Chapter VI: Social Interaction (5)

(10) Villatte, Césaire. _Parisismen._ Alphabetisch geordnete Sammlung der eigenartigen Ausdrucksweisen des Pariser Argot. Ein Supplement zu allen französisch-deutschen Wörterbüchern. Berlin, 1899.

(11) Delesalle, Georges. _Dictionnaire argot-français et français-argot._ Nouvelle Edition. Paris, 1899.

(12) Villon, François. _Le jargon et jobelin de François Villon, suivi du jargon an théatre._ Paris, 1888.

(13) Saineanu, Lazar. _L'Argot ancien_ (1455-1850). Ses éléments constitutifs, ses rapports avec les langues secrètes de l'Europe méridionale et l'argot moderne, avec un appendice sur l'argot juge par Victor Hugo et Balzac; par Lazare Sainéan, pseud. Paris, 1907.

(14) Dauzat, Albert. _Les argots des métiers franco-provençaux._ Paris, 1917.

(15) Leland, Charles G. _The English Gypsies and Their Languages._ 4th ed. New York, 1893.

(16) _Dictionnaire des termes militaires et de l'argot poilu._ Paris, 1916.

(17) Empey, Arthur Guy. _Over the Top._ By an American soldier who went, Arthur Guy Empey, machine gunner, serving in France; together with Tommy's dictionary of the trenches. New York and London, 1917.

(18) Smith, L. N. _Lingo of No Man's Land; or, War Time Lexicon._ Compiled by Sergt. Lorenzo N. Smith. Chicago, 1918.

(19) Saineanu, Lazar. _L'Argot des tranchées._ D'après les lettres des poilus et les journaux du front. Paris, 1915.

(20) Horn, Paul. _Die deutsche Soldatensprache._ Giessen, 1905.

IV. IMITATION AND SUGGESTION

A. _Imitation_

(1) Bagehot, Walter. _Physics and Politics; or, Thoughts on the Application of the Principles of "Natural Selection" and "Inheritance" to Political Society._ New York, 1873.

(2) Tarde, Gabriel. _The Laws of Imitation._ Translated from the 2d. French ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons. New York, 1903.

(3) Baldwin, James M. _Mental Development in the Child and the Race._ Methods and processes. 3d. rev. ed. New York, 1906.

(4) ----. _Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development._ A study in social psychology. 4th ed. New York, 1906.

(5) Royce, Josiah. _Outlines of Psychology._ An elementary treatise with some practical applications. New York, 1903.

(6) Henderson, Ernest N. _A Text-Book in the Principles of Education._ Chap. xi, "Imitation." New York, 1910.

(7) Thorndike, E. L. _Educational Psychology._ Vol. I., The Original Nature of Man. Chap. viii, pp. 108-22. New York, 1913.

(8) Hughes, Henry. _Die Mimik des Menschen auf Grund voluntarischer Psychologie._ Frankfurt a. M., 1900.

(9) Park, Robert E. _Masse und Publikum._ Eine methodologische und soziologische Untersuchung. Chap. ii, "Der soziologische Prozess," describes the historical development of the conception of imitation in its relation to sympathy and mimicry in the writings of Hume, Butler, and Dugald Stewart. Bern, 1904.

(10) Smith, Adam. _The Theory of Moral Sentiments._ To which is added a dissertation on the origin of languages. London, 1892.

(11) Ribot, T. _The Psychology of the Emotions._ Part II, chap. iv, "Sympathy and the Tender Emotions," pp. 230-38. Translated from the French, 2d ed. London, 1911.

(12) Dewey, John. "Imitation in Education," _Cyclopedia of Education_, III, 389-90.

(13) Him, Yrjö. _The Origins of Art._ A psychological and sociological inquiry. Chap. vi, "Social Expression." London and New York, 1900.

B. _Suggestion_

(1) Moll, Albert. _Hypnotism._ Including a study of the chief points of psychotherapeutics and occultism. Translated from the 4th enl. ed. by A. F. Hopkirk. London and New York, 1909.

(2) Binet, A., and Féré, Ch. _Animal Magnetism._ New York, 1892.

(3) Janet, Pierre. _L'Automisme psychologique._ Essai de psychologie expérimental sur les formes inférieures de l'activité humaine. Paris, 1889.

(4) Bernheim, H. _Hypnotisme, Suggestion, Psychothérapie._ Paris, 1891.

(5) Richet, Ch. _Experimentelle Studien auf dem Gebiete der Gedankenübertragung und des sogenannten Hellsehens._ Deutsch von Frhrn. von Schrenck-Notzing. Stuttgart, 1891.

(6) Pfungst, Oskar. _Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. von Osten)._ A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology. New York, 1911. [Bibliography.]

(7) Hansen, F. C. C., and Lehmann, A. _Über unwillkürliches Flüstern._ Philosophische Studien, Leipzig, XI (1895), 471-530.

(8) Féré, Ch. _Sensation et mouvement._ Chap, xix, pp. 120-24. Paris, 1887.

(9) Sidis, Boris. _The Psychology of Suggestion._ A research into the subconscious nature of man and society. New York, 1898.

(10) Bechterew, W. v. _Die Bedeutung der Suggestion im Sozialen Leben._ Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens. Wiesbaden, 1905.

(11) Stoll, Otto. _Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie._ Leipzig, 1904.

(12) Binet, Alfred. _La Suggestibilité._ Paris, 1900.

(13) Münsterberg, Hugo. _Psychotherapy._ Chap. v, "Suggestion and Hypnotism," pp. 85-124. New York, 1909.

(14) Cooley, Charles. _Human Nature and the Social Order._ Chap. ii. New York, 1902.

(15) Gulick, Sidney. _The American Japanese Problem._ A study of the racial relations of the East and the West. Pp. 118-68. New York, 1914.

(16) Fishberg, Maurice. _The Jews._ A study of race and environment. London and New York, 1911.

TOPICS FOR WRITTEN THEMES

1. A History of the Concept of Social Interaction.

2. Interaction and the Atomic Theory.

3. Interaction and Social Consciousness.

4. Interaction and Self-Consciousness.

5. Religion and Social Consciousness.

6. Publicity and Social Consciousness.

7. Interaction and the Limits of the Group.

8. The Senses and Communication: a Comparative Study of the Rôle of Touch, Smell, Sight, and Hearing in Social Intercourse.

9. Facial Expression as a Form of Communication.

10. Laughter and Blushing and Self-Consciousness.

11. The Sociology of Gesture.

12. The Subtler Forms of Interaction; "Mind-Reading," "Thought Transference."

13. Rapport, A Study of Mutual Influence in Intimate Associations.

14. A History of Imitation as a Sociological Theory.

15. Suggestion as an Explanation of Collective Behavior.

16. Adam Smith's Theory of the Relation of Sympathy and Moral Judgment.

17. Interest, Attention, and Imitation.

18. Imitation and Appreciation.

19. The History of Printing and of the Press.

20. Modem Extensions of Communication: the Telephone, the Telegraph, Radio, the Motion Picture, Popular Music.

21. An Explanation of Secondary Society in Terms of Secondary Devices of Communication.

22. Graham Wallas' Conception of the Problem of Social Heritages in Secondary Society.

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. What do you understand Gumplowicz to mean by a "natural process"?

2. Do you think that the idea of a "natural process" is applicable to society?

3. Is Gumplowicz' principle of the interaction of social elements valid?

4. What do you understand Simmel to mean by society? by socialization?

5. Do you agree with Simmel when he says, "In and of themselves, these materials with which life is filled, these motivations which impel it, are not social in their nature"?

6. In what ways, according to Simmel, does interaction maintain the mechanism of the group in time?

7. What do you understand to be the distinction which Simmel makes between attitudes of appreciation and comprehension?

8. "The interaction of individuals based upon mutual glances is perhaps the most direct and purest reciprocity which exists." Explain.

9. Explain the sociology of the act of looking down to avoid the glance of the other.

10. In what way does Simmel's distinction between the reactions to other persons of the blind and the deaf-mute afford an explanation of the difference between the social life of the village and of the large city?

11. In what sense are emotions expressive? To whom are they expressive?

12. What is the relation of emotional expression to communication?

13. Why would you say Darwin states that "blushing is the most peculiar and the most human of all expressions"?

14. Does a person ever blush in isolation?

15. What in your opinion is the bearing of the phenomenon of blushing upon interaction and communication?

16. What is the difference between the function of blushing and of laughing in social life?

17. In what sense is sympathy the "law of laughter"?

18. What determines the object of laughter?

19. What is the sociological explanation of the rôle of laughter and ridicule in social control?

20. What are the likenesses and differences between intercommunication among animals and language among men?

21. What is the criterion of the difference between man and the animal, according to Max Müller?

22. In your opinion, was the situation in which language arose one of unanimity or diversity of attitude?

23. "Language and ideational processes developed together and are necessary to each other." Explain.

24. What is the relation of the evolution of writing as a form of communication (a) to the development of ideas, and (b) to social life?

25. What difference in function, if any, is there between communication carried on (a) merely through expressive signs, (b) language, (c) writing, (d) printing?

26. How does the evolution of publicity exhibit the extension of communication by human invention?

27. In what ways is the extension of communication related to primary and secondary contacts?

28. Does the growth of communication make for or against the development of individuality?

29. How do you define imitation?

30. What is the relation of attention and interest to the mechanism of imitation?

31. What is the relation of imitation to learning?

32. What is the relation of imitation to the three phases of sympathy differentiated by Ribot?

33. What do you understand by Smith's definition of sympathy? How does it differ from that of Ribot?

34. Under what conditions is the sentiment aroused in the observer likely to resemble that of the observed? When is it likely to be different?

35. In what sense is sympathy the basis for passing a moral judgment upon a person or an act?

36. What do you understand by "internal imitation"?

37. What is the significance of imitation for artistic appreciation?

38. What do you understand by the term "appreciation"? Distinguish between "appreciation" and "comprehension." (Compare Hirn's distinction with that made by Simmel.)

39. Upon what is the nature of suggestion based? How do you define suggestion?

40. What do you understand by Bechterew's distinction between active perception and passive perception?

41. Why can we speak of suggestion as a mental automatism?

42. How real is the analogy of suggestion to an infection or an inoculation?

43. What do you understand by the distinction between personal consciousness and general consciousness?

44. What is the significance of attention in determining the character of suggestion?

45. What is the relation of rapport to suggestion?

46. How would you distinguish suggestion from other forms of stimulus and response?

47. Is suggestion a term of individual or of social psychology?

48. What is the significance of the case of Clever Hans for the interpretation of so-called telepathy? of muscle reading?

49. How extensive, would you say, are the subtler forms of suggestion in normal life? What illustrations would you give?

50. What is the rôle of social contagion in mass action?

51. What do you understand Bechterew to mean by "the psychological processes of fusion"? "spiritual cohesion," etc.?

52. What does it mean to say that historical personages "embody in themselves the emotions and the desires of the masses"?

53. What, in your judgment, are the differentiating criteria of suggestion and imitation?

54. What do you understand is meant by speaking of imitation and suggestion as mechanisms of interaction?

FOOTNOTES:

[135] Pp. 70 and 72.

[136] Translated and adapted from Ludwig Gumplowicz, _Der Rassenkampf_, pp. 158-61. (Innsbruck: Wagnerische Univ. Buchhandlung, 1883.)

[137] Translated from Georg Simmel, _Soziologie_, by Albion W. Small, _American Journal of Sociology_, XV (1909), 296-98; III (1898), 667-83.

[138] Translated and adapted from Georg Simmel, _Soziologie_, pp. 646-51. (Leipzig: Duncker und Humblot, 1908.)

[139] Adapted from Charles Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_, pp. 350-67. (John Murray, 1873.)

[140] Adapted from Charles Darwin, _The Expression of the Emotions_, pp. 310-37. (John Murray, 1873.)

[141] Translated and adapted from L. Dugas, _Psychologie du rire_, pp. 32-153. (Félix Alcan, 1902.)

[142] Adapted from C. Lloyd Morgan, _Animal Behaviour_, pp. 193-205. (Edward Arnold, 1908.)

[143] Adapted from F. Max Müller, _The Science of Language_, I, 520-27. (Longmans, Green & Co., 1891.)

[144] Adapted from Charles H. Judd, _Psychology_, pp. 219-24. (Ginn & Co., 1917.)

[145] Adapted from Carl Bücher, _Industrial Evolution_. Translated by S. Morley Wickett, pp. 216-43. (Henry Holt & Co., 1907.)

[146] From Charles H. Judd, "Imitation," in _Monroe's Cyclopedia of Education_, III, 388-89. (Published by The Macmillan Co., 1912. Reprinted by permission.)

[147] Adapted from G. F. Stout, _A Manual of Psychology_, pp. 390-91. (The University Tutorial Press, 1913.)

[148] Adapted from Th. Ribot, _The Psychology of the Emotions_, pp. 230-34. (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1898.)

[149] Adapted from Adam Smith, _The Theory of Moral Sentiments_, pp. 3-10. (G. Bell & Sons, 1893.)

[150] From Yrjö Hirn, _The Origins of Art_, pp. 74-85. (Published by The Macmillan Co., 1900. Reprinted by permission.)

[151] Translated and adapted from the German, _Die Bedeutung der Suggestion im Sozialen Leben_, pp. 10-15, from the original Russian of W. v. Bechterew. (J. F. Bergmann, Wiesbaden, 1905.)

[152] Adapted from Albert Moll, _Hypnotism_, pp. 453-57. The Contemporary Science Series. (Walter Scott, 1909.)

[153] Translated and adapted from the German, _Die Bedeutung der Suggestion im Sozialen Leben_, pp. 134-42, from the original Russian of W. v. Bechterew. (Wiesbaden: J. F. Bergmann, 1905.)

[154] _The Social Process_, p. 28.

[155] P. xiv.

[156] P. 41.