Chapter II: The Open Sea

I. _Rise of the Freedom of the Open Sea_

248. Former Claims to Control over the Sea 315
249. Practical Expression of claims to Maritime Sovereignty 317
250. Grotius's Attack on Maritime Sovereignty 318
251. Gradual recognition of the Freedom of the Open Sea 319

II. _Conception of the Open Sea_

252. Discrimination between Open Sea and Territorial Waters 321
253. Clear Instances of Parts of the Open Sea 322

III. _The Freedom of the Open Sea_

254. Meaning of the Term "Freedom of the Open Sea" 323
255. Legal Provisions for the Open Sea 324
256. Freedom of the Open Sea and War 325
257. Navigation and ceremonials on the Open Sea 326
258. Claim of States to Maritime Flag 326
259. Rationale for the Freedom of the Open Sea 327

IV. _Jurisdiction on the Open Sea_

260. Jurisdiction on the Open Sea mainly connected with Flag 329
261. Claim of Vessels to sail under a certain Flag 329
262. Ship Papers 331
263. Names of Vessels 332
264. Territorial Quality of Vessels on the Open Sea 332
265. Safety of Traffic on the Open Sea 333
266. Powers of Men-of-war over Merchantmen of all Nations 335
267. How Verification of Flag is effected 337
268. How Visit is effected 337
269. How Search is effected 338
270. How Arrest is effected 338
271. Shipwreck and Distress on the Open Sea 339

V. _Piracy_

272. Conception of Piracy 340
273. Private Ships as Subjects of Piracy 341
274. Mutinous Crew and Passengers as Subjects of Piracy 343
275. Object of Piracy 344
276. Piracy, how effected 344
277. Where Piracy can be committed 345
278. Jurisdiction over Pirates and their Punishment 345
279. _Pirata non mutat dominium_ 346
280. Piracy according to Municipal Law 347

VI. _Fisheries in the Open Sea_

281. Fisheries in the Open Sea free to all Nations 348
282. Fisheries in the North Sea 349
283. Bumboats in the North Sea 351
284. Seal Fisheries in Behring Sea 351
285. Fisheries around the Faröe Islands and Iceland 353

VII. _Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea_

286. Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea admitted 353
287. International Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables 354

VIII. _Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea_

287_a_. Radiotelegraphy between Ships and the Shore 355
287_b_. Radiotelegraphy between Ships at Sea 356

IX. _The Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed_

287_c_. Five Rules concerning the Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed 357
287_d_. The Proposed Channel Tunnel 359