Chapter XIII: Collective Behavior (4)

The most acute analysis that has been made of fashion is contained in the observation of Sumner in _Folkways_. Sumner pointed out that fashion though differing from, is intimately related to, the mores. Fashion fixes the attention of the community at a given time and place and by so doing determines what is sometimes called the Spirit of the Age, the _Zeitgeist_. By the introduction of new fashions the leaders of society gain that distinction in the community by which they are able to maintain their prestige and so maintain their position as leaders. But in doing this, they too are influenced by the fashions which they introduce. Eventually changes in fashion affect the mores.[321]

Fashion is related to reform and to revolution, because it is one of the fundamental ways in which social changes take place and because, like reform and revolution, it also is related to the mores.

Fashion is distinguished from reform by the fact that the changes it introduces are wholly irrational if not at the same time wholly unpredictable. Reform, on the other hand, is nothing if not rational. It achieves its ends by agitation and discussion. Attempts have been made to introduce fashions by agitation, but they have not succeeded. On the other hand, reform is itself a fashion and has largely absorbed in recent years the interest that was formerly bestowed on party politics.

There has been a great deal written about reforms but almost nothing about _reform_. It is a definite type of collective behavior which has come into existence and gained popularity under conditions of modern life. The reformer and the agitator, likewise, are definite, temperamental, and social types. Reform tends under modern conditions to become a vocation and a profession like that of the politician. The profession of the reformer, however, is social, as distinguished from party politics.

Reform is not revolution. It does not seek to change the mores but rather to change conditions in conformity with the mores. There have been revolutionary reformers. Joseph II of Austria and Peter the Great of Russia were reformers of that type. But revolutionary reforms have usually failed. They failed lamentably in the case of Joseph II and produced many very dubious results under Peter.

A revolution is a mass movement which seeks to change the mores by destroying the existing social order. Great and silent revolutionary changes have frequently taken place in modern times, but as these changes were not recognized at the time and were not directly sought by any party they are not usually called revolutions. They might properly be called "historical revolutions," since they are not recognized as revolutions until they are history.

There is probably a definite revolutionary process but it has not been defined. Le Bon's book on the _Psychology of Revolution_, which is the sequel to his study of _The Crowd_, is, to be sure, an attempt, but the best that one can say of it is that it is suggestive. Many attempts have been made to describe the processes of revolution as part of the whole historical process. This literature will be considered in the chapter on "Progress."

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. DISORGANIZATION, SOCIAL UNREST, AND PSYCHIC EPIDEMICS

A. _Social Disorganization_

(1) Cooley, Charles H. _Social Organization._ Chap. xxx, "Formalism and Disorganization," pp. 342-55; chap. xxxi, "Disorganization: the Family," pp. 356-71; chap. xxxii, "Disorganization: the Church," pp. 372-82; chap. xxxiii, "Disorganization: Other Traditions," pp. 383-92. New York, 1909.

(2) Thomas, W. I., and Znaniecki, Florian. _The Polish Peasant in Europe and America._ Monograph of an immigrant group. Vol. IV, "Disorganization and Reorganization in Poland," Boston, 1920.

(3) ----. _The Polish Peasant in Europe and America._ Vol. V, "Organization and Disorganization in America," Part II, "Disorganization of the Immigrant," pp. 165-345. Boston, 1920.

(4) Friedländer, L. _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire._ Authorized translation by L. A. Magnus from the 7th rev. ed. of the Sittengeschichte Roms. 4 vols. London, 1908-13.

(5) Lane-Poole, S. _The Mohammedan Dynasties._ Charts showing "Growth of the Ottoman Empire" and "Decline of the Ottoman Empire," pp. 190-91. London, 1894.

(6) Taine, H. _The Ancient Régime._ Translated from the French by John Durand. New York, 1896.

(7) Wells, H. G. _Russia in the Shadows._ New York, 1921.

(8) Patrick, George T. W. _The Psychology of Social Reconstruction._ Chap. vi, "Our Centripetal Society," pp. 174-98. Boston, 1920.

(9) Ferrero, Guglielmo. "The Crisis of Western Civilization," _Atlantic Monthly_, CXXV (1920), 700-712.

B. _Social Unrest_

(1) Brooks, John Graham. _The Social Unrest._ Studies in labor and socialist movements. London, 1903.

(2) Fuller, Bampfylde. _Life and Human Nature._ Chap. ii, "Change," pp. 24-45. London, 1914.

(3) Wallas, Graham. _The Great Society._ A psychological analysis. Chap. iv, "Disposition and Environment," pp. 57-68. New York, 1914. [Defines "the baulked disposition," see also pp. 172-74.]

(4) Healy, William. _The Individual Delinquent._ A textbook of diagnosis and prognosis for all concerned in understanding offenders. "Hypomania, Constitutional Excitement," pp. 609-13. Boston, 1915.

(5) Janet, Pierre. _The Major Symptoms of Hysteria._ Fifteen lectures given in the medical school of Harvard University. New York, 1907.

(6) Barr, Martin W., and Maloney, E. F. _Types of Mental Defectives._ "Idiot Savant," pp. 128-35. Philadelphia, 1920.

(7) Thomas, Edward. _Industry, Emotion and Unrest._ New York, 1920.

(8) Parker, Carleton H. _The Casual Laborer and Other Essays._ Chap. i, "Toward Understanding Labor Unrest," pp. 27-59. New York, 1920.

(9) _The Cause of World Unrest._ With an introduction by the editor of _The Morning Post_ (of London). New York, 1920.

(10) Ferrero, Guglielmo. _Ancient Rome and Modern America._ A comparative study of morals and manners. New York, 1914.

(11) Veblen, Thorstein. "The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor," _American Journal of Sociology_, IV (1898-99), 187-201.

(12) Lippmann, Walter. "Unrest," _New Republic_, XX (1919), 315-22.

(13) Tannenbaum, Frank. _The Labor Movement._ Its conservative functions and social consequences. New York, 1921.

(14) Baker, Ray Stannard. _The New Industrial Unrest._ Its reason and remedy. New York, 1920.

(15) MacCurdy, J. T. "Psychological Aspects of the Present Unrest," _Survey_, XLIII (1919-20), 665-68.

(16) Myers, Charles S. _Mind and Work._ The psychological factors in industry and commerce. Chap. vi, "Industrial Unrest," pp. 137-69. New York, 1921.

(17) Adler, H. M. "Unemployment and Personality--a Study of Psychopathic Cases," _Mental Hygiene_, I (1917), 16-24.

(18) Chirol, Valentine. _Indian Unrest._ A reprint, revised and enlarged from _The Times_, with an introduction by Sir Alfred Lyall. London, 1910.

(19) Münsterberg, Hugo. _Social Studies of Today._ Chap. ii, "The Educational Unrest," pp. 25-57. London, 1913.

(20) ----. _American Problems._ From the point of view of a psychologist. Chap. v, "The Intemperance of Women," pp. 103-13. New York, 1912.

(21) Corelli, Marie. "The Great Unrest," _World Today_, XXI (1912), 1954-59.

(22) Ferrero, Guglielmo. _The Women of the Caesars._ New York, 1911.

(23) Myerson, Abraham. The Nervous Housewife. Boston, 1920.

(24) Mensch, Ella. _Bilderstürmer in der Berliner Frauenbewegung._ 2d ed. Berlin, 1906.

C. _Psychic Epidemics_

(1) Hecker, J. F. C. _The Black Death and the Dancing Mania._ Translated from the German by B. G. Babington. Cassell's National Library. New York, 1888.

(2) Stoll, Otto. _Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie._ 2d ed. Leipzig, 1904.

(3) Friedmann, Max. _Über Wahnideen im Völkerleben._ Wiesbaden, 1901.

(4) Regnard, P. _Les maladies épidémiques de l'esprit._ Sorcellerie, magnétisme, morphinisme, délire des grandeurs. Paris, 1886.

(5) Meyer, J. L. _Schwärmerische Greuelscenen oder Kreuzigungsgeschichte einer religiösen Schwärmerinn in Wildensbuch, Canton Zürich._ Ein merkwürdiger Beytrag zur Geschichte des religiösen Fanatismus. 2d ed. Zürich, 1824.

(6) Gowen, B. S. "Some Aspects of Pestilences and Other Epidemics," _American Journal of Psychology_, XVIII (1907), 1-60.

(7) Weygandt, W. _Beitrag zur Lehre von den psychischen Epidemien._ Halle, 1905.

(8) _Histoire des diables de Loudun._ Ou de la possession des Religieuses Ursulines et de la condamnation et du supplice d'Urbain Grandier, curé de la même ville, cruels effets de la vengeance du Cardinal de Richelieu. Amsterdam, 1740.

(9) Finsler, G. "Die religiöse Erweckung der zehner und zwanziger Jahre unseres Jahrhunderts in der deutschen Schweiz," _Züricher Taschenbuch auf das Jahr 1890._ Zürich, 1890.

(10) Fauriel, M. C. _Histoire de la croisade centre les hérétiques Albigeois._ Écrite en vers provençaux par un poête contemporain. (Aiso es la consos de la crozada contr els ereges Dalbeges.) Paris, 1837.

(11) Mosiman, Eddison. _Das Zungenreden, geschichtlich und psychologisch untersucht._ Tübingen, 1911. [Bibliography.]

(12) Vigouroux, A., and Juquelier, P. _La contagion mentale._ Paris, 1905.

(13) Kotik, Dr. Naum. "Die Emanation der psychophysischen Energie," _Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens._ Wiesbaden, 1908.

(14) Aubry, P. "De l'influence contagieuse de la publicité des faits criminels," _Archives d'anthropologie criminelle_, VIII (1893), 565-80.

(15) Achelis, T. _Die Ekstase in ihrer kulturetten Bedeutung._ Kulturprobleme der Gegenwart. Berlin, 1902.

(16) Cadière, L. "Sur quelques Faits religieux ou magiques, observés pendant une épidémie de choléra en Annam," _Anthropos_, V (1910), 519-28, 1125-59.

(17) Hansen, J. _Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung._ München, 1900.

(18) Hansen, J. _Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter._ Bonn, 1901.

(19) Rossi, P. _Psicologia collettiva morbosa._ Torino, 1901.

(20) Despine, Prosper. _De la Contagion morale._ Paris, 1870.

(21) Moreau de Tours. _De la Contagion du suicide à propos de l'épidémie actuelle._ Paris, 1875.

(22) Aubry, P. _La Contagion du meutre._ Étude d'anthropologie criminelle. 3d ed. Paris, 1896.

(23) Rambosson, J. _Phénomènes nerveux, intellectuels et moraux, leur transmission par contagion._ Paris, 1883.

(24) Dumas, Georges. "Contagion mentale, épidémies mentales, folies collectives, folies grégaires," _Revue philosophique_, LXXI (1911), 225-44, 384-407.

II. MUSIC, DANCE, AND RITUAL

(1) Wallaschek, Richard. _Primitive Music._ An inquiry into the origin and development of music, songs, instruments, dances, and pantomimes of savage races. London, 1893.

(2) Combarieu, J. _La Musique et le magic._ Étude sur les origines populaires de l'art musical; son influence et sa fonction dans les sociétés. Paris, 1908.

(3) Simmel, Georg. "Psychologische und ethnologische Studien über Musik," _Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft_, XIII (1882), 261-305.

(4) Boas, F. "Chinook Songs," _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, I (1888), 220-26.

(5) Densmore, Frances. "The Music of the Filipinos," _American Anthropologist_, N.S., VIII (1906), 611-32.

(6) Fletcher, Alice C. _Indian Story and Song from North America._ Boston, 1906.

(7) ----. "Indian Songs and Music," _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, XI (1898), 85-104.

(8) Grinnell, G. B. "Notes on Cheyenne Songs," _American Anthropologist_, N.S., V (1903), 312-22.

(9) Mathews, W. "Navaho Gambling Songs," _American Anthropologist_, II (1889), 1-20.

(10) Hearn, Lafcadio. "Three Popular Ballads," _Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan_, XXII (1894), 285-336.

(11) Ellis, Havelock. "The Philosophy of Dancing," _Atlantic Monthly_, CXIII (1914), 197-207.

(12) Hirn, Yrjö. _The Origins of Art._ A psychological and sociological inquiry. Chap. xvii, "Erotic Art," pp. 238-48. London, 1900.

(13) Pater, Walter. _Greek Studies._ A series of essays. London, 1911.

(14) Grosse, Ernst. _The Beginnings of Art._ Chap. viii, "The Dance," pp. 207-31. New York, 1898.

(15) Bücher, Karl. _Arbeit und Rhythmus._ 3d ed. Leipzig, 1902.

(16) Lhérisson, E. "La Danse du vaudou," _Semaine médicale_, XIX (1899), xxiv.

(17) Reed, V. Z. "The Ute Bear Dance," _American Anthropologist_, IX (1896) 237-44.

(18) Gummere, F. B. _The Beginnings of Poetry._ New York, 1901.

(19) Fawkes, J. W. "The Growth of the Hopi Ritual," _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, XI (1898), 173-94.

(20) Cabrol, F. _Les origines liturgiques._ Paris, 1906.

(21) Gennep, A. van. _Les Rites de passage._ Paris, 1909.

(22) Pitre, Giuseppe. _Feste patronali in Sicilia._ Palermo, 1900.

(23) Murray, W. A. "Organizations of Witches in Great Britain," _Folk-Lore_, XXVIII (1917), 228-58.

(24) Taylor, Thomas. _The Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries._ New York, 1891.

(25) Tippenhauer, L. G. _Die Insel Haiti._ Leipzig, 1893. [Describes the Voudou Ritual.]

(26) Wuensch, R. _Das Frühlingsfest der Insel Malta._ Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der antiken Religion. Leipzig, 1902.

(27) Loisy, Alfred. _Les mystères païens et le mystère chrétien._ Paris, 1919.

(28) Lummis, Charles F. _The Land of Poco Tiempo._ Chap. iv, "The Penitent Brothers," pp. 77-108. New York, 1893.

(29) "Los Hermanos Penitentes," _El Palacio_, VIII (1920), 3-20, 73-74.

III. THE CROWD AND THE PUBLIC

A. _The Crowd_

(1) Le Bon, Gustave. _The Crowd._ A study of the popular mind. London, 1920.

(2) Tarde, G. _L'Opinion et la foule._ Paris, 1901.

(3) Sighele, S. _Psychologie des Aulaufs und der Massenverbrechen._ Translated from the Italian by Hans Kurella. Leipzig, 1897.

(4) ----. _La foule criminelle._ Essai de psychologie collective. 2d ed., entièrement refondue. Paris, 1901.

(5) Tarde, Gabriel. "Foules et sectes au point de vue criminel," _Revue des deux mondes_, CXX (1893), 349-87.

(6) Miceli, V. "La Psicologia della folla," _Rivista italiana di sociologia_, III (1899), 166-95.

(7) Conway, M. _The Crowd in Peace and War._ New York, 1915.

(8) Martin, E. D. _The Behavior of Crowds._ New York, 1920.

(9) Christensen, A. _Politics and Crowd-Morality._ New York, 1915.

(10) Park, R. E. _Masse und Publikum._ Bern, 1904.

(11) Clark, H. "The Crowd." "University of Illinois Studies." _Psychological Monograph_, No. 92, XXI (1916), 26-36.

(12) Tawney, G. A. "The Nature of Crowds," _Psychological Bulletin_, II (1905), 329-33.

(13) Rossi, P. _Le suggesteur et la foule, psychologie du meneur._ Paris, 1904.

(14) ----. _I suggestionatori e la folla._ Torino, 1902.

(15) ----. "Dell'Attenzione collettiva e sociale," _Manicomio_, XXI (1905), 248 ff.

B. _Political Psychology_

(1) Beecher, Franklin A. "National Politics in Its Psychological Aspect," _Open Court_, XXXIII (1919), 653-61.

(2) Boutmy, Émile. _The English People._ A study of their political psychology. London, 1904.

(3) Palanti, G. "L'Esprit de corps. (Remarques sociologiques.)" _Revue philosophique_, XLVIII (1899), 135-45.

(4) Gardner, Chas. S. "Assemblies," _American Journal of Sociology_, XIX (1914), 531-55.

(5) Bentham, Jeremy. _Essay on Political Tactics._ Containing six of the principal rules proper to be observed by a political assembly, in the process of forming a decision: with the reasons on which they are grounded; and a comparative application of them to British and French practice. London, 1791.

(6) Tönnies, Ferdinand. "Die grosse Menge und das Volk," _Schmollers Jahrbuch_, XLIV (1920), 317-45. [Criticism of Le Bon's conception of the crowd.]

(7) Botsford, George W. _The Roman Assemblies._ From their origin to the end of the Republic. New York, 1909.

(8) Crothers, T. D. "A Medical Study of the Jury System," _Popular Science Monthly_, XLVII (1895), 375-82.

(9) Coleman, Charles T. "Origin and Development of Trial by Jury," _Virginia Law Review_, VI (1919-20), 77-86.

C. _Collective Psychology in General_

(1) Rossi, P. _Sociologia e psicologia collettiva._ 2d ed. Roma, 1909.

(2) Straticò, A. _La Psicologia collettiva._ Palermo, 1905.

(3) Worms, René. "Psychologie collective et psychologie individuelle," _Revue international de sociologie_, VII (1899), 249-74.

(4) Brönner, W. "Zur Theorie der kollektiv-psychischen Erscheinungen," _Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik_, CXLI (1911), 1-40.

(5) Newell, W. W. "Individual and Collective Characteristics in Folk-Lore," _Journal of American Folk-Lore_, XIX (1906), 1-15.

(6) Campeano, M. _Essai de psychologie militaire individuelle et collective._ Avec une préface de M. Th. Ribot. Paris, 1902.

(7) Hartenberg, P. "Les émotions de Bourse. (Notes de psychologie collective)." _Revue philosophique_, LVIII (1904), 163-70.

(8) Scalinger, G. M. _La Psicologia a teatro._ Napoli, 1896.

(9) Burckhard, M. "Das Theater." Die Gesellschaft. _Sammlung Sozial-Psychologische Monographien_, 18. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1907.

(10) Woolbert, C. H. "The Audience." "University of Illinois Studies." _Psychological Monograph_, No. 92, XXI (1916), 36-54.

(11) Howard, G. E. "Social Psychology of the Spectator," _American Journal of Sociology_, XVIII (1912), 33-50.

(12) Peterson, J. "The Functioning of Ideas in Social Groups," _Psychological Review_, XXV (1918), 214-26.

IV. MASS MOVEMENTS

(1) Bryce, James. "Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically," _Contemporary Review_, LXII (1892), 128-49.

(2) Mason, Otis T. "Migration and the Food Quest: A Study in the Peopling of America," _American Anthropologist_, VII (1894), 275-92.

(3) Pflugk-Harttung, Julius von. _The Great Migrations._ Translated from the German by John Henry Wright. Philadelphia, 1905.

(4) Bradley, Henry. _The Story of the Goths._ From the earliest times to the end of the Gothic dominion in Spain. New York, 1888.

(5) Jordanes. _The Origin and Deeds of the Goths._ English version by Charles C. Mierow. Princeton, 1908.

(6) Archer, T. A., and Kingsford, C. L. _The Crusades._ New York, 1894.

(7) Ireland, W. W. "On the Psychology of the Crusades," _Journal of Mental Science_, LII (1906), 745-55; LIII (1907), 322-41.

(8) Groves, E. R. "Psychic Causes of Rural Migration," _American Journal of Sociology_, XXI (1916), 623-27.

(9) Woodson, Carter G. _A Century of Negro Migrations._ Washington, 1918. [Bibliography.]

(10) Fleming, Walter L. "'Pap' Singleton, the Moses of the Colored Exodus," _American Journal of Sociology_, XV (1909-10), 61-82.

(11) Bancroft, H. H. _History of California._ Vol. VI, 1848-59. Chaps. ii-ix, pp. 26-163. San Francisco, 1888. [The discovery of gold in California.]

(12) Down, T. C. "The Rush to the Klondike," _Cornhill Magazine_, IV (1898), 33-43.

(13) Ziegler, T. _Die geistigen und socialen Strömungen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts._ Berlin, 1899.

(14) Zeeb, Frieda B. "Mobility of the German Woman," _American Journal of Sociology_, XXI (1915-16), 234-62.

(15) Anthony, Katharine S. _Feminism in Germany and Scandinavia._ New York, 1915. [Bibliography.]

(16) Croly, Jane (Mrs.). _The History of the Woman's Club Movement in America._ New York, 1898.

(17) Taft, Jessie. _The Woman Movement from the Point of View of Social Consciousness._ Chicago, 1916.

(18) Harnack, Adolf. _The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries._ Translated from the 2d rev. German ed. by James Moffatt. New York, 1908.

(19) Buck, S. J. _The Agrarian Crusade._ A chronicle of the farmer in politics. New Haven, 1920.

(20) _Labor Movement._ The last six volumes of _The Documentary History of American Industrial Society_. Vols. V-VI, 1820-40, by John R. Commons and Helen L. Sumner; Vols. VII-VIII, 1840-60, by John R. Commons; Vols. IX-X, 1860-80, by John R. Commons and John B. Andrews. Cleveland, 1910.

(21) Begbie, Harold. _The Life of General William Booth._ The Founder of the Salvation Army. 2 vols. New York, 1920.

(22) Wittenmyer, Annie (Mrs.). _History of the Women's Temperance Crusade._ A complete official history of the wonderful uprising of the Christian women of the United States against the liquor traffic which culminated in the Gospel Temperance Movement. Introduction by Frances E. Willard. Philadelphia, 1878.

(23) Gordon, Ernest. _The Anti-alcohol Movement in Europe._ New York, 1913.

(24) Cherrington, Ernest H. _The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America._ A chronological history of the liquor problem and the temperance reform in the United States from the earliest settlements to the consummation of national prohibition. Westerville, Ohio, 1920.

(25) Woods, Robert A. _English Social Movements._ New York, 1891.

(26) Zimand, Savel. _Modern Social Movements._ Descriptive summaries and bibliographies. New York, 1921.

V. REVIVALS, RELIGIOUS AND LINGUISTIC

A. _Religious Revivals and the Origin of Sects_

(1) Meader, John R. Article on "Religious Sects," _Encyclopedia Americana_, XXIII, 355-61. [List of nearly 300 denominations and sects.]

(2) Articles on "sects," _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, XI, 307-47. [The subject and author of the different articles are "Sects (Buddhist)," T. W. Rhys Davids; "Sects (Chinese)," T. Richard; "Sects (Christian)," W. T. Whitley; "Sects (Hindu)," W. Crooke; "Sects (Jewish)," I. Abrahams; "Sects (Russian)," K. Grass and A. von Stromberg; "Sects (Samaritan)," N. Schmidt; "Sects (Zoroastrian)," E. Edwards. Bibliographies.]

(3) United States Bureau of the Census. _Religious Bodies, 1906._ 2 vols. Washington, 1910.

(4) ----. _Religious Bodies, 1916._ 2 vols. Washington, 1919.

(5) Davenport, Frederick M. _Primitive Traits in Religious Revivals._ A study in mental and social evolution. New York, 1905.

(6) Mooney, James. "The Ghost-Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890." _14th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (1892-93), 653-1136.

(7) Stalker, James. Article on "Revivals of Religion," _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, X, 753-57. [Bibliography.]

(8) Burns, J. _Revivals, Their Laws and Leaders._ London, 1909.

(9) Tracy, J. _The Great Awakening._ A history of the revival of religion in the time of Edwards and Whitefield. Boston, 1842.

(10) Finney, C. G. _Autobiography._ London, 1892.

(11) Hayes, Samuel P. "An Historical Study of the Edwardean Revivals," _American Journal of Psychology_, XIII (1902), 550-74.

(12) Maxon, C. H. _The Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies._ Chicago, 1920. [Bibliography.]

(13) Gibson, William. _Year of Grace._ Edinburgh, 1860. [Irish revival, 1859.]

(14) Moody, W. R. _The Life of Dwight L. Moody._ New York, 1900.

(15) Bois, Henri. _Le Réveil au pays de Galles._ Paris, 1906. [Welsh revival of 1904-6.]

(16) ----. _Quelques réflexions sur la psychologie des réveils._ Paris, 1906.

(17) Cartwright, Peter. _Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the Backwoods Preacher._ Cincinnati, 1859.

(18) MacLean, J. P. "The Kentucky Revival and Its Influence on the Miami Valley," _Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications_, XII (1903), 242-86. [Bibliography.]

(19) Cleveland, Catharine C. _The Great Revival in the West, 1797-1805._ Chicago, 1916. [Bibliography.]

(20) Rogers, James B. _The Cane Ridge Meeting-House._ To which is appended the autobiography of B. W. Stone. Cincinnati, 1910.

(21) Stchoukine, Ivan. _Le Suicide collectif dans le Raskol russe._ Paris, 1903.

(22) Bussell, F. W. _Religious Thought and Heresy in the Middle Ages._ London, 1918.

(23) Egli, Emil. _Die Züricher Wiedertäufer zur Reformationszeit._ Zürich, 1878.

(24) Bax, Ernest Belfort. _Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists._ New York, 1903.

(25) Schechter, S. _Documents of Jewish Sectaries._ 2 vols. Cambridge, 1910.

(26) Graetz, H. _History of the Jews._ 6 vols. Philadelphia, 1891-98.

(27) Jost, M. _Geschichte des Judenthums und seiner Sekten._ 3 vols. Leipzig, 1857-59.

(28) Farquhar, J. N. _Modern Religious Movements in India._ New York, 1915.

(29) Selbie, W. B. _English Sects._ A history of non-conformity. Home University Library. New York, 1912.

(30) Barclay, Robert. _The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth._ London, 1876. [Bibliography.]

(31) Jones, Rufus M. _Studies in Mystical Religion._ London, 1909.

(32) Braithwaite, W. C. _Beginnings of Quakerism._ London, 1912.

(33) Jones, Rufus M. _The Quakers in the American Colonies._ London, 1911.

(34) Evans, F. W. _Shakers._ Compendium of the origin, history, principles, rules and regulations, government, and doctrines of the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. With biographies of Ann Lee, William Lee, James Whittaker, J. Hocknell, J. Meacham, and Lucy Wright. New York, 1859.

(35) Train, J. _The Buchanites from First to Last._ Edinburgh, 1846.

(36) Miller, Edward. _The History and Doctrines of Irvingism._ Or of the so-called Catholic and Apostolic Church. 2 vols. London, 1878.

(37) Neatby, W. Blair. _A History of the Plymouth Brethren._ London, 1901.

(38) Lockwood, George B. _The New Harmony Movement._ "The Rappites." Chaps. ii-iv, pp. 7-42. [Bibliography.]

(39) James, B. B. _The Labadist Colony of Maryland._ Baltimore, 1899.

(40) Dixon, W. H. _Spiritual Wives._ 2 vols. London, 1868.

(41) Randall, E. O. _History of the Zoar Society from Its Commencement to Its Conclusion._ Columbus, 1899.

(42) Loughborough, J. N. _The Great Second Advent Movement._ Its rise and progress. Nashville, Tenn., 1905. [Adventists.]

(43) Harlan, Rolvix. _John Alexander Dowie and the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion._ Evansville, Wis., 1906.

(44) Smith, Henry C. _Mennonites of America._ Mennonite Publishing House, Scotdale, Pa., 1909. [Bibliography.]

(45) La Rue, William. _The Foundations of Mormonism._ A study of the fundamental facts in the history and doctrines of the Mormons from original sources. With introduction by Alfred Williams Anthony. New York, 1919. [Bibliography.]

B. _Language Revivals and Nationalism_

(1) Dominian, Leon. _Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe._ New York, 1917.

(2) Bourgoing, P. de. _Les Guerres d'idiome et de nationalité._ Paris, 1849.

(3) Meillet, A. "Les Langues et les nationalités," _Scientia_, XVIII, (1915), 192-201.

(4) Rhys, John, and Brynmor-Jones, David. _The Welsh People._ Chap. xii, "Language and Literature of Wales," pp. 501-50. London, 1900.

(5) Dinneen, P. S. _Lectures on the Irish Language Movement._ Delivered under the auspices of various branches of the Gaelic League. London, 1904.

(6) Montgomery, K. L. "Some Writers of the Celtic Renaissance," _Fortnightly Review_, XCVI (1911), 545-61.

(7) ----. "Ireland's Psychology: a Study of Facts," _Fortnightly Review_, CXII (1919), 572-88.

(8) Dubois, L. Paul. _Contemporary Ireland._ With an introduction by T. M. Kettle, M. P. London, 1908.

(9) _The Teaching of Gaelic in Highland Schools._ Published under the auspices of the Highland Association. London, 1907.

(10) Fedortchouk, Y. "La Question des nationalités en Austriche-Hongrie: les Ruthenes de Hongrie," _Annales des nationalités_, VIII (1915), 52-56.

(11) Seton-Watson, R. W. [Scotus Viator, _pseud_.] _Racial Problems in Hungary._ London, 1908. [Bibliography.]

(12) Samassa, P. "Deutsche und Windische in Sudösterreich," _Deutsche Erde_, II (1903), 39-41.

(13) Wace, A. J. B., and Thompson, M. S. _The Nomads of the Balkans._ London, 1914.

(14) Tabbé, P. _La vivante Roumanie._ Paris, 1913.

(15) Louis-Jarau, G. _L'Albanie inconnue._ Paris, 1913.

(16) Brancoff, D. M. _La Macédoine et sa population Chrétienne._ Paris, 1905.

(17) Fedortchouk, Y. _Memorandum on the Ukrainian Question in Its National Aspect._ London, 1914.

(18) Vellay, Charles. "L'Irredentisme hellénique," _La Revue de Paris_, XX (Juillet-Août, 1913), 884-86.

(19) Sands, B. _The Ukraine._ London, 1914.

(20) Auerbach, B. "La Germanization de la Pologne Prussienne. La loi d'expropriation," _Revue Politique et Parlementaire_, LVII (1908), 109-125.

(21) Bernhard, L. _Das polnische Gemeinwesen im preussischen Staat._ Die Polenfrage. Leipzig, 1910.

(22) Henry, R. "La Frontière linguistique en Alsace-Lorraine," _Les Marches de l'Est_, 1911-1912, pp. 60-71.

(23) Nitsch, C. "Dialectology of Polish Languages," _Polish Encyclopaedia_, Vol. III. Cracow, 1915.

(24) Witte, H. "Wendische Bevölkerungsreste in Mecklenburg," _Forschungen zur deutschen Landes- und Volkskunde_, XVI (1905), 1-124.

(25) Kaupas, A. "L'Église et les Lituaniens aux États-Unis d'Amérique," _Annales des Nationalités_, II (1913), 233 ff.

(26) Pélissier, Jean. _Les Principaux artisans de la renaissance nationale lituanienne._ Hommes et choses de Lituanie. Lausanne, 1918.

(27) Jakstas, A. "Lituaniens et Polonais." _Annales des nationalités_, VIII (1915), 219 ff.

(28) Headlam, Cecil. _Provence and Languedoc._ Chap. v, "Frédéric Mistral and the Félibres." London, 1912.

(29) Belisle, A. _Histoire de la presse franco-américaine._ Comprenant l'historique de l'émigration des Canadiens-Français aux États-Unis, leur développement, et leur progrès. Worcester, Mass., 1911.

VI. ECONOMIC CRISES

(1) Wirth, M. _Geschichte der Handelskrisen._ Frankfurt-am-Main, 1890.

(2) Jones, Edward D. _Economic Crises._ New York, 1900.

(3) Gibson, Thomas. _The Cycles of Speculation._ 2d ed. New York, 1909.

(4) Bellet, Daniel. _Crises économique._ Crises commerciales. Crises de guerre. Leur caractères, leur indices, leurs effects. Paris, 1918.

(5) Clough, H. W. "Synchronous Variations in Solar and Terrestrial Phenomena," _Astrophysical Journal_, XXII (1905), 42-75.

(6) Clayton, H. H. "Influence of Rainfall on Commerce and Politics," _Popular Science Monthly_, LX (1901-2), 158-65.

(7) Mitchell, Wesley C. _Business Cycles._ Berkeley, Cal., 1913.

(8) Moore, Henry L. _Economic Cycles: Their Law and Cause._ New York, 1914.

(9) Hurry, Jamieson B. _Vicious Circles in Sociology and Their Treatment._ London, 1915.

(10) Thiers, Adolphe. _The Mississippi Bubble._ A memoir of John Law. To which are added authentic accounts of the Darien expedition and the South Sea scheme. Translated from the French by F. S. Fiske. New York, 1859.

(11) Wiston-Glynn, A. W. _John Law of Lauriston._ Financier and statesman, founder of the Bank of France, originator of the Mississippi scheme, etc. London, 1907.

(12) Mackay, Charles. _Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds._ 2 vols. in one. London, 1859. [Vol. I, the Mississippi scheme, the South Sea bubble, the tulipomania, the alchymists, modern prophecies, fortune-telling, the magnetisers, influence of politics and religion on the hair and beard. Vol. II, the crusades, the witch mania, the slow prisoners, haunted houses, popular follies of great cities, popular admiration of great thieves, duels and ordeals, relics.]

VII. FASHION, REFORM, AND REVOLUTION

A. _Fashion_

(1) Spencer, Herbert. _Principles of Sociology._ Part IV, chap. xi, "Fashion," II, 205-10. London, 1893.

(2) Tarde, Gabriel. _Laws of Imitation._ Translated from the 2d French ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons. Chap. vii, "Custom and Fashion," pp. 244-365. New York, 1903.

(3) Simmel, G. _Philosophie der Mode._ Berlin, 1905.

(4) ----. "The Attraction of Fashion," _International Quarterly_, X (1904), 130-55.

(5) Sumner, W. G. _Folkways._ "Fashion," pp. 184-220. Boston, 1906.

(6) Sombart, Werner. "Wirtschaft und Mode," _Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens._ Wiesbaden, 1902.

(7) Clerget, Pierre. "The Economic and Social Rôle of Fashion." _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1913, pp. 755-65. Washington, 1914.

(8) Squillace, Fausto. _La Moda._ L'abito è l'uomo. Milano, 1912.

(9) Shaler, N. S. "The Law of Fashion," _Atlantic Monthly_, LXI (1888), 386-98.

(10) Patrick, G. T. W. "The Psychology of Crazes," _Popular Science Monthly_, LVII (1900), 285-94.

(11) Linton, E. L. "The Tyranny of Fashion," _Forum_ III (1887), 59-68.

(12) Bigg, Ada H. "What is 'Fashion'?" _Nineteenth Century_, XXXIII (1893), 235-48.

(13) Foley, Caroline A. "Fashion," _Economic Journal_, III (1893), 458-74.

(14) Aria, E. "Fashion, Its Survivals and Revivals," _Fortnightly Review_, CIV (1915), 930-37.

(15) Thomas, W. I. "The Psychology of Woman's Dress," _American Magazine_, LXVII (1908-9), 66-72.

(16) Schurtz, Heinrich. _Grundzüge einer Philosophie der Tracht._ Stuttgart, 1871.

(17) Wechsler, Alfred. _Psychologie der Mode._ Berlin, 1904.

(18) Stratz, Carl H. _Die Frauenkleidung und ihre natürliche Entwicklung._ Stuttgart, 1904.

(19) Holmes, William H. "Origin and Development of Form and Ornament in Ceramic Art," _Fourth Annual Report of the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology, 1882-83_, pp. 437-65. Washington, 1886.

(20) Kroeber, A. L. "On the Principle of Order in Civilization as Exemplified by Changes of Fashion," _American Anthropologist_, N.S., XXI (1919), 235-63.

B. _Reform_

(1) Sumner, W. G. _Folkways._ "Reform and Revolution," pp. 86-95. Boston, 1906.

(2) Patrick, G. T. W. _The Psychology of Social Reconstruction._ Chaps. i-ii, "Psychological Factors in Social Reconstruction," pp. 27-118. Boston, 1920.

(3) Jevons, William S. _Methods of Social Reform._ And other papers. London, 1883.

(4) Pearson, Karl. _Social Problems._ Their treatment, past, present, and future. London, 1912.

(5) Mallock, W. H. _Social Reform as Related to Realities and Delusions._ An examination of the increase and distribution of wealth from 1801 to 1910. New York, 1915.

(6) Matthews, Brander. "Reform and Reformers," _North American_, CLXXXIII (1906), 461-73.

(7) Miller, J. D. "Futilities of Reformers," _Arena_, XXVI (1901), 481-89.

(8) Lippmann, Walter. _A Preface to Politics._ Chap. v, "Well Meaning but Unmeaning: The Chicago Vice Report," pp. 122-58. New York, 1913.

(9) Stanton, Henry B. _Sketches of Reforms and Reformers, of Great Britain and Ireland._ 2d rev. ed. New York, 1850.

(10) Stoughton, John. _William Wilberforce._ London, 1880.

(11) Field, J. _The Life of John Howard._ With comments on his character and philanthropic labours. London, 1850.

(12) Hodder, Edwin. _The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K.G., as Social Reformer._ New York, 1898.

(13) Atkinson, Charles M. _Jeremy Bentham, His Life and Work._ London, 1905.

(14) Morley, John. _The Life of Richard Cobden._ Boston, 1890.

(15) Bartlett, David W. _Modern Agitators._ Or pen portraits of living American reformers. New York, 1855.

(16) Greeley, Horace. _Hints toward Reforms._ In lectures, addresses, and other writing. New York, 1850.

(17) Austin, George L. _The Life and Times of Wendell Phillips._ New ed. Boston, 1901.

(18) Hill, Georgiana. _Women in English Life._ From medieval to modern times. Period III, chap. v, "The Philanthropists," Vol. II, pp. 59-74; Period IV, chap. xi, "The Modern Humanitarian Movement," Vol. II, pp. 227-36. 2 vols. London, 1896.

(19) Yonge, Charlotte M. _Hannah More._ Famous women. Boston, 1888.

(20) Besant, Annie. _An Autobiography._ 2d ed. London, 1908.

(21) Harper, Ida H. _The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony._ Including public addresses, her own lectures and many from her contemporaries during fifty years. A story of the evolution of the status of woman. 3 vols. Indianapolis, 1898-1908.

(22) Whiting, Lilian. _Women Who Have Ennobled Life._ Philadelphia, 1915.

(23) Willard, Frances E. _Woman and Temperance._ Or the work and workers of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 3d ed. Hartford, Conn., 1883.

(24) Gordon, Anna A. _The Beautiful Life of Frances E. Willard._ A memorial volume. Introduction by Lady Henry Somerset. Chicago, 1898.

C. _Revolution_

(1) Le Bon, Gustave. _The Psychology of Revolution._ Translated from the French by Bernard Miall. New York, 1913.

(2) Petrie, W. M. F. _The Revolutions of Civilisation._ London, 1912.

(3) Hyndman, Henry M. _The Evolution of Revolution._ London, 1920.

(4) Adams, Brooks. _The Theory of Social Revolutions._ New York, 1913.

(5) Landauer, G. _Die Revolution._ "Die Gesellschaft, Sammlung sozial-psychologischer Monographien." Frankfurt-am-Main, 1907.

(6) Thomas, W. I. _Source Book for Social Origins._ "Crisis and Control," pp. 13-22. Chicago, 1909.

(7) Ellwood, Charles A. "A Psychological Theory of Revolutions," _American Journal of Sociology_, XI (1905-6), 49-59.

(8) ----. _Introduction to Social Psychology._ Chap. viii, "Social Change under Abnormal Conditions," pp. 170-87. New York, 1917.

(9) King, Irving. "The Influence of the Form of Social Change upon the Emotional Life of a People," _American Journal of Sociology_, IX (1903-4), 124-35.

(10) Toynbee, Arnold. _Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England._ New ed. London, 1908.

(11) Knowles, L. C. A. _The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century._ London, 1921.

(12) Taine, H. A. _The French Revolution._ Translated from the French by John Durand. 3 vols. New York, 1878-85.

(13) Olgin, Moissaye J. _The Soul of the Russian Revolution._ Introduction by Vladimir G. Simkhovitch. New York, 1917.

(14) Spargo, John. _The Psychology of Bolshevism._ New York, 1919.

(15) Khoras, P. "La Psychologie de la révolution chinoise," _Revue des deux mondes_, VIII (1912), 295-331.

(16) Le Bon, Gustave. _The World in Revolt._ A psychological study of our times. Translated from the French by Bernard Miall. New York, 1921.

(17) Lombroso, Cesare. _Le Crime politique et les révolutions par rapport au droit, à l'anthropologie criminelle et à science du gouvernement._ Translated by A. Bouchard. Paris, 1912.

(18) Prince, Samuel H. _Catastrophe and Social Change._ Based upon a sociological study of the Halifax disaster. "Columbia University Studies in Political Science." New York, 1920.

TOPICS FOR WRITTEN THEMES

1. Collective Behavior and Social Control

2. Unrest in the Person and Unrest in the Group

3. The Agitator as a Type of the Restless Person

4. A Study of Adolescent Unrest: the Runaway Boy and the Girl Who Goes Wrong

5. A Comparison of Physical Epidemics with Social Contagion

6. Case Studies of Psychic Epidemics: the Mississippi Bubble, Gold Fever, War-Time Psychosis, the Dancing Mania in Modern Times, etc.

7. Propaganda as Social Contagion: an Analysis of a Selected Case

8. A Description and Interpretation of Crowd Behavior: the Orgy, the Cult, the Mob, the Organized Crowd

9. The "Animal" Crowd: the Flock, the Herd, the Pack

10. A Description of Crowd Behavior on Armistice Day

11. The Criminal Crowd

12. The Jury, the Congenial Group, the Committee, the Legislature, the Mass Meeting, etc., as Types of Collective Behavior

13. Crowd Excitements and Mass Movements

14. A Study of Mass Migrations: the Barbarian Invasions, the Settlement of Oklahoma, the Migrations of the Mennonnites, the Treks of the Boers, the Rise of Mohammedanism, the Mormon Migrations, etc.

15. Crusades and Reforms: the Crusades, the Abolition Movement, Prohibition, the Woman's Temperance Crusades, Moving-Picture Censorship, etc.

16. Fashions, Revivals, and Revolutions

17. The Social Laws of Fashions

18. Linguistic Revivals and the Nationalist Movements

19. Religious Revivals and the Origin of Sects

20. Social Unrest, Social Movements, and Changes in Mores and Institutions

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION

1. What do you understand by collective behavior?

2. Interpret the incident in a Lancashire cotton factory in terms of sympathy, imitation, and suggestion.

3. What simple forms of social contagion have you observed?

4. In what sense may the dancing mania of the Middle Ages be compared to an epidemic?

5. Why may propaganda be interpreted as social contagion? Describe a concrete instance of propaganda and analyze its _modus operandi_.

6. What are the differences in behavior of the flock, the pack, and the herd?

7. Is it accurate to speak of these animal groups as "crowds"?

8. What do you understand Le Bon to mean by "the mental unity of crowds"?

9. Describe and analyze the behavior of crowds which you have observed.

10. "The crowd is always intellectually inferior to the isolated individual." "The crowd may be better or worse than the individual." Are these statements consistent? Elaborate your position.

11. In what sense may we speak of sects, castes, and classes as crowds?

12. What do you mean by a social movement?

13. What is the significance of a movement?

14. Why is movement to be regarded as the fundamental form of freedom?

15. How does crowd excitement lead to mass movements?

16. What were the differences in the characteristics of mass movements in the Klondike Rush, the Woman's Crusade, Methodism, and bolshevism?

17. What are the causes of social unrest?

18. What is the relation of social unrest to social organization?

19. How does Le Bon explain the mental anarchy at the time of the French Revolution?

20. What was the nature of this mental anarchy in the different social classes? Are revolutions always preceded by mental anarchy?

21. What was the relative importance of belief and of reason in the French Revolution?

22. What are the likenesses and differences between the origin and development of bolshevism and of the French Revolution?

23. Do you agree with Spargo's interpretation of the psychology (a) of the intellectual Bolshevists, and (b) of the I.W.W.?

24. Are mass movements organizing or disorganizing factors in society? Illustrate by reference to Methodism, the French Revolution, and bolshevism.

25. Under what conditions will a mass movement (a) become organized, and (b) become an institution?

FOOTNOTES:

[280] W. G. Sumner, _Folkways_. A study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals, pp. 12-13. (Boston, 1906.)

[281] Scipio Sighele, in a note to the French edition of his _Psychology of Sects_, claims that his volume, _La Folla delinquente_, of which the second edition was published at Turin in 1895, and his article "Physiologie du succès," in the _Revue des Revues_, October 1, 1894, were the first attempts to describe the crowd from the point of view of collective psychology. Le Bon published two articles, "Psychologie des foules" in the _Revue scientifique_, April 6 and 20, 1895. These were later gathered together in his volume _Psychologie des foules_, Paris, 1895. See Sighele _Psychologie des sectes_, pp. 25, 39.

[282] Gustave Le Bon, _The Crowd_. A study of the popular mind, p. 19. (New York, 1900.)

[283] _Ibid._, p. 83.

[284] _L'Opinion et la foule_, pp. 6-7. (Paris, 1901.)

[285] _The Crowd_, p. 41.

[286] Sidney L. Hinde, _The Fall of the Congo Arabs_, p. 147. (London, 1897.) Describing a characteristic incident in one of the strange confused battles Hinde says: "Wordy war, which also raged, had even more effect than our rifles. Mahomedi and Sefu led the Arabs, who were jeering and taunting Lutete's people, saying that they were in a bad case, and had better desert the white man, who was ignorant of the fact that Mohara with all the forces of Nyange was camped in his rear. Lutete's people replied: 'Oh, we know all about Mohara; we ate him the day before yesterday.'" This news became all the more depressing when it turned out to be true. See also Hirn, _The Origins of Art_, p. 269, for an explanation of the rôle of threats and boastings in savage warfare.

[287] Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller, _Old World Traits Transplanted_. Document 23, pp. 32-33. (New York, 1921.)

[288] Yrjö Hirn, _The Origins of Art_. A psychological and sociological inquiry, p. 87. (London, 1900.)

[289] _Ibid._, p. 89.

[290] Le Bon, _op. cit._, p. 82.

[291] _Ibid._, p. 82.

[292] Scipio Sighele, _Psychologie des sectes_, p. 46. (Paris, 1898.)

[293] W. E. H. Lecky, _History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe._ 2 vols. (Vol. I.) (New York, 1866.)

[294] See Gabriel Tarde, _Laws of Imitation._

[295] J. F. C. Hecker, _Die Tanzwuth, eine Volkskrankheit im Mittelalter._ (Berlin, 1832.) See Introduction of _The Black Death and the Dancing Mania_. Translated from the German by B. G. Babington. Cassell's National Library. (New York, 1888.)

[296] Le Bon, _op. cit._, p. 26.

[297] Vernon Lee [pseud.], _Vital Lies._ Studies of some varieties of recent obscurantism. (London, 1912.)

[298] Taken from _Gentleman's Magazine_, March, 1787, p. 268.

[299] Adapted from J. F. C. Hecker, _The Black Death, and the Dancing Mania_, pp. 106-11. (Cassell & Co., 1888.)

[300] From Mary Austin, _The Flock_, pp. 110-29. (Houghton Mifflin Co., 1906.)

[301] From W. H. Hudson, "The Strange Instincts of Cattle," in _Longman's Magazine_, XVIII (1891), 389-91.

[302] From Ernest Thompson Seton, "The Habits of Wolves," in _The American Magazine_, LXIV (1907), 636.

[303] Adapted from Gustave Le Bon, _The Crowd_, pp. 1-14. (T. Fisher Unwin, 1897.)

[304] From Robert E. Park, _The Crowd and the Public_. (Unpublished manuscript.)

[305] Moll, _Hypnotism_, pp. 134-36.

[306] Sighele, _Psychologie des Auflaufs und der Massenverbrechen_ (translated from the Italian), p. 79.

[307] Durkheim, _The Elementary Forms of Religious Life_, pp. 432-37.

[308] Adapted from T. C. Down, "The Rush to the Klondike," in the _Cornhill Magazine_, IV (1898), 33-43.

[309] Adapted from Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer, _History of the Woman's Temperance Crusade_ (1878), pp. 34-62.

[310] Adapted from Gustave Le Bon, _The Psychology of Revolution_, pp. 147-70. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913.)

[311] Adapted from John Spargo, _The Psychology of Bolshevism_, pp. 1-120. (Harper & Brothers, 1919.)

[312] Adapted from William E. H. Lecky, _A History of England in the Eighteenth Century_, III, 33-101. (D. Appleton & Co., 1892.)

[313 1] _Supra_, pp. 652-53; 657-58.

[314] Otto Stoll, _Suggestion und Hypnotismus in der Völkerpsychologie_. 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1904.)

[315] Robert E. Park, _Immigrant Press and Its Control_, chap. ii, "Background of the Immigrant Press." (New York, 1921. In press.)

[316] _Ibid._

[317] Anton H. Hollman, _Die dänische Volkshochschule und ihre Bedeutung für die Entwicklung einer völkischen Kultur in Dänemark_. (Berlin, 1909.)

[318] H. G. Wells, _The Salvaging of Civilization_, chaps. iv-v, "The Bible of Civilization," pp. 97-140. (New York, 1921.)

[319] See _The Immigrant Press and Its Control_, chap. ii, for a translation of Dr. Kudirka's so-called "Confession."

[320] Gabriel Tarde, _The Laws of Imitation_. Translated from the 2d French ed. by Elsie Clews Parsons, p. 247. (New York, 1903.)

[321] Sumner, _Folkways_, pp. 200-201.