Chapter I: International Persons

I. _Sovereign States as International Persons_

63. Real and apparent International Persons 107
64. Conception of the State 108
65. Not-full Sovereign States 109
66. Divisibility of Sovereignty contested 110
67. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries 111
68. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century 112
69. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century 113
70. Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty 115

II. _Recognition of States as International Persons_

71. Recognition a condition of Membership of the Family of
Nations 116
72. Mode of Recognition 117
73. Recognition under Conditions 118
74. Recognition Timely and Precipitate 119
75. State Recognition in contradistinction to other
Recognitions 120

III. _Changes in the Condition of International Persons_

76. Important in contradistinction to Indifferent Changes 121
77. Changes not affecting States as International Persons 122
78. Changes affecting States as International Persons 123
79. Extinction of International Persons 124

IV. _Succession of International Persons_

80. Common Doctrine regarding Succession of International
Persons 125
81. How far Succession actually takes place 127
82. Succession in consequence of Absorption 127
83. Succession in consequence of Dismemberment 130
84. Succession in case of Separation or Cession 131

V. _Composite International Persons_

85. Real and apparent Composite International Persons 132
86. States in Personal Union 133
87. States in Real Union 134
88. Confederated States (Staatenbund) 135
89. Federal States (Bundesstaaten) 136

VI. _Vassal States_

90. The Union between Suzerain and Vassal State 140
91. International position of Vassal States 141

VII. _States under Protectorate_

92. Conception of Protectorate 144
93. International position of States under Protectorate 145
94. Protectorates outside the Family of Nations 146

VIII. _Neutralised States_

95. Conception of Neutralised States 147
96. Act and Condition of Neutralisation 148
97. International position of Neutralised States 149
98. Switzerland 151
99. Belgium 152
100. Luxemburg 152
101. The former Congo Free State 153

IX. _Non-Christian States_

102. No essential difference between Christian and other
States 154
103. International position of non-Christian States except
Turkey and Japan 155

X. _The Holy See_

104. The former Papal States 157
105. The Italian Law of Guaranty 158
106. International position of the Holy See and the Pope 159
107. Violation of the Holy See and the Pope 161

XI. _International Persons of the Present Day_

108. European States 162
109. American States 163
110. African States 164
111. Asiatic States 164