Chapter XI: Scientific and Ethical Elements in Religious Systems (6)

[2089] Babism (or Bahaism) also claims to be universal, but
its origin is so recent that this claim cannot be tested.

[2090] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_.

[2091] It has been professed by a few persons in Europe and
America, but the so-called "theosophy" is not Buddhism. On
supposed points of contact between the New Testament and
Buddhism cf. C. F. Aiken, _The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha
and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ_.

[2092] T. W. Arnold, _The Preaching of Islam_.

[2093] See Tiele, article "Religion" in _Encyclopædia
Britannica_, 9th ed., and cf. his _Elements of the Science
of Religion_, i, 28 ff.; R. de la Grasserie, _Des religions
comparées au point de vue sociologique_; M. Jastrow, _The
Study of Religion_, pp. 58 ff.; article "Religion" in
_Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed.

[2094] Cases of adoption of alien cults bodily are here of
course excluded; in such cases the cults are to be referred
to the creators and not to the borrowers.

[2095] In some forms of Brahmanism, in Buddhism, and in some
modern systems this Power is impersonal or undefined.

[2096] On Gautama's attitude toward divine beings cf. Rhys
Davids, _Buddhism_, p. 87 f.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_,
p. 333 f.

[2097] W. D. Whitney, _Princeton Review_, May, 1881.

[2098] Kuenen, _National Religions and Universal Religions_
(Hibbert Lectures, 1882); Tiele, _Elements of the Science of
Religion_, i, 43 ff.; Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, p. 89
ff.

[2099] Confucian China and Shintoist Japan are excluded; but
in both these countries Buddhism is widespread. Pure
Confucianism is not a religion, and the old Shinto is no
longer believed in by educated Japanese.

[2100] Cf. Tiele, _Elements of the Science of Religion_,
Index, s.v.

[2101] Myths, it may be remarked, are not confined to the
uncivilised and the old national cults; they are found in
all great religious systems.

[2102] See, in this connection, the account of the faith of
the philosopher Sallustius, the Emperor Julian's friend, by
Professor Gilbert Murray, "A Pagan Creed," in the _English
Review_ for December, 1909. The term 'pagan' now has a
connotation that is singularly out of accord with the
character of a man like Sallustius.

[2103] § 14 f.

[2104] Examples are the Copernican and Newtonian theories;
the magnitude of the stellar universe; Biblical criticism;
the theories of evolution and the conservation of energy.

[2105] The general religious attitude may be the same
whether the world be regarded as monistic or as pluralistic.

[2106] See above, § 172.

[2107] Cf. L. T. Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, part ii,
chaps. v-vii.

[2108] An example is the Old-Hebrew usage respecting
marriage with a half-sister or with a wife (not one's
mother) of a father. Up to about the seventh century B.C.
such marriages were lawful (Gen. xx, 12; 2 Sam. xiii, 13;
xvi, 22); later they were forbidden (Ezek. xxii, 10 f.; Lev.
xviii, 11). Maspero (in the _Annuaire de l'école des hautes
études_, 1896) points out that in Egypt marriage between
uterine brothers and sisters in the royal family was not
only legal but a sacred duty, its object being to maintain
the purity of the divine blood.

[2109] See above, §§ 107, 180, 219.

[2110] Amos ii, 7; Hos. iv, 14.

[2111] The Old Testament command to exterminate the
Canaanites (Deut. vii, 2; xxv, 19; Josh. vi-xi) is not
historical, that is, was not given at the time stated or at
any other time. The Israelites, in fact, settled down among
the Canaanites and intermarried with them, and at the time
when the passages just cited were written (seventh century
and later) there were no such alien tribes in Canaan. But
these passages show how a current barbarous custom of war
could be regarded by religious leaders as pleasing to God.

[2112] See § 630 ff.

[2113] So, for example, Butler's _Analogy_.

[2114] It is an exaggeration to say (as has been said) that
the sentiment of the sacred obligation of opinion was first
formulated or created in the world by the early Christian
martyrs--before their time Socrates, Jews in the Antiochian
persecution, and probably others, had embodied this
sentiment--but the Christian devotion helped to make it a
generally recognized ethical principle.

[2115] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Yoga_;
Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, Index, s.v. _Baksheesh_;
article "Saint and Saintliness" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_;
Christian hagiologies; Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_;
C. Trumelet, _Les saints de l'Islam_.

[2116] See above, § 1163.

[2117] Ezek. xiv, 9.

[2118] It is this sort of insensate optimism that Voltaire
ridicules in _Candide_--a just and useful protest against a
superficial view of life.

SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE

ENCYCLOPÆDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., Edinburgh; 11th ed., Cambridge,
England, and New York).

La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris, 1886-1902).

Le Nouveau Larousse (Paris, 1898-1904).

Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia (New York, 1893-1895).

The New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).

Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh, 1908- ).

LICHTENBERGER. Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses (Paris, 1877-1882).

ROSCHER. Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie
(Leipzig, 1884- ).

DAREMBERG ET SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines
(Paris, 1873-1884).

PAULY-WISSOWA. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
(new ed., Stuttgart, 1904).

GEIGER AND KUHN. Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Strassburg,
1895-1904).

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1901-1906).

Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York, 1899-1903).

HASTINGS. Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1900-1904).

HUGHES. Dictionary of Islam (London, 1896).

Encyclopædia of Islam (Leiden) (in course of publication).

HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche
(Leipzig, 1895-1909).

HAMBURGER. Realencyclopädie des Judenthums (2d ed., Leipzig, 1896).

The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907-1911).

SMITH AND CHEETHAM. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (London, 1875).

MCCLINTOCK AND STRONG. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and
Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1868-1881).

MEUSEL. Kirchliches Handlexikon (Leipzig, 1887-1902).

WETZER AND WELTE. Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1882-1903).

PERIODICALS

Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris).
Archiv für Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig).
Le Muséon et La Revue des religions (Louvain, 1882- ).
Journal asiatique (Paris).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London).
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo).
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
(Singapore).
Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hongkong).
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta).
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore).
De indische Gids (Amsterdam).
The Indian Antiquary (Bombay).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig).
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
Mitteillungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft and Der alte Orient
(Leipzig).
Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama),
Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven).
Zeitschrift für die Mythologie (Göttingen).
Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London).
Transactions of the Ethnological Society (London).
Man (anthropological monthly) (London).
Annals of Archæology and Anthropology (Liverpool Institute
of Archæology).
Archæological Review (London).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, Montreal,
and London).
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology (London).
L'Anthropologie (Paris).
Revue internationale de sociologie (Paris).
Annales du Musée Guimet (Paris).
L'Année sociologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Berlin).
Archiv für Anthropologie (Braunschweig).
Archäologische Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ).
Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archäologischen Instituts (Vienna).
Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Anthropos, Ephemeris internationalis ethnologica et linguistica
(Salzburg, 1906- ).
Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia (Florence).
Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie (Leiden).
'[Greek: Ephêmeris' Archaiologikê] (Athens).
American Journal of Archæology (New York and London).
Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York).
The Anthropologist (Washington).
American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.).
Reports of the National Museum (Washington).
Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington).
Reports of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington).
University of California Publications in American Archæology
and Ethnology (Berkeley).
Revue des questions historiques (Paris).
Revue égyptologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache und Altertumswissenschaft
(Leipzig).
Revue sémitique (Paris).
Revue du monde musulman (Paris).
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago).
Revue d'Assyriologie (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig).
Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft
(Leipzig).
Revue des études grecques (Paris, 1888- ).
Journal of Hellenic Studies (London).
Revue des études juives (Paris).
Folklore (London).
Folklore Journal (London).
Revue des traditions populaires (Paris).
Mélusine (mythology and popular traditions) (Paris).
Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde (Berlin).
Ons Volksleven (Tijdschrift voor Taal-Volks-en Oudheidkunde) (Brecht).
Revue Celtique (Paris).
Celtic Review (Edinburgh).
Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde (Breslau).
Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari (Palermo).
International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia and London).
Hibbert Journal (London).

WORKS ON THE NATURE OF RELIGION

PLATO. Phædo; Phædrus; Republic.

HUME, DAVID. Natural History of Religion (vol. ii of Green and Grose's
ed. of Hume's Essays, London, 1882); Dialogues concerning Natural
Religion (ibid.).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft
(Königsberg, 1793; in new ed. of his Works, Berlin, 1912).

HEGEL, G. W. F. Philosophie der Religion (Berlin, 1832; new ed., Leiden,
1890; Eng. tr., London, 1895) (cf. John Caird's Philosophy of
Religion, London, 1876).

BURNOUF, E. La science des religions (3d ed., Paris, 1876; Eng. tr.,
London, 1888).

ARNOLD, MATTHEW. Literature and Dogma (London and New York, 1873).

PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d
ed., Berlin, 1896); Eng. tr., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis
of its History (London, 1886); Philosophy and Development of Religion
(Edinburgh, 1899); Evolution and Theology, and Other Essays (Eng. tr.,
London and New York, 1900); Religion und Religionen (Munich, 1906);
Eng. tr., Religion and Historic Faiths (New York, 1907).

GHEYN, J. VAN DEN. La science des religions (Lyon, 1886).

HARTMANN, E. VON. Religionsphilosophie (Leipzig, 1888).

MARTINEAU, J. A Study of Religion (London, 1888).

BENDER, W. Das Wesen der Religion (4th ed., Bonn, 1888).

DEUSSEN, P. Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie mit besonderer
Berücksichtigung der Religionen (Leipzig, 1894; new ed., 1899-1911).

JASTROW, MORRIS, JR. The Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).

EVERETT, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religion (New York and
London, 1902); Theism and the Christian Faith (New York and London,
1909).

JAMES, WILLIAM. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays (London and New
York, 1897); Varieties of Religious Experience (London and New York,
1902); Pragmatism (London and New York, 1907); A Pluralistic Universe
(New York, 1909).

ROYCE, JOSIAH. Religious Aspects of Philosophy (Boston, 1886); The World
and the Individual (London and New York, 1900-1901); The Sources of
Religious Insight (New York, 1912).

CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1893).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. De la psychologie des religions (Paris, 1899).

BOUSSET, W. What is Religion? (Eng. tr., New York and London, 1907).

HÖFFDING, H. Philosophy of Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York,
1906).

PERRY, R. B. The Approach to Philosophy, chaps. iii, iv, vii (New York,
1905).

SANTAYANA, G. Reason in Religion (vol. iii of his Life of Reason) (New
York, 1905).

KING, IRVING. Development of Religion (New York, 1910).

LEUBA, J. H. A Psychological Study of Religion (New York, 1912).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (4th ed., Riga, 1797),
and see his Collected Works (Berlin, 1912- ).

MARTINEAU, JAMES. The Relations between Ethics and Religion (London,
1881).

GUYAU, J. M. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (Paris,
1885; 4th ed., 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1898); L'irreligion de l'avenir
(Paris, 1887).

PALMER, G. H. The Field of Ethics (Boston, 1901).

OTTO, R. Naturalism and Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).

GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE WORKS

CICERO. De Fato and De Natura Deorum.

BROSSES, C. de. Du culte des dieux fétiches (Paris or Geneva, 1760).

DUPUIS, C. F. Origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle
(Paris, 1794; new ed., 1870).

MEINERS, C. Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religion (Hannover,
1806-1807).

WALTZ, T. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).

BASTIAN, A. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Psychologie (Berlin, 1868).

MÜLLER, FR. MAX. Introduction to the Science of Religion (2d ed.,
London, 1880); Natural Religion (London, 1890); Physical Religion
(London, 1891); Anthropological Religion (London, 1892); Theosophy, or
Psychological Religion (London, 1893).

SPENCER, H. Descriptive Sociology (London, 1873-1881); Principles of
Sociology (London, 1879-1896); vol. i (on religious phenomena) (New
York, 1882).

LIPPERT, J. Religionen der europäischen Culturvölker (Berlin, 1881);
Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums (Berlin, 1883).

RÉVILLE, A. Prolégomènes de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1881; Eng.
tr., London, 1884); Les religions des peuples non-civilisés (Paris,
1883).

KUENEN, A. National Religions and Universal Religions (London, 1882).

CLARKE, J. F. Ten Great Religions (Boston, 1883; popular ed., 1899).

D'ALVIELLA, GOBLET. Introduction à l'histoire générale des religions
(Brussels, 1887); Origin and Growth of the Conception of God (London,
1892); Croyances, rites, institutions (Paris, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. Chantepie de. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte
(Freiburg, 1887-1888; Eng. tr. of vol. i, London, 1892; 2d ed., 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind (London,
1878); Primitive Culture (3d ed., London, 1891 and 1903).

The Hibbert Lectures (London and New York, 1878-1894).

The Gifford Lectures (London and New York, 1890-).

USENER, H. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Bonn, 1889);
Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).

FRAZER, J. G. The Golden Bough (London, 1890; 3d ed., 1906-1911); Early
History of the Kingship (London, 1905).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

Article "Fetishism" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

TRUMBULL, H. C. The Blood-Covenant (New York, 1893); The
Threshold-Covenant (New York, 1896).

MARILLIER, L. La survivance de l'lâme et l'idée de justice chez les
peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1894); L'origine des dieux [criticism of
Grant Allen's Evolution of the Idea of God] (Paris, 1899).

STEINMETZ, S. R. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe
(Leiden and Leipzig, 1894).

TIELE, C. P. Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den
Grossen (Germ. tr., Gotha, 1895; ed. Gehrich, Gotha, 1896-1903).

MENZIES, A. History of Religion (London and New York, 1895; New York,
1906).

Religious Systems of the World (London, 1896; new ed., 1902).

CARPENTER, J. E. Place of Christianity among the Religions of the World
(London, 1904).

Orientalische Religionen (in Die Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and
Leipzig, 1906).

BLOOMFIELD, M. The Symbolic Gods (in Studies in Honor of B. L.
Gildersleeve) (Baltimore, 1902).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (London, 1896; 2d
ed., 1902); Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion (New
York, 1908); The Idea of God in Early Religions (Cambridge, England,
1910).

JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Oriental Religions and their Relation to Universal
Religion (1872-1885; Boston, 1897).

WHITE, A. D. Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York,
1897).

DURKHEIM, E. Définition des phénomènes religieux (in _L'Année
sociologique_, ii) (Paris, 1897-1898).

ALLEN, GRANT. Evolution of the Idea of God (London and New York, 1897).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion (Edinburgh and London,
1897-1899).

BRINTON, D. G. Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York and London,
1897).

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1898).

LANG, A. Custom and Myth (London, 1884); Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d
ed., 1899); The Making of Religion (2d ed., London, 1900).

ANDREE, R. Die Flutsagen (Braunschweig, 1891).

USENER, H. Die Sintfluthsagen (Bonn, 1899).

WOODS, F. H. Article "Flood" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1900).

SUTHERLAND, A. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct (London and
New York, 1898).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. Des religions comparées au point de vue
sociologique (Paris, 1899).

INGRAM, J. K. Outline of the History of Religion (London, 1900).

LORD AVEBURY (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times (6th ed., London,
1900).

HIRN, Y. Origins of Art (London, 1900).

ELLIS, HAVELOCK. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (London, 1900; and
Philadelphia, 1904-1910).

MORRIS, MISS M. The Economic Study of Religion (in _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, xxiv) (New Haven, 1903).

REINACH, S. Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1905-1908).

HOPKINS, E. W. The Universality of Religion (in _Journal of the American
Oriental Society_, xxv) (New Haven, 1904).

JORDAN, L. H. Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh,
1905).

DIETERICH, A. Mutter Erde, ein Versuch über Volksreligion (Leipzig and
Berlin, 1905).

FARNELL, L. R. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1905).

DULAURE, J. A. Des divinités génératrices (2d ed., Paris, 1905).

REITZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen (Leipzig, 1906).

CUMONT, F. Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris,
1907; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1911).

HAMILTON, MARY. Incubation (London, 1906).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution (London and New York, 1906).

Article "Art" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New
York, 1908).

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité (Paris,
1882-1911; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1883-1890).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin,
1907-1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London,
1908).

PREUSS, K. T. Ursprung der Religion und Kunst.

WEBSTER, H. Primitive Secret Societies (New York, 1908); Rest-Days: a
Sociological Study (reprinted from _University Studies_) (Lincoln,
Nebraska, 1911).

CONDER, C. R. The Rise of Man (London and New York, 1908).

PLOSS, H. H. Das Kind (Stuttgart, 1876); Das Weib, ed. M. Bartels
(Leipzig, 1902).

HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity (London, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Psyche's Task [influence of superstition on the growth of
institutions] (London, 1909).

REINACH, S. Orpheus (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author,
London and New York, 1909).

FROBENIUS, L. Childhood of Man (Eng. tr., London and Philadelphia,
1909).

THOMAS, W. I. Source-Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London. 1909).

MARETT, R. R. The Threshold of Religion (London [1909]).

SELIGMANN, S. Der böse Blick und Verwandtes (Berlin, 1910).

ELWORTHY, F. T. Article "Evil Eye" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

BOEHMER, J. Religions-Urkunden der Völker (Leipzig).

Article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
(Oxford, 1912).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Articles "Cursing and Blessing," "Dress," and "Eating the
God," ibid.

Articles "Dwarfs and Pygmies," "Dualism," "Fate," "Calendar," "Feasting," "Fasting," "Festivals and Fasts," ibid.

SCHNEIDER, H. Religion und Philosophie (Leipzig, 1912).

CARPENTER, J. Estlin. Comparative Religion (London and New York,
1913(?)).

WORKS ON TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY

MORGAN, L. H. Ancient Society (London, 1877).

SPENCER, H. Principles of Sociology, i, § 171 ff. (London and New York,
1882).

HAHN, ED. Die Haustiere (Leipzig, 1896); Demeter und Baubo (Lübeck,
1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Remarks on Totemism, _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_ (1899).

PIKLER AND SOMLÓ. Ursprung des Totemismus (Berlin, 1900).

HARTLAND, E. S. Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries, _Folklore_ (1900).

DURKHEIM, E. La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines, _L'Année
sociologique_, i (Paris, 1896-1897); Sur le totémisme, _L'Année
sociologique_, v (1900-1901).

ZAPLETAL, V. Totemismus und die Religion Israels (Freiburg (Swiss),
1901).

HILL-TOUT, C. Origin of Totemism among the Aborigines of British
Columbia, _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_ (2d Series,
1901-1902 and 1903-1904).

SMITH, W. R. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903)
(criticized by Nöldeke in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_, 1886).

LANG, A. Social Origins (London, 1903); Secret of the Totem (London,
1905); Australian Problems (in Anthropological Essays presented to
Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London,
1902).

MARILLIER, L. La place du totémisme dans l'évolution religieuse
[criticism of Jevons], _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxvi,
xxxvii (Paris, 1897-1898); article "Totem" (in La Grande Encyclopédie)
(Paris, 1886-1902).

WUNDT, W. Mythus und Religion (in his Völkerpsychologie, Leipzig,
1908-1910).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to
Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

RIVERS, W. H. H. On the Origin of the Classificatory System of
Relationships (in Essays presented to Tylor, 1907).

THOMAS, N. W. La survivance du culte totémique ... dans le pays de
Galles, _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxviii (Paris); Origin
of Exogamy (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GOMME, G. L. Totemism in Britain, _Archæological Review_ (London, 1889).

GOLDENWEISER, A. A. Totemism, an Analytical Study, _Journal of American
Folklore_ (Boston and New York, 1910).

FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy (London, 1910).

WORKS ON TABOO

FRAZER, J. G. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Mystic Rose (London, 1902); Exogamy and the Mating of
Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GENNEP, A. VAN. Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904).

HODSON, T. C. The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi (London, 1906).

MARILLIER, L. Article "Tabou" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind, p. 129 ff. (3d ed., London,
1878).

FRAZER, J. G. Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship [holds that
taboo is a negative magic] (London, 1905); Taboo and the Perils of the
Soul (part ii of 3d ed. of the Golden Bough) (London, 1911).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Essays presented to Tylor)
(Oxford, 1907) [reply to Frazer].

THOMAS, N. W. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GAIT, E. A. Article "Caste" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).

_The Hebrew Sabbath as a Taboo Day_

TOY, C. H. The Earliest Form of the Hebrew Sabbath, _Journal of Biblical
Literature_ (Boston, 1899).

DRIVER, S. R. Article "Sabbath" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1902).

PINCHES, T. G. Sapattu, the Babylonian Sabbath, _Proceedings of the
Society of Biblical Archæology_ (London, 1904).

ZIMMERN, H. Comments on Pinches's article, _Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1904).

MEINHOLD, J. Sabbat und Woche in Alten Testament (Göttingen, 1905).

WEBSTER, H. Rest Days: a Sociological Study, _University Studies_
(Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).

ON MAGIC

Articles in La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris); Encyclopædia Britannica
(London, 11th ed.); Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités
grecques et romaines (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind, p. 129 (3d
ed., London, 1878); Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. (3d ed., London,
1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural, bk. ii, chap. iii f. (London, 1892).

DAVIES, T. WITTON. Magic, Divination, and Demonology (London, 1898).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh
and London, 1899).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion, Index, s.v.
(London, 1896; 2d. ed., 1902).

LANO, A. Magic and Religion (London, 1901).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v. (London and New York,
1906).

HADDON, A. C. Magic and Fetishism (London, 1906).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v.
(London, 1908).

HUBERT AND MAUSS. In _L'Année sociologique_, vii (Paris, 1902-1903).

REINACH, S. Orpheus, Index, s.v. (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., London and New
York, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Early History of the Kingship, Index, s.v. (London, 1905).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Anthropological Essays
presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Chap. iv of her Themis (Cambridge, England, 1912).

_Egypt_

ERMAN, A. Life in Ancient Egypt (Eng. tr., London, 1894).

BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Egyptian Magic (London, 1899).

WIEDEMANN, A. Magie und Zauberei im alten Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905).

BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt, Index, s.v. (New York, 1905).

_Babylonia and Assyria_

KING, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (London, 1896).

JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898); Religion
Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1906- ).

FOSSEY, CH. La magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902).

_Jewish_

Articles in Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York); Hastings's
Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and London); Jewish Encyclopedia
(New York and London).

SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi
(3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Eng. tr., History of the Jewish People in the
Time of Jesus Christ, Index. s.v. (New York, 1891).

BLAU, L. Das alt-jüdische Zauberwesen (Strassburg, 1898).

_Arabia and Modern Egypt_

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index, s.v. (Berlin, 1897).

LANE, E. W. The Thousand and One Nights, Index (London, 1883).

_Finnish_

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

_India_

BLOOMFIELD, M. Eng. tr. of the Atharva-Veda (in Sacred Books of the
East) (Oxford).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, Index, s.v. (Boston and London,
1895).

_Greek_

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek
Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).

_Roman_

APULEIUS. Metamorphoses.

FRIEDLÄNDER, L. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed.,
Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr., Roman Life and Manners under the Early
Empire, Index (London and New York, ca. 1903).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index (London,
1911).

_Teutonic_

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v.
(Boston and London, 1902).

_Noncivilized Peoples_

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887); E[´w]e (London, 1890); Yoruba (London,
1894).

CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians, Index, s.v. (Oxford, 1891).

SPENCER AND GILLEN. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899);
Northern Tribes of Central Australia [the Intichiuma ceremonies]
(London, 1904).

HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford,
1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. L'âr, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in
Morocco (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

SELIGMANN, C. G. Melanesians of British New Guinea, Index (Cambridge,
England, 1910).

BROWN, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, Index (London, 1910).

DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu (New York, 1905); The Shasta (New York,
1907).

SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London. 1906).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Index

(London, 1896).

TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,
Index (Boston and New York, 1898).

BELL, H. H. J. Obeah: Witchcraft in the West Indies (2d ed., London,
1893).

ON DIVINATION

La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris), article "Divination."

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), articles "Divination" and "Oracle."

Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York), article "Divination."

Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and New York), articles
"Divination" and "Soothsaying."

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London), articles "Divination,"
"Astrology," "Necromancy."

CICERO. De Divinatione.

PLUTARCH. De Pythiae Oraculis; De Defectu Oraculorum.

MANILIUS. Astronomica (ed. Theod. Breiter, Leipzig, 1907-1908).

FIRMICUS MATERNUS. Matheseos Libri viii (ed. Pruckner, Basel, 1551);
bks. i-iv and bk. v, proem (ed. Kroll and Skutch, Leipzig, 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index (London, 1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London,
1898; and the German ed., Giessen, 1906- ); Aspects of Religious
Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York and London,
1911).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 256, 328 (Boston and London,
1895).

STENGEL AND OEMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer (Munich, 1890).

BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ. Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (Paris,
1879-1882); L'astrologie grecque (Paris, 1899).

DAREMBERG AND SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines,
articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" (Paris, 1873-1884).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States, iv, 179 ff. (Oxford,
1896-1909) (Oracles); Greece and Babylon, Index,
s.v. (Edinburgh, 1911).

GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).

Article "Sibylla" (by Buchholz in Roscher's Lexikon).

CUMONT, FR. Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York
and London, 1912).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).

Article "Celts" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
(Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston
and London, 1902).

GROOT, J. J. M. DE. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907).

Articles "Ancestor-worship," "Ahoms," "Bantu" in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics.

TURNER, G. Samoa, Index (London, 1884).

FURNESS, W. H. 3d. Home Life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia,
1902).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index (London, 1906).

THURSTON, E. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London, 1912).

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887).

CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).

Article "Dreams and Sleep" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.

ON FOLKLORE

See periodicals mentioned above, p. 587.

FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough (3d ed., London, 1911).

KEIGHTLY, T. Fairy Mythology (2d ed., London, 1850).

MACCULLOCH, J. A. Article "Fairy" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

MANNHARDT, J. W. E. Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877).

History of the Æsopic Fable (in Caxton's Æsop, ed. Jos. Jacob) (London,
1889).

JACOBS, J. Migration of Fables (Introduction to his Fables of Pilpay)
(London, 1888); Fables of Æsop (London, 1894).

HARTLAND, E. S. Science of Fairy Tales (London, 1891); Folk-lore, what
is it? (London, 1897); Mythology and Folktales (London, 1900).

GOMME, G. L. Ethnology in Folklore (London, 1892); Folklore as an
Historical Science (London, 1908).

GENNEP, A. VAN. La formation des légendes (Paris, 1910).

Bibliotheca Diabolica (New York, 1874).

CARUS, P. History of the Devil and of the Idea of Evil (Chicago, 1900).

_Oceania_

BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901).

SEIDENAGEL, C. W. Language spoken by the Bontoc-Igorot [of Luzon]
(Chicago, 1909).

EMERSON, N. B. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii (Washington, 1909).

_America_

BOAS, F. Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America,
_Journal of American Folklore_, iv (Boston, 1891); Indianische Sagen
von der nordpacifischen Küste Nord-Amerikas (Berlin, 1895).

DORSEY, G. A. The Dwamish Indian Spirit Boat, _Bulletin of Philadelphia
Free Museum of Science and Art_ (1902).

_Egypt_

MASPERO, G. Les contes populaires de l'Égypte ancienne (Paris, 1882).

WIEDEMANN, A. Altägyptische Sagen und Märchen (Leipzig, 1906).

_Asia_

BENFEY, TH. The Pantschatantra (Leipzig, 1859); Introduction to
Bickell's ed. of the Kalilag and Damnag (Leipzig, 1876).

KEITH-FALCONER, F. G. N. Eng. tr. of Wright's ed. of the Late Syriac
Kalilah and Dimnah (Cambridge, England, 1885).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Westminster
(London, 1896).

THURSTON, EDGAR. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London,
1912).

The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (New York and Leiden, 1900- ).

BOGORAS, W. The Folklore of North-Eastern Asia as compared with that of
North-Western America, _American Anthropologist_ (Washington, 1902).

COSQUIN, E. Origine et propagation des contes populaires européens (in
his Contes populaires de la Lorraine) (Paris, 1886); Le lait de la
mère et le coffre flottant (reprint from _Revue de questions
historiques_) (Paris, 1908); Le prologue-cadre des Mille et Une Nuits,
les légendes perses et le livre d'Esther (Paris, 1909).

_Africa_

THEAL, G. M. Kaffir Folklore (London [1872]).

BLEEK, W. H. I. Specimens of Bushman Folklore (Eng. tr., London, 1911).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index, s.vv. _Folklore, Mythology_ (London
and New York, 1906).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford,
1909).

_Europe_

GRIMM, W. Die deutsche Heldensage (1829; 3d ed., Göttingen, 1889).

WUTTKE, A. Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart (3d ed., Berlin,
1900).

RHYS, J. Celtic Folklore (Oxford, 1901).

CAMPBELL, J. F. Popular Tales of the West Highlands and Heroic Gaelic
Ballads (1872; new ed., Edinburgh, 1890-1893).

BRAND, J. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (new ed., London, 1905).

SÉBILLOT, P. Le folklore de France (Paris, 1904-1907).

MAURY, L. F. A. Croyances et légendes du moyen âge (new ed., Paris,
1896).

GELDART, E. M. Folklore of Modern Greece (London, 1884).

KRAUSS, F. S. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven (Vienna,
1885; Münster, 1890).

KNOWLSON, T. S. Origin of Popular Superstitions (London, 1910).

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner
(Münster i. W., 1891); Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyaren
(Münster i. W., 1893).

ON MYTHOLOGY

_General_

Articles in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) and La Grande
Encyclopédie (Paris).

MÜLLER, K. O. Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie
(Göttingen, 1825).

MÜLLER, F. Max. Comparative Mythology (1856; in vol. ii of Chips from a
German Workshop, London, 1858; New York, 1869).

BRÉAL, M. Mélanges de mythologie et de linguistique (Paris, 1877).

PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d
ed., Berlin, 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1886).

TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture
(3d. ed., London, 1891).

VIGNIOLI, T. Myth and Science (London, 1882).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (1st
ed., Freiburg, 1887-1889); Eng. tr. of vol. i (London and New York
1891).

LANG, A. Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., London, 1899); Custom and
Myth (London, 1901).

GARDENER, P. Origins of Myth (Oxford, 1896).

TIELE, C. P. De Oorsprong van myth en godsdienst, _Theologisch
Tijdschrift_, iv (Amsterdam and Leiden); Elements of the Science of
Religion, Index, s.vv. _Mythology_, _Myths_ (Edinburgh and London,
1897-1899).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London,
1902).

RÉVILLE, J. De la complexité des mythes et des légendes, _Revue de
l'histoire des religions_, xiii (Paris).

JASTROW, M. Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).

SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology, Introduction (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ.
ed., Edinburgh, 1892).

Articles "Demons and Spirits," "Earth, Earth-gods" in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

_Special_

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).

BÜLOW, W. Die samoansche Schöpfungssaga, _Internationales Archiv für
Ethnologie_ xii (Leiden).

BASTIAN, A. Die samoanische Schöpfungssage (Berlin, 1894).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).

TURNER, G. Samoa (London, 1884).

BRINTON, D. G. American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882); Myths of the
New World (New York, 1896).

EHRENREICH, P. Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker
(Berlin, 1905).

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

COX, G. W. Mythology of Aryan Nations (London, 1887).

MEYER, E. H. Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891).

GRUPPE, O. Griechische Mythologie (München, 1897-1906).

JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London, 1898).

MUIR, JOHN. Original Sanskrit Texts (London and Edinburgh, 1858-1870).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895).

MACDONNEL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896-1909).

GRIMM, J. Deutsche Mythologie (4th ed., Berlin, 1875-1878); Eng. tr.,
Teutonic Mythology (London, 1888).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston
and London, 1902).

CAMPBELL, J. F. The Celtic Dragon-Myth (Edinburgh, 1911).

Articles "Celts," "Cuchulainn Cycle," "Feinn Cycle" in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

COLLIGNON, M. Manual of Mythology in Relation to Greek Art (translated
and enlarged by Jane E. Harrison) (London, 1899).

Article "Female Principle" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.

CURTIN, J. Myths of the Modocs (Boston, 1912).

Article "Animal" [on cults of animals, plants, stones, waters] in La
Grande Encyclopédie, section iv, "Mythology" (Paris).

THOMAS, N. W. Article "Animals" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion
and Ethics); Article "Animal-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica,
11th ed.).

TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index, s.vv. _Stock-and Stone-Worship_,
_Mountain, River-Worship_ (London, 1891).

COOKE, S. A. Article "Tree-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).

American Bureau of Ethnology, _16th Annual Report_ (Washington).

SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites, lecture v (new ed., London, 1894).

ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion, Index (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London,
1905).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 662 f., 688 f.
(Boston, 1898).

GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites, Index (London, 1910).

HOPKINS, E. W. Mythological Aspects of Trees and Mountains in the Great
Epic, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (September, 1910);
The Sacred Rivers of India (in Studies presented to C. H. Toy) (New
York, 1912).

GUBERNATIS, A. DE. Zoological Mythology (London, 1872); La mythologie
des plantes (Paris, 1878-1882).

FERGUSSON, JAMES. Tree- and Serpent-Worship (2d ed., London, 1873).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (London,
1896).

HOS AND MCDOUGALL. Relation between Man and Animals in Sarawak, _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi (London).

ELLIS, A. B. E[´w]e, pp. 49 f., 98 (London, 1890).

BOETTICHER, K. Baumkultus der Hellenen und Römer (Berlin, 1856).

GRUPPE, O. Die griechischen Culte und Mythen (Leipzig, 1887).

OVERBECK, J. Das Cultusobject bei den Griechen in seinen ältesten
Gestaltungen, _Berichte der sächsischen Gesellschaft der
Wissenchaften_, p. 121 ff. (1864).

OHNEFALSCH-RICHTER, M. Kypros, the Bible and Homer (London, 1893).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index (Berlin, 1897).

HUGHES, T. P. Dictionary of Islam, Index, s.v. _Kaaba_ (2d ed., London,
1896).

LA SAUSSAYE, P.D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v.
_Tree-Worship_ (Boston and London, 1902).

MANNHARDT, W. Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin,
1875).

FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough, Index, s.v. _Tree-Worship_ (London, 1907);
Adonis Attis Osiris, Index, s.vv. _Animals_, _Water_, and p. 158
(London, 1907).

Articles "Asherah" and "Pillar" in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible.

Articles "Asherah" and "Massebah" in Encyclopædia Biblica.

TRUMBULL, H. C. Threshold Covenant, p. 228 (New York, 1896).

HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity, Index, s.v. _Trees_ (London, 1910).

PHILPOT, MRS. J. H. The Sacred Tree, or the Tree in Religion and Myth
(London, 1897).

WORKS ON PARTICULAR RELIGIONS

_Egyptian_

PLUTARCH, Isis and Osiris.

RAWLINSON, G. History of Ancient Egypt (London and New York, 1881).

TIELE, C. P. History of the Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., Boston, 1882).

LE PAGE RENOUF, P. Religion of Ancient Egypt (London, 1884).

BRUGSCH, H. Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter (1884).

MEYER, ED. Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1887).

MASPERO, G. Études de mythologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes (Paris,
1893); The Dawn of Civilization (Eng. tr., London, 1896).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893); Article "Egypt" (in
Encyclopædia Biblica).

WIEDEMANN, K. A. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (London, 1897);
Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality (London, 1895); Religion of Egypt (in
Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (1904).

PETRIE, W. M. F. Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt (London,
1898); Article "Egyptian Religion" (in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London,
1905).

ERMAN, A. Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum (1887); Eng. tr.,
Life in Ancient Egypt (London, 1894); Handbook of Egyptian Religion
(Eng. tr., London, 1907).

BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian
Conquest (New York, 1905); Development of Religion and Thought in
Ancient Egypt (New York, 1912).

CUMONT, F. The Religion of Egypt (Eng. tr., in _The Open Court_,
Chicago, September, 1910).

REITZENSTEIN, R. Poimandres (Leipzig, 1904).

FOUCART, G. Article "Dualism (Egyptian)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

_General Semitic_

BAUDISSIN, W. W. Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig,
1876-1878).

HALÉVY, J. Mélanges de critique et d'histoire relatifs aux peuples
sémitiques (Paris, 1883).

BAETHGEN, FR. Beiträge zur semitichen Religionsgeschichte (Berlin,
1888).

NÖLDEKE, TH. Sketches from Eastern History (Eng. tr., London and
Edinburgh, 1892).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893).

SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites (2d ed., London, 1894); Kinship and
Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903).

BARTON, G. A. A Sketch of Semitic Origins (New York and London, 1902).

CURTISS, S. I. Primitive Semitic Religion To-day (London, 1902).

LAGRANGE, M. J. Études sur les religions sémitiques (2d ed., Paris,
1905).

_Arabian_

SALE, G. Preliminary Discourse to Translation of the Koran (1734; new
ed., London, 1857) (and in Wherry's Commentary on the Quran,
London, 1882).

SPRENGER, A. Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammeds (Berlin, 1861-1865).

SYED, AHMED. Essays on the Life of Mohammed and Subjects Subsidiary
thereto (London, 1870).

AMEER, ALI. Life and Teachings of Mohammed, or the Spirit of Islam
(London, 1873); Islam (London, 1897).

TASSY, GARCIN DE. L'Islamisme d'après le Coran (Paris, 1874).

KREMER, A. VON. Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (Vienna,
1875-1877).

SMITH, R. B. Mohammed and Mohammedanism (New York, 1875).

GOLDZIHER, I. Muhammedanische Studien (Halle, 1889-1890).

MUIR, SIR WILLIAM. Mahomet and Islam (London, Religious Tract Society;
New York, ca. 1894).

CASTRIES, LE COMTE HENRY DE. L'Islam (Paris, 1896).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).

SMITH, H. P. The Bible and Islam (New York, 1897).

KLEIN, F. A. The Religion of Islam (London, 1906).

LEONARD, A. G. Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value (London, 1909).

MACDONALD, D. B. Religious Attitude and Life in Islam (Chicago, 1909);
Aspects of Islam (New York, 1911).

MARGOLIOUTH, D. S. Article "Mahomet" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).

THATCHER, G. W. Article "Mahommedan Religion," ibid.

NÖLDEKE, TH. Article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.

REES, J. D. The Muhammadans (in Epochs of Indian History) (London and
New York, 1894).

LANE, E. W. Notes to his Thousand and One Nights (ed E. S. Poole,
London, 1883).

HARTMANN, M. Article "Islam in China" (announced to appear in
Encyclopædia of Islam).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Der Ursprung des Islams und die ersten Offenbarungen
Mohammeds (excursus in his Ursprung und Geschichte der Mormonen, p. 62
_ff._) (Halle a. S., 1912).

TOY, C. H. Mohammed and the Islam of the Koran, _Harvard Theological
Review_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1912).

GARNETT, LUCY M. J. Mysticism and Magic in Turkey (London, 1912).

_Babylonian-Assyrian_

JENSEN, P. Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (Strassburg, 1890).

TIELE, C. P. Babylonisch-assyrische Geschichte (Gotha, 1886); Die
Religion in Babylonien und Assyrien (in his Geschichte der Religion im
Alterthum) (new ed., Gotha, 1896-1903).

JEREMIAS, FRIEDR. Die Babylonier und Assyrier (in Saussaye's Lehrbuch
der Religionsgeschichte) (2d ed., Freiburg, 1897).

KING, L. W. Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London, 1899).

JEREMIAS, ALFRED. Die babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben
nach dem Tode (Leipzig, 1897); Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten
Orients (2d ed., Leipzig, 1906; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1911).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898; Germ.
ed., Giessen, 1904- ); Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (in
Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York,
1904); Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and
Assyria (New York and London, 1911).

HARPER, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Literature (New York, 1901).

DELITZSCH, FRIEDR. Babel und Bibel (Leipzig, 1902; and Stuttgart, 1903;
new ed., Stuttgart, 1905); Eng. tr., ed. C. H. W. Johns (London,
1903); Eng. tr. by McCormack and Carruth [with German criticisms and
the author's replies] (Chicago, 1903).

ROGERS, R. W. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its
Relations to Israel (New York, 1908).

DHORME, P. La religion assyro-babylonienne (Paris, 1910).

ZIMMERN, H. Article "Babylonians and Assyrians" (in Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

LANGDON, S. H. Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms (New York and Paris,
1909); Babylonian Eschatology (in Essays offered to C. A. Briggs, New
York, 1911).

TOY, C. H. Panbabylonianism, _Harvard Theological Review_ (Cambridge,
Mass., 1910).

Articles on Marduk, Nebo, Oannes, etc., in Roscher's Lexikon.

_Mandean_

NÖLDEKE, TH. Mandäische Grammatik, Einleitung (Halle, 1875).

BRANDT, A. J. H. W. Die mandäische Religion (Leipzig, 1889).

KESSLER, K. Article "Mandäer" (in Herzog-Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie).

GOTTHEIL, R. J. H. Article "Mandæans" (in Johnson's Universal
Cyclopædia).

_Yesidi_

IBN HALLIKAN. Wafayât al-Áyân (Biographical Dictionary) (ed. F.
Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1835-1840); Eng. tr. by MacGuckin de Slane
(Paris and London, 1842-1871).

LAYARD, SIR A. H. Nineveh and its Remains (2d ed., London, 1849; new
ed., New York, 1853); Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and
Babylon (London, 1853).

BADGER, G. P. Nestorians and their Rituals (London, 1852).

SIOUFFI, N. In _Journal asiatique_ (Paris, 1882 and 1885).

MENANT, J. Les Yezidiz, _Annales du Musée Guimet_ (Paris, 1892).

PARRY, O. H. Six Months in a Syrian Monastery (London, 1895).

HUART, CLÉMENT. History of Arabic Literature, p. 272 f. (London and New
York, 1903).

JACKSON, A. V. W. In _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol.
xxv, p. 178 ff. (1904); Sketch in his Persia, Past and Present (New
York, 1906).

Article "Yesidis" in New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).

LIDZBARSKI, M. In _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_, vol. li (Leipzig).

JOSEPH, ISYA. Yezidi Texts (reprinted from _American Journal of Semitic
Languages and Literatures_) (Chicago, 1909).

_Hebrew, Edomite, Phoenician, Aramean, etc._

KUENEN, A. Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State (Leipzig,
1873-1874; Eng. tr., London, 1874); The Prophets and Prophecy in
Israel (Eng. tr., London, 1877).

SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ. ed.,
Edinburgh, 1892).

SCHWALLY, F. Das Leben nach dem Tode nach den Vorstellungen des alten
Israel und Judentums (Giessen, 1892).

MONTEFIORE, C. G. Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (London, 1892).

DILLON, E. J. The Sceptics of the Old Testament (London, 1895).

GUNKEL, H. Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen, 1895).

MARTI, K. Geschichte der israelitischen Religion (3d ed., Strassburg,
1897); Religion des Alten Testaments (Tübingen, 1906; Eng. tr.,
London, 1907).

CHEYNE, T. K. Jewish Religious Life after the Exile (New York and
London, 1898).

BUDDE, K. Religion of Israel to the Exile (New York and London, 1899).

SMEND, R. Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1899).

KAUTZSCH, E. Religion of Israel (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible,
vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York, 1904).

KENT, C. F. History of the Hebrew People (New York, 1896-1899).

MANN, NEWTON. The Evolution of a Great Literature (2d ed., Boston,
1906).

ADDIS, W. E. Hebrew Religion to the Establishment of Judaism under Ezra
(London and New York, 1906).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Israelitisch-jüdische Religion (in Kultur der Gegenwart)
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1909).

LOISY, A. La religion d'Israël (2d ed., revised and enlarged, Ceffonds,
chez l'auteur, 1908); Eng. tr., The Religion of Israel (London and New
York, 190?).

WALLIS, LOUIS. The Sociological Study of the Bible (Chicago, 1912).

MITCHELL, H. G. Ethics of the Old Testament (Chicago, 1912).

BENZIGER, I. Hebräische Archäologie (2d ed., Tübingen, 1907).

NOWACK, W. Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894).

WACE, W. The Apocrypha (Eng. tr., in Speaker's Commentary) (London,
1888).

SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi
(3d and 4th edd., Leipzig, 1898-1907); Eng. tr. of 2d. ed., History of
the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (New York, 1891).

BÜCHLER, A. Die Priester und der Cultus im letzten Jahrzehnt des
jerusalemischen Tempels (Vienna, 1895).

BOUSSET, W. Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter
(Berlin, 1903).

RIGGS, J. S. History of the Jewish People during the Maccabean and Roman
Periods (New York, 1910).

HOLLMANN, G. The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (Eng. tr., London,
1909).

GRAETZ, H. History of the Jews (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1891-1895).

GROSSMAN, L. Judaism and the Science of Religion (New York and London,
1889).

SUFFRIN, A. E. Article "Dualism (Jewish)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

WEBER, F. Jüdische Theologie (2d. ed., Leipzig, 1897).

LAZARUS, M. Ethics of Judaism (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1900- ).

PHILIPSON, D. The Reform Movement in Judaism (New York and London,
1907).

OESTERLEY, W. O. E., and BOX, G. H. Religion and Worship of the
Synagogue (New York, 1907).

BLISS, F. J. The Religions of Modern Syria and Palestine (New York,
1912).

JOSEPH, M. Judaism as Creed and Life (London and New York, 1910).

PHILO OF BYBLOS, Greek tr. of Sanchuniathon (text, Greek and Latin, in
K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum) (Paris, 1848).

CORY, I. P. Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician ... and Other Writers
(London, 1876).

GUTSCHMID, A. VON. Kleine Schriften (Leipzig, 1890).

RAWLINSON, G. History of Phoenicia (London, 1889).

PIETSCHMANN, R. Geschichte der Phoenizier (Berlin, 1889).

BAUDISSIN, W. VON. Adonis und Esmun (Berlin, 1911).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Remarks on the Carthaginian Deity, _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, vol. xxxii (December, 1912).

Articles "Edomites" and "Syrians" (announced) in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics.

ALEXANDRE, CHARLES. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with Latin tr.)
(Paris, 1841, new ed., 1869).

FRIEDLIEB, J. H. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with German tr.)
(Leipzig, 1852).

RZACH, A. Oracula Sibyllina (critical Greek text) (Vienna, 1891).

TERRY, M. S. The Sibylline Oracles (translated from the Greek) (New
York, 1890).

_Asia Minor_

PSEUDO-LUCIAN. De Syria Dea.

MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums, vol. i, part ii (2d ed.,
Stuttgart and Berlin, 1909).

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Sardinia ... and Asia Minor (Eng.
tr., 1890).

MESSËRSCHMIDT, L. Corpus Inscriptionum Hettiticarum, _Mitteilungen der
vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1900); The Ancient Hittites,
_Smithsonian Institution, Annual Reports_ (1893, 1894).

RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM. Historical Geography of Asia Minor (in
supplementary papers of the _Royal Geographical Society_, iv) (London,
1890); articles in _Journal of Royal Asiatic Society_, xv.

WINCKLER, H. In _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_
(Berlin, 1907).

HOGARTH, D. G. Article "Hittites" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).

GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites (London, 1910).

WARD, W. H. The Greek and the Hittite Gods (in Essays presented to C. A.
Briggs, New York, 1911); Asianic Influence in Greek Mythology (in
Studies presented to C. H. Toy, New York, 1912).

ROSCHER. Lexikon, article "Kybele."

_Mithraism_

CUMONT FRANZ. Textes et monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de
Mithra (Brussels, 1899); Mystères de Mithra (2d ed., Paris, 1902; Eng.
tr., Chicago, 1903); Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and
Romans (New York and London, 1912); article "Mithras" in Roscher's
Lexikon.

_Indian_ (_Vedic_, _Brahmanic_, _Modern_)

WARD, W. A. View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos
(London, 1822).

WILSON, H. H. Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus (in Asiatic
Researches, 1828-1832) (republished, London, 1861).

MACPHERSON, S. C. Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds,
_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ (London, 1842 and 1852).

BURNOUF, EMILE. Essais sur le Véda (Paris, 1863).

COLEBROOKE, H. T. Essays (new ed., London, 1873).

BERGAIGNE, A. La religion védique (Paris, 1878-1883).

MÜLLER, F. MAX. Religions of India (London, 1878).

ZIMMER, H. Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879).

LEFMANN, S. Geschichte des alten Indiens (Berlin, 1880).

BARTH, A. Religions of India (Eng. tr., London, 1882).

DEUSSEN, P. Das System des Vedanta (Leipzig, 1883); Eng. tr., The system
of the Vedanta (Chicago, 1912).

WILKINS, W. J. Modern Hinduism (London, 1887).

LE BON, G. Les civilisations de l'Inde (Paris, 1887).

LANMAN, C. R. Beginnings of Hindu Pantheism (Cambridge, Mass., 1890).

MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Hinduism (London, 1890); Brahmanism and
Hinduism (4th ed., London, 1891); Indian Wisdom (London, 1893).

GARBE, R. Die Samkhya Philosophie (Cambridge, Mass., and Boston, 1895);
Beiträge zur indischen Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1903); Akbar, Emperor
of India, _The Monist_, (Chicago, April, 1909).

OLDENBERG, H. Religion des Veda (Berlin, 1894).

MACDONELL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).

HILLEBRANDT, A. Vedische Mythologie (Breslau, 1891-1902).

BLOOMFIELD, M. Religion of the Veda (New York and London, 1908).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston, 1895); The Great Epic of
India (New York, 1901); India Old and New (New York, 1901).

DUBOIS, J. A. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (tr. from the
author's later French manuscript, by H. K. Beauchamp) (Oxford, 1897).

DUTT, R. C. Civilization of India (London, 1900).

EGGELING, H. J. Article "Hinduism" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.) (London).

BEVERIDGE, H. Article "Akbar" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics)
(Edinburgh and New York).

GRIERSON, G. A. Article "Bhakti-Marga," ibid.

PRIDHAM, C. An Account of Ceylon [the Veddas] (London, 1849).

CROOKS, W. Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India (London,
1896); article "Bengal" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics;
article "Dravidians (North India)," ibid.

FRAZER, R. W. Article "Dravidians (South India)," ibid.

ROBERTSON, SIR G. SCOTT. The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush (London, 1896).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London, 1906).

HODSON, T. C. The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911).

_Buddhism_

BURNOUF, EMILE. Introduction à l'histoire du bouddhisme indien (Paris,
1844); Le lotus de la bonne loi (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika)
(Paris, 1852).

HUC, ABBÉ. Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China (1844-1846; Eng. tr.,
Chicago, 1898).

HARDY, R. Spence. Eastern Monachism (London, 1850); Manual of Buddhism
in its Modern Development (2d ed., London, 1860).

DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. Some Points in the History of Indian Buddhism
(London, 1881); Buddhism (London, 1882); Buddhist India (London,
1903); Buddhism, its History and Literature (2d ed., New York and
London, 1907).

OLDENBERG, H. Buddha, his Life, his Doctrine, his Order (Eng. tr.,
London, 1882).

KERN, H. The Lotus of the True Law (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika),
vol. xxi of Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1884).

MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Buddhism (London, 1890).

HARDY, EDMUND. Der Buddhismus (Münster, 1890).

COPLESTON, R. S. Buddhism Primitive and Present in Magadha and in Ceylon
(London, 1892).

BARTH, A. Religions of India (Eng. tr., London, 1882).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895); India Old
and New (New York, 1901).

WARREN, H. C. Buddhism in Translations (Cambridge, Mass., 1896).

DE LA VALLÉE, POUSSIN. Buddhisme et religions de l'Inde (Brussels, 1912).

WADDELL, L. A. Buddhism in Tibet, or Lamaism (London, 1895).

GRÜNWEDEL, A. Lamaismus (in _Kultur der Gegenwart_, Die orientalischen
Religionen) (Berlin, 1906).

ROCKHILL, W. W. Life of the Buddha and the Early History of his Order
[from Tibetan works] (London, 1907).

BEAL, SAMUEL. Buddhism in China (London, 1884).

DE GROOT, J. J. M. On Mahayana (in his Religion of the Chinese) (New
York, 1910).

HACKMANN, H. Der Buddhismus (Halle a. S., 1905-1906); Eng. tr., Buddhism
as a Religion (London, 1909).

OLTRAMARE, P. Histoire des idées théosophiques dans l'Inde, _Annales du
Musée Guimet_, v (Paris, 1906).

COWELL, MÜLLER AND TAKAKUSU. Tr. of Buddhist Mahâyâna sûtras (including
the Buddha-Karita of Asvaghosha), vol. xlix of Sacred Books of the
East (Oxford, 1894).

Articles (announced) on Hinayana and Mahayana in Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics.

SUZUKI, T. Eng. tr. of Asvaghosha's Discourse on the Awakening of Faith
(Chicago, 1900); Outlines of Mahâyâna Buddhism (London, 1907).

AUNG, S. Z., AND MRS. RHYS DAVIDS. Compendium of Philosophy (London,
1910).

HAAS, H. Article "Amida Buddha unsere Zuflucht," _Religions-Urkunden der
Völker_ (Leipzig, 1910).

RICHARD, T. The New Testament of Higher Buddhism (Edinburgh, 1910); Eng.
tr. of Asvaghosha's Discourse on the Awakening of Faith (Shanghai,
1907).

ANESAKI, M. Article "Docetism (Buddhist)" (in Encyclopædia of Religion
and Ethics).

LLOYD, A. The Creed of Half Japan, Sketches of Japanese Buddhism (New
York, 1912).

AIKEN, C. F. The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the
Christ (Boston, 1900) (with bibliography).

EDMUNDS, A. J. Buddhist and Christian Gospels (4th ed., Philadelphia,
1908-1909).

_Jainism_

JACOBI, H. [vG]aina-sutras, vol. xxii of Sacred Books of the East
(Oxford, 1884).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895), and the
bibliography there given.

_Sikhs_

TRUMPP, ERNST. Religion der Sikhs (Leipzig, 1881); The Adi Granth (Eng.
tr., London, 1907).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 510 ff., 591 (Boston, 1895).

MACAULIFFE, M. A. The Sikh Religion (Oxford, 1909).

BLOOMFIELD, M. The Sikh Religion (in Studies in the History of Religions
presented to C. H. Toy) (New York, 1912).

_Gypsies_

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner
(Münster, Westphalia, 1891).

BURTON, SIR R. F. The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam (Chicago and New
York, 1898).

GASTER, MOSES. Article "Gipsies" (with bibliography) (in Encyclopædia
Britannica, 11th ed.).

Article "Gypsies" in New International Encyclopædia.

_Ethnologische Mitteilungen_ (Berlin, 1892).

_Malay Peninsula and Assam_

SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).

SKEAT, W. W., AND BLAGDEN, C. O. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula
(London, 1906).

HODSON, T. C. Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, (London, 1905).

GAIT, E. A. History of Assam (Calcutta, 1906).

ANDERSON, J. D. Article "Assam" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

_Indo-Chinese Peninsula_

CABATON, A. Article "Annam" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Persian_

WINDISCHMANN, F. Zoroastrische Studien (Berlin, 1863).

SPIEGEL, FR. Eranische Alterthumskunde (Leipzig, 1871-1878).

HARLEZ, C. DE. Introduction to his French Translation of the Avesta
(Paris, 1881).

HAUG, M. Essays on the Parsis (3d ed., London, 1884).

JUSTI, F. Geschichte des alten Persiens, p. 67 ff. (Berlin, 1879).