
Martens, N.S. |
Martens, N.R.G. |
Martens, N.R.G. |
2nd Ser. |
Martens, N.R.G. |
3rd Ser. | = These are the abbreviated quotations of
the different parts of Martens,
Recueil De Traités (see p. 102 of
this volume), which are in common
use.
Martens, Causes
Célèbres = Martens, Causes Célèbres Du Droit Des
Gens, 5 vols., 2nd ed. (1858-1861).
Mérignhac = Mérignhac, Traité De Droit Public
International, vol. i. (1905), vol.
ii. (1907).
Moore = Moore, A Digest of International Law, 8
vols., Washington (1906).
Nys = Nys, Le Droit International, 3 vols.
(1904-1906).
Perels = Perels, Das internationale öffentliche
Seerecht der Gegenwart, 2nd ed.
(1903).
Phillimore = Phillimore, Commentaries upon
International Law, 4 vols. 3rd ed.
(1879-1888).
Piedelièvre = Piedelièvre, Précis De Droit
International Public, 2 vols.
(1894-1895).
Pradier-Fodéré = Pradier-Fodéré, Traité De Droit
International Public, 8 vols.
(1885-1906).
Pufendorf = Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium
(1672).
Rivier = Rivier, Principes Du Droit Des Gens, 2
vols. (1896).
R.I. = Revue De Droit International Et De
Législation Comparée.
R.G. = Revue Général De Droit International
Public.
Taylor = Taylor, A Treatise on International
Public Law (1901).
Testa = Testa, Le Droit Public International
Maritime, traduction du Portugais
par Boutiron (1886).
Twiss = Twiss, The Law of Nations, 2 vols., 2nd
ed. (1884, 1875).
Ullmann = Ullmann, Völkerrecht, 2nd ed. (1908).
Vattel = Vattel, Le Droit Des Gens, 4 books in 2
vols., nouvelle éd. (Neuchâtel,
1773).
Walker = Walker, A Manual of Public International
Law (1895).
Walker, History = Walker, A History of the Law of Nations,
vol. i. (1899).
Walker, Science = Walker, The Science of International Law
(1893).
Westlake = Westlake, International Law, 2 vols.
(1904-1907).
Westlake, Chapters = Westlake, Chapters on the Principles of
International Law (1894).
Wharton = Wharton, A Digest of the International
Law of the United States, 3 vols.
(1886).
Wheaton = Wheaton, Elements of International Law,
8th American ed. by Dana (1866).
Z.V. = Zeitschrift für Völkerrecht und
Bundesstaatsrecht.

CASES CITED

Aegi, § 437, p. 496

Ambrose Light, the, § 273, p. 342 note 2; § 276, p. 345 note 1

Amelia Island, § 132, p. 186

Anderson, John, § 147, p. 205 note 1

Anna, the, § 234, p. 301

Aubespine, L', § 387, p. 459

Bartram _v._ Robertson, § 580, p. 611 note 1

Bass, de, § 387, p. 459

Beckert, Wilhelm, § 402, p. 474

Belgenland, the, § 265, p. 335 note 3

Belle-Isle, Maréchal de, § 398, p. 471

Boisset, M., § 163, p. 220

Botiller _v._ Dominguez, § 546, p. 578 note 2

Brooke, Sir James, § 209, p. 282 note 2

Brunswick, Duke of, _v._ King of Hanover, § 353, p. 433

Canning, George, and the Russian Ambassador, § 481, p. 532

Canning, Sir Stratford, § 375, p. 451

Caroline, the, § 133, p. 187; § 444, p. 501; § 446, p. 501

Casa Blanca, § 446_a_, p. 502; § 476, p. 521

Castioni, _Ex parte_, § 334, p. 415 note 4

Cellamare, Prince, § 388, p. 459

Cespedes, the, § 273, p. 343, note 1

Charkieh, the, § 91, p. 144 note 1; § 450, p. 507 note 1

Charlton, Porter, § 330, p. 408

Chartered Mercantile Bank of India _v._ Netherlands India Steam Navigation Co., § 265, p. 335 note 2

Cherokee Tobacco, the, § 546, p. 578 note 2

Constitution, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1

Cook _v._ Sprigg, § 82, p. 129 note 4

Costa Rica Packet, the, § 162, p. 217

Cutting, § 147, p. 205

Danish Fleet, the, § 131, p. 186

De Jager _v._ The Attorney-General for Natal, § 317, p. 394

De Haber _v._ Queen of Portugal, § 115, p. 169 note 2

Delagoa Bay, § 247, p. 313

Dogger Bank, § 163, p. 219 note 2

Dubois, § 392, p. 465

Exchange, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1

Fonds pieux des Californias, § 476, p. 521

Franconia, the, § 25, p. 29

Gallatin, § 403, p. 474 note 1

Germany, Great Britain, and Italy _v._ Venezuela, § 476, p. 521

Germany, France, and Great Britain _v._ Japan, § 476, p. 521

Gore and Pinkney, § 458, p. 513

Guébriant, Madame de, § 370, p. 447

Gurney, § 402, p. 473 note 2

Gyllenburg, § 388, p. 459

Haggerty, § 427, p. 489

Hall _v._ Campbell, § 240, p. 306 note 1

Hellfeld _v._ Russian Government, § 115, p. 169 note 4

Huascar, the, § 273, p. 342

Huus _v._ New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co., § 579, p. 609 note 1

Indian Chief, the, § 434, p. 494 note 1

Ionian Ships, § 93, p. 146 note 1

Isabella, Queen of Spain, § 351, p. 432

Jacquin, § 335, p. 416

Jager. _See_ De Jager

Jassy, the, § 450, p. 507 note 1

Johann Friederich, the, § 265, p. 335 note 2; § 271, p. 339 note 1

Kalkstein, § 390, p. 464

Keiley, § 375, p. 450

Koszta, Martin, § 313, p. 388 note 1

Lebanon, the. _See_ Vaderland

L'Aubespine. _See_ Aubespine

McLeod, § 133, p. 187 note 2; § 446, p. 501

Macartney _v._ Garbutt, § 375, p. 450 note 2; § 394, p. 467 note 1

Magdalena Steam Navigation Co. _v._ Martin, § 391, p. 465 note 2

Maori King, the, § 261, p. 331 note 1

Mendoza, § 387, p. 459

Meunier, _In re_, § 334, p. 415 note 4; § 338, p. 418 note 3

Monaldeschi, § 348, p. 431 note 1

Montagnini, § 106, p. 160 note 1; § 386, p. 458 note 1; § 411, p. 478 note 2

Montezuma, the, § 273, p. 343 note 1

Monti, Marquis de, § 400, p. 472

Moray Firth, § 191, p. 263 note 3. _See also_ Mortensen _v._ Peters

Mortensen _v._ Peters, § 22, p. 28 note 1; § 192, p. 264 note 2

Muscat Dhows, the, § 295, p. 372 note 2; § 476, p. 521

Musgrove _v._ Chun Teeong Toy, § 141, p. 200 note 1

Nereide, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2

Nikitschenkow, § 390, p. 463

Nillins, § 330, p. 407

North Atlantic Coast Fisheries, § 191, p. 262 note 1; § 205, p. 276 note 2; § 458, p. 513 note 1; § 476, p. 522

Norway _v._ Sweden, § 476, p. 522

Orinoco Steamship Co., § 476, p. 522

Paladini, § 330, p. 408

_Panther_, the, § 163, p. 219

Paquette Habana, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2

Parkinson _v._ Potter, § 394, p. 467 note 1

Parlement Belge, the, § 450, p. 507 note

Platen-Hallermund, § 240, p. 306

Porteña, the, § 273, p. 343 note 1

Pouble, Cirilo, § 147, p. 205 note 1

Prioleau _v._ United States, § 82, p. 129 note 1; § 115, p. 169 note 3

Reg. _v._ Cunningham, § 194, p. 266 note 2

Republic of Bolivia _v._ The Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co., § 272, p. 341 note 1

Republic of Mexico _v._ Francisco de Arrangoiz, § 115, p. 169 note 1

Ripperda, Duke of, § 390, p. 461

Ross, Bishop, § 362, p. 443 note 1

Sà, Don Pantaleon, § 404, p. 475

Sackville, Lord, § 383, p. 455 note 1

Santa Lucia, § 247, p. 313

Sapphire, the, § 115, p. 169 note 1

Savarkar, § 332, p. 410; § 476, p. 522

Schnaebélé, § 456, p. 511

Scotia, the, § 21, p. 26 note 2

Shenandoah, the, § 273, p. 343

Soulé, § 398, p. 470

Springer, § 390, p. 461

Strathclyde, the. _See_ Franconia, the

Sully, § 396, p. 468

Sun Yat Sen, § 390, p. 464

Taylor _v._ Best, § 391, p. 465 note 2

Tourville, § 330, p. 407

United States _v._ Repentigny, § 240, p. 306 note 1

United States _v._ Prioleau, § 82, p. 129 note 1; § 115, p. 169 note 3

United States _v._ Smith, § 21, p. 26 note 2

United States _v._ Venezuela, § 476, p. 522

United States _v._ Wagner, § 115, p. 169 note 1

Vaderland, the, § 287_b_, p. 357

Vavasseur _v._ Krupp, § 115, p. 169 note 2

Vexaincourt, § 163, p. 219

Virginius, the, § 133, p. 187 note 2

Waddington, Carlo, § 404, p. 475

Washburne, § 399, p. 471

West Rand Central Mining Co. _v._ The King, § 21, p. 26 note 2; § 82, p. 129 note 4

William, King of Holland, § 350, p. 432

Whitney _v._ Robertson, § 546, p. 578 note 2; § 580, p. 611 note 1

Wrech, Baron de, § 391, p. 465

CONTENTS

OF

THE FIRST VOLUME

INTRODUCTION