Chapter III: Individuals

I. _Position of Individuals in International Law_

288. Importance of Individuals to the Law of Nations 362
289. Individuals never Subjects of the Law of Nations 362
290. Individuals Objects of the Law of Nations 365
291. Nationality the Link between Individuals and the Law of
Nations 366
292. The Law of Nations and the Rights of Mankind 367

II. _Nationality_

293. Conception of Nationality 369
294. Function of Nationality 370
295. So-called _Protégés_ and _de facto_ Subjects 371
296. Nationality and Emigration 373

III. _Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality_

297. Five Modes of Acquisition of Nationality 374
298. Acquisition of Nationality by Birth 375
299. Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalisation 375
300. Acquisition of Nationality through Redintegration 376
301. Acquisition of Nationality through Subjugation and
Cession 377
302. Seven Modes of losing Nationality 377

IV. _Naturalisation in Especial_

303. Conception and Importance of Naturalisation 379
304. Object of Naturalisation 380
305. Conditions of Naturalisation 380
306. Effect of Naturalisation upon previous Citizenship 381
307. Naturalisation in Great Britain 382

V. _Double and Absent Nationality_

308. Possibility of Double and Absent Nationality 383
309. How Double Nationality occurs 384
310. Position of Individuals with Double Nationality 385
311. How Absent Nationality occurs 387
312. Position of Individuals destitute of Nationality 387
313. Redress against Difficulties arising from Double and
Absent Nationality 388

VI. _Reception of Aliens and Right of Asylum_

314. No Obligation to admit Aliens 390
315. Reception of Aliens under conditions 392
316. So-called Right of Asylum 392

VII. _Position of Aliens after Reception_

317. Aliens subjected to Territorial Supremacy 393
318. Aliens in Eastern Countries 395
319. Aliens under the Protection of their Home State 395
320. Protection to be afforded to Aliens' Persons and
Property 397
321. How far Aliens can be treated according to Discretion 397
322. Departure from the Foreign Country 398

VIII. _Expulsion of Aliens_

323. Competence to expel Aliens 399
324. Just Causes of Expulsion of Aliens 400
325. Expulsion how effected 402
326. Reconduction in Contradistinction to Expulsion 402

IX. _Extradition_

327. Extradition no legal duty 403
328. Extradition Treaties how arisen 404
329. Municipal Extradition Laws 405
330. Object of Extradition 407
331. Extraditable Crimes 408
332. Effectuation and Condition of Extradition 409

X. _Principle of Non-Extradition of Political Criminals_

333. How Non-extradition of Political Criminals became the
Rule 411
334. Difficulty concerning the Conception of Political Crime 414
335. The so-called Belgian _Attentat_ Clause 416
336. The Russian Project of 1881 416
337. The Swiss Solution of the Problem in 1892 417
338. Rationale for the Principle of Non-extradition of
Political Criminals 418
339. How to avoid Misapplication of the Principle of
Non-extradition of Political Criminals 420
340. Reactionary Extradition Treaties 422

PART III--_ORGANS OF THE STATES FOR THEIR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS_