Chapter XIII: The English in Maryland, 1632-1691 (9)

[The Editor dissents from the views given in this elaborate tract and adopted in the text of the present chapter; and thinks that Cape Cod, and not Sandy Hook, is the conspicuous peninsula which appears on the early maps. In the general coast-line Cape Cod is a protuberant angle, while Sandy Hook is in the bight of a bay which forms an entering angle, and, unlike Cape Cod, is of no significance in relation to the trend of the continental shore. There is the least difficulty, in the matter of the bearings of one point from another, with considering this feature to be Cape Cod; and we must remember that the compass was the only instrument of tolerable precision which the early navigators had, and its records are the only ones to be depended upon. It is accordingly never safe to discard the record of it, unless under strong convictions as to a misreading of its evidence. The Editor does not receive such convictions from the moderate variations of latitude, which often were one or two degrees or even more out of the way in the old maps; nor from the coast names, which by no means were constant in position, and were not infrequently sadly confused and made to appear more than once under translated forms. The process of copying such from antecedent maps was far more liable to error than the transmission of the general direction and the sinuosities of the coast line. The cartographers sometimes scattered names, seemingly for little purpose but to fill up spaces. Coast names, before settlements were fixed, were of the utmost delusiveness, except sometimes in the case of isolated features, not to be confounded.—ED.]

[434] [See vol. iv. of this present work.—ED.]

[435] On the variations found in ten different impressions of the map, see Winsor, in the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 52 [where a section of it, with the portrait of Smith, is given in heliotype. A reduced heliotype of the whole map is given herewith. Hulsius, when he translated Smith’s book for his voyages, made an excellent reproduction of the map, which appears in three of his sections. The earliest of the modern reproductions was that in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. Palfrey has given it, reduced by photolithography, but not very satisfactorily, in his _New England_, i. 95. It was re-engraved by Swett in 1865 for Veazie’s edition of the _Description_, and the plate was subsequently altered to correspond with later states of the original plate, and in this condition appears in Jenness’s _Isles of Shoals_. It is reduced from this re-engraving in Bryant and Gay’s _United States_, i. 518.—ED.]

[436] In his _Description_, p. 67, Smith says, “At last it pleased Sir _Ferdinando Gorge_, and Master Doctor _Sutliffe_, Deane of Exceter, to conceve so well of these proiects and my former imployments, as induced them to make a new adventure with me in those parts, whither they have so often sent to their continuall losse.”

[437] See his _Henry Hudson in Holland_, printed at The Hague, 1859, pp. 43-66.

[438] _Beschryvinghe van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien_, etc., Amsterdam, 1612. The language on the map is, “ende by Westen Nova Albion in mar del sur.” See also _Henry Hudson in Holland_, which shows how Hudson happened to make his voyage to our coast.

[439] _Verrazano the Explorer_, 1881, p. 57. Hakluyt, iii. 737. Endicott, in 1661, called New England “This Patmos;” _Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies_, London, 1880, p. 9.

[440] _True Travels_, p. 58.

[441] [It however still kept its place on the maps of De Laet, 1633, 1640, etc.—ED.]

[442] Bourne (d. 1582) first issued almanacs with _Rules of Navigation_ in 1567. In 1578 he printed an account of sea devices, making in it the earliest mention of Humphrey Cole’s invention of the log. Cruden’s _History of Gravesend_, 1843.

[443] In Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, pp. 277-78, are citations of English State Papers relating to this voyage and to journals of it.

[444] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, p. 314.

[445] Neal, _History of the Puritans_, iii. 347.

[446] Preface to _Christian Institutions_.

[447] Dexter, _Congregationalism_, pp. 395, 397.

[448] A full and evidently impartial account of this dissension, its method and its results, though anonymous, was published in London in 1575, under the title of _A Brieff discours off the troubles begonne at Franckford, in Germany, Anno Domini 1554, Abowte the Booke of common prayer and Ceremonies, and continued by the Englishe men there to thende of Q. Maries Raigne, in the which discours the gentle reader shall see the very originall and beginnenge off all the contention that hath byn, and what was the cause off the same (no place given)_. This, with an Introduction, was reprinted in London in 1846, as _A Brief Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort in the Year 1554, about the Book of Common Prayer and Ceremonies_.

[449] _Exhort. ad Castita_, c. 7.

[450] _Village Communities_, p. 201.

[451] In Morton’s _New England Memorial_.

[452] Morton, p. 76.

[453] New York, 1880.

[454] The works of John Strype include _Historical Memorials_, six volumes; _Annals of the Reformation_, seven volumes; and his _Lives_ of Cranmer, Parker, Whitgift, Grindall, Aylmer, Cheke, and Smith, published at Oxford, 1812-1828, which should be accompanied by a _General Index_, by R. T. Lawrence, in two volumes.

Gilbert Burnet’s _History of the Reformation of the Church of England_ was originally published in London in three volumes in 1679, 1681, and 1715. There have been various editions since.

[455] University Press, Cambridge. Cf. _The Zurich Letters._

[456] [Cf. the Critical Essay appended to the chapter on the “Pilgrim Church” in the present volume.—ED.]

[457] _The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity_, London, 1594. The seventh and eighth books did not appear till 1618; and the whole was issued together in 1622. There have been various editions since.

[458] _Literature of Europe_, ii. 166.

[459] _Constitutional History of England._

[460] _The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists: from the Reformation in 1517 to the Revolution in 1688. Comprising an Account of their Principles, their Attempts for a Further Reformation in the Church, their Sufferings, and the Lives and Characters of their Most Considerable Divines._ By Daniel Neal, M.A. Cf. Bohn’s edition of Lowndes, p. 1655.

[461] _The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, considered principally with Reference to the Influence of Church Organization on the Spread of Christianity._ By Robert Barclay. London, 1876, 4º, 700 pp.

[462] [See the chapter on “The Founding of Pennsylvania” in the present volume.—ED.]

[463] _A History of the Free Churches of England, from A. D. 1688 to A. D. 1851._ By Herbert S. Skeats. London, 1868.

[464] See the _Annual Congregational Year-Book_.

[465] _Bampton Lectures_, p. 68.

[466] Among the more important volumes of a historical character prompted by the occasion above referred to, may be mentioned, _English Puritanism, its Character and History, etc._ (by P. Bayne); _The Early English Baptists_ (by B. Evans); _Church and State Two Hundred Years Ago_ (by J. Stoughton); _and English Nonconformity_ (by R. Vaughan).

[467] _Leaders of the Reformation; English Puritanism and its Leaders,—Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, Bunyan_; and _Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century._ These works were published in 1859, 1861, and 1872, respectively, and there have been later editions.

[468] _Dissent in its Relations to the Church of England: Eight Lectures, on the Bampton Foundation, preached before the University of Oxford in 1871._ By George Herbert Curteis, M.A., London, 1872.

[469] _History of Free Churches of England_, p. 14.

[470] _Constitutional History_, chap. iv.

[471] _The Church and Puritans: a Short Account of the Puritans; their Ejection from the Church of England, and the Efforts to restore them._ By D. Mountfield, M.A., Rector of Newport, Salop. London, 1881.

[472] _The Organization of the early Christian Churches: Eight Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford, in the year 1880. Bampton Lectures._ By Edwin Hatch, M.A. London, 1881.

[473] _Christian Institutions: Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects._ By Dean Stanley, of Westminster. London, 1881.

[474] [Cf. also chapter ix.—ED.]

[475] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._ xviii. 20.

[476] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xii. 98.

[477] _Calendar of Domestic State Papers_, Aug. 18, 1603.

[478] _Historical Magazine_, iii. 358.

[479] _Eighth Report of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS._, pt. 2, p. 45; Hanbury’s _Memorials_, i. 368.

[480] In the household of this Countess (widow of the fourteenth Earl), Thomas Dudley, later one of the founders of Massachusetts, was steward. The patentee did not go with the emigrants, and is never heard of again. Another John Whincop was matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in July, 1618, graduated B.A. in 1622, was a member of the Westminster Assembly in 1643, and died Rector of Clothall, Herts, May 6, 1653, in his fifty-second year.

[481] [We only know this compact in the transcript given in _Mourt’s Relation_, and in the copy which Bradford made of it in his MS. history.

Its last surviving signer was John Alden, who died in Duxbury, Sept. 12, 1686, aged eighty-seven; though that passenger of the “Mayflower” longest living was Mary, daughter of Isaac Allerton, who became the wife of Elder Thomas Cushman (son of Robert Cushman), and she died in 1699, aged about ninety.—ED.

[482] By New Style the 21st; through an unfortunate mistake originating in the last century (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 171) the 22d has been commonly adopted as the true date.

[483] _Mourt’s Relation_, p. 21. Mr. S. H. Gay has suggested (_Atlantic Monthly_, xlviii. 616) that this landing was not at Plymouth, but on the shore more directly west of Clark’s Island (Duxbury or Kingston), and that consequently the commemoration of a landing at Plymouth on that day rests on a false foundation; but the Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D.D., has conclusively shown (_Congregationalist_, Nov. 9, 1881) that the soundings must have led the explorers, unless the deep-water channels have unaccountably changed since then, directly to the neighborhood of the rock which a chain of trustworthy testimony on the spot identifies as the first landing-place of any of the “Mayflower” company within Plymouth Harbor. Tradition divides the honor of being the first to step on Plymouth Rock between John Alden and Mary Chilton, but the date of their landing must have been subsequent to December 11.

[484] [The burials of that first winter were made on what was later known as Coale’s Hill, identical with the present terrace above the rock.

It perpetuates the name of one of the early comers.—ED.

[485] Printed in 1854 in _Mass. Hist. Coll._ vol. xxxii, with Introduction by Mr. Charles Deane; also separately (one hundred copies). [The original parchment was discovered, in the early part of this century, in the Land Office in Boston; and having been used by Judge Davis when he edited Morton’s _Memorial_, was again lost sight of till just before it fell to Mr. Deane to edit it. Besides the autographs of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, Lord Sheffield, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, it bore one other signature, of which a remnant only remains. It is now at Plymouth.—ED.]

[486] Bradford’s _History_, xi.; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, August, 1866, p. 345.

[487] _Mass. Hist. Coll._, xxviii. 298.

[488] [The main parts of it were also reprinted in the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton, in 1855. There is a memoir of Hunter in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 300.—ED.]

[489] Priest, Tinker and Soule, are names found in the records of parishes near Scrooby (Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 160), and it is not unlikely that Degory Priest, Thomas Tinker, and George Sowle, of the “Mayflower,” may have come from this region. It is also said by Mr. W. T. Davis (_Harper’s Magazine_, lxiv. 254, January, 1882, “Who were the Pilgrims?”), that a William Butten’s baptism is found in Austerfield, under date of Sept. 12, 1589. But it would be hazardous to identify this man of thirty-one years with the “William Butten, a youth, servant to Samuel Fuller,” who died on the “Mayflower’s” voyage to America. It is also believed that Miles Standish was a scion of the Standish family of Duxbury Hall, Lancashire. [This view is encouraged, if not established, by the expressions of Standish’s own will, which is printed in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, v. 335. The story of Standish’s career has been more than once reviewed of late years, on account of the efforts, not yet completed, to erect a tower to his memory on Captain’s Hill, in Duxbury. Its proposed height is not yet reached; and when completed, it will bear his effigy on its top. There were _Proceedings_ printed to commemorate the consecration of the ground, Aug. 17, 1871, and on laying the corner-stone, in 1872. It is known that Standish was never of the Pilgrim communion; and “Was Miles Standish a Romanist?” is discussed in _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, i. 390. The inventory of his books is given in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 54. Bartlett, _Pilgrim Fathers_, and the illustrated edition of Longfellow’s _Poems_, 1880, give some views connected with the English family. On the descendants of the Captain, see _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1873, p. 145; Winsor’s _Duxbury_; Savage’s _Dictionary_, etc.

Of the origin of Carver, their first governor, nothing is known. Cf. N. B. Shurtleff, in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1850, p. 105; 1863, p. 62; and 1872, p. 333. The Howlands were long supposed to be his descendants through the marriage of his daughter to the Pilgrim John Howland, and the modern inscription on the latter’s monument on the Burial Hill, at Plymouth, repeats a story seemingly disproved by the recovery of Bradford’s manuscript history, which states that Howland married a daughter of another Pilgrim, Edward Tilley. A recent revision of the story, by W. T. Davis, in the _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov. 25, 1881, rather urging the traditional belief, was met by Charles Deane, in _Ibid._, Dec. 7, 1881, who showed that John Howland, Jr., was born in Plymouth, in 1626, and could not have sprung from an earlier marriage of John, Sr., with Carver’s daughter. The decision turns upon the identity of “Lieutenant Howland,” as mentioned by Sewall, being met near Barnstable. It is barely possible that Joseph Howland, and not John, Jr., was meant; but Joseph did not live at Barnstable, as John, Jr. did. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, iv. 122, 251; and _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 13, 1880, p. 193.—ED.]

[490] [Cf. Mr. Deane’s memorandum, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, October, 1870, p. 403.—ED.]

[491] [This book contains a full exposition of the influence which the Plymouth Pilgrims exerted upon the New England Congregational system. Cf. further Dr. Jas. S. Clark’s _Congregational Churches in Massachusetts_, 1858; the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_; and Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, p. 415.—ED.]

[492] [Winslow’s tract was reissued unchanged in 1649, as _The Danger of tolerating Levellers in a Civill State_. There are copies in the Lenox, Charles Deane, and Carter-Brown libraries. A copy is worth, perhaps, $100. Winslow’s report of Robinson’s sermon seems to have been a reminiscence of his own, twenty-five years after the event. It is not decided when it was delivered. It has usually been held to represent advanced and liberal views; but Dr. Dexter dissents, and says that “polity, and not dogma, is the keynote of the still noble farewell.” See _Congregationalism_, etc., pp. 403, 409; and Palfrey’s _History of New England_, i. 157. The whole subject of Robinson’s relation to the Leyden congregation is treated by Dr. Dexter, p. 359; and of his union with Johnson’s church at Amsterdam, on p. 318, note. The only copies of the original edition of 1646 known to the Editor are in Dr. Dexter’s and the Carter-Brown libraries.—ED.]

[493] [Dr. O. W. Holmes has thrown a little light on contemporary life in Leyden from _Scaligerana_, in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ (June, 1874), xiii. 315.—ED.]

[494] See a memoir of Mr. Sumner, by R. C. Waterston, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 189. also, a report of his speech at Plymouth, in 1859, in the _Hist. Mag._, iii. 332; and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 341.

[495] With the specific title: _John Robinson, Prediker der Leidsche Brownistengemeente en grondlegster der Kolonie Plymouth_. Leiden, 1846. [What is known of Robinson’s family and descendants can be learned from the _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, 1860, p. 17; 1866, pp. 151, 292. The question of the Rev. John Robinson, of Duxbury, being a descendant, was set at rest negatively by Dr. Edward Robinson, in his _Memoir of the Rev. William Robinson_, New York. 1859.—ED.]

[496] The story of the manuscript and of its transmission to our times is given by the editor of the present volume, in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. xix.,—a paper also issued separately (75 Copies).

[497] [They are also given in Steele’s _Chief of the Pilgrims_, p. 316; in Neill’s _English Colonization_, ch. vi.; in Poor’s _Gorges_; and in the English calendars, _Colonial_, i. 43.—ED.]

[498] The Bibliographical Appendix to Dr. H. M. Dexter’s _Congregationalism as seen in its Literature_, mentions nine of these imprints, viz., nos. 459, 467, 470, 475, 476, 478, 481, 482, 495. Three or four others are also known. See the _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 530. [Brewster’s career has been made the subject of an extended memoir, _Chief of the Pilgrims_, Philadelphia, 1857, as it is somewhat unsatisfactorily called. It has merit in tracing the European existence of the Pilgrim Church, but is unfortunately disfigured (p. 350) in a minor part by some genealogical fabrications imposed upon the author, the Rev. Ashbel Steele. (Cf. Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary, sub_ “Brewster.”) Dr. Dexter, _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 18, in examining the evidence for his birth, puts it in 1566-67; so that at his death, in 1644, he was seventy-seven, or possibly seventy-eight. See Mr. Neill, _Hist. Mag._, xvi. 69, and cf. Mr. Deane, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 98; also Poole’s _Index_, p. 160.

The well-known trembling autograph of the Elder (given in fac-simile on an earlier page) is one of the sights in the Record Office at Plymouth, where it appears attached to a deed, as recorded,—a practice not uncommon in the days when the colony was small. This was long thought to be the only signature known, while it was a cause of some surprise that no one of the four hundred volumes of his library (given by title in his inventory,—_Plymouth Wills_, i. 53) had been identified by bearing his autograph. Three of these books, however, have since been found,—one a Latin Chrysostom, Basil, 1522, now in the Boston Athenæum, bears his autograph, with the motto, “Hebel est omnis Adam,” which is also found, as shown in the fac-simile in Steele’s _Chief of the Pilgrims_, in another volume, similarly inscribed, now at Yale College Library. The fact that the Athenæum volume bears evidence, in another inscription, of having belonged to Thomas Prince, the grandson of the Elder, and son of the governor of the colony of the same name, and of his receiving it in July, 1644, while the Elder died in the preceding April, would seem to indicate that the Pilgrim’s collection of books was distributed among his relatives. The Rev. Dr. Dexter, in his _Congregationalism_, gives a fac-simile of an autograph of Brewster written at an earlier period than the others; and this is found in a third volume belonging to Dr. Dexter, and numbered 211 in his _Bibliography_. Hunter, in his _Founders of New Plymouth_, p. 86, has shown how close a resemblance the autograph of James Brewster, the master of the hospital near Bawtry, and friend of Archbishop Sandys, bears to the Elder’s signature.—ED.]

[499] [Dr. Punchard’s work was unfortunately left incomplete. See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1880, p. 325, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 3. The painstaking student will doubtless compare these works with Dr. Waddington’s _Hidden Church_ and _Cong. Hist._, in which, however, Dr. Dexter seems to have little confidence. (Cf. his _Congregationalism_, pp. 70, 201, 211, 262, 322, and his article in the _Cong. Quarterly_, 1874.) The _Hidden Church_ was published in 1864, with an Introduction by E. N. Kirk. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1864, p. 219; and 1881, p. 195.)

In the archives of the English Church at Amsterdam there is a document, signed by Ant. Walæus and Festus Hommius, theological professors at Leyden, dated May 25-26, 1628, testifying to Robinson’s exertions to remove the schisms between the various Brownist congregations in the Low Countries, and his resolution, upon discouragement, to remove “to the West Indies, where he did not doubt to effect this object.” A photo-lithographic copy of this paper has been issued (Muller’s _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,780). The contemporary rejoinders to Robinson’s arguments can be seen in Samuel Rutherford’s _Due Rights of Presbyteries_, London, 1644.

The student will not neglect Hanbury’s _Historical Memorials relating to the Independents_, London, 1639-44; R. Baillie’s _Anabaptism_, London, 1647, and Catherine Chidley’s _Justification of the Independent Churches_ (? 1650). The distinction between the Puritans and the Pilgrims is maintained in Dr. Waddington’s books; in Dr. I. N. Tarbox’s papers in the _Congregational Quarterly_, vol. xvii., and in the _Old Colony Hist. Soc. Papers_, 1878; in an appendix, p. 443, to Punchard, vol. iii.; in Benjamin Scott’s _Lecture_, London, 1866, reprinted in the _Hist. Mag._, May, 1867, from which is mostly derived a paper in _Scribner’s Monthly_, June, 1876. Scott also printed a lecture, “An Hour with the Pilgrim Fathers and their Precursors,” in 1869. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 301; also, see _Hist. Mag._, May and November, 1867; October, 1869; _Essex Institute Hist. Coll._, vol. iv., by A. C. Goodell; besides Baylies, Palfrey, Barry, etc.) Dr. Dexter, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xvii. 64, has pointed out a curious instance of tampering with one of Robinson’s books. See further, _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 393, and _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1859, p. 259.—ED.]

[500] [This charge was first printed by Morton in his _Memorial_, and the earliest mention of it known is in some papers of the Record Office, London, printed in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, December, 1868, p. 385. Neill, in his _English Colonization_, p. 103, intimates that Jones may have purposely guided his vessel to Cape Cod from an understanding with Pierce and Gorges. Neill identifies the “Mayflower” captain with Jones of the “Discovery,” a vessel despatched to Virginia. (Cf. Young’s _Chronicles_, p. 102, and Palfrey’s _New England_, i. 163.) O’Callaghan, _New Netherland_, i. 80, rejects the bribe theory. The name of Jones is preserved in Jones River, shown on the map of Plymouth Bay on a previous page.—ED.]

[501] [Our chief accounts of Bradford, other than from his own writings, are derived from Mather’s _Magnalia_, and from Hunter’s _Founders of New Plymouth_. Belknap, in his _American Biography_, gives a judicious summary of what was then known, and there is a brief one in Cheever. Besides what may be found in the general histories, the reader can find other accounts in Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 116; by J. B. Moore in _Amer. Quart. Reg._ xiv. 155, and in his _Governors of New Plymouth_, etc.; by W. F. Rae in _Good Words_, xxi. 337; in the _Congregational Monthly_, ix. 337, 393. His will is in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1851, p. 385; and an account of his Bible in same, 1865, p. 12. For accounts of his descendants, see genealogy by G. M. Fessenden in _Register_, 1850, pp. 39, 233; also, 1855, pp. 127, 218; 1860, pp. 174, 195. Cf. also Durrie’s _Index to American Genealogies_, and Savage’s _Genealogical Dictionary_.

Bradford’s views on the Separatist movement, and on church government, are given in several “Dialogues between Old Men and Young Men;” one of which, written in 1648, and copied in the Records by Morton, is given by Dr. Young in his _Chronicles_, and another, probably written in 1652, was printed with comments by Charles Deane in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, October, 1870, vol. ix. p. 396. See also the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_. A letter of Bradford to Governor Winthrop on the early relations of the Plymouth Colony with the Bay, dated Feb. 6, 1631-32, is now in the possession of Judge Chamberlain, of the Boston Public Library; and, with its signatures of Bradford and his associates, it is the most precious autograph document of the Pilgrims in private hands. It is printed in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, ii. 240, annotated by Charles Deane. Some verses by Bradford, illustrating in a slender way the colony’s early history, were referred to in his will, and were printed as a fragment in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, iii. 77, by Dr. Belknap. The original manuscript came with Belknap’s papers to the Society,—_Proceedings_, iii. 317. Other verses of a similar character were printed in 3 _Collections_, vii. 27; still others are edited by Mr. Deane in _Proceedings_, xi. 465.—ED.]

[502] [Smith gave an abstract of Mourt in his _Generall Historie_; then Purchas, vol. iv., condensed it; and this condensation was reprinted, with notes, in 1802, by Dr. Freeman in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 203; but in 1819 Dr. Freeman and Judge Davis procured from a copy in the Philadelphia Library the parts omitted by Purchas in _Ibid._, xix. 26. (Cf. _Proceedings_, i. 279.) Dr. Young first printed it entire in his _Chronicles_. Dr. Cheever, in 1848, gave it with disorderly and homiletical editing in his _Journal of the Pilgrims_. Dr. Dexter used Charles Deane’s copy. There are other copies in the Carter-Brown and S. L. M. Barlow libraries. (Cf. _Brinley Catalogue_, no. 1,909; _Menzies Catalogue_, no. 1,447; _Crowninshield Catalogue_, no. 742; and _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1849, p. 282, and 1866, p. 281.) Rich, in his 1832 _Catalogue_, 164 and 171, priced a copy at £2 2_s._, and in his 1844 _Catalogue_ at £1 8_s._; Quaritch recently held one at £36. Doctors Young and Dexter agree that “G. Mourt” must represent George Morton. A previous note has given Dr. Dexter as the best authority for tracing the localities named in this journal. See, also, Freeman’s _Cape Cod_ and De Costa’s _Footprints of Miles Standish_.

Mourt makes no record of the landing from the “Mayflower” being upon a _rock_, nor does he indicate the precise spot, or fix a commemorative day. In an earlier note mention has been made of a recent controversy on these points. Mr. Gay found an earlier opponent than Dr. Dexter in Mr. William T. Davis, _Boston Daily Advertiser_, Nov. 17, 1881, to which Mr. Gay replied, Nov. 30, 1881; and again Mr. Davis rejoined, Dec. 3, 1881. As to the mistake of celebrating the 22d instead of the 21st December, which arose from the Committee of the Old Colony Club adding for the change of style one day too many, a Committee of the Pilgrim Society in 1850 recommended a change in the commemoration day; but though for a few years followed, it has not effected a permanent compliance, and by a recent vote of the Society the 22d has been re-established. The 1850 Report was printed. (Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv. 350, 369) Mr. Gay, in the _Popular History of the United States_, i. 393, takes another view of the mistake. It was in 1769 that the Plymouth people determined to institute a celebration, and fixed upon the day, December 11, Old Style, when the exploring party from the “Mayflower,” then in Provincetown harbor, first landed on the mainland and explored it.

Attempts have been made to trace the earlier and later career of the “Mayflower.” Mr. Hunter, in an appendix to his _Founders of New Plymouth_, p. 186, has shown how common the name was. She is thought to have been identical with one of Winthrop’s fleet ten years later; but the slaver “Mayflower,” with which she has been sometimes identified, was a larger vessel. Cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1871, p. 91, and 1874, p. 50; _Calendar of State Papers_, Domestic Series, April 12, 1588.

Of Samoset, the Indian whom the colonists first encountered after landing, there are accounts in Dexter’s edition of Mourt’s _Relation_; Sewall’s _Ancient Dominion of Maine_, p. 101; _Popham Memorial_, by Professor Johnson, p. 297; Thornton’s _Pemaquid_, p. 54; and in _Maine Hist. Coll._, v. 186.

Mourt’s _Relation_ and Winslow’s _Good News_ give the earliest accounts of the Indians in the Pilgrims’ neighborhood, who had been nearly exterminated by a recent plague. (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, v. 130.) Of Massasoit and his family,—this chief being the nearest sachem,—Fessenden’s _History of Warren, R. I._, gives an account. See also E. W. Peirce’s _Indian History, Biography, and Genealogy pertaining to the good Sachem Massasoit and his descendants_, North Abington, 1878. Drake, in his _Book of the Indians_, book ii. chap. ii., and in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1858, p. 1, examines the colonists’ relations with the Indians. See _Congregational Quarterly_, i. 129, for a paper, “Did the Pilgrims wrong the Indians?” Their efforts to Christianize them are examined in the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_.

It was at Plymouth (1631-1633) that Roger Williams drew up his treatise attacking the validity of the titles acquired under the patents granted by the king, in accordance with the common-law principle as understood at the time. Acceptance of his views as to the sole validity of the Indian title would have disturbed the foundations of the colony’s government; and it was not without satisfaction that the authorities saw Williams return to the Bay, where his factious and impracticable views on civil policy, quite as much or even more than any views on theology, led to his subsequent banishment. The later history of Williams was Massachusetts’ best vindication. Charles Deane has thoroughly examined his position as regards the patent, with an amplitude of references, in the Mass_. Hist. Soc. Proc._, February, 1873.—ED.]

[503] [The bibliography of this famous discourse is traced in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg_, April, 1861, p. 169; and in the _Hist. Mag._, ii. 344; iv. 57; v. 89. Cf. Sabin’s _Dictionary_, v. 156. Dr. Dexter notes three copies,—his own, the Bodleian’s, and Charles Deane’s. The sermon has been several times reprinted; is given in part by Dr. Young; also in the _Cushman Genealogy_, and was photo-lithographed (60 copies), in 1870, from Dr. Dexter’s copy, then in Mr. Wiggin’s hands, with a historical and bibliographical preface by Charles Deane. Dexter, _Congregationalism_, App., p. 30, gives the reprints.—ED.]

[504] [It was printed in London in 1624. There are copies in Charles Deane’s and the Carter-Brown collections. Rich (1844), £1 8_s._ Purchas, vol. iv., abridged it; and his abridgment was printed in _Mass. Hist. Coll._, viii. 239, with omissions supplied in xix. 74; cf. also _Proceedings_, i. 279. Young first printed it entire in his _Chronicles_, from a copy formerly in Harvard College Library; it is also in the Appendix of the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s _Memorial_.—ED.]

[505] [See a memoir of Judge Davis by Convers Francis, in 3 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, x. 186.—ED.]

[506] [The second edition, Boston, 1721, had a supplement by Josiah Cotton, with changes of title, indicating perhaps successive impressions. The third edition appeared in 1772, at Newport. In 1826 an edition appeared at Plymouth, followed the same year by Judge Davis’s at Boston. The last edition was issued by the Congregational Board in 1855, with notes and appendix of Bradford’s account of the church from the Colony records, and Winslow’s visit to Massasoit, from his _Good Newes_. The Harvard College copy of the 1669 edition has autographs of “W. Stoughton” and “John Danforth.” The Prince Library copy is imperfect, restored in manuscript, and has Prince’s notes. There were different imprints to the 1721 edition, the Harvard copy reading, “Reprinted for Daniel Henchman;” Charles Deane’s copy has “Reprinted for Nicholas Boone;” otherwise the two seem to be alike. See _Brinley Catalogue_, nos. 329, 330; Dexter’s _Congregationalism_, App. p. 94; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, vi. 427; Tyler’s _American Literature_, i. 126.—ED.]

[507] [Certain of the letters, being the correspondence between the Plymouth and New Netherland Colonies in 1627, are reprinted in the _New York Hist. Coll._, 2d series, vol. i. See an account of the MS. in Cheever’s _Journal of the Pilgrims_, chap. xxiii.—ED.]

[508] [_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 246, 279. S. G. Drake added a fifth part and an index to Baylies’, when he reissued the remainder-sheets of the original work, giving an account of the 1628 Kennebec patent, with an old map of that region. See, also, for the Pilgrims’ experiences on the Kennebec, R. H. Gardiner’s paper in the _Maine Hist. Coll._ ii., and the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1855, p. 80, and 1871, pp. 201, 274; for their Penobscot experiences, J. E. Godfrey’s paper in _Maine Hist. Coll._ vii. 29.—Ed.]

[509] [An “Old Colony Historical Society,” whose seat is at Taunton, began to publish papers of a Collection in 1878. The local aspect of the colony’s history is traced in various town and parish histories, to which clews will be found in F. B. Perkins’s _Check List of American Local History_, Colburn’s _Massachusetts Bibliography_, and in the historical sketch prefixed to the _Plymouth County Atlas_, Boston, 1879.

These local histories usually contain more or less genealogical information about the descendants of the “first comers,” as those who came in the first three vessels (“Mayflower,” 180 tons, in 1620; “Fortune,” 55 tons, in 1621; “Ann,” 140 tons, and “Little James,” 44 tons, 1623) are distinctively called; and various family histories have also traced the spread of Pilgrim blood throughout the American States. Savage’s _Geneal. Dict. of N. E._, and the bibliographies of American genealogies by Whitmore and Durrie, will indicate these. Dr. N. B. Shurtleff published the long-accepted list of the “Mayflower” passengers in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 47 (also separately privately printed); but several errors were corrected on the recovery of the Bradford manuscript, and the true list is printed in that _History_.—ED.]

[510] [A memoir of Dr. Young by Chandler Robbins will be found in 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ii. 241.—ED.]

[511] _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1863, p. 366.

[512] [A Dutch translation of this, published in 1859, may indicate the interest still felt in the story in the land of their exile.—ED.]

[513] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiii. 390.

[514] See _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 114.

[515] See _Ibid._, iv. 367.

[516] [It was remodelled in 1880, when a fragment of the rock, which was taken from the larger portion in 1774, and after having been kept before the Court House till 1834, when it was placed before this hall, was taken back to its original site beneath the present monumental canopy.—ED.]

[517] The family tradition fixes the painting of it in 1651, and Vandyke, to whom it has been assigned, died in 1541. See the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xv. 324, for a notice of an alleged portrait of Miles Standish; also _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 65.

[518] [See Dr. Waddington’s description of a picture in one of the compartments of the Lords’ corridor at Westminster, representing with some misconception the same scene. _Historical Magazine_, i. 149. Sargent’s picture of the landing at Plymouth, well known from engravings, is in Pilgrim Hall. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, iv. 193.—ED.]

[519] [This monument, after a design by Hammatt Billings, was originally intended to be one hundred and fifty feet high; but it was reduced nearly one-half, as the necessary subscriptions failed. It bears a colossal figure of Faith, and four other typical figures surrounding the base, not all of which are yet in place. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1857, p. 283.—ED.]

[520] [This well-known production is for the historical student much disfigured by abundant anachronisms, which, as it happens, do not conduce to the effect of the poem. _Crayon_, v. 356; _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, April, 1882.—ED.]

[521] [A collection of the minor commemorative poems, edited by Zilpha H. Spooner, was published as _Poems of the Pilgrims_, Boston, 1882, with photographs of associated localities. Cf. _Boston Daily Advertiser_, April 22, 1881.—ED.]

[522] The stories of these two colonies are told respectively in chapters v. and vi.

[523] The records of the Council for New England frequently refer to the subject of the renewal of their patent. Under the date of Aug. 6, 1622, we read: “Forasmuch as it has been ordered by the Lords of his Majesty’s Privy Council that the Patent for New England shall be renewed, as well for the amendment of some things therein contained as for the necessary supply of what is found defective,” etc. Then follow some minutes of additional changes desired by the patentees themselves.

[524] [See Vol. IV. chap. iv.—ED.]

[525] “Mr. Glanvyle moveth to speed the bill of fishing upon the coast of America, the rather because Sir Ferdinand Gorge hath executed a patent since the recess. Hath, by letters from the Lords of the Council, stayed the ships ready to go forth.

“Mr. Neale _accordant_, that Sir Ferdinando hath besides threatened to send out ships to beat off from their free fishing, and restraineth the ships, _ut supra_.

“Sir Edward Coke, that the patent may be brought in; and Sir T. Wentworth, that the party may be sent for.

“Ordered, the patent shall be brought in to the Committee for Grievances upon Friday next, and Sir Jo. Bowcer [Bourchier, one of the patentees] and Sir Ferdinando his son, to be sent for, to be then there, if he be in town, Sir Ferdinando himself being captain of Portsmouth” (Plymouth).

On the 24th, “Neale moveth again concerning ... restraint of fishing upon the coasts of ... it may be brought in at the next ... for grievances and the Com....

“Ordered, the patent, or in the default thereof [a copy?], shall be considered of by the said com[mittee] in the afternoon. Sir Jo. Barr [Bowcer?...] attend the said committee at that time.”—_Journal of the House of Commons._

[526] See chapter viii.

[527] Two parts of the territory were to be divided among the patentees, and one third was to be reserved for public uses; but the entire territory was to be formed into counties, baronies, hundreds, etc. From every county and barony deputies were to be chosen to consult upon the laws to be framed, and to reform any notable abuses; yet these are not to be assembled but by order of the President and Council of New England, who are to give life to the laws so to be made, as those to whom it of right belongs. The counties and baronies were to be governed by the chief and the officers under him, with a power of high and low justice,—subject to an appeal, in some cases, to the supreme courts. The lords of counties might also divide their counties into manors and lordships, with courts for determining petty matters. When great cities had grown up, they were to be made bodies politic to govern their own private affairs, with a right of representation by deputies or burgesses. The management of the whole affair was to be committed to a general governor, to be assisted by the advice and counsel of so many of the patentees as should be there resident, together with the officers of State. There was to be a marshal for matters of arms; an admiral for maritime business, civil and criminal; and a master of ordnance for munition, etc. (Cf. the Council’s “Briefe Relation,” in 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, ix. 21-25; S. F. Haven’s Lecture before the Massachusetts Historical Society, Jan. 15, 1869, on _The History of the Grants_, etc., pp. 18, 19.)

[528] Tradition has preserved the name of “Winter Harbor” there, and this name appears on a map of the New England coast, which is one of the collection known as Dudley’s _Arcano del Mare_, issued at Florence in 1646, and of which a reduced fac-simile is given herewith. Dudley was an expatriated Englishman, of the Earl of Leicester, and had a romantic story, which has been told by Mr. Hale in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, 1873. Dudley’s first wife had been a sister of Cavendish, and he is otherwise connected with American exploration; but there is no evidence that he had much other material for this map than Smith and the Dutch. [Dudley and his cartographical labors are also brought under notice in chap. ii. of the present volume, and in chap. ix. of Vol. IV.—ED.]

[529] Of thirty-six meetings recorded to have been held between May 31, 1622, and June 28, 1623, Sir F. Gorges was present at thirty-five meetings; Sir Samuel Argall, thirty-three; Goche, treasurer, twenty-two. The average attendance at a meeting was but four. One half the patentees originally named in the grant never attended a meeting.

[530] The record says that there was presented to the King “a plot of all the coasts and lands of New England, divided into twenty parts, each part containing two shares, and twenty lots containing the said double shares, made up in little bales of wax, and the names of twenty patentees by whom these lots were to be drawn.” The King drew for three absent members, including Buckingham, who had gone to Spain. There were eleven members present, who drew for themselves. Nine other lots were drawn for absent members.

[531] Yet it should be mentioned here that the grant to the Marquis, afterward Duke, of Hamilton of land between the Connecticut River and Narragansett, which lay dormant during his life, was claimed by his heirs at the Restoration, and at a later period, but was not allowed. The grant to the Earl of Sterling, between St. Croix and Sagadahoc, was in 1663 sold by his heir to Lord Clarendon, and a charter for it was granted next year to the Duke of York.

[532] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, ii. 51-56.

[533] Ibid. pp 57, 403-405; _Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society_, iii. 281-300.

[534] [See chap. x. of the present volume, and chap. x. of Vol. IV.—ED.]

[535] See chapter x.

[536] Hilton’s Point (Dover) about the year 1640 was called North-ham, in compliment to Thomas Larkham, who in that year arrived there from North-ham in England. Wiggin was governor here five years, George Burdett two, John Underhill three, and Thomas Roberts one.

[537] It is by virtue of this agreement that the lands are still held.

[538] [The so-called Endicott Rock, with its inscription dated 1652, fixed the northern limits of New Hampshire at the headwaters of the Merrimac River, and as part of Massachusetts. Cf. _Granite Monthly_, v. 224; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, i. 311; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xviii. 400; _New Hampshire Historical Collections_, iv. 194.—ED.]

[539] Bacon, quoted by Palfrey, i. 535, 536.

[540] [What purported to be a portrait of Haynes appeared in C. W. Elliott’s _History of New England_; but it was later proved to be a likeness of Fitz John Winthrop, and the plate was withdrawn. Cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 213.—ED.]

[541] At last, in 1696, what was termed “owning the covenant” was first introduced into the church at Hartford. Under the influence of the synod held in Boston in 1662 of Massachusetts churches alone, the “Half-Way Covenant” had been adopted in that colony. A want of a closer union among the churches was a growing feeling in the colony of Connecticut not provided for by the Cambridge Platform; and the Saybrook Platform, the result of a Connecticut synod held in 1708, was an attempt to provide for this want. This ecclesiastical document was printed in New London in 1710, in a small, thin volume called a _Confession of Faith_, etc.; and is the first book, says Isaiah Thomas, printed in Connecticut. Trumbull, i. 471, 482.

[542] Palfrey’s _History of New England_, vol. iii. p. 238.

[543] See Belknap, _History of New Hampshire_, i. 5. It was also printed by Dr. Benj. Trumbull, _History of Connecticut_, vol. i. 1818, App., from a copy furnished by Chalmers, under the impression that it had been “never before published in America,” and has since appeared in Brigham’s _Charter and Laws of New Plymouth_, pp. 1-18, Baylies’ _New Plymouth_, i. 160, and in the _Popham Memorial_, pp. 110-118.

[544] _Sabin’s Dictionary_, no. 52,619,—very rare.

[545] [Dr. Haven also contributed to the _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 87, a chapter on the subject of these early patents and grants. He closed a valuable life Sept. 5, 1881. Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1881, and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xix. 4, 63.—ED.]

[546] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, for October, 1868, pp. 34, 35; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, May 1876, p. 364.

[547] See _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ for October, 1875, pp. 49-63. Most of the grants of the Council are extant, either in the original parchments or in copies; and many of them have been printed. Some enterprising scholar will probably one day bring them all together in one volume, with proper annotations. It would be a convenient manual of reference.

[548] The rare list of these names in duplicate inserted in some copies of Smith’s tract may be seen in his _Generall Historie_, p. 206. [The map itself, with some account of it and of Smith, may be found in chapter vi. of the present volume.—ED.]

[549] [See a previous page.—ED.]

[550] See Hutchinson’s _History of Massachusetts_, i. 9; Belknap’s _New Hampshire_, App. xv.

[551] Bradford, _Plymouth Plantation_, pp. 89, 90; Brigham, _Charter and Laws of New Plymouth_, pp. 36, 49, 50, 241; 1 _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iii. 56-64. For the discussion of questions of European and Aboriginal right to the soil, see Sullivan, _History of Land Titles in Mass._, Boston, 1801, and John Buckley’s “Inquiry, etc.,” 1 _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._, iv. 159.

[552] But cf. _Magazine of American History_, 1883, p. 141; and Davis’s _Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth_, p. 61. I should add here that it has been recently suggested to me as a possible alternative, that this seal is that of the Council for the Northern Colony of Virginia.

[553] The name “Massachusetts,” so far as I have observed, is first mentioned by Captain Smith, in his _Description of New England_, 1616. He spells the word variously, but he appears to use the term “Massachuset” and “Massachewset” to denote the country, while he adds a final s when he is speaking of the inhabitants. He speaks of “Massachusets Mount” and “Massachusets River,” using the word also in its possessive form; while in another place he calls the former “the high mountain of Massachusit.” To this mountain, on his map, he gives the English name of “Chevyot Hills.” Hutchinson (i. 460) supposes the Blue Hills of Milton to be intended. He says that a small hill near Squantum, the former seat of a great Indian sachem, was called Massachusetts Hill, or Mount Massachusetts, down to his time. Cotton, in his Indian vocabulary, says the word means “a hill in the form of an arrow’s head.” See also Neal’s _New England_, ii. 215, 216. In the Massachusetts charter the name is spelled in three or four different ways, to make sure of a description of the territory. Cf. Letter of J. H. Trumbull, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Oct. 21, 1867, p. 77; and _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 37.

[554] See S. F. Haven’s “Origin of the Massachusetts Company,” in _Archæologia Americana_, vol. iii.

[555] This matter is discussed by Dr. Haven in the Lecture above cited, pp. 29, 30; and by the present writer in _Memorial History of Boston_, i. 341-343, _note_. See also Gorges, _Briefe Narration_, pp. 40, 41.

[556] It is printed in Hutchinson’s _Collection of Papers_, 1769; and also in vol. i. of the _Colony Records_.

[557] See 4 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, vii. 159-161.

[558] [In six volumes, royal quarto; cf. _Massachusetts Historical Society Lectures_, p. 230; _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1848, p. 105; and 1854, p. 369. They were published at $60, but they can be occasionally picked up now at $25.—ED.]

[559] [See Memoir and portrait in _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1870, p. 1; cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xiv. 113; and _Historical Magazine_, xvii. 107.—ED.]

[560] [Dr. Palfrey (vol. iii. p. vii) has pointedly condemned it, and the arrangement will be found set forth in the _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1848, p. 105. Besides much manuscript material (not yet put into print) at the State House, and in the Cabinet of the Historical Society, and the usual local depositories, mention may be made of some papers relating to New England recorded in the _Sparks Catalogue_, p. 215; and the numerous documents in the Egerton and other manuscripts, in the British Museum, as brought out in its printed _Catalogues of Manuscripts_, and Colonel Chester’s list of manuscripts in the Bodleian, in _Historical Magazine_, xiv. 131. Mr. S. L. M. Barlow, of New York, has an ancient copy of the Records of the Massachusetts Company (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, iii. 36).

Brodhead’s prefaces to the published records of New York indicated the sources of early manuscript material in the different Government offices of England, equally applicable to Massachusetts; but these records have now been gathered into the public Record Office, some account of which will be found in Mr. B. F. Stevens’s “Memorial,” _Senate, Miscellaneous Documents_ no. 24, 47th Congress, 2d session, and in the _London Quarterly_, April, 1871. It requires formality and permission to examine these papers, only as they are later than 1760. The calendaring and printing of them, begun in 1855, is now going on; and Mr. Hale has described (in the _Christian Examiner_, May, 1861) the work as planned and superintended by Mr. Sainsbury. Three of these volumes already issued—_Calendar of State Papers, Colonial America_, vol. i., 1574-1660; vol. v., 1661-1668; vol. vii., 1669—are of much use to American students. Mr. F. S. Thomas, Secretary of the public Record Office, issued in 1849 a _History of the State Paper Office and View of the Documents therein Deposited_. Mr. C. W. Baird described these depositories in London in the _Magazine of American History_, ii. 321.—ED.]

[561] [A list of the publications of this Society, brought down, however, no later than 1868, will be found in the _Historical Magazine_, xiv. 99; and in 1871 Dr. S. A. Green issued a bibliography of the Society, which was also printed in its _Proceedings_, xii. 2. The first seven volumes of its first series of _Collections_ were early reprinted. Each series of ten volumes has its own index. The Society’s history is best gathered from its own _Proceedings_, the publication of which was begun in 1855; but two volumes have also been printed, covering the earlier years 1791-1854. The first of these dates marks the founding of this the oldest historical society in this country. Its founder, if one person can be so called, was Dr. Jeremy Belknap, who was one of the earliest who gave the writing of history in America a reputable character. His _Life_ has been written by his granddaughter, Mrs. Jules Marcou, and the book is reviewed by Francis Parkman in the _Christian Examiner_, xliv. 78; cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 117; iii. 285; ix. 12; xiv. 37. His historical papers are described by C. C. Smith in the _Unitarian Review_, vii. 604. The two principal societies working parallel with it in part, though professedly of wider scope, are the American Antiquarian Society, at Worcester (not to be confounded with the Worcester Society of Antiquity,—a local antiquarian association), and the New England Historic, Genealogical Society, in Boston. The former has issued the _Archæologia Americana_ and _Proceedings_ (cf. _Historical Magazine_, xiv. 107); while the latter has been the main support of the _New England Historical and Genealogical Register_, which has published an annual volume since 1847, and these have contained various data for the history of the Society. Cf. 1855, p. 10; 1859, p. 266; 1861, preface; 1862, p. 203; 1863, preface; 1870, p. 225; 1876, p. 184, and reprinted as revised; 1879, preface, and p. 424, by E. B. Dearborn. To these associations may be added the Essex Institute, of Salem, the Connecticut Valley Historical Society (begun in 1876), the Dorchester Antiquarian Society, the Old Colony Historical Society (cf. the chapter on the Pilgrims),—all of which unite historical fellowship with publication,—and the Prince Society, an organization for publishing only, whose series of annotated volumes relating to early Massachusetts history is a valuable one.—ED.]

[562] It is a volume of great value, and brings from $10 to $15 at sales. It is sometimes found lettered on the back as vol. iii. of the _History_. A third edition of the _History_ was published in Boston in 1795, with poor type and poor paper. [A reprint of the _Papers_ was made by the Prince Society in 1865. For other papers of Hutchinson, see 2 _Mass. Hist. Coll._, x., and 3 Ibid., i.; cf. _N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg._, 1865, P. 187. A controversy for many years existed between the Historical Society and the State as to the custody of a large mass of Hutchinson’s papers. This can be followed in the Society’s _Proceedings_, ii. 438; x. 118, 321; xi. 335; xii. 249; xiii. 130, 217; and in _Massachusetts Senate Documents_, no. 187, of 1870. These papers, mostly printed, are now at the State House.—ED.]