Chapter II: Treaties

I. _Character and Function of Treaties_

491. Conception of Treaties 540
492. Different kinds of Treaties 540
493. Binding Force of Treaties 541

II. _Parties to Treaties_

494. The Treaty-making Power 543
495. Treaty-making Power exercised by Heads of States 544
496. Minor Functionaries exercising Treaty-making Power 545
497. Constitutional Restrictions 545
498. Mutual Consent of the Contracting Parties 546
499. Freedom of Action of Consenting Representatives 547
500. Delusion and Error in Contracting Parties 547

III. _Objects of Treaties_

501. Objects in general of Treaties 548
502. Obligations of Contracting Parties only can be Object 548
503. An Obligation inconsistent with other Obligations cannot
be an Object 549
504. Object must be physically possible 549
505. Immoral Obligations 549
506. Illegal Obligations 550

IV. _Form and Parts of Treaties_

507. No necessary Form of Treaties 550
508. Acts, Conventions, Declarations 551
509. Parts of Treaties 552

V. _Ratification of Treaties_

510. Conception and Function of Ratification 553
511. Rationale for the Institution of Ratification 554
512. Ratification regularly, but not absolutely, necessary 554
513. Length of Time for Ratification 555
514. Refusal of Ratification 556
515. Form of Ratification 557
516. Ratification by whom effected 558
517. Ratification cannot be partial and conditional 559
518. Effect of Ratification 561

VI. _Effect of Treaties_

519. Effect of Treaties upon Contracting Parties 561
520. Effect of Treaties upon the Subjects of the Parties 562
521. Effect of Changes in Government upon Treaties 562
522. Effect of Treaties upon Third States 563

VII. _Means of Securing Performance of Treaties_

523. What means have been in use 565
524. Oaths 565
525. Hostages 566
526. Pledge 566
527. Occupation of Territory 566
528. Guarantee 567

VIII. _Participation of Third States in Treaties_

529. Interest and Participation to be distinguished 567
530. Good Offices and Mediation 568
531. Intervention 568
532. Accession 568
533. Adhesion 569

IX. _Expiration and Dissolution of Treaties_

534. Expiration and Dissolution in Contradistinction to
Fulfilment 570
535. Expiration through Expiration of Time 570
536. Expiration through Resolutive Condition 571
537. Mutual Consent 571
538. Withdrawal by Notice 571
539. Vital Change of Circumstances 572

X. _Voidance of Treaties_

540. Grounds of Voidance 576
541. Extinction of one of the two Contracting Parties 576
542. Impossibility of Execution 577
543. Realisation of Purpose of Treaty other than by
Fulfilment 577
544. Extinction of such Object as was concerned in a Treaty 577

XI. _Cancellation of Treaties_

545. Grounds of Cancellation 578
546. Inconsistency with subsequent International Law 578
547. Violation by one of the Contracting Parties 579
548. Subsequent Change of Status of one of the Contracting
Parties 579
549. War 580

XII. _Renewal, Reconfirmation, and Redintegration of Treaties_

550. Renewal of Treaties 580
551. Reconfirmation 581
552. Redintegration 581

XIII. _Interpretation of Treaties_

553. Authentic Interpretation, and the Compromise Clause 582
554. Rules of Interpretation which recommend themselves 583