Chapter III: Important Groups of Treaties (2)

[Footnote 962: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. I. p. 651.]

[Footnote 963: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. III. p. 699.]

[Footnote 964: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 355.]

[Footnote 965: See Fischer, "Post und Telegraphie im Weltverkehr" (1879); Schröter, "Der Weltpostverein" (1900); Rolland, "De la correspondance postale et télégraphique dans les relations internationales" (1901).]

(2) A general telegraphic convention was concluded at Paris already on May 17, 1865, and in 1868 an International Telegraph Office[966] was instituted at Berne. In time more and more States joined, and the basis of the Union is now the Convention of St. Petersburg[967] of July 22, 1875, which has been amended several times, the last time at Lisbon on June 11, 1908. That the Union will one day become universal there is no doubt, but as yet, although called "Universal" Telegraphic Union, only about thirty States are members.

[Footnote 966: See above, § 464, and Fischer "Die Telegraphie und das Völkerrecht" (1876).]

[Footnote 967: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. III. p. 614.]

(3) Concerning the general treaty of March 14, 1884, for the protection of submarine telegraph cables,[968] see above, § 287.

[Footnote 968: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XI. p. 281.]

(4) A general radio-telegraphic convention[969] was signed by twenty-seven States on November 3, 1906, at Berlin. This Union has an International Office at Berne which is combined with that of the Universal Telegraph Union.

[Footnote 969: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. III. p. 147, and above, § 174, No. 2, and §§ 287_a_ and 287_b_, where the literature concerned is also to be found.]

[Sidenote: Transport and Communication.]

§ 583. Two general conventions are in existence in the interest of transport and communication:--

(1) A general convention[970] was concluded on October 14, 1890, at Berne concerning railway transports and freights. The parties--namely, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Luxemburg, Russia, and Switzerland--form a Union for this purpose, although the term "Union" is not made use of. The Union possesses an International Office[971] at Berne, which issues the _Zeitschrift für den internationalen Eisenbahn transport_ and the _Bulletin des transports internationaux par chemins de fer_. Denmark, Roumania, and Sweden acceded to this Union some time after its conclusion.

[Footnote 970: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XIX. p. 289.]

[Footnote 971: See above, § 470, and Kaufmann, "Die mitteleuropäischen Eisenbahnen und das internationale öffentliche Recht" (1893); Rosenthal, "Internationales Eisenbahnfrachtrecht" (1894); Magne, "Des raccordements internationaux de chemins de fer, &c." (1901); Eger, "Das internationale Uebereinkommen über den Eisenbahnfrachtverkehr" (2nd ed. 1903).]

(2) A general convention concerning the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles[972] was concluded on October 11, 1909, at Paris. The original signatory Powers were:--Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Montenegro, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia; but Greece, Montenegro, Portugal, and Servia have not yet ratified. Luxemburg, Sweden, and Switzerland acceded later on. To give effect to this convention in Great Britain, Parliament passed in 1909 the Motor Car (International Circulation) Act,[973] 9 Edw. VII. c. 37.

[Footnote 972: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. III. p. 834, and Treaty Series, 1910, No. 19.]

[Footnote 973: See also the Motor Car (International Circulation) Order in Council, 1910.]

[Sidenote: Copyright.]

§ 584. On September 9, 1886, the Convention of Berne was signed for the purpose of creating an international Union for the Protection of Works of Art and Literature. The Union has an International Office[974] at Berne. An additional Act to the convention was signed at Paris on May 4, 1906. Since, however, the stipulations of these conventions did not prove quite adequate, the "Revised[975] Berne Convention" was signed at Berlin on November 13, 1908. The parties are Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Haiti, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Luxemburg, Monaco, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunis; but Denmark, France, Italy, Sweden, and Tunis have not yet ratified. Portugal acceded later. To give effect to the Convention of Berne of 1886, Parliament passed in 1886 the "Act to amend the Law respecting International and Colonial Copyright" (49 & 50 Vict. c. 33). This Act, however, was, in consequence of the "Revised Berne Convention" of Berlin of 1908, repealed by section 37 of the Copyright Act, 1911 (1 Geo. V. c. 00), and sections 30 and 31 of the latter Act now deal with International Copyright.

[Footnote 974: See above, § 467, and Orelli, "Der internationale Schutz des Urheberrechts" (1887); Thomas, "La convention littéraire et artistique internationale, &c." (1894); Briggs, "The Law of International Copyright" (1906); Röthlisberger, "Die Berner Übereinkunft zum Schutze von Werken der Literatur und Kunst" (1906).]

[Footnote 975: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. IV. p. 590; Wauwermans, "La convention de Berne (revisée à Berlin) pour la protection des oeuvres littéraires et artistiques" (1910).]

[Sidenote: Commerce and Industry.]

§ 585. In the interests of commerce and industry three Unions are in existence:--

(1) On July 5, 1890, the Convention of Brussels was signed for the purpose of creating an international Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs.[976] The Union has an International Office[977] at Brussels, which publishes the customs tariffs of the various States of the globe. The members of the Union are at present the following States:--Great Britain, Germany, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chili, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, San Domingo, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Holland, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, Servia, Siam, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United States of America, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

[Footnote 976: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XVIII. p. 558.]

[Footnote 977: See above, § 469.]

(2) On March 20, 1883, the Convention of Paris[978] was signed for the purpose of creating an international Union for the Protection of Industrial Property. The original members were:--Belgium, Brazil, San Domingo, France, Holland, Guatemala, Italy, Portugal, Salvador, Servia, Spain, and Switzerland. Great Britain, Japan, Denmark, Mexico, the United States of America, Sweden-Norway, Germany, Cuba, and Austria-Hungary acceded later. This Union has an International Office[979] at Berne. The object of the Union is the protection of patents, trade-marks, and the like. On April 14, 1891, at Madrid, this Union agreed to arrangements concerning false indications of origin and the registration of trade-marks[980]; and an additional Act[981] was signed at Brussels on December 14, 1900. These later arrangements, however, are accepted only by certain States of the Union; Great Britain, for instance, is a party to the former but not to the latter.

[Footnote 978: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. X. p. 133.]

[Footnote 979: See above, § 467.]

[Footnote 980: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXII. p. 208, and Pelletier et Vidal-Noguet, "La convention d'union pour la protection de la propriété industrielle du 20 mars 1883 et les conférences de révision postérieures" (1902).]

[Footnote 981: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXX. p. 475.]

(3) On March 5, 1902, the Convention of Brussels[982] was signed concerning the abolition of bounties on the production and exportation of sugar. The original parties were:--Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden; but Spain has never ratified. Luxemburg, Peru, and Russia acceded later. A Permanent Commission[983] was established at Brussels for the purpose of supervising the execution of the convention. An additional Act[984] was signed at Brussels on August 28, 1907.

[Footnote 982: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXI. p. 272, and Kaufmann, "Welt-Zuckerindustrie und internationales und coloniales Recht" (1904).]

[Footnote 983: See above, §§ 462 and 471.]

[Footnote 984: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 874.]

[Sidenote: Agriculture.]

§ 586. Three general conventions are in existence in the interest of Agriculture:--

(1) On June 7, 1905, the Convention for the Creation of an International Agricultural Institute[985] was signed at Rome by forty States. The Institute has its seat at Rome.

[Footnote 985: See above, § 471_a_, and Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 238, and Treaty Series, 1910, No. 17.]

(2) Owing to the great damage done to grapes through phylloxera epidemics a general convention[986] for the prevention of the extension of such epidemics was concluded on September 17, 1878, at Berne. Its place was afterwards taken by the convention[987] signed at Berne on November 3, 1881. The original members were:--Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Portugal, and Switzerland. Belgium, Italy, Spain, Holland, Luxemburg, Roumania, and Servia acceded later.

[Footnote 986: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. VI. p. 261.]

[Footnote 987: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. VIII. p. 435.]

(3) On March 19, 1902, a general convention[988] was signed at Paris concerning the preservation of birds useful to agriculture. The parties are:--Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Greece, Luxemburg, Monaco, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland.

[Footnote 988: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXX. p. 686.]

[Sidenote: Welfare of Working Classes.]

§ 587. Two general treaties are in existence with regard to the welfare of the working classes:--

(1) On September 26, 1906, was signed at Berne a convention[989] concerning the prohibition of the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches. The original parties were:--Germany, Denmark, France, Holland, Luxemburg, Switzerland. Great Britain, Italy, Spain, and Tunis acceded later. To give effect to this convention in Great Britain, Parliament passed in 1908 the White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act (8 Edw. VII. c. 42).

[Footnote 989: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 872, and Treaty Series, 1909, No. 4.]

(2) Likewise at Berne on September 26, 1906, was signed the convention[990] for the prohibition of night-work for women in industrial employment. The original parties are:--Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Luxemburg, Holland, Portugal, and Switzerland. Italy and Sweden, which had signed the convention, but had not ratified in time, acceded in 1910.

[Footnote 990: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 861, and Treaty Series, 1910, No. 21.]

[Sidenote: Weights, Measures, Coinage.]

§ 588. One Union concerning weights and measures and two monetary Unions are in existence.

(1) In the interest of the unification and improvement of the metric system a general convention[991] was signed at Paris on May 20, 1875, for the purpose of instituting at Paris an International Office[992] of Weights and Measures. The original parties were:--Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, the United States of America, and Venezuela; but Brazil has never ratified. Great Britain, Japan, Mexico, Roumania, and Servia acceded later.

[Footnote 991: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. I. p. 663.]

[Footnote 992: See above, § 466.]

(2) On December 23, 1865, Belgium, France, Italy, and Switzerland signed the Convention of Paris which created the so-called "Latin Monetary Union" between the parties; Greece acceded in 1868.[993] This convention was three times renewed and amended--namely, in 1878, 1885, and 1893.[994]

[Footnote 993: See Martens, N.R.G. XX. pp. 688 and 694.]

[Footnote 994: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. IV. p. 725, XI. p. 65, XXI. p. 285.]

Another Monetary Union is that entered into by Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by the Convention of Copenhagen[995] of May 27, 1873.

[Footnote 995: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. I. p. 290.]

On November 22, 1892, the International Monetary Conference[996] met at Brussels, where the following States were represented:--Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Roumania, Spain, Sweden-Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States of America. The deliberations of this conference, however, had no practical result.

[Footnote 996: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXIV. pp. 167-478.]

[Sidenote: Official Publications.]

§ 589. On March 15, 1886, Belgium, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, Servia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States of America signed at Brussels a convention[997] concerning the exchange of their official documents and of their scientific and literary publications in so far as they are edited by the Governments. The same States, except Switzerland, signed under the same date at Brussels a convention[998] for the exchange of their _Journaux officiels ainsi que des annales et des documents parlementaires_.

[Footnote 997: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XIV. p. 287.]

[Footnote 998: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XIV. p. 285.]

[Sidenote: Sanitation.]

§ 590. In the interest of public health as endangered by cholera and plague a number of so-called sanitary conventions have been concluded:--

(1) On January 30, 1892, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and Turkey signed the International Sanitary Convention of Venice.[999]

[Footnote 999: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XIX. p. 261, and Treaty Series, 1893, No. 8.]

(2) On April 15, 1893, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Holland, Russia, Switzerland signed the Cholera Convention of Dresden;[1000] but Montenegro has not ratified. Great Britain, Servia, Lichtenstein, and Roumania acceded later.

[Footnote 1000: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XIX. p. 39, and Treaty Series, 1894, No. 4.]

(3) On April 3, 1894, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Holland, Persia, Portugal, and Russia signed the Cholera Convention of Paris; an additional declaration was signed at Paris on October 30, 1897.[1001] Sweden-Norway acceded later.

[Footnote 1001: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXIV. pp. 516 and 552, and Treaty Series, 1899, No. 8.]

(4) On March 19, 1897, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Turkey, Holland, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Switzerland signed the Plague Convention of Venice; an additional declaration was signed at Rome on January 24, 1900;[1002] but Greece, Turkey, Portugal, and Servia do not seem to have ratified. Sweden acceded later.

[Footnote 1002: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXVIII. p. 339, XXIX. p. 495, and Treaty Series, 1900, No. 6--See also Loutti, "La politique sanitaire internationale" (1906). Attention should be drawn to a very valuable suggestion made by Ullmann in R.I. XI. (1879), p. 527, and in R.G. IV. (1897), p. 437. Bearing in mind the fact that frequently in time of war epidemics break out in consequence of insufficient disinfection of the battlefields, Ullmann suggests a general convention instituting neutral sanitary commissions whose duty would be to take all necessary sanitary measures after a battle.]

(5) For the purpose of revising the previous cholera and plague conventions and amalgamating them into one document, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, the United States of America, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Montenegro, Holland, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Switzerland, and Egypt signed on December 3, 1903, the International Sanitary Convention of Paris.[1003] Denmark, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, and Zanzibar acceded later. It is, however, of importance to mention that the previous sanitary conventions remain in force for those signatory Powers who do not become parties to this convention.

[Footnote 1003: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 78, and Treaty Series, 1907, No. 27.]

(6) For the purpose of organising the International Office of Public Health contemplated by the Sanitary Convention of Paris of December 3, 1903, Great Britain, Belgium, Brazil, Spain, the United States of America, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland, and Egypt signed at Rome on December 9, 1907, an agreement[1004] concerning the establishment of such an office at Paris;[1005] but it would seem that Holland and Portugal have not yet ratified. Argentina, Bulgaria, Mexico, Persia, Peru, Servia, Sweden, and Tunis acceded later.

[Footnote 1004: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 913, and Treaty Series, 1909, No. 6.]

[Footnote 1005: See above, § 471_b_.]

[Sidenote: Pharmacopoeia.]

§ 591. On November 29, 1906, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland, Russia, Servia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed at Brussels an agreement concerning the Unification of the Pharmacopoeial Formulas for Potent Drugs.[1006]

[Footnote 1006: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. I. p. 592, and Treaty Series, 1907, No. 1.]

[Sidenote: Humanity.]

§ 592. In the interest of humanity two Unions--although the term "Union" is not made use of in the treaties--are in existence, namely, that concerning Slave Trade and that concerning the so-called White Slave Traffic.

(1) A treaty concerning slave trade[1007] was already in 1841 concluded between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia. And article 9 of the General Act of the Berlin Congo Conference of 1885 likewise dealt with the matter. But it was not until 1890 that a Union for the suppression of the slave trade came into existence. This Union was established by the General Act[1008] of the Brussels Conference, signed on July 2, 1890, and possesses two International Offices,[1009] namely, the International Maritime Office at Zanzibar and the Bureau Spécial attached to the Foreign Office at Brussels. The signatory Powers are:--Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Congo Free State, Denmark, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Persia, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway, the United States of America, Turkey, and Zanzibar. Liberia acceded later.

[Footnote 1007: See above, § 292, p. 368, note 2.]

[Footnote 1008: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XVI. p. 3.]

[Footnote 1009: See above, § 468.]

(2) On May 18, 1904, an Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic[1010] was signed at Paris by Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden-Norway, and Switzerland. Brazil and Luxemburg acceded later. A further Agreement concerning the subject was signed at Paris on May 4, 1910, by thirteen States, but has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1010: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXII. p. 160, and Treaty Series, 1905, No. 24--See also Butz, "Die Bekämpfung des Mädchenhandels im internationalen Recht" (1908); Rehm in Z.V. I. (1907), pp. 446-453.]

[Sidenote: Preservation of Animal World.]

§ 593. Two general treaties are in existence for the purpose of preserving certain animals in certain parts of the world:--

(1) In behalf of the preservation of wild animals, birds, and fish in Africa, the Convention of London[1011] was signed on May 19, 1900, by Great Britain, the Congo Free State, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain; Liberia acceded later. However, this convention has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1011: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXX. p. 430.]

(2) In behalf of the prevention of the extinction of the seals in the Behring Sea, the Pelagic Sealing Convention[1012] of Washington was signed on July 7, 1911, by Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan, and Russia, but has not yet been ratified.

[Footnote 1012: See above, § 284.]

[Sidenote: Private International Law.]

§ 594. Various general treaties have been concluded for the purpose of establishing uniform rules concerning subjects of the so-called Private International Law:--

(1) Already on November 14, 1896, a general treaty concerning the conflict of laws relative to procedure in civil cases was concluded at the Hague. But this treaty was replaced by the Convention[1013] of the Hague of July 17, 1905, which is signed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland.

[Footnote 1013: See Martens, N.R.G. 3rd Ser. II. p. 243.]

(2) On June 12, 1902, likewise at the Hague, were signed three conventions[1014] for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws concerning marriage, divorce, and guardianship. The signatory Powers are Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, Luxemburg, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Sweden, and Switzerland.

[Footnote 1014: See Martens, N.R.G. 2nd Ser. XXXI. pp. 706, 715, 724.]

(3) Again at the Hague, on July 17, 1905, were signed two conventions for the purpose of regulating the conflict of laws concerning the effect of marriage upon the personal relations and the property of husband and wife, and concerning the placing of adults under guardians or curators. The signatory Powers are Germany, France, Italy, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, and Sweden.[1015]

[Footnote 1015: Meili and Mamelok, "Das internationale Privat und Zivilprozessrecht auf Grund der Haager Konventionen" (1911), offers a digest of all the Hague Conventions concerned.]

[Sidenote: American Republics.]

§ 595. The first Pan-American Conference held at Washington in 1889 created the International Union of the American Republics for prompt collection and distribution of commercial information.[1016] This Union of the twenty-one independent States of America established an International Office at Washington, called at first "The American International Bureau," but the fourth Pan-American Conference, held at Buenos Ayres in 1910, changed the name of the Office[1017] to "The Pan-American Union." At the same time this conference considerably extended[1018] the scope of the task of this Bureau to include, besides other objects, the function of a permanent commission of the Pan-American Conferences which has to keep the archives, to assist in obtaining the ratification of the resolutions and conventions adopted, to study or initiate projects to be included in the programme of the conferences, to communicate them to the several Governments, and to formulate the programme and regulations of each successive conference.

[Footnote 1016: See Barrett, "The Pan-American Union" (1911).]

[Footnote 1017: See above, § 467_a_.]

[Footnote 1018: See Reinsch, "Public International Unions" (1911), p. 117.]

[Sidenote: Science.]

§ 596. In the interest of scientific research the following Unions[1019] have been established:--

[Footnote 1019: The conventions which have created these Unions would seem to be nowhere officially published and are, therefore, not to be found in the Treaty Series or in Martens. The dates and facts mentioned in the text are based on private and such information as can be gathered from the _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, pp. 389-401.]

(1) On October 30, 1886, Great Britain, Germany, Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, and Switzerland signed a convention at Berlin for the purpose of creating an International Geodetic Association. Already in 1864 a number of States had entered at Berlin into an Association concerning geodetic work in Central Europe, and in 1867 the scope of the association was expanded to the whole of Europe, but it was not until 1886 that the geodetic work of the whole world was made the object of the Geodetic Association. The convention of 1886, however, was revised and a new convention was signed at Berlin on October 11, 1895.[1020] The Association, which arranges an international conference every three years, possesses a Central Office at Berlin.

[Footnote 1020: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 390.]

(2) On July 28, 1903, was signed at Strasburg a convention for the purpose of creating an International Seismologic Association. This convention was revised on August 15, 1905, at Berlin.[1021] The following States are parties:--Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chili, Spain, the United States of America, France, Greece, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Holland, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, and Switzerland. The Association, which arranges an international conference at least once in every four years, has a Central Office at Strasburg.

[Footnote 1021: The text of this Convention is not published in the _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, but its predecessor of 1903 is published there on p. 393.]

(3) On May 11, 1901, a convention was signed at Christiania for the International Hydrographic and Biologic Investigation of the North Sea.[1022] The parties are Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. The Association possesses a Central Office.

[Footnote 1022: For the text of this Convention, see _Annuaire de la Vie Internationale_, 1908-1909, p. 397.]

INDEX

A

Abandoned river-beds, 302
Abdicated monarchs, 432
Absorption of a State, 127
Abuse of flag, 336
Abyssinia, independence of, 76, 145, 147, 156, 164
Accession to treaties, 568
Accretion of territory:
abandoned river-beds, 302
alluvions, 300
artificial formations, 299
conception of, 299
deltas, 300
different kinds of, 299
new-born islands, 301
Acosta, 97
Acquisition of territory, 281-284
Acquisition of territory by individuals and corporations, 282
Acts, 551
Adhesion to treaties, 569
Administration of territory by a foreign Power, 232
Aegi, case of, 496
Africa:
notification of future occupations on the coast of, 294, 590
preservation of wild animals in, 623
African states, 164, 165
Agadir, German action at, 76
Agent consular, 486
Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character, 509
_Agents provocateurs_, 510
Agricultural Institute, International, 518, 617
Agriculture, Convention for preservation of birds useful to, 618
Aix-la-Chapelle:
Congress of (1818), 67, 444, 566, 588
Peace treaty of (1668), 62;
(1748), 64
Aland Islands, 277, 564
Alaska boundary dispute, 272, 320
Alcazar, case of, 220
Alcorta, 97
Alexander II. of Russia, assassination of, 416, 418, 420
Alexander VI., Pope, 316
Alexandria, International Court of appeal at, 499
Algeciras, International Conference of, 75, 156
Algeria, trade between France and, 608
Aliens Act, the, 391
Aliens:
Act for the registration of, 398
expulsion of, 399-403
how far they can be treated according to discretion, 397
in Eastern countries, 395
protection to be afforded to, 397
reception of, 390
reconduction of, 402
right of asylum of, 392
subjected to territorial supremacy, 393
their departure from the foreign country, 398
under protection of their home State, 395
Alliances:
_casus foederis_, 599
conception of, 595
conditions of, 598
different kinds of, 597
parties to, 597
Alluvion, 300
Alsace, 279, 291
"Alternat" clause, the, 173
Amakouron, river, 242
Ambassadors, 57, 444. _See also_ Diplomatic envoys.
Ambrose Light, case of the, 342
Amelia Island, case of the, 186
American International Bureau, 517, 624
American Civil War, 70
Amos, Sheldon, 94
Andorra, international position of, 146
Anglo-French Agreement (1904), 278, 539
Anglo-Japanese Alliance, text of, 596
Anna, case of the, 301
Annexation, 303
Anti-Slavery Conference at Brussels, 368, 517, 560
Antivari, port of, 327
Antoninus Pius, 315
Anzilotti, 104
_Apocrisiarii_, 437
Aral, Sea of, 245, 321
Arbitration:
International Court of, 79, 274, 278, 372, 410, 503
Permanent Court of, suggested in 1306 by Pierre Dubois, 58
Tribunal at Paris (1893), 352
Armed forces on foreign territory, 500. _See also_ Jurisdiction.
Armed neutrality, first (1780), 64
Army of Occupation, jurisdiction of, 503
Art, Union for the protection of works of, 516, 615
Artificial boundaries, 270
Artificial formation of territory, 299
Asiatic States, 164, 165
Asylum of criminals:
in foreign countries, 392
in hôtels of diplomatic envoys, 461
in men-of-war and other public vessels abroad, 507
Atmosphere, territorial, 236
Attachés of Legation, 472
Attentat clause, the Belgian, 416, 421
_Aubaine, droit d'_, 398
Aubespine, case of L', 459
Austin, 5, 98
Austria-Hungary as a real union, 134
Authentic interpretation, 582
Aviation, 236
_Avulsio_, 300
Awards of the Court of Arbitration, 521
Ayala, 84
Azoff, Sea of, 321
Azuni, 320

B

Baker, Sir Sherston, 94
Balance of power, 62, 65, 80, 193, 289, 307
Baltic, the, 248, 267
maintenance of status quo in the, 604
Bancroft treaties, 389
Barbeyrac, 90
Barents Sea, 266
Barima, river, 242
Bass, case of De, 459
Batoum, 539, 575, 579
Bavaria sends and receives diplomatic envoys, 441
Bay:
of Cancale, 262
of Chesapeake, 262, 263
of Conception, 262, 263
of Delaware, 262, 263
of Stettin, 263
Bays, 262
Bearers of despatches, 511, 512
Beckert, case of, 474
Behring Sea Award Act (1894), 352
Behring Sea conflict between Great Britain and United States,
320, 351
Belgium, independence of, 68, 312
neutralisation of, 152, 588
Belle-Isle, case of Maréchal de, 471
Belli, 84
Bello, 97
Bentham, 4, 88
Berlin:
Congo Conference of (1884-85), 72, 153, 368, 514, 537, 590, 605
Congress of (1878), 71, 118, 272, 368, 514
Decrees of, 65
Treaty of (1878), 71, 76, 327, 364, 369, 387, 575, 576, 579, 590
Bernard, 102
Berne Convention, 615
Bill of lading, 331
Binding force of treaties, 541, 545, 546
Biologic investigation of the North Sea, 626
Birds:
in Africa, preservation of, 623
useful to agriculture, Convention for the preservation of, 618
Birkenfeld, 230
Birth, acquisition of nationality by, 375
Black Sea, 247, 268, 269, 321
neutralisation of, 70, 325, 575
Blockade, 63, 335, 538, 588
of Venezuela, 74
Bluntschli, 36, 96, 99
Bodin, 111, 112
Bombardments, convention concerning, 594
Bon, 96
Bonfils, 95, 100
Bornemann, 97
Bosnia and Herzegovina, international position of, 77, 233, 576
Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 247, 266, 267, 268, 321
Boundaries of State territory, 270-273
Boundary:
Commissions, 272
dispute, 272, 296
mountains, 272
waters, 270
Boundary dispute:
between Great Britain and Venezuela, 198, 242
Louisiana, 295
Oregon, 295
Boundary treaty:
between Great Britain and the United States, 272
of Buenos Ayres (1881) between Argentina and Chili, 267, 564,
592
Bounties on sugar, Convention concerning, 515, 617
Brazil, international position of, 72, 312
Bristol Channel, 266
British seas, 317
Brooke, Sir James, Sovereign of Sarawak, 282
Brunus, 84
Brussels:
Anti-Slavery Conference of, 368, 517, 560, 591
Conference of (1874), 71, 552
Convention concerning sugar, 515, 617
Bry, 95
Buddhist States, 30, 154
Buenos Ayres, Boundary treaty of (1881), between
Argentina and Chili, 267, 564, 592
Buffer States, 148
Bulgaria:
a party to the Hague Peace Conferences, 534
international position of, 71, 183, 576
_Bulletin des Douanes_, 517
Bulmerincq, 96, 100
Bumboats in the North Sea, 338, 351
_Bundesrath_, the, 433, 516, 546
_Bundesgericht_, the, 417
Burlamaqui, 90
Burroughs, Sir John, 319
Bynkershoek, 91, 320

C

Cabotage, 258, 606
Calhoun, 115
Callao, revolutionary outbreak at, 342
Calvo, 97, 99
Campos, 97
Canals, 248-254
Cancale, bay of, 262
Cancellation of treaties on account of:
subsequent change of status of a party, 579
their inconsistency with subsequent rules of International Law,
578
their violation by one of the parties, 579
war, 580
Canning, case of George, 532
Canning, case of Sir Stratford, 451
Canonists, 55
Canon Law, 8
Cape Breton Island, restitution of, to France, 566
Capitulations, 395, 482, 497
Capture in maritime war, Convention concerning, 594
Carlowitz, Peace Treaty of, 63
Carnazza-Amari, 96
Carnot, assassination of, 418, 420
Caroline, case of the, 187, 501
Caroline Islands, sold by Spain to Germany, 288
Carthagena, rebel men-of-war at, 342
Casa Blanca incident, the, 502
Casanova, 96
Caspian Sea, 246
Castione, case of, 415
Castlereagh, Lord, 412
_Casus foederis_, 599
Cavour, Count, 426
Cellamare, case of Prince, 459
Celsus, 315
Central American Court of Justice, 525
Ceremonials, maritime. _See_ Maritime ceremonials.
Certificate of registry, 331
Cession of territory, 285-291
acquisition of nationality through, 289, 377
Ceylon, pearl fishery off the coast of, 348
Chablais and Faucigny, 279, 286
Chalmers, 103
Chambers of Reunion (1680-1683), 62
Changes in the condition of States, 121-125
Channel:
Bristol, 266
North, 266
St. George's, 266
Channel tunnel, proposed, 359
_Chapelle, droit de_, 467
_Chargés d'Affaires_, 445-481. _See also_ Diplomatic envoys.
_Chargés des Affaires_, 445
Charkieh, case of the, 507
Charles I., 319
Charlton, case of Porter, 408
Charter-party, 332
Chesapeake, Bay of, 262, 263
China, international position of, 164
China and Japan, war between, 72
Cholera. _See_ Sanitary Conventions.
Christiania, Treaty of, 75, 135
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 431
"Citizen" and "subject" of a State synonymous in
International Law, 370
Civilians, the, 55
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 251
Coasting trade, 258, 606
Code of signals, International, 333
Codification of International Law, 35
Collective guarantee, treaties of, 601
Collision at sea, 334
Colonial States cannot be parties to international
negotiation, 530
Colonies rank as territory of the motherland, 231
Comity of Nations, 24, 261
Commercial Code of Signals, 333, 334
Commissaries, 511
Commissions, International, 512-515
in the interest of:
fisheries, 513
foreign creditors, 515
navigation, 513
sanitation, 515
sugar, 515
Common Consent, 16
Como, Lake of, 245
Composite International Persons, 132-140
Compromise clause, 583
Conception, Bay of, 262, 263
Concert, European, 170
Concordat, 161
_Condominium_, 232, 272
Confederate States, 133, 135
Conferences. _See_ Congresses.
Congo, river, 242
Congo Commission, the international, 242
Congo Conference of Berlin, 72, 368, 514, 537, 590, 605
Congo Free State:
annexation of, 76
merged in Belgium, 34, 287
neutralisation of, 153
recognition of, 73
Congresses, international:
cannot be distinguished from Conferences, 533
conception of, 533
envoys representing states at, 443, 453
parties to, 534
permanent, suggested by Podiebrad, 58
procedure at, 535
reception of envoys at, 452
Conquest, 302. _See also_ Subjugation.
_Conseil sanitaire maritime et quarantenaire_ at
Alexandria, 515
_Conseil supérieur de santé_ at Constantinople, 515
_Consolato del mare_, 56
Constance, Lake of, 246
Constantinople:
Conference of (1885-6), 71
Treaty of (1888), 514, 591
Constitution, case of the, 507
Constitutional restrictions concerning the treaty-making
power, 545
Constitutional system, 68
Consular Act, 484
Consular districts, 485
Consul-general, 486
Consular jurisdiction in non-Christian States, 497
Consular officers, 485
Consular service, British, 487
Consuls:
appointment of, 487-490
archives of, 495, 496
consular organisation, 485
_consules missi and electi_, 485
consular districts, 485
different classes of, 486
functions of, 480, 490-493
general character of, 484
informal appointment of, 490
in non-Christian States, 497
in the fifteenth century, 483
no obligation to admit, 488
non-professional, 495
position and privileges of, 493-495
qualification of, 487
subordinate to diplomatic envoys, 487
termination of consular office, 496
the institution of, 482
_Consuls Marchands_, 482
Contiguity, right of, 295
Contraband, 335
Contract debts, recovery of, 192, 592
_Conventio omnis intelligitur rebus sic stantibus_, 573
Convention, 551:
Anglo-French (1904), 278
concerning matters of international administration, 79
concerning the North Sea Fisheries, 349
concerning radiotelegraphy, 236, 355
for the protection of submarine cables, 354
Co-operation, 189
Copenhagen:
Peace Treaty of, 63
Treaty (1857) abolishing Sound dues, 268
Copyright:
Union concerning, 615
Acts concerning, 616
Corinth Canal, 248
Corps, diplomatic, 446
Corsica, pledged by Genoa to France, 233, 288
Costa Rica Packet, case of the, 217
Councillors of Legation, 472
Couriers, 472, 473, 475. _See also_ Retinue of envoy.
Courland merged in Russia, 124, 287
Court of Arbitration. _See_ Arbitration.
Court of Justice, Central American, 525
Cracow, republic of, 151, 310
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, 94
Crete:
international position of, 72, 144
possesses no right of legation, 441
Crews of men-of-war, their position when on land abroad, 508
Crime:
against the Law of Nations, 209
extraditable, 408
political, 415
Crimean war, 68
Cromwell, 172, 459
Crucée, Émeric, 58
Cruchaga, 97
Cuba:
independence of, 72, 181
intervention in, 190
Cuban debt, 132
_Culte, droit du_, 467
Cumberland, Duke of (1837), 433
Cussy, 102
Custom, as source of International Law, 16, 22, 23
Custom tariffs, Union for publication of, 616
office of the Union for publication of, 517
Customs Laws Consolidation Act, 608
Cutting, case of, 205
Cyprus, international position of, 233

D

Danish fleet, case of, 186
Danube, navigation on the, 71, 242
Danube Commission, 242, 513
Dardanelles, 247, 266, 267, 268, 321
Davis, 95
Dead Sea, 244, 321
Death:
of consul, 496
of diplomatic envoy, 480
De Bass, case of, 459
Debts to be taken over by the succeeding State, 131, 287
Declaration:
of Brussels, 37
of London, 78, 343, 537, 538, 560, 585, 595
of Paris, 12, 68, 537, 569, 588
of St. Petersburg, 70, 537, 590
Declarations, 551
three kinds of, 536
_De facto_ subjects, 372
De Jager _v._ Attorney-General for Natal, 394
Delagoa Bay, case of, 314
Delaware, Bay of, 262, 263
Delinquency, international, 209
_Délits complexes_, 415
Delta, 300
Delusion and error in parties to treaties, 547
Deniers of the Law of Nations, 89
Denization, 381, 383
Denmark, 186
her sovereignty over the Baltic, 316
Deposed monarchs, 432
Deprivation, loss of nationality through, 378
_De Recuperatione Terre Sancte_, 58
Derby, Lord, 601
Dereliction of territory, 313
Deserters not to be extradited, 409
Despagnet, 95, 100
Despatches, sealed, transmission through belligerents' lines,
471
Diena, 96
Dignity of States, 174-177
Diplomacy, 438
language of, 439
Diplomatic corps, 446
Diplomatic envoys:
appointment of, 446-448
ceremonial and political, 443
classes of, 66, 443-481, 588
death of, 480
dismissal through delivery of passports, 455, 478
exempt from criminal and civil jurisdiction, 458, 464
exempt from police regulations, 466
exempt from subpoena as witnesses, 465
exempt from taxes, &c., 467
exterritoriality of, 460
family of, 474
found on enemy territory by a belligerent, 471
functions of, 453
immunity of domicile of, 461
injurious acts of, 215
interference with affairs of third States by, 472
interference in internal politics by, not permitted, 455
inviolability of, 457-466
official papers of, 447, 458, 478, 480
persons and qualifications of, 446
position of, 455
privileges of, 456
promotion of, 478
recall of, 477
reception of, 449-452
refusal to receive certain individuals as, 450
retinue of, 472-475
request for, and delivery of, passports, 478
right of chapel of, 467
self-jurisdiction of, 468
servants of, 474
suspension of mission of, 476
termination of mission of, 476-481
travelling through third States, 469
Diplomatic usages, 439
Discovery, inchoate title of, 294
Discretion of States:
to admit aliens, 391
to appoint envoys, 446
to conclude extradition treaties, 406
to expel aliens, 400
to protect their citizens abroad, 396
to receive and send envoys, 440
to recognise new heads of States, 426
Dissolution of treaties:
in contradistinction to fulfilment, 570
through mutual consent, 571
through vital change of circumstances, 572
through withdrawal by notice, 571
Dogger Bank, case of the, 219
Domicile:
of envoys abroad, 474
through naturalisation, 375, 379
Domin-Petrushévecz, 36
Doyen of the diplomatic corps, 446
Drago doctrine, 192
_Droit_:
_d'aubaine_, 398
_de chapelle_, 467
_de convenance_, 184
_d'enquête_, 336
_d'étape_, 278
_de préséance_, 172
_de recousse_, 347
_de renvoi_, 402
_du culte_, 467
Dubois, case of, 465
Dubois, Pierre, 58
Duke of Brunswick _v._ King of Hanover, 433
Duke of Cumberland, 433
Dum-dum bullets, 592
Dumont, 102
Dunkirk, fortification of, 183, 583
Duplessix, E., 37

E

Eastern countries:
Consuls in, 497
Protection of individuals in, 372, 395
Effect of treaties:
how affected by changes in government, 562
upon the parties, 561
upon the subjects of the parties, 562
upon third States, 563
Effective occupation. _See_ Occupation.
Egypt, international position of, 142, 164, 498
international courts in, 498
possesses no right of legation, 441
Elizabeth, Queen, 318, 459
Emigration, 373
loss of nationality through, 378
Emperor William Canal, 248
Enclosure, 230
Enemy goods covered by neutral flag, 588
_Enquête, droit d'_, 336
Envoys extraordinary, 444, 445
Equality of States, 20, 168
Equilibrium, 80. _See also_ Balance of power.
Erie, Lake, 246, 247
Error and delusion in parties to treaties, 547
Estate duty, 398
_Étape, droit d'_, 278
European Concert, 170
European Danube Commission, 513
Exchange, case of the, 507
Exchange of State territory, 287
_Exequatur_:
requisite for consuls, 489, 493, 494, 496
revoked, 426
Exclusion of aliens in the discretion of every State, 391
Expiration, loss of nationality through, 378
Expiration of treaties:
in contradistinction to fulfilment, 570
through expiration of time, 571
through resolutive condition, 571
Explosives, discharge of from balloons prohibited, 39
Expulsion of aliens:
from Great Britain, 399
from Switzerland, 399
how effected, 402
in the discretion of every State, 400
just causes of, 400
Exterritoriality, 460
of a monarch's retinue abroad, 431
of consuls in non-Christian States, 497
of diplomatic envoys and the members of their suite, 460-469
of monarchs and the members of their suite, 430
of men-of-war in foreign waters, 506
of presidents of republics, 434
of the wife of a monarch, 430, 431
Extinction of States, 124
Extraditable crimes, 409
Extradition:
conception of, 403
condition of, 409
effectuation of, 409
municipal laws concerning, 406
no obligation to grant, 404
of deserters, 409
of political criminals, 409, 411-422
treaties of, 392
treaties stipulating, how arisen, 404
Extradition Acts, British, 406, 409

F

Family of Nations:
conditions of membership of, 31, 166
definition of, 11
position of States in the, 165
Faröe Island Fisheries, 353
Fauchille, 95, 103
Faucigny, 279, 286
Federal States, 136
as regards appointment of envoys by, 138, 441
as regards appointment of consuls by, 489
as regards conclusion of treaties by, 544
Federalist, The, 115, 137
Female consuls, 488
Female diplomatic envoys, 446
Ferguson, 97
_Fetiales_, 51
Field, 36
Final Act of a Congress, 536
Finance Act (1894), 399
Fiore, 37, 96, 99
Fisheries:
around the Faröe Islands, 353
as servitudes, 278
in gulfs and bays, 265
in straits, 266
in the maritime belt, 258
in the North Sea, 316, 337, 349
in the Open Sea, 348-353
in the White Sea, 348
off the coast of Iceland, 348, 353
pearl, off Ceylon, 348
Fishery Commissions, 513
Fish in Africa, preservation of, 623
Fitzmaurice, Lord, 262
Flag:
abuse of, on the part of vessels, 336
claims of States to maritime, 326
claims of vessels to sail under a certain, 329
commercial, 327
enemy goods covered by neutral, 588
special, for bumboats, 351
verification of, 335, 337
_Force majeure_, 521, 524
Foreign Jurisdiction Act (1890), 395, 498
Foreign Offices, 435
Foreigner. _See_ Alien.
Forerunners of Grotius, 83
Form of treaties, 550
France, as an International person, 122
_Franchise de l'hôtel_, 461
_du quartier_, 461
Franconia, case of, 29
Frankfort:
Peace Treaty of, 290, 291, 606
subjugation of, 304
Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, 316
Frederick William of Brandenburg, 464
Freedom of action necessary for consent to treaties, 547
French:
Convention, 35, 65
Constitution, 412
Revolution, 65, 98, 411
Frische Haff, 263
Fugitive Offenders Act (1881), 406
Fulfilment of treaties, 570
Full powers, 447, 544
Funck-Brentano, 95
Fundamental rights of States, 165

G

_Gabella emigrationis_, 398
Gallatin, case of the coachman of Mr., 474
Gareis, 96
General Act of a Congress, 536
Geneva Convention, 70, 569, 589
Convention for its adaptation to Naval War, 594
Geneva, Lake of, 246
Genoa, her sovereignty over the Ligurian Sea, 316
Gentilis, 84, 318
Geodetic Association, International, 625
Germany, member-States of:
competent to conclude treaties, 544
recognised as independent, 61, 66
Ghillany, 102
Gibraltar, 278
Good offices, 189, 568
Gore, American Commissioner, 513
_Grand_ cabotage, 607
Great Powers, 3
hegemony of, 168
Greece, independence of, 68
Greeks, their rules for international relations, 49
Gregoire, Abbé, 35
Grotians, the, 92
Grotius, Hugo, 4, 59, 85-88, 283, 318, 438
Guarantee as a means of securing the performance of treaties, 567
Guarantee of government or dynasty, 191
Guarantee, treaties of, 599
collective, 601
conception of, 599
effect of, 600
pseudo-guarantees, 602-604
Guébriant, Madame de, 447
Gulfs, 262
Gulistan, Treaty of, 246
Gurney, case of, 473
Gyllenburg, case of, 459

H

Haggerty, case of, 489
Hague:
Convention concerning conversion of merchant ships into war
ships, 505
Convention (1882), concerning fisheries in the North Sea, 349
Convention concerning laws and usages of war, 552, 569, 586
Convention (1887), concerning Liquor Traffic on the North Sea,
351
Conventions (1907), 207, 213, 218, 538
International Court of Arbitration at the, 74, 274, 278, 518
First Peace Conference at the, 12, 37, 73, 534, 589, 591
Second Peace Conference at the, 12, 38, 77, 365, 534, 589, 592
Haiti, 32
Half-Sovereign States, 141
cannot send or receive diplomatic envoys, 441
competent to conclude treaties, 544
may be parties to international congresses, 534
Hall, 94, 100
Halleck, 95, 99
Hamilton, A., 115
Hanover:
King of, 433, 450
subjugation of, 304
Hanseatic League, 56
Hartmann, 96, 100
Havana, Treaty of, 181
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 251, 557, 559, 563, 592
Hay-Varilla Treaty, 252, 254, 564
Heads of States, 425-428
competence of, 427
honours and privileges of, 428
injurious acts of, 214
legitimate, 426, 427
objects of Law of Nations, 427
position of, 427
predicates of, 174
privileges of, 428
recognition of new, 425
usurping, 427
Health Office, International, 518
Heffter, 96, 98, 509
Henry IV. of France, 58
Herring Fishery (Scotland) Act, 264
Hertslet, 103
Herzegovina, international position of, 233, 576
Hesse-Cassel, subjugation of, 304
Hinterland, 297
Hobbes, 4, 89, 112
Holland, Professor, 85
Holldack, 104
Holtzendorff, 96, 100
Holy Alliance, 66, 68, 196, 413, 544, 596
Holy Roman Empire, origin of doctrine of servitudes in the, 275
Holy See, 157-162, 441
cannot be party to international negotiation, 161, 441
receives ambassadors of first class, 444
Hostages as a means of securing the performance of treaties, 566
Hostilities:
convention relative to the opening of, 593
convention regarding enemy merchantmen, 593
Hovering Acts, 261
Huascar, the, 342
Hubertsburg, Peace treaty of, 64
Humanity, Unions in the interest of, 622, 623
Humbert of Italy, assassination of King, 418, 420
Hüningen, 279
Huron, Lake of, 246, 247
Hutcheson, 90
Hydrographic investigation of the North Sea, 626

I

Iceland, fisheries around, 348, 353
Illegal obligations, 550
Immoral obligations, 549
Immunity of domicile, 461, 474
Independence of States:
consequences of, 178
definition of, 177
restrictions upon, 180
violations of, 179
Indian vassal States of Great Britain, 142
Indians, Red, 35
"Indigenousness," international, 367
Individuals:
never subjects of International Law, 19, 362
objects of International Law, 366
stateless, 366, 387
_In dubio mitius_, 584
Industrial property, union for protection of, 616
office of, 517
Informing gun, the, 337
Inquiry, international commissions of, 512
Institute of International Law, the, 36
_règlement_ concerning acts of insurgents, 224
_règlement_ concerning consuls, 494
_règlement_ concerning men-of-war in foreign ports, 508
_règlement_ concerning utilisation of flow of rivers, 243
rules concerning aliens, 391, 401
rules concerning double and absent nationality, 390
rules concerning extradition, 410, 417
rules concerning immunities of diplomatic envoys, 450, 457
_voeux_ concerning emigrants, 374
Instructions of diplomatic envoys, 448
Insurgents and rioters, 223
Insurgents recognised as a belligerent Power, 107, 119
do not possess the right of legation, 442
_règlement_ of the Institute of International Law concerning
acts of, 224
send public political agents, 509
Integrate territory, 230
Intercession, 189
Intercourse of States, 199-201, 328
International bureau of the International Court of
Arbitration, 516, 519
International Code of Signals, 333
International Commission concerning sugar, 515
International Commission of the Congo, 514
International Commission of the proposed Channel Tunnel,
memorandum respecting, 359
International Commissions, 512
in the interest of foreign creditors, 515
of Inquiry, 512
International Council of Sanitation at Bucharest, 515
International Court of Arbitration at the Hague:
Awards of, 521
Bureau of, 519
deciding Tribunal of, 520
Permanent Council of, 518
International Court of Justice, proposed, 524
International Courts in Egypt, 498
International crimes, 209
International delinquencies, 209
International disputes, convention for the settlement of, 592
International Health Office, 518
International Jurists, schools of, 82, 89
International Law:
basis of, 15
basis of international relations, 67
codification of, 35
definition of, 3
development of, 45, 59
dominion of, 30
factors influencing the growth of, 24
legal force of, 4
periodicals relating to, 103, 104
relations between International Law and Municipal Law, 25
sources of, 20
States as subjects of, 19, 107
International Law Association, the, 37
International Maritime Committee, conference of (1910), 333,
339
International negotiation. _See_ Negotiation.
International offices:
agriculture, 518
customs tariffs, 517
health, 518
industrial property, 517
maritime office at Zanzibar, 517
Pan-American Union, 517
post, 516
sugar, 517
telegraphs, 516
transports, 517
weights and measures, 516
works of literature and art, 516
International personality as a body of qualities, 166
definition of, 167
International persons, 107, 121, 125, 132, 154, 162
International Prize Court, 12, 522
convention concerning, 594
International Radiographic Convention, 236, 355
International Telegraph Union, 614
International transactions. _See_ Transactions.
Internoscia, Jerome, 37
Internuncios, 445
_Interpretatio authentica_, 583
Interpretation of treaties, 582-586
Intervention, 81, 188
admissibility in default of right, 193
by right, 189
concerning a treaty concluded by other States, 568
concerning extradited criminals, 410
definition of, 188
for maintaining the balance of power, 193
in the interest of humanity, 194
on behalf of citizens abroad, 396
Ionian Islands, international position of, 146, 286
Inviolability:
of bearers of despatches, 512
of commissaries, 511
of consular buildings, 495
of consuls in non-Christian States, 497
of diplomatic envoys, 457-460
of members of international commissions, 514
of monarchs abroad, 429
of presidents of republics, 433, 434
of public political agents, 510
Irish Sea, 266
Isabella, Queen of Spain, 426, 432
Island, new-born, 301
Italy as a Great Power, 70, 171
her "Law of Guaranty" concerning the Pope, 158

J

Jacquin, case of, 416
Jade Bay, 263
James I., 317, 469
Japan, 33, 72, 171
and Russia, war between, 74
conflict with United States concerning Japanese school
children in California, 211
treaty of alliance with Great Britain, 565
text of the treaty of alliance, 596
Jassy, case of the, 507
Jay, John, 115
Jay Treaty, article concerning privileges of commissioners, 513
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 89
Jenkinson, 103
Jews:
not a subject of International Law, 108
sometime excluded from Gibraltar, 278
their rules for international relations, 46
their treatment in Roumania and Russia, 369, 387, 392
Johann Friederich, case of the, 339
_Journal Télégraphique_, 516
_Juges Consuls_, 482
Jurisdiction, 201-205
exemption of envoys from, 458, 462-464
in actions for collision at sea, 334
in Straits, 266
of an Army of Occupation, 503
of monarchs abroad over their retinue, 430
of States over their citizens in Eastern countries, 395
on the Open Sea, 203, 329-339
over armed forces abroad, 501
over citizens abroad, 202
over crews of men-of-war when on land abroad, 508
over foreigners abroad, 204
over foreign vessels sailing under the flag of a State, 330
over monarchs as subjects, 433
over pirates, 345
within the maritime belt, 260
_Jus_:
_albinagii_, 398
_avocandi_, 371
_fetiale_, 51, 52
_quarteriorum_, 461
_repraesentationis omnimodae_, 427
_sacrale_, 51
_sanguinis_, 375
_soli_, 375
_transitus innoxii_, 470

K

Kainardgi, Treaty of, 441
Kalkstein, case of Colonel von, 464
Kamptz, 103
Kara Sea, 266
Kara Straits, 266
Kardis, Peace Treaty of, 63
Karlstad, Treaty of, 75
Katschenowsky, 36
Kattegat, the, 267
Keiley, case of, 450
Kelmis, 232
Kent, James, 95, 137
Kertch, Strait of, 267, 321
Khedive of Egypt, 498
Kiauchau leased to Germany, 233, 288
King's Chamber, 263
Klüber, 95, 98, 103
Kohler, 104
Korea:
extinction of treaties of, 128
merged in Japan, 287
Koszta, case of Martin, 388
Kurische Haff, 263

L

Lado Enclave, leased to Congo Free State, 234
Laibach, Congress of, 67
Lakes, 245
Landlocked seas, 245
Language of diplomacy, 439
Law of Guaranty, the Italian, 158
Law of Nations. _See_ International Law.
Law of Nature, 86
Law-making treaties, 23, 541, 587-595
Lawrence, 94, 100
Lease of territory, 233, 288
Lebanon, the, 357
_Le Droit d'Auteur_, 517
Legation:
combined, 448
institution of, 435, 438
members of, 472-475
papers of the, 478
right of, 440
_Legati a latere_ or _de latere_, 444
_Leges Wisbuenses_, 56
Legitimacy, doctrine of, 67
Legnano, 84
Leibnitz, 102
_Lèse-majesté_, 413, 415
Letters:
of credence, 447, 476, 477, 479, 509
of marque, 341, 342
of recall, 477
of recommendation, 509, 510
_Lettre_:
_de créance_, 447
_de provision_, 477
_de récréance_, 477
Levi, Leone, 37, 94
Liberia, 32
Lichtenstein, neither sends nor receives permanent diplomatic
envoys, 449
Lieber, 36
Lincoln, assassination of, 418, 420
Liquor Traffic among North Sea Fishermen, Convention
concerning, 351
Liszt, 96, 101
Literature, Union for the protection of works of, 516, 615
Log-book, 331
Locke, John, 112
Lombardy, ceded in 1859 by Austria to France, 288
Lomonaco, 96
London:
Conference of (1871), 70, 575
Convention of (1841), 268
Convention of (1884), 181
Convention of (1901), concerning fisheries, 353
Declaration of, 78, 343, 537, 538, 560, 585, 595
Declaration of, concerning Egypt and Morocco, 249
Naval Conference of, 38, 39, 43, 78, 595
Treaty (1831), 588
Treaty (1840), 555
Treaty (1841), 268, 368
Treaty (1867), 589
Treaty (1871), 247, 269, 325
Treaty (1883), 514, 587
Treaty (1906), 76, 156
Treaty (1908-9), 38
Lorenzelli, 160
Lorimer, James, 94, 100
Lorraine, 291
Loss of territory, 311
Louis XI. of France, 111
Louisiana boundary dispute, 295
Louter, De, 97
_L'Union Postale_, 516
Luxemburg, neutralisation of, 152, 289, 590
Lymoon Pass, 266

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Macartney _v._ Garbutt, 450, 467
Mackintosh, Sir James, 412
McGregor, adventurer, 186
McLeod, case of, 501
Madagascar, annexed by France, 147, 539
Madison, J., 115
Magellan, Straits of, 267, 564
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, 94
Maine, the river, 241
Mancini, 36
Manifest of cargo, 331
Mankind, rights of, 35, 367
Manning, 94, 98
Mardyck, port of, 583
_Mare clausum_, 318
_Mare liberum_, 318
Marini, Antoine, 58
Marino, international position of San, 146
Maritime belt, 255-261
Maritime ceremonials, 176, 258, 317, 326
Maritime Conference:
of London, 38, 39, 43, 78, 595
of Washington, 333
of Brussels, 333, 339
Maritime Conventions Bill, 333, 339
Maritime office at Zanzibar, 517
Marmora Sea, 321
Martens, Charles de, 92
Martens, F. von, 97, 100
Martens, G. F. von, 91, 102, 320
Mary, Queen, 317
Matzen, 97
Maxey, 95, 101
Means of securing performance of treaties, 565
guarantee, 567
hostages, 566
oaths, 565
occupation of territory, 566
pledge, 566
Measures. _See_ Weights and Measures.
Mediation, 189, 568
Mediterranean, maintenance of status quo in the, 603
Mehemet Ali, 555
Mendoza, Spanish Ambassador, 318
case of, 459
Men-of-war:
admittance to maritime belt, 260
admittance to gulfs, 265
admittance to straits, 267
excluded from the Bosphorus, 268
in foreign waters, 504
in revolt, 504
on the Open Sea, 325, 326
position in foreign waters, 235, 506
position of crew on land abroad, 508
proof of character, 505
powers over merchantmen, 335, 337
shipwrecked, 504
Merchantmen. _See_ Merchant ships _and_ Navigation.
Merchant Shipping Act (1873), 333
Merchant Shipping Act (1894), 330, 331, 332, 333, 337
Merchant ships, conversion into war ships, 593
Merger of States, 124, 127, 372
Mérignhac, 95
Metternich, Prince, 249
Metric system, Convention concerning, 619
Meunier, case of, 415
Meuse, the, 241
Mines:
Convention concerning, 593
in the subsoil of the sea bed, 357
Ministers Plenipotentiary, 445
Ministers Resident, 445, 588
Miruss, 103
Mixed Commission of the Danube, 514
Mohammedan States, 30, 154
Mohl, 103
Moldavia, 441
Monaco, international position of, 146
Monaldeschi, case of, 431
Monarchs:
acts of violence committed by foreign, 431
consideration due to, 429
deposed or abdicated, 432
exterritoriality of, 430
in the service of, or subjects of, foreign Powers, 432
position of wife of, 430, 431
residence of, 430
retinue of, abroad, 431
sovereignty of, 428
travelling incognito, 431
Monetary Conventions, 619
Monetary Conference, International, 619
Monroe Doctrine, 67, 196
Montagnini, case of, 160
Montenegro:
independence of, 71;
restricted, 183
restricted to a commercial flag only, 327
Monti, case of Marquis de, 472
Moore, 95, 101
Moors in Gibraltar, 278
Moray Firth, case of the, 264
Moresnet, 232, 273
Morocco:
independence of, 75, 156, 164
protection of natives by foreign Powers, 372
treaties of (1863 and 1880), 373
Mortensen _v._ Peters, case of, 264
Moselle, the river, 241
Moser, 91
Most-favoured-nation clause, 563, 585, 606, 610
Motor vehicles, circulation of, 615
Motor Car (International Circulation) Act, 615
Mulhouse merged in 1798 in France, 287
Municipal Law:
in conflict with treaty obligations, 578
not identical with law in general, 9, 14
relations between International and Municipal Law, 25
respecting offences against foreign States, 222
Murdered rulers, 418, 420
Muscat Convention, 373
Muscat Dhows, case of the, 372
Muster Roll, 331
Mutinous crew, 343

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