Chapter XI: Scientific and Ethical Elements in Religious Systems (7)

GEIGER, W. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times (Eng.
tr., London, 1885-1886).

DARMESTETER, J. Le Zend-Avesta (Paris, 1892-1893).

JACKSON, A. V. Williams, Die Iranische Religion (in Geiger and Kuhn's
_Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_) (Strassburg, 1896-1904);
Zoroaster (New York and London, 1899); Persia, Past and Present (New
York, 1906); article "Avesta" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics); Religion of the Achæmenian Kings (according to the
inscriptions), _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxi (New
Haven, 1901).

BROWNE, E. G. Literary History of Persia, p. 95 ff. (London, 1902).

GELDNER, K. F. Avestalitteratur, _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_,
ii; Eng. tr., in Studies in honor of Sanjana (Strassburg, 1904).

SANJANA. Zarathushtra and Zarathushtrianism in the Avesta (Leipzig,
1906).

MENANT, D. Zoroaster d'après la tradition parsie, _Annales du Musée
Guimet_, vol. xxx (Paris).

MILLS, L. H. Zarathushtra (Zoroaster), Philo, the Achæmenids and Israel
(Chicago, 1906); articles (on Asha and Vohumanah) in _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, xx, xxi (New Haven, 1899-1901).

GRAY, L. H. In _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_ vii, 345 (Leipzig,
1904).

CASARTELLI, L. C. Philosophy of the Mazdayasnian Religion under the
Sassanids (Eng. tr., Bombay, 1889); article "Dualism, Iranian" (in
Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

MOORE, G. F. Zoroastrianism, _Harvard Theological Review_, vol. v.
(Cambridge, Mass., 1912).

DARMESTETER AND MILLS. Eng. tr. of the Avesta (in Sacred Books of the
East) (Oxford, 1879- ).

CUMONT, FR. Article "Mithras" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

_Manichæism_

BEAUSOBRE, ISAAC DE. Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme
(Paris, 1734-1735).

FLÜGEL, G. Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften (from the _Fihrist_)
(Leipzig, 1862).

KESSLER, K. Mani (Berlin, 1889 and 1903); article "Mani und die
Manichäer" (in Herzog-Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie) (Leipzig, 1903).

KUGENER AND CUMONT. Recherches sur le manichéisme (Brussels, 1908 ff.)

_Druses_

SACY, SILVESTRE DE. Exposé de la religion des Druses (Paris, 1838).

CHURCHILL, C. H. Ten Years' Residence in Mount Lebanon (London, 1853).

WORTABET, J. Researches into the Religions of Syria (London, 1860).

GUYS, H. La théogonie des Druses (Paris, 1863).

HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyklopädie, Index, s.v. _Drusen_.

HOGARTH, D. G., AND BELL, GERTRUDE L. Article "Druses" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.)

_Babism and Bahaism_

COMTE DE GOBINEAU. Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie
Centrale (Paris, 1866).

BROWNE, E. G. The Episode of the Bab: a Traveller's Narrative, vol. i
Persian text, vol. ii Eng. tr. (Cambridge, England, 1891); New History
of the Bab (Eng. tr., Cambridge, England, 1893).

PHELPS, M. H. Life and Teaching of Abbas Effendi [son of the founder,
Beháu'llah]--Religion of the Babis and Behais (New York, 1903).

BURNEY, LAURA C. Some Answered Questions [statement of Bahaist beliefs
by Abbas Efendi] (London, 1908).

_Armenian_

SAYCE, A. H. Article "Armenia (Vannic)" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

ANANIKIAN, M. H. Article "Armenia (Zoroastrian)," ibid.

_Ægean_

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. La Grèce primitive (in their Histoire de l'art)
(Paris, 1895).

EVANS, A. J. Mycenæan Tree and Pillar Cult (London and New York, 1901);
Scripta Minoa [written documents of Minoan Crete] (Oxford 1909- ).

Articles in _Journal of Hellenic Studies_ and _Annals of the British
School at Athens_.

HOGARTH, D. G. Article "Ægean Religion" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

_Greek_

AUGUSTINE. De Civitate Dei.

WELCKER, F. G. Griechische Götterlehre (Göttingen, 1857-1863).

HERMANN, K. F. Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen
(Heidelberg, 1858).

GLADSTONE, W. E. Juventus Mundi, the Gods and Men of the Heroic Age
(London, 1869).

BOETTICHER, C. Baumkultus der Hellenen und Römer (Berlin, 1856).

GRUPPE, O. Die griechischen Culte und Mythen (Leipzig, 1887);
Griechische Mythologie (München, 1897-1906).

STENGEL AND OEHMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer (München,
1890).

DYER, LOUIS. Studies of the Gods in Greece (London, 1891).

CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion, lecture v (London and New York, 1893).

GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).

MOMMSEN, A. Feste der Stadt Athen (new ed., Leipzig, 1898).

DICKINSON, G. LOWES. The Greek View of Life (2d ed., London, 1898).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896-1909); The Place
of the 'Sondergötter' in Greek Polytheism (in Anthropological Essays
presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907); Greece and Babylon
(Edinburgh, 1911); Higher Aspects of Greek Religion (London, 1912).

ROHDE, E. Psyche, 1894 (3d issue, Leipzig, 1903).

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
(Cambridge, Eng., 1903); Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of
Greek Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).

HATCH, E. Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church
(London, 1904).

SEYMOUR, T. D. Life in the Homeric Age (New York and London, 1907).

ADAM, JAMES. The Religious Teachers of Greece (Edinburgh, 1908).

PFISTER, F. Reliquien-Cult im Altertum (Giessen, 1909).

FOUCART, P. Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs (Paris, 1873);
Lea grands mystères d'Eleusis (Paris, 1900).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London,
1902), chap. xxiii f.

JONG, K. H. E. DE. Das antike Mysterienwesen (Leiden, 1909).

FAIRBANKS, A. Handbook of Greek Religion (New York, 1910).

REIZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Mysterienreligion (Leipzig and Berlin,
1910).

Article "Dionysos" in Roscher's Lexikon.

Articles "Mystery" and "Orpheus" in Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed.

Article "Mystery" in New International Encyclopædia.

BEVAN, E. R. Article "Deification (Greek and Roman)" (in Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York, 1912).

LEHMANN-HAUPT, C. F. Article "Sarapis" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

MAHAFFY, J. P. History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, p. 56 ff.
(London, 1889).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 72 f. (New York and London, 1905).

PLUTARCH. Isis and Osiris.

PREUSCHEN, E. Mönchtum und Sarapiskult (Giessen, 1903).

APULEIUS. Cult of Isis (in his Metamorphoses, bk. xi).

DREXLER, W. Article "Isis" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

_Religious Relations between Greece and India_

SCHRÖDER, L. VON. Pythagoras und die Inder (Leipzig, 1884).

WEBER, A. Die Griechen in Indien, _Literarisches Centralblatt_ (1884).

GARBE, R. Connexion between Indian and Greek Philosophy, _The Monist_ (July, 1894).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, chap. xix (Boston and London, 1895).

PRINGLE-PATTISON, A. S. Article "Pythagoras" (in Encyclopædia
Britannica, 11th ed.).

Histories of Philosophy, on Pythagoras.

_Roman_

VARRO, M. T. Res Rusticae (Leipzig, 1889); Res Divinae (from Augustine's
De Civitate Dei) (Leipzig, 1896); De Lingua Latina (Leipzig, 1910).

ARNOBIUS. Disputationes adversus Gentes (or Nationes) (Latin text,
Vienna, 1875; Eng. tr., New York, 1888).

SERVIUS. Commentary on Vergil (Leipzig, 1881-1887).

MACROBIUS. Saturnalia (Fr. tr., Paris, 1883).

AUGUSTINE. De Civitate Dei.

MOMMSEN, TH. Römische Geschichte (new ed., Berlin, 1856-1887; Eng. tr.,
London and New York, 1870, 1894, 1903).

ZELLER, E. Religion und Philosophie bei den Römern (in his Beiträge und
Abhandlungen) (Berlin, 1872).

BOISSIER G. La religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (2d ed., Paris,
1878).

RENAN, E. Influence of the Institutions, Thought and Culture of Rome on
Christianity (London, 1880).

PRELLER-JORDAN. Römische Mythologie (Berlin, 1881-1883).

AUST, E. Religion der Römer (Münster, Westphalia, 1899).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (Munich, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London,
1899); Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero (New York, 1910);
Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).

FRIEDLÄNDER, L. Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed., Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr.
of 7th ed., Roman life and Manners under the Early Empire (London and
New York ca. 1903).

GLOVER, T. R. Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire (2d ed.,
London, 1909).

GRUPPE, G. Kulturgeschichte der römischen Kalserzeit (München,
1903-1904).

CARTER, J. B. Religion of Numa (London, 1906); The Religious Life of
Ancient Rome (Boston and New York, 1911).

REINACH, S. Orpheus [a general history of religions], chap. iii (Paris,
1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author, London and New York, 1909).

ARNOLD, E. V. Roman Stoicism (Cambridge, England, 1911).

_Etruscan_

HERBIG, G. Article "Etruscan Religion" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).

_Celtic_

RHYS, J. Celtic Heathendom (London, 1886).

BERTRAND, A. Religion des Gaulois (2d ed., Paris, 1891).

IHM, M. Der Mütter-oder Matronenkultus und seine Denkmäler, _Bonner
Jahrbücher_ (1887).

MACCULLOCH J. A. Religion of the Ancient Celts (Edinburgh, 1911);
article "Celts" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics); article
"Druids," ibid.

GRUFFYDD, W. J. Welsh Literature (in article "Celt" in Encyclopædia
Britannica, 11th ed.).

QUIGGIN, E. C. Article "Celtic Languages and Literature," ibid.

ROBINSON, F. N. Article "Deae Matres" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

Revue Celtique (Paris).

_Celtic Review_, Edinburgh.

_Teutonic_

GRIMM, J. Deutsche Mythologie (Berlin, 1835; 4th ed., 1875-1878);
Kleinere Schriften (Berlin, 1864-1890).

MÜLLENHOFF, K. Deutsche Altertumskunde (Berlin, 1870-1892).

BUGGE, S. Studier over de nordiske Gude-og Heltesagns oprindelse (1880);
Germ. tr., Studien über die Entstehung der nordischen Götterund
Heldensagen (Munich, 1889).

GRUPPE, O. Griechische Culte und Mythen in ihren Beziehungen zu den
orientalischen Religionen, Index (Leipzig, 1887).

MOGK, E. Germanische Mythologie (in Paul's Grundriss der germanischen
Philologie) (2d ed., Strassburg, 1898).

MEYER, E. H. Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891).

GUMMERE, F. B. Article "Teutonic (or Germanic) Mythology" (in Johnson's
Universal Cyclopædia); Germanic Origins (New York, 1892).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons (with
bibliography) (Boston and London, 1902).

CHADWICK, H. M. Article "Teutonic Peoples," p. 683 ff. (in Encyclopædia
Britannica, 11th ed.).

MANNHARDT, W. Baumcultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin,
1875); Antike Wald- und Feldkulte aus nordeuropäischen Uberlieferungen
erläutert (Berlin, 1877); Mythologische Forschungen, _Quellen und
Forschungen_ (1884).

JÓNSSON, F. Article "The Eddas" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion
and Ethics).

VIGFUSSON, G., AND POWELL, F. YORK. Corpus Poeticum Boreale (Old Norse
Poetry, Scaidic and Eddic) (Oxford, 1883).

THORPE, B. Metrical Translation of the Edda (London, 1866).

_Slavic_

Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ).

MANNS, E. H. Article "Slavs," p. 230 (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th.
ed.).

USENER, H. Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).

KRAUSS, F. S. Slavische Folkforschungen (Leipzig, 1908).

MONE, F. J. Geschichte des Heidenthums in nördlichen Europa (Leipzig,
1836).

_Central and Northern Asia_

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1896-1898).

FEATHERMAN, A. Races of Mankind, iv (London, 1881-1891).

PUMPELLY, R. Explorations in Turkestan (Prehistoric Civilizations of
Anau) (Washington, 1908).

VÁMBÉRY, A. Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes (Leipzig,
1879).

HUC, E. R. Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China (Eng. tr., London,
1859).

KEANE, A. H. Asia (London, 1896-1906); article "Asia" (in Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics).

KING, L. W. History of Sumer and Akkad, Appendix (New York, 1910).

MOUHOT, H. Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (London, 1864).

CROSS, E. B. The Karens, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv
(New York, 1854).

KLEMENTZ, DEMETRIUS. Article "Buriats" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

WASILJEV, J. Heidnische Gebräuche, Aberglaube und Religion der Wotyaken
(Helsingfors, 1902).

JOCHELSON, W. The Koryak (in Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vi) (New
York).

BOGORAS, W. The Chukchee, ibid.

WRIGHT, J. H., editor. History of All Nations, vol. ii, Central and
Eastern Asia in Antiquity (by F. Justi, F. W. Williams, M. Jastrow,
Jr., and A. V. W. Jackson) (Philadelphia and New York, 1902 and 1905).

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyaren
(Münster, Westphalia, 1893).

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ (Helsingfors).

COMPARETTI, D. Il Kalevala, o la poesia tradizionale del Finni (Rome,
1891).

CRAWFORD, J. M. Eng. tr. of the Kalevala (New York, 1888).

KIRBY, W. F. Eng. tr. of the Kalevala (London, 1898).

_Japan_

GRIFFIS, W. E. The Religions of Japan (London, 1895).

ASTON, W. G. Shinto (London, 1907).

KNOX, G. W. Development of Religion in Japan (New York and London,
1907).

LONGFORD, J. H. Story of Old Japan (London, 1910).

BRINKLEY, F. In article "Japan" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.,
p. 222 ff.).

BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901); article
"Ainus" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

HOWARD, B. D. Life with the Trans-Siberian Savages (London, 1893).

_China and Korea_

DOUGLAS, R. K. Confucianism and Taouism (London, 1889).

LEGGE, JAMES. Religions of China (London, 1880); articles "Confucius"
and "Lâo-Tsze" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.); Texts of Taoism
(in Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi).

DE GROOT, J. J. M. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907);
Religion of the Chinese (New York, 1910); Religion in China:
Universism, a Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism (New York
and London, 1912).

GILES, H. A. Articles "Religions of Ancient China," "China" (in
Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GRIFFIS, W. E. Corea, the Hermit Nation (New York, 1901).

LONGFORD, J. H. Story of Korea (New York, 1911).

HOWARTH, O. J. R. Article "Korea" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).

UNDERWOOD, H. G. Religions of Eastern Asia (New York, 1910).

PARKER, E. H. Studies in Chinese Religion (London, 1910).

CHAVANNES, E. Mémoires historiques, vol. i, Introduction to tr. of the
Tao-Teh-King (Paris, 1895).

DVORAK, R. China's Religionen, No. 2 (Münster, 1903).

HEYSINGOR, J. W. The Light of China (metrical version of the
Tao-Teh-King) (Philadelphia, 1903).

_Oceania_

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1896-1898).

FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy, Index (London, 1910); The Belief in
Immortality and the Worship of the Dead (the Gifford Lectures,
1911-1912) (London and New York).

BASTIAN A. Inselgruppen in Oceania (Berlin, 1883).

KEANE, A. H. Article "Australasia" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics).

_Polynesia_

MARINER, W. Tonga Islands (London, 1817).

GREY, G. Polynesian Mythology (Auckland, 1885).

ELLIS, W. Polynesian Researches (London, 1859); Tour around Hawaii
(London, 1829).

JARVES, J. J. History of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu, 1872).

BASTIAN, A. Zur Kenntniss Hawaiis (Berlin, 1883).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (London, 1892).

ACHELIS, THOS. Ueber Mythologie und Cultus von Hawaii, 1895 (reprint
from Ausland, 1893).

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand and its Inhabitants (London, 1870).

GILL, W. Myths and Songs of the South Pacific (London, 1876).

TURNER, G. Samoa (London, 1884).

KRÄMER, A. Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa (Stuttgart, 1906).

TREGEAR, E. The Maori race (Wanganui, New Zealand, 1904).

SHORTLAND, E. Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders
(London, 1854).

BÄSSLER, A. Südsee Bilder (Berlin, 1895); Neue Südsee Bilder (Berlin,
1900).

_Melanesia_

WILLIAMS, J., AND CALVERT, J. Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1870).

CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891).

SELIGMANN, C. G. The Melanesians of British New Guinea (Cambridge,
England, 1910).

BROWN, GEORGE. Melanesians and Polynesians (London and New York, 1910).

FURNESS, W. H., 3d. The Island of Stone-Money (Uap of the Carolines),
(Philadelphia and London, 1910).

_Australia and Tasmania_

SPENCER, B., AND GILLEN, J. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London,
1899); Northern Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1904).

HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).

PARKER, MRS. K. L. The Euahlayi Tribe (London, 1905).

GENNEP, A. V. Mythes et légendes d'Australie (Paris, 1906).

THOMAS, N. W. Native Tribes of Australia (London, 1907); article
"Australia" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

TYLOR, E. B. On the Tasmanians as Representatives of Palæolithic Man,
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiii

_Malay Archipelago and the Philippines_

MARSDEN, W. History of Sumatra (London, 1811).

BOCK, C. Head-hunters of Borneo (London, 1881).

MAN, E. H. The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xii (London, 1885).

WALLACE, A. R. The Malay Archipelago (London, 1890).

WILKEN, G. A. Het shamanisme bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel
('S-Hage, 1887).

KRUIJT, A. C. Het animisme in den indischen Archipel ('S-Gravenhage,
1906).

SARASIN, P. AND F. Die Weddas von Ceylon und die umgebenden
Völkerschaften (Wiesbaden, 1893).

ROTH, H. L. The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (London,
1896).

HADDON, A. C. Head-hunters, Black, White and Brown (London, 1901).

FURNESS, W. H., 3d. Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia,
1902).

MORRIS, MISS M. Harvest Gods of the Land Dyaks of Borneo, _Journal of
the American Oriental Society_ (July, 1905).

HURGRONYE, C. SNOUCK. The Achehnese (London, 1906).

WARNECK, J. Die Religion der Batak (in J. Böhmer's Religionsurkunden der
Völker, Abth. iv, Bd. i) (Leipzig, 1909).

_Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Philippine Government._

_Journal of American Folklore._

_Philippine Journal of Science_, Manila.

_Bureau of American Ethnology._

BLUMENTRITT, F. Diccionario mitologico de Philippinas (2d ed., Madrid, 1895).

BEYER, H. O., AND BARTON, R. F. An Ifugao Burial Ceremony (reprint from _Philippine Journal of Science_) (1911).

NORTH AMERICA

Relation des Jésuites de la Nouvelle France [17th century] (edited, with
Eng. tr., by R.G. Thwaites, Cleveland, 1901).

PARKMAN, F. The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century
(London, 1867).

WILLIAMS, ROGER. Key into the Language of America (London, 1643).

HODGE, F. W. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington,
1907-1910).

_Journal of American Folklore_ (Boston and New York).

SMITH, JOHN. General History of Virginia (London, 1627; new issue,
1907).

STRACHEY, W. Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia (1618; ed.
R. H. Major, London, 1849).

HENDERSON, S. R. The Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians,
_Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science_,
xiii (Baltimore).

MÜLLER, J. G. Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen (Basel, 1867).

SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R. Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia,
1851-1860).

BANCROFT, H. H. Native Races of the Pacific States of North America
(New York, 1875-1876).

WINSOR, J. Narrative and Critical History of America (Boston, 1889).

PAYNE, E. J. History of the New World, called America (Oxford, 1899).

CUSHING, F. H. My Adventures in Zufii, _Century Magazine_ (New York,
May, 1883).

FLETCHER, ALICE. Indian Ceremonies from the _Sixteenth Report of the
Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology_ (Cambridge,
Mass., 1883) (Salem, Mass., 1884).

GATSCHET, A. S. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians (Philadelphia,
1884).

BRINTON, D. G. The Lenâpé and their Legends (Philadelphia, 1885).

FEWKES, J. W. The Winter Solstice Ceremony at Walpi (reprinted from the
_American Anthropologist_, xi) (Washington, 1898).

MATTHEWS, W. Navaho Legends (Boston and New York, 1897).

BOAS, F. The Indians of British Columbia (reprinted from _Report of the
British Association_, 1889) (London); The Kwakiutl (Washington, 1897).

TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia
(Boston and New York, 1898).

MORICE, A. G. Notes ... on the Western Dénés, _Transactions of the
Canadian Institute_ (1894).

WILL, G. F., AND SPINDEN, H. J. The Mandans [of North Dakota], (Peabody
Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 1906).

HILL-TOUT, C. British North America (the Far West) (London, 1907).

DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu [of California], _Bulletin of American
Museum of Natural History_, vol. xvii (New York, 1905); The Shasta
(California), ibid. (New York, 1907); The Chimariko Indians,
_University of California Publications in American Archæology and
Ethnology_ (Berkeley, 1910).

CRANZ. D. History of Greenland (London, 1820).

RINK, H. J. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo (Edinburgh and London,
1875); The Eskimo Tribes (Copenhagen and London, 1887).

BOAS, F. The Central Eskimo, _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_,
1884-1885 (Washington, 1888).

RASMUSSEN, KNUD. People of the Polar North (London, 1908).

RADIN, P., AND GRAY, L. H. Article "Eskimos" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics).

_Mormonism_

RILEY, I. W. The Founder of Mormonism, a Psychological Study of Joseph
Smith (New York, 1902).

LINN, W. A. The Story of the Mormons ... to the Year 1901 (New York
1902).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Ursprung und Geschichte der Mormonen (Halle a. S.,
1912).

_Mexico_

SAHAGUN, F. B. DE. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España
(Mexico, 1829-1830, and Fr. tr.).

ACOSTA, J. DE. Historia de las Indias (Eng. tr., C. R. Markham, London,
1880).

HERRERA, A. DE. Historia de las Indias Ocidentales (Eng. tr., London,
1825-1826).

SELER, E. Altmexikanische Studien, _Publications of Berlin Museum für
Völkerkunde_, vi (1899); Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur amerikanischen
Sprach-und Alterthumskunde (Berlin, 1902-1909).

PRESCOTT, W. H. Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1843).

RÉVILLE, A. Native Religions of Mexico and Peru (London, 1884).

SPENCE, L. Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru (London, 1907).

PREUSS, K. T. Die Feuergötter als Ausgangspunkt zum Verständniss der
mexikanischen Religion, _Mitteilungen der_ [Wiener] _anthropologischen
Gesellschaft_ (1903).

NUTALL, ZELIA. A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans,
_Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard
University_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1904).

TOY, C. H. Mexican Human Sacrifice, _Journal of American Folklore_
(Boston and New York, 1905).

CENTRAL AMERICA

BRINTON, D. G. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central
America, _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_
(Philadelphia, 1881); The Annals of the Cakchiquels (Philadelphia,
1885); Nagualism, a Study in Native American Folklore and History
(Philadelphia, 1894).

SCHELLHAS, P. Representations of Deities of the Maya Mss. (Eng. tr. of
2d ed. in _Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University_)
(Cambridge, Mass., 1904).

TOZZER, A. M. Comparative Study of the Mayas and Lacandones [of Yucatan]
(New York and London, 1907).

_Porto Rico_

FEWKES, J. W. Aborigines of Porto Rico (in _Reports of the Bureau of
Ethnology_, xxv) (Washington).

SOUTH AMERICA

LA VEGA, GARCILASO DE. Comentarios reales de los Incas (1609; Eng. tr.,
ed. C. R. Markham, Rites and Laws of the Yncas) (London, 1870).

PRESCOTT, W. H. Conquest of Peru (Boston, 1847).

BERNAU, J. H. Missionary Labors in British Guiana (London, 1847).

IM THURN, F. Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883).

RÉVILLE and SPENCE. See under 'Mexico.'

HYADES, P., AND DENIKER, J. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn (Paris,
1882-1883, 1891- ).

VON DEN STRINEN, K. Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens (Berlin,
1894).

BÄSSLER, A. Altperuanische Kunst (1902).

EHRENREICH, P. Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker
(Berlin, 1905).

FARABEE, W. C. Some Customs of the [Peruvian] Machegongos (reprinted
from _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_) (Worcester,
1909).

AFRICA

WAITZ-GARLAND. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).

ELLIS, W. History of Madagascar (London, 1838).

FRITSCH, G. Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's (Breslau, 1872).

HAHN, TH. Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi (London, 1881).

MACDONALD, D. Africana (London, 1882).

MACDONALD, J. Manners, Customs, Superstitions and Religions of
South-African Tribes, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix,
xx (London); East Central African Customs, ibid., xxii (London, 1893).

CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).

ELLIS, A. B. The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa
(London, 1887); The E[´w]e-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West
Africa (London, 1890); The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast
of West Africa (London, 1894).

SCHNEIDER, W. Religion der afrikanischen Naturvölker (Münster,
Westphalia, 1891).

HANOTEAU, A., and LETOURNEAUX, A. La Kabylie (2d ed., Paris, 1893).

WESTERMARCK, E. Nature of the Arab [vG]inn, _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_ (London, 1900); L'âr, or the Transference
of Conditional Curses in Morocco (in Anthropological Essays presented
to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

KINGSLEY, MARY. Travels in West Africa (London, 1897); West African
Studies (London, 1901).

THEAL, G. M. Records of South-Eastern Africa (London, 1898-1900);
History and Ethnography of South Africa (London, 1907-1910).

QUATREFAGES, A. DE. The Pygmies (Eng. tr., New York, 1895).

JOHNSTON, H. The Pygmies of the Great Congo Forest, _Smithsonian
Institution Reports_, 1902 (Washington).

SCHMIDT, W. Stellung der Pygmäenvölker in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des
Menschen (Stuttgart, 1910).

MAC-RITCHIE, D. Article "Dwarfs and Pygmies" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics).

FROBENIUS, L. Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen (1898; Eng. tr. in
_Smithsonian Institution Reports_, 1898, Washington).

HINDE, S. L., AND MRS. HILDEGARDE. The Last of the Masai (London, 1901).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi (Oxford, 1909).

NASSAU, R. H. Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904).

KIDD, D. The Essential Kafir (London, 1904).

JOHNSTON, H. The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1904).

PARTRIDGE, C. Cross River Natives (London, 1905).

ROSCOE, J. Manners and Customs of the Baganda, _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxi, xxxii (London); The Bahima, ibid.,
xxxvii (London).

BRUN, P. Croyances et pratiques religieuses des Malinkés fétichistes,
_Anthropos_, ii (Salzburg, 1907).

LEONARD, A. G. The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906).

MILLIGAN, R. H. The Fetish Folk of West Africa (New York, 1912).

INDEX

(The Arabic figures refer to paragraphs)

Ablutions, sacred, 197

Abnegation, offering as, 1040

Abraham, abrogation of human sacrifice ascribed to, 847

Abstractions, gods of, 695 ff.

Abydos, chief seat of worship of Osiris, 728

Acts, ritual, magical power in, 1019

Adam Kadmon, 735

Æschines as mystagogue, 1099 n. 1

Aesculapius, shrine of, incubation at, 922

Aeshma, prominent position of, 738

Africa, clan deities in, 645;
food restrictions in, 457;
myths of clan origins in, 450

Africa, Central, Islam in, 1146

Africa, West, polypsychism in, 39

Agdistis, birth of, 288 n. 2;
cult of, 413

Age, mythopoeic, 821

[Greek: agios], sense of, 626 n. 9

Agnosticism, Chinese, 1006

Agriculture, sacrifices in, 1035

Ahura Mazda, relation of, to Varuna, 742

Ainu, the, bear-cult of, 257;
gods of, 661, 672

Alexander, deification of, 340, 347

Alexandrian canon, 1130

Ali, deification of, 355

Allah, cultic significance of, 766

Al-Lât, local nature of, 764

Allegory, science of, 863

Altar, origin of, 297, 1081;
religious purification of, 195

Al-Uzza, local nature of, 764

Amenhotep IV, reform of, 727

America, examination of dead in, 76;
gods of, 662-665;
guardian spirits in, 504;
polypsychism in, 39;
power of priests in, 532;
social organizations in, 499;
tribal badges in, 446;
trickster heroes in, 633

America, North, food restrictions in, 458

America, Northwest, religiously inferior to the Eastern tribes, 527

Amesha-spentas, the, 320, 703, 738

Amon-Ra, supremacy of, 727

Amulets, phallos and yoni as, 405, 406 n. 3

Anahita, 739

Ancestor-worship, 360 ff.;
moral power of, 380;
origin of totemism sought in, 544, 549

Anchor, worship offered to, 891

Androgynous deities, 407 ff.

Angels, guardian, 673;
as rain-givers, 315 n. 6;
originators of arts, 843

Angro Mainyu, 976

Animals, abodes of souls, 25, 31;
connection of, with phallic deities, 419;
cult of, 241-261;
domestication of, ascribed to totemism, 564-569;
morning prayers to, 573;
whether religious sense in, 12 n. 2

Anthesteria, the, apotropaic element in, 374;
prohibition of work in, 602

Aphrodite, history of, 793 f.;
represented by a stone, 292

Apocrypha, the, recognition of, 1131

Apollo, development of, 770;
Delphian hymn to, 1088

Apostle, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Apotheosis, Roman, 353

Apuleius, his conception of Isis, 1114

Arabia, supposed abstract gods in, 698 ff.;
worship of morning star in, 717

Aramea, deities of, 764

Areoi, the, church-form of, 1096;
future privileges of, 74;
tyranny of, 531

Ares, history of, 775

Ark, the Israelite, 291

Arrows, Arab divination by, 918

Arta, Vedic, 688

Artemis, functions of, 788;
Ephesian, image of, 300 n. 1

Arval Brothers, the, 800

Asha, Avestan, 688

Ashanti, gods of, 660

Ashera, Hebrew, origin of, 272

Ashtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Ashtart, shem Baal, meaning of, 409

Ashur, god, nature of, 759

Ashurbanipal, dreams of, 922

Assyria, influence of priests in, 1068

Astrology, development of, 850, 914 f.

Asylums, graves as, 369;
temples as, 1085

Atargatis, origin and cult of, 399

Aten, as sole ruler, 989

Atharva-Veda, magic in, 902

Athene, history of, 791 f.

Athtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Atonement, Hebrew annual ceremony of, 142

Attis, origin and cult of, 271, 413, 1066;
death of, 283

Augustus, religious reconstruction by, 353;
temples consecrated to, 347

Australia, absence of sacrifice in, 10;
ceremonies of, blood in, 10;
creators in, 639;
food restrictions in, 452;
rain clan in, 136;
rites, economic, in, 460;
totemism in, 468 ff.

Australia, North, prohibition of eating totem in, 470

Authority, religious, absolute, claim to, 1140

Azazel, head of fallen angels, 692;
lord of wilderness and receiver of Jewish national sins, 142

Baal-shamem, meaning of, 409

Baalzebub, meaning of, 671;
oracle of, 927

Bab, the, function of, 1120

Babe, as child of God, 188

Babylonia, influence of priests in, 1068;
local gods in, 650;
omens in, 912;
Semitic mythopoeic center, 868;
unlucky days in, 611

Badges, function of, 501-503;
supposed origin of totems, 555

Baetulus, etymology of, 294

Baganda, the, totemistic usages among, 457, 511

Bahaism, success of, 1120

Baháu'llah, founder of a church, and claimed to be incarnation
of God, 1120

Baiame, clan god, 644

Bakuana, the, food restrictions among, 457

Banana, incarnation of dead chief, 479

Baptism, infant, result of its introduction, 1110;
proselyte, 198;
quasi-magical power attributed to, 198 n. 3

Bards, Australian, 106

Bathing, removal of taboo by, 616

Bau, goddess of fertility, 761

Bear, as messenger, 1024

Beasts, pantheon of, 248

Beelzebul, origin of, 671

Beings, savage, whether regarded as eternal, 984 f.;
two supernatural, opposed to each other, 969

Bene-Israel, the, persistence of Jewish customs among, 224 n. 3

Bengal, oracles in, 927

Bethel, Hebrew, meaning of, 294

Bible, the, results of study of, 1135

Bird, the, symbol of soul, 25

Birth, supposed cause of, 34

Blood, connection of, with life, 23;
expiatory power of, 1026;
inoculation with, in marriages, 178;
kinship of, totemic, 441

Body, the, as seat of life, 26;
regarded as by nature nonsacred, 205

Boedromia, the, 845

Bombay, Parsiism in, 1145

Bones, animal, not to be broken, 127;
divination by, 920

Borneo, harvest taboos in, 599;
oracles in, 927

Bo-tree, the, worship under, 281

Boundaries, gods of, 704

Bowels, the, as seat of emotion, 27

Brahma, impersonal, 730;
meaning of, 703

Brain, the, relation of, to thought, 28;
Arabic conception of, 28

Brides, taboos on, 179

Brotherhood, blood-, 169

Buddhism, agnosticism of, 1007;
canons of, 1129;
diffusion of, 1142, 1147

Bull, the, worship of, 258

Bunjil, Australian, nature of, 644

Burma, Buddhism in, 1142

Bush, burning, god in, 279

Bushmen, cult of mantis by, 257

Byblos, sacred prostitution at, 1066

Cadmus, culture-hero, 843

Cælus, 722

Cæsar, Julius, deified, 353

Cainites, the, 693

Çakti, cult of, 734

Çaktism, cultic significance of, 406

Calendars, savage, 210 f.

Calif Omar, embassy of, to Persia, 916

California, cosmogony in, 829;
ghost dance in, 108

Caligula, divine honors accorded to, 347

Canaan, sun-cult in, 753

Canons, religious, 1128 ff.

Çaoshyanç, the, prophetic function of, 348

Caracalla, enrollment of, among the heroes, 353 n. 2

Carthage, cult of Tanit in, 410

Ceremonies, marriage-, whether essentially religious, 178-183;
religious, merrymaking in, 1057;
religious, later interpretation of, 103

Ceres, origin of, 803

Ceylon, Buddhism in, 1142

Chaldeans, astrological science of, 914 f.;
charlatanry of, 927

Chaos, philosophical conception of, 685

Charms, animal and vegetable, 229;
attitude of men toward, 239

Chastity, origin of demand for, 594

Chiefs, relief from taboo by, 615;
sacredness of, 595

Child, death of, ceremonies at, 191 n. 4;
name of, how chosen, 187;
newborn, purification of, by water, 197;
perils of, 589;
prenatal influence on, 481

Childbirth, future of women dying in, 75

Children, first-born, sacrifice of, 134;
savage training of, 146

China, Buddhism in, 1142;
conception of kinship with the dead in, 193;
divinization of emperor in, 345;
expulsion of spirits in, 140;
no priestly class in national religion of, 1074;
official religion of, 748;
polypsychism in, 39;
sky and earth as progenitors in, 992;
stress on earthly life in, 992;
supremacy of Heaven in, 992;
tutelary gods in, 672

Christendom, development of ritual in, 1060

Christian canon, formation of, 1131

Christian monachism, 1126

Christian writers, early, interpretation of myths by, 873

Christianity, diffusion of, 1144, 1147;
dualism of, 977

Chunder Sen, church-founder, 1119

Church, Buddhistic, 1106;
pre-Christian idea of, 1101

Churches, origin and function of, 1095 ff.;
influence of, 1137 ff.;
temptations of, 1139

Cicero, on cerebrum as seat of mind, 28;
on origin of the soul, 36

Circumambulation, object of, 112

Circumcision, 153-168

Çiva, 733

Civilization, mythical origin of, 843

Clan, rain-, Australian, 136;
relation of, to marriage customs, 423;
supposed deliberate choice of totem by, 554

Clans, mythical origin of, 450;
non-exogamous totemic, 436

Clanship, totemic, religious side of, 571

Climate, effect of, on totemic usages, 470;
Iranian, 976 n. 3

Clothing, origin of, 114

Code, moral, regarded as will of God, 1166

Codes, good and bad, accepted by religion, 1162 f.

Conceptional theory of the origin of totemism, 548

Conceptions, mythical, historical development of, 871

Conduct, association of, with religion, 1161

Confucianism not ecclesiastical, 1103

Confucius, deified, 354;
teaching of, 1103

Congo, death of souls held in, 48

Conscience, religious development of, 1170

Consecration by sacrifice, 1033

Constitution, savage social, composite character of, 620

Control, supernatural, common to all religions, 1149

Corpse, savage attitude toward, 590

Corruption, monachistic, 1127

Cosmogonies, civilized, 829 ff.;
savage, 255, 829

Cosmogony, Babylonian, 316;
Hebrew, 830 n. 5

Courtesans, temple-, in West Africa and India, 1066

Couvade, the, 589;
origin of, 185

Coyote, the, malicious, 634;
place of soul of, 31 n. 4

Creation, Iranian, out of nothing, 830 n. 3;
myths of, 828-833

Creatianism, 37

Creators, American, 678;
mutually antagonistic, 831

Creeds, value of elasticity in, 1136

Crests, relation of, to totem, 502

Criminals, detection of, by divination, 918

Cult, synagogal, national character of, 1108

Cults, alien, adoption of, 1148 n. 1;
collocation of, 279;
individuality of, how obscured, 1153;
orgiastic, derived from Asia Minor, 1101;
popular, polytheistic, 986

Culture, as basis of classification of religions, 1150

Culture-heroes, 637 ff.

Curse, conditional, 926

Curses and blessings, relation of, to worship, 1090

Customs, mythical origin of, 844 f.

Cyprus, supposed bisexual deity in, 411

Dahomi, cult of indwelling spirit in, 43 n. 2;
ghost as family protector in, 533;
gods of, 660

_Daimonia_, Greek, as demons, 890

Dance, Green Corn, Cherokee, 490;
Snake, economic, 461 n. 1

Dances, cultic rôle of, 106 ff.;
symbolic, 1032

Danger, magical, origin of, 586

Daniel, book of, resurrection in, 90

Daramulun, origin of, 644

Dead, the, as advocates, 94;
as underground deities, 372;
Babylonian prayer to, 371;
Brahmanic ceremonies for, 96;
charms for, 95 n. 5;
cult of, 350 ff.;
dependent on the living, 361;
magical coercion of, 1021

Death, infection of air by, 591;
origin of, 834;
savage view of, 38

Deconsecration by sacrifice, 1033

Dedication, Jewish feast of, 1089

Deities, female, minor Roman, 803;
immoralities of, 1013;
nature of, defined by science, 1157;
need of caution in approaching, 196;
Roman, primitive, 797

Delphi, sacred fire at, 321

Demeter, origin of, 784

Demigods, dedivinization of, 358

Demiurge, Gnostic, 13

Demons, dwelling in plants, 266;
exorcism of, 139;
future torture by, 75;
relation of, to gods, 694;
religious utility of, 690

Depravity, total, religious view of, 1172

Devil, the, grandmother of, 643 n. 1;
in New Testament, 977

Diana, nature of, 806

Dido, self-immolation of, 1048

_Dies Irae_, the, 940

Dionysiac cult, partly Hellenized, 1099

Dionysus, history of, 776 ff.

Divination, definition of, 905;
organization of, 906

Diviner, the, civil and social recognition of, 908;
ecstatic state of, 907

Divinity, tutelary, tenderness for, 653

Doctrines, religious, tried by moral standards, 1164

Dodona, history of oak of, 279

Dog, name of male sacred prostitutes, 1066

Dogmas, religious, philosophical character of, 880

Domestication of animals and plants, relation of, to totemism, 523,
564 ff.

Dough, images of, eaten in Mexico, 222

Dreams, as presages, 921 f.

Dualism, 968 ff.;
alleged, of Iroquois, 970;
of mind and matter, 1004, 1007;
Manichæan, 1115;
monachistic, 1121;
Persian, 976;
savage, 683 ff.

Dukduk, the, police rôle of, 531

Dupuis, stellar theory of, 864, 866

Durga, reverence for, 693

Dusares, origin of, 764

Dyaks, Sea-, deities of, 659

Dyaus, rôle of, 734

Dylan, Celtic deity, 974

Dynasties, divine, 721 ff.

Ea, origin and growth of, 756

Eating, whether sacramental in Australia, 128

Eclipses, mythical cause of, 849

Economic questions, relation of religion to, 1163

Ecstasy as condition of revelation, 906 f.

Eden, magical trees of, 275;
story of, 959

Effects, magical, how set aside, 886

Egbo, the, police rôle of, 531

Egypt, abstract gods of, 701;
divine animals slain in, 888;
kings of, deified after death, 352;
phallicism in, 397;
power of priests in, 1067;
Ptolemaic monks in, 1123;
specialized gods in, 666;
sun-cult of, 712;
tree-worship in, 281;
unlucky days in, 611

El, meaning of, 766

Elder, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Elegba, phallic character of, 393

Elohim, use of, in Old Testament, 766

Endor, the woman of, 895

Enlil, nature of, 757

Enoch, book of, Azazel in, 692;
resurrection in, 90;
satans in, 689;
Sheol in, 85

Entrails, divination by, 919

Epicurus, atomic theory of, 1008;
practical atheism of, 1006

Equinoxes, calendars fixed by, 211, 215 f.;
Peruvian ceremonies at, 216

Eremites, Brahmanic, 1122

Erinyes, the, function of, 974

Erythræ, Sibyl of, 937

Eshmun, character of, 764

Eskimo, the animals revered by, 505;
destruction of the soul held by, 46

Essenes, the, 1125

Eternal, a term not found in savage thought, 985

Ethics, relation of, to religion, 1161 ff.

Euhemerism, 359, 382

Europe, Islam in, 1146

Evil, moral, existence of, how treated by religion, 1171

Exogamy, origin of, 429 ff.

Expiation by sacrifice, 1033

Eye, the, palpitation of, omen, 916

Ezekiel, taboos in ritual of, 597

Family, the, Polynesian social unit, 485

Fasting, religious, 204-208

Fate, in Homer and Hesiod, 998

Fates, the, 687

Father, the, perils of, 589

Fathers, the, Hindu and Persian, worship paid to, 371

Feasts, communal, economical function of, 1023;
funeral, origin of, 190 n. 3, 364;
Mithraic, 1043, 1046

Ferryman, souls conducted by, 65

Festivals, licentious, nonreligious, 387;
Priapic, 402;
religious, influence of, 1089

Fetish, definition of, 230 n. 2;
African, cult of, 540

Figures, divine, composite, 725, 861

Fiji, examination of dead in, 78, 81;
extinction of soul held in, 48;
future punishment in, 72;
polypsychism in, 39;
village deities in, 482

Fire, sacredness of, 318 ff.;
theft of, 318 n. 1

Flood, great, stories of, 832

Folk-lore, material of, 859

Folk-tales, scurrilous feature in, 247

Food, sacramental sharing of, 1023

Force, personal, moral, religious conception of, 1158

Form, literary, of myths, 856

Forms, liturgical, symbolical interpretation of, 1061

Fortune, personalized as deity, 702

Fortunes, human, determined on new year's day, 214

Founders, shrines to, 357;
the three great, 1151

Fravashis, the, as guardians, 673

Frazer, J. G., on the death of the god, 1047

Fuegians, fear anger of a supernatural being, 1161

Funerals, buffoonery at, 364 n. 5

Fung-Shui, nature of, 926

Fusion, social, basis of religious unity, 1147

Gad, deity, whether abstract, 699

Gehenna, New Testament conception of, 85

Genealogies, savage and civilized, 840 f.

Genesia, the Greek, 1089

Genesis, book of, accounts of creation in, 830 n. 5;
table of nations in, 841

Genius, the, 672;
resemblance of, to mana, 233;
not a separate personality, 43

Ghosts, Australian belief in, 18;
difference of, from gods, 635;
fear of, 139, 366;
occupations of, 61;
police function of, 379;
prayers addressed to, 367

Giants, Greek and Teutonic, 686

Gifts, to gods, material of, 1022;
utilized by worshipers, 1023

Gilgamesh, adventures of, 853;
consultation of, 927;
myth of, 959

Girls, marriage of, to trees, 274

God, the, definition of, 635, 643;
genesis of, 636

God, Sons of, in Old Testament, 343;
transcendence of, 1004

Goddesses, Babylonian and Assyrian, 760 ff.;
Egyptian, 729;
Greek, 781 ff.;
Hindu, 784;
maiden, 785;
Roman, 803 ff.

Gods, abstract, 695 ff.;
ancient, universal, 958;
antagonism of, to men, 958;
capture of, 290 n. 1;
complicated functions of, 708;
conflicts between, meaning of, 858;
connection of, with planets, 715, 915;
death of, 50 n. 5;
departmental, development of, 656;
identification of, with animals, 577;
otiose, Epicurean, 1006;
process of growth of, 720;
rain, local deities as, 314;
relation of their humanization to polytheism and monotheism, 964;
separation of, from phenomena, 720;
stones entered by, 298;
supremacy of, how determined, 724;
whether developed out of totems, 577

Golden Rule, the, formulations of, 1162

Goodwin Sands, origin of, 891 n. 8

Grandfather, divine title, 643;
chameleon as, 449

Great Hare, the, 856

Great Mother, Ephesian, 789;
Phrygian, Roman cult of, 938

Greece, abstract gods of, 702;
consultation of dead in, 927;
functions of priests in, 1072;
omens in, 912;
specialized gods in, 667;
taboo days in, 603;
theistic scheme of, 795

Greek Church, canon of, 1131

Greenland, repair of souls in, 30

Groves, as places of worship, 268

Growth, social, religious, 1015

Guardians, animal, 496;
plant, 267

Guinea, New, hunting-charms in, 129;
tribal badges in, 445

Hades, god, moral significance of, 780

Hades, place, Greek and Roman gods of, 682;
organization of, 69;
submarine, 67

Hadith, value of, 1133

Hadrian, address of, to soul, 25 n. 3

Half-sister, marriage with, 428

Hammurabi, code of, ordeal in, 925

Hannibal, oath of, 308

Hanuman, monkey-god, not totemic, 577 n. 3

Haoma, deification of, 270

Haram, Arabian, sanctity of, 1082

Haruspex, function of, 931

Hawaii, death of souls held in, 48;
fishery taboos in, 599;
despotism of taboo in, 621;
overthrow of taboo in, 629

Hearth, sacredness of, 236

Heaven, feeble Semitic recognition of, 753;
of Indra, 731

Heaven and Earth, Hindu, 734;
Maori, 678;
marriage-embrace of, 329

Heavenly bodies, cult of, 328 ff.;
sex of, 331

Hebrews, ordeal in law of, 925;
taboo days of, 603;
tree-cult of, 272

Hekate, function of, 790

Hera, origin of, 782 f.

Heracles, labors of, 853

Heraclitus, sayings of, 1004

Hemaphroditos, 415 f.

Hermes, development of, 772

Herodotus, phallic cults mentioned by, 397

Heroes, cult of, in Greece, 373;
in Torres Straits islands, 475;
identification of, with animals, 577

Hesiod, division of universe by, 779;
half-gods of, 652;
unlucky days mentioned by, 611

Hestia, significance of, 787

Hiawatha, how made into a god, 358 n. 5

Hierapolis, phallic cult at, 399

Histories, tribal, in stones, 302

Holocaust, expiation by, 1045

Homage, offering as expression of, 1040

Home, the, as center of religious development, 654

Homer, meaning of _dios_ in, 347

Homilies, Clementine, annihilation in, 52

Honover, the Mazdean, magical use of, 900

Horseshoes, witches restrained by, 145

Horus, conflict of, with Set, 726;
kings identified with, 339;
original character of, 726;
victory of, not absolute, 186

Hubert and Mauss, their theory of sacrifice, 1049 f.

Humanism, 1158

Hymns, Egyptian, Babylonian and Assyrian, Hebrew, Hindu, Avestan,
Greek, 1087 f.

Idolatry, rôle of, 1091 ff.

Images, eaten by Mexicans, 1047;
formal development of, 1091;
ithyphallic, 389, 402 ff.;
symbolical interpretation of, 1093

Immersion, symbolic significance of, 198

Imru'l-Kais, treatment of oracle by, 927

Inca, the, ecclesiastical power of, 1117

Incarnation, Ismailic and Babist, 344

Incense, food of deity, 1025

Incest, cause of horror of, 435

Indecency, savage, 107

India, abstract gods of, 703;
birthplace of monachism, 1122;
bisexual cult in, 416;
harmful Powers not organized in, 975;
heaven and hell in, 82;
ordeals in, 925;
power of priests in, 1070;
Sankhya philosophy of, 1007;
sun-cult of, 713;
theistic bodies in, 1119 n. 3

Individualism, fostered by churches, 1138

Indra, development of, 731, 830

Infibulation, 162

Infinite, the, sense of, 9

Interpretations of sacred books, 1136

Intervention, divine, rejected by science, 1010

Intoxication, inspiration by, 899

Introcision, Australian, 162

Isaiah, book of, supposed mention of phallus in, 398;
secret cults described in, 1100 n. 2

Ishtar, origin and development of, 762 f.;
descent of, to Hades, 283;
myth of, 959

Isis, origin of, 729;
late cult of, ceremonies in, 1059;
organization of the cult, 1114

Isis, as magician, 729;
as model wife and mother, 729

Islam, canon of, 1133;
conquests of, 1146 f.;
no priesthood in, 1080;
not a church, 1116

Ismailic movement, the, 1116

Israel, organization of priesthood in, 1069

Jacob, anointment of stone by, 294

Jainism, a nontheistic church, 1107

Jamnia, synod of, 1130

Janus, nature of, 799

Japan, divinization of emperor in, 346;
phallicism in, 395

Jensen, mythical theory of, 870

Jephthah, daughter of, ceremony of mourning for, 845, 1100

Jesus, object of his teaching, 1110;
not an Essene, 1125;
resurrection of, 1011 n.

Jews, formation of canon of, 1130;
genius of, for organization of public religion, 1108

Jubilee, Hebrew, object of, 223

Judaism, diffusion of, 1143;
failure of, to create a church, 1108

Juno, nature of, 804

Juno, the, not a separate personality, 43;
representative of woman's personality, 804

Jupiter, origin and development of, 798;
represented by a stone, 292

Kaaba, the, black stone of, 295

Kafirs, effigies erected by, 370

Kalevala, the, mythology of, 856, 955

Kami, Shinto, meaning of, 645

Karens, the, Christianization of, 1144

Karma, Buddhistic, 1007

Ker, the, as form of soul, 25 n. 3

Khonds, the, deities of, 659

Khuen-Aten, reform of, 989

Kindness to fellows, universal, 1162

Kings, Babylonian, whether worshiped, 341

Koran, the, relation of, to Moslem science, 1135;
prayer against witches in, 895

Kore, the, origin of, 786

Korea, Buddhism in, 1142

Krishna, ethical significance of, 733

Kronids, the, governmental rôle of, 779

Kronos, 768 n. 3

Kteis, the, veneration of, 406

Kybele, cult of, 413

Lamas, Grand, ascription of divinity to, 348

Language, origin of, no myths of, 642

Lao-tsze, system of, 749

_Lapis manalis_, function of, 289

Lapps, the, primacy of, in magic, 902

Law, civil, relation of, to taboo, 614;
idea of, in charms, 1020;
natural, germinal conception of, 7;
natural, domination of, 1158

League, Iroquois, 489

Legend, connection of, with myth, 859

Lemuria, the, apotropaic element in, 374;
prohibition of work in, 602

Leto, Titaness, 788 n. 1

License, in festivals, 135, 219;
sexual, adopted by religion, 1163

Life, annihilation of, 46, 51;
identified with breath, 21;
mysteriousness of, 385;
nobility given to, by religion, 1166, 1173;
relation of blood to, 23;
unitary character of, 14

Light, as symbol, 857;
significance of, in myths, 858

Linga, the, worship of, in India, 394

Liver, the, as seat of life, 27;
divination by, 919

Living, the, cult of, 336 ff.

Llew, Celtic deity, 974

Loki, not independent creator of evil, 974;
tricksy traits in, 638 n. 4

Lot, wife of, 288

Lots, divinatory use of, 918

Love, toward the deity, 5;
as a divine personality, 704

Luck, relation of, to magic, 238

Lunation, the, divisions of, 606

Lupercalia, the, purification in, 201

Maccabees, Second, resurrection in, 90

Macrobiotes, 835

Macrobius, on a bisexual cult, 411

Magi, the, Mazdean, 897

Magic, in religion, 1090;
methods of, 886;
no worship in, 888;
relation of, to taboo, 618 f.;
to totemism, 574;
use of, for procuring food, 129 ff.;
when under the ban, 891;
white, 901

Magician, office of, preparation for, 894

Magicians, sometimes political rulers, 898 n. 4

Magna Mater of Pessinus, 291

Maia, conjecture as to origin of, 845

Mamertius, expulsion of, 143

Man, early, logicalness of, 246;
medicine, 493;
prehistoric, whether religious, 12

Mana, definition of, 231-236;
producer of sympathy between all things, 886;
relation of, to taboo, 586;
synonyms of, 231 n. 1

Manichæism, as a church, 1115;
causes of its success, 978

Mantis, Bushman cult of, 257

_Mantis_, Greek, function of, 931

Marduk, cult of, 758, 990

Marriage, restrictions on, 177 n. 2, 439

Mars, development of, 800;
shield of, 845

Martyr, spirit of, where shown, 1167

Masai, the, two chief gods of, 660

Mashalists, Hebrew, 862 n. 1

Massebas, Canaanite, 293

Masters and servants, exchange of places between, 219

Masturbation, savage practice of, 163 n. 1

Materialism, deistic, 1008

Matter, eternity of, 1005, 1007

Maui, Polynesian, rôle of, 678

Mazdaism, origin and nature of, 740, 745;
canon of, 1132

Meal, communal, reconciliation of deity by, 1043;
communion in, between human participants, 1044;
eucharistic, in "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," 1046

Medicine man, the, 892

Melanesia, animal incarnations in, 676;
cult of divinized men in, 647;
descent from totem in, 449;
food restrictions in, 454;
power of chiefs in, 538;
protection of property by taboo in, 600;
specialization of divine functions in, 658

Meleager, life of, dependent on a piece of wood, 274

Men, race of, preceding the present, 833

Mendes, goat-god of, 774 n. 6

Meni, god, whether abstract, 699

Mercurius, Roman development of, not traceable, 802

Merneptah, dream of, 922

Mexico, gods of, 664;
prominence of priests in, 1075;
sun-cult of, 711

Minerva, development of, 807

Miracles, belief in, periods of, 1156 ff.;
grounds of objection to, 1011;
when not demanded, 1159

Mithra, birth of, 288 n. 2;
organisation of cult of, 1113

Mithraism, mysteries of, 1059

Mitra, association of, with Varuna, 730

Mohads, the, organization of, 1116

Monachism, 1121 ff.

Monasteries, functions of, 1127

Monolatry, Hebrew, influence of, 994 f.

Monotheism, alleged savage, 985;
development of, 987 ff.

Moon, the, cultic history of, 714

Morabits, the, organization of, 1116

Morality, conflict of, with taboo, 632

Mother, the, magical perils of, 589

Mother, the Great, 1066

Mother-in-law, the, taboos on, 593

Motifs, mythical, tabulation of, 879

Mountains as abodes of souls, 65

Mourning-usages, savage, 363

Mozoomdar, theistic reformation of, 1119

Müller, F. Max, solar theory of, 865, 876

Müller, K. O., treatment of myths by, 875

Murder, purification after, 195

Music, temple-, 1088

Mylitta, temple of, prostitution at, 1066

Mysteries, Eleusinian, 845;
failure of, 1097 f.;
Greek, ceremonies of, 1059;
survival of effects of, 1101

Mystery, New Testament use of the term, 1101

Mythology, relation of, to culture, 951 ff.

Myths, borrowing of, 823 ff.;
educational value of, 862;
Indo-European, character of, 960 ff.;
persistence of, 881;
purification of, 1157;
savage origin of, 822

Nabonidus, centralizing effort of, 751

Nagual, meaning of, 672

Names, demonic, 691;
divine, magical power of, 899;
divine, Persian, 743;
proper, of gods, 646

Nana, goddess, nature of, 761;
carried off, 888

Nandi, the, grain of, blessed by the god, 220;
months how named by, 213

Natchez, the, sun-cult of, 710

Naturalism, 1158

Navahos, the, creative beings of, 639, 645

Nazirite, the, restrictions on, 597

Ndengei, other-world god, 680

Necessity, Plato's conception of, 1001

Necromancy, Hebrew, 377

Neith, inscription in temple of, 729

Nemi, priest of, 274

Neptunus, 802

New Testament, Satan in, 689

Nicknames, supposed origin of totemism, 557

Nightmare, as ghost, 61 n. 4

Nikkal, Panjab god, 337

Niobe, relation of, to stone-cult, 288

Nose, the, boring through septum of, 151

Obelisks, Egyptian, function of, 299

Odin, humanization of, 358;
self-immolation of, 1048

Offerings, cannibal, 1027;
unbloody, placatory virtue of, 1038

Officer, French, worshiped after death, 351

Ogboni, the, police rôle of, 531

Old Testament, the, conception of sacrifice in, 1037;
kings in, not deified, 343;
stars and planets in, 716

Olympus, as council-house, 305

On, seat of worship of Ra, 727

Ophites, the, 693

Optimism, religious, ethical value of, 1173

Oracles, 927 ff.; Sibylline, Jewish, 939 f.

Ordeals, 308, 924 f.

Order, Chinese stress on, 747

Organization, churchly, Hindu approach to, 1118;
nontotemic, 526;
religious, Jewish capacity for, 995;
social, of animals, 242;
theistic, Greek, 997

Osiris, death of, 283;
myth of, 958;
mythical biography of, 728

Paintings, totemic, 117

Palmistry, 917

Pan, development of, 773 f.

Panbabylonianism, 866 f.

Pantheism, ethical, difficulties of, 1005;
Hindu, 705

Pantheon, Greek, 767;
Roman, 796;
Yoruban, 678

Paradise, earthly, 835

Parentalia, the, 374

Patriarch, the, jealousy of, 432

Patron, divine, of individual, 550

Pausanias, local cults described by, 651

Pele, nature of, 890

Pelews, the, theistic material of, 484

Persecution, religious, 1163

Persia, abstract gods of, 763;
Babism in, at the present day, 1120

Peru, cult of, compared with Chinese, 993;
functions of priests in, 1075;
gods of, 665;
negation of religious freedom in, 1117;
sun-cult of, 711

Pesah, Hebrew ceremony of, 144

Peter, Apocalypse of, future punishment in, 86

Phallicism, 388 ff.

Pharmakos, the, expulsion of, 143

Philo, allegorical interpretation of, 863;
combination of Platonism and Judaism by, 1104;
description of the Therapeutae by, 1124

Philosophers, Greek, attitude of, toward divination, 941 n. 1;
theistic views of, 1000 f.

Philosophy, Greek, not ecclesiastical, 1104

Phimosis, supposed prevention of, 157

Phoenicia, deities of, 764

Photographs, suspicion of, 22 n. 2

Phratry, the, origin of, 423 f.

Phrygia, cults of, 414

Piaculum, the, origin and nature of, 1045 f.

Pig as divine messenger, 1024

Pillar, Hermes-, as waymark, 296

Planets, connection of, with gods, 715

Plants, history of domestication of, 564 ff.

Plato, description of Tartarus by, 84, 87;
divination highly esteemed
by, 931;
function of brain, how regarded by, 28

Platonopolis, a, proposed, 1104

Pleiades, the, Arab cult of, 717;
savage observation of, 216

Plouton, function of, 780

Poets, Greek, theistic views of, 999

Poles, house-, crests carved on, 445

Polygamy, recognition of, by religion, 1163

Polynesia, antitotemic governments of, 538;
family the social unit in, 485;
sacredness of chiefs in, 336;
specialization of divine functions in, 658

Porphyry, his conception of sacrifice, 1037

Poseidon, power of, 771

Powers, divine, coercion of, 3

Prajapati, primacy of, 730

Prayer, animals approached by, 125;
unifying influence of, 880

Prayers, difference of, from charms, 1020

Pregnancy, mysterious nature of, 588

Prepuce, magical power of, 166

Priest, relation of, to magician, 893

Priest, term, use of in Christian churches, 1080

Priestesses, functions of, 1064

Priests, as diviners, 929 f.;
as interpreters of dreams, 923;
moral influence of, 1077 f.;
quasi-divine authority of, 203

Prithivi, 734

Prohibitions, civil, difference of, from magical, 584

Prometheus, victory of, over a god, 888

Promiscuity, early, 430;
whether primitive, 180

Prophet, the, excited by dance, 110;
relation of, to magician, 893

Proselytes, Jewish, influence of, 1108

Prostitution, sacred, 1065 ff.

Psalter, the Old Testament, moral and religious tone of, 1087

Puberty, mysteriousness of, 146

Purge, purificatory power of, 205

Purim, feast of, 1089

Puskita (busk), the Creek, religious significance of, 201

Pythagoreanism, traces of, in Essenism, 1125;
South Italian, 1098

Pythia, the, moral influence of, 927

Qat, rôle of, 640, 677

Quetzalcoatl, myths of, 847 n. 1

Rainbow, the, no cult of, 718

Ramadan, fast of, moral effects of, 208

Rammohun Roy, 1119

Raven, the, myths of, 640 n. 2

Raymi, feast of, 321

Reason, basis of religious belief, 1155

Redemption, element of, in sacrifice, 1048;
senses of, 1151

Reform Judaism, racial character of, 1143

Reincarnation, 55 ff.;
moral value of, 89;
of ancestor in child, 186;
supposed relation of, to immortality, 59

Relationship, in blood, 426;
basis of classification, 425

Religion, definition of, 1;
adoption of taboo by, 633;
codes adopted by, 1162 f.;
coeval with science, 1;
communal character of, 103;
decoration used in, 120 f.;
impersonal cult in, 2;
influence of, on ethics, 1165;
influence of priesthood in, 1076;
alliance of, with the state, 1117, 1140;
isolation of, 1137;
pre-animistic, 2 n. 2;
primitive form of, whether monotheistic, 982;
relation of, to magic;
relation of, to totemism, 570 ff.;
utilitarian point of view in, 5

Religions, classifications of, 1148;
higher, culture-myths in, 641;
national, differences among, 810;
never nonethical, 1013;
of single founders, 1151;
redemptive, organization in, 1059

"Republic," the, mendicant prophets mentioned in, 1099 n. 1

Revelation, supposed primitive, 982

Rewards and punishments, as motives, 1165

Rhapsodists, Greek, 862 n. 1

Rice, soul of, 265 n. 1

Right-doing, egoistic element in, 1170

Ritual, development of, 1055;
magical, 1057;
origin of, 15;
relation of, to myth, 846

Roman Church, canon of, 1131

Rome, abstract gods of, 702;
influence of priests in, 1073;
omens in, 912;
specialized gods in, 668 ff.;
taboo days in, 603;
unlucky days in, 611

Romulus, divinized founder, 357

Rules, ethical, origin of, 582

Sabbath, Hebrew, relation of, to full moon, 608

_Sacer_, sense of, 626 n. 9

_Sacra gentilicia_, 1043

Sacred books, study induced by, 1135

Sacred flesh, reconciliation by sharing, 1042

Sacred places, connection of, with myths, 848

Sacrifice, animal, movement against, 1053;
as gift to a deity, 1040;
human, 1029 ff.;
individual, 1034;
in marriage ceremonies, 181 n. 2;
occasions of, 1033 ff.;
purificatory power of, 200;
removal of taboo by, 616;
Vedic, as embassy, 1024

Saint, the, function of, 1168

Saints, as patrons of fertility, 420;
as rechristened old gods, 301

Sallustius, philosopher, faith of, 1152 n. 2

Salvation, physical and moral, 1149

Sama, Fijian god, 48