Chapter XCV: Eastern Indian Crania: Vault124

LEGEND:
A = Number of specimens (pairs)
B = Length
C = Breadth
D = Height
E = Cranial module
F = Cranial index
G = Height-length index
H = Height-breadth index
J = Cranial capacity
K = Thickness, left partietal

[124] Measurements in parentheses are derived from a single specimen.

MALES
-----------------------------------------------------------
Group |(A) | (B) | (C) | (D) | (E) | (F)
-----------------+----+------+-------+------+-------+------
| |_cm._ | _cm._ |_cm._ | _cm._ |
Southeastern | | | | | |
Canada |(14)| 18.84| 13.82 | 13.78| 15.48 | 73.4
Maine | (6)| 19.1 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 15.55 | 72.7
Massachusetts |(14)| 18.93| 13.78 | 13.94| 15.56 | 72.8
Rhode Island | (6)| 18.43| 13.58 | 13.65| 15.22 | 73.7
Connecticut | (4)| 18.65| 13.5 | 13.9 | 15.55 | 72.4
New York State |(19)| 19 | 13.97 | 13.92| 15.62 | 73.5
Manhattan Island | (2)| 19.05| 13.65 | 14.3 | 15.67 | 71.7
Long Island | (7)| 19.1 | 13.5 | 14.36| 15.71 | 70.7
Staten Island | (4)| 19.5 | 14 | 14.66| 16.04 | 71.7
New Jersey | | | | | |
(earlier) | (8)| 18.5 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 15.33 | 74.6
New Jersey (Heye | | | | | |
collection) | (7)| 19.05| 14.1 | 13.9 | 15.44 | 73.9
Delaware | (1)|(19) |(14) | — | — |(73.7)
Maryland | (4)| 19.2 | 14.15 |(13.6)|(15.57)| 73.6
Virginia | | | | | |
(miscellaneous)|(12)| 18.6 | 14 | 14.1 | 15.58 | 75.5
Virginia | | | | | |
(Valentine | | | | | |
collection) |(15)| 18.2 | 13.75 | 14.35| 15.46 | 75.5
-----------------+----+------+-------+------+-------+------
Group | (G) | (H) | (J) | (K)
-----------------+------+-------+------+----------
| | |_c.c._| _mm._
Southeastern | | | |
Canada | 73.1 | 99.7 | — | —
Maine | 71.9 | 98.8 | — | —
Massachusetts | 73.5 | 101 | — | —
Rhode Island | 74.1 | 100.5 | — | —
Connecticut | 73.5 | 100.4 | — | —
New York State | 73.6 | 99.5 | — | —
Manhattan Island | 75.1 | 104.8 | — | —
Long Island | 74.9 | 105.7 | — | —
Staten Island | 75.2 | 104.9 | — | —
New Jersey | | | |
(earlier) | 75.8 | 101.2 | — | —
New Jersey (Heye | | | |
collection) | 73.1 | 98.9 | 1544 | 5
Delaware | — | — | — | —
Maryland |(71.6)| (96.5)| — | —
Virginia | | | |
(miscellaneous)| 76.2 | 99.3 | — | —
Virginia | | | |
(Valentine | | | |
collection) | 79 | 103.2 | — | —
-----------------+------+-------+------+----------

FEMALES
-----------------------------------------------------------
Group |(A) | (B) | (C) | (D) | (E) | (F)
-----------------+----+------+-------+------+-------+------
| |_cm._ | _cm._ |_cm._ | _cm._ |
Southeastern | | | | | |
Canada | (5)| 17.55| 13.5 | 13.3 | 14.77 | 76.9
Maine | (6)| 18.1 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 14.92 | 74.7
New Hampshire | (1)|(17.8)|(12.6) | — | — |(70.8)
Massachusetts |(25)| 17.7 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 14.72 | 74.7
Rhode Island | (5)| 17.8 | 13.45 | 13.5 | 14.84 | 75.6
Connecticut | (4)| 17.85| 13.3 | 13.3 | 14.84 | 74.6
New York State |(15)| 17.8 | 13.3 | 13 | 14.71 | 74.8
Manhattan Island | (1)|(18.1)|(13) |(13.7)|(14.93)|(71.8)
Long Island | (5)| 18.1 | 13.45 | 13.25| 14.91 | 74.3
Staten Island | (3)| 17.7 | 13.4 | 13.1 | 14.73 | 75.4
New Jersey | | | | | |
(earlier) |(21)| 17.6 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 14.64 | 75.1
New Jersey (Heye | | | | | |
collection) | (9)| 17.6 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 14.75 | 75.8
Maryland | (4)| 18.1 | 13.4 | — |(14.87)| 74
Virginia | | | | | |
(miscellaneous)| (7)| 17.7 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 14.74 | 76
Virginia | | | | | |
(Valentine | | | | | |
collection) |(21)| 17.75| 13.6 | 13.6 | 15 | 76.4
-----------------+----+------+-------+------+-------+------
Group | (G) | (H) | (J) | (K)
-----------------+------+-------+------+----------
Southeastern | | | |
Canada | 75.7 | 98.3 | — | —
Maine | 73.4 | 97.8 | — | —
New Hampshire | — | — | — | —
Massachusetts | 75.5 | 100.9 | — | —
Rhode Island | 76.6 | 100.2 | — | —
Connecticut | 74.9 | 98.8 | — | —
New York State | 72.5 | 96.6 | — | —
Manhattan Island |(75.7)|(105.4)| — | —
Long Island | 73.2 | 98.5 | — | —
Staten Island | 73.9 | 98 | — | —
New Jersey | | | |
(earlier) | 74.9 | 97 | 1326 | —
New Jersey (Heye | | | |
collection) | 73.1 | 96.4 | 1285 | 4.3
Maryland |(70.1)| (97) | — | —
Virginia | | | |
(miscellaneous)| 75 | 100.7 | — | —
Virginia | | | |
(Valentine | | | |
collection) | 76.9 | 99 | — | —
-----------------+------+-------+------+----------

FACIAL MEASUREMENTS

HEIGHT OF THE FACE

The height of the face stands largely, though not absolutely, in correlation with the length of the head, a feature which becomes apparent also in our series. The collections from more westerly Virginia and the Lenape groups, all of which show rather short crania, give also the shortest faces. Maine and Massachusetts follow, with Rhode Island and New York. The Indians of Staten Island, Long Island, and Manhattan Island, so far as the males are concerned, all find a place in the upper half of the series, with long faces, and the same is true of the few more easterly Virginia specimens in which the face could be measured, and of the males of southeastern Canada. The latter, with those of Manhattan Island, occupy the upper limit of the scale. The females throughout show more uniformity than the males in their measurements.

BREADTH OF THE FACE

The breadth of the face, as measured by the diameter bizygomatic maximum, stands in a measure in correlation with the breadth of the head, but as it depends very largely on the degree of development of the temporal muscles and as a pronounced development of these muscles, while broadening the zygomatic arches, tends at the same time to restrict the development of the skull in breadth, there are many irregularities in this correlation. In our series, Rhode Island, Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut occupy the lowest positions in the scale, showing faces that for Indians are decidedly narrow. Among the Lenape the faces are about medium, and the same is true of the more westerly Virginians. On Manhattan Island and Staten Island the face was well above the medium in breadth, but not so on Long Island, although the somewhat exceptional position of the Long Island Indians in this respect may be accidental. The Indians of southeastern Canada and New York State, as well as some of the Virginia Indians, had faces decidedly broader than the averages of those of the northeastern states bordering on the Atlantic.

Comparing the average facial breadth with facial height, it is seen that in most of the tribes noted the two measurements occupy a similar position in the scale, the narrow faces being also short, and vice versa; but there are several exceptions.