Chapter XVIII: Air Craft and Motor Vehicles in War (3)

Feint, _See River line attack_.
Ferries, 176, 277, 280,
283.
Field artillery, _See Artillery_.
Field bakery, 361, 372.
Field fortification, _See Fortification_.
Field glasses, 48, 51, 385.
Field hospitals, 320, 369, 376.
capacity of, 319.
place in action, 349.
Field kitchens, 365, 388.
Field of fire, _See Attack, Defense, etc._, 154, 216, 230,
250, 257, 262,
275.
as an obstacle, 212, 217.
clearing, 217, 233, 235,
246, 252, 256,
258, 269, 270,
272, 275, 276.
extent of, 250, 257,
262, 297.
in delaying and decisive actions, 230, 251,
257, 297.
outpost, 182, 183.
Field orders, _See Orders_.
Field trains, _See Trains_.
FIRE
aimed, vulnerability of various formations, 325.
artillery, _See Artillery, fire_.
at what directed, 331.
at will, _See Artillery, fire_.
classification of, 329.
concentration on critical points, 331.
control, 333.
convergence of, 209.
covering enemy’s line with, 210, 331.
discipline, 333, 334.
distribution of, 330, 331, 332.
dispersion, effect of visibility of target, 330.
how secured, 331.
enfilade and oblique, _See Enfilade fire_.
engagement, duties of personnel, 332.
orders of captain in, 334.
field of, _See Field of fire_.
from the rear, effects of, 154, 325.
frontal, maximum development, 252, 254, 263.
grazing effect, 324.
long range, in defense and delaying action, _See these subjects_.
mounted, inaccuracy of, 168.
overlapping and switching, 331.
platoon targets, 331, 332.
position, _See Position fire_.
plunging, 324, 327.
rapid, 305, 329, 330, 335.
rates of, infantry, 329.
machine guns, 305.
shrapnel, _See Shrapnel_.
slow, 329.
small arms, vulnerability of various formations, 325.
superiority, 63, 114, 120,
204, 206, 209,
237, 238, 277,
278, 279, 280,
298, 299, 331,
334.
affords best cover, 209, 216, 345.
number of rounds required to establish, 214, 330.
when established, 209, 330.
sweeping, vulnerability of various formations, 325.
swept zone, 120, 205, 211,
215, 289, 324,
327, 329.
tiers of, 325.
volley, when employed, 329, 330, 335.
when opened in attack, 209.
Fires, and tent pitching of outpost, 182.
Firing data, 116, 142, 310.
Firing line, density of, 208, 219, 233,
330, 347.
location of in retreat and delaying action, 324.
reinforcement of, 208, 211, 237,
238, 257, 327,
328.
Firing over heads of infantry, 120, 122, 141,
349.
Flanged wheels for motor vehicles, 389.
Flank, _See Attack, Defense, Cavalry, Patrols, etc._
hostile, position to be ascertained, 209, 220, 226.
observers, artillery, 115.
reconnaissance, _See Reconnaissance_.
refusal of, 178, 209,
260, 265.
FLANK GUARDS, 78.
artillery with, 78, 339.
cavalry with, 78, 81, 168,
339.
composition of, 78, 79.
conduct of, 81.
connecting routes with main body, 79, 81, 82,
339.
considerations influencing decision as to use, 79.
contact with advance and rear guards, 62, 81.
contact with enemy, 81.
decisive engagements by, 81, 339.
delaying action, 80.
discretionary powers of commander, 74, 82.
distance from main body, 61, 79, 80.
engineers with, 78.
formation, 81.
in change of direction, 80, 91.
in retreat, 74.
leaving prescribed route, 82.
machine guns with, 78.
occupation of critical points, 80, 82.
of cavalry, 78, 81, 339.
of convoy, 80, 95, 96, 99, 100.
of large and of small forces, 80, 81.
orders for, 82.
organization of, 259.
reconnaissance by, 79, 81.
reinforcement, 82.
routes of, 79, 82.
sanitary troops with, 78.
signal troops with, 78, 340.
strength of, 78.
trains, 78, 79.
when required, 79.
Flank, hostile, cavalry operations against, _See Cavalry_.
Flank march, _See Convoys, Flank guard, Marches_.
Flank positions
artillery, 120, 141.
in delaying action, 73, 290, 299.
in retreat and withdrawal, 73, 74, 289,
290, 293.
Flank protection, _See Attack and Defense_.
by artillery, 110, 117, 119,
122, 129, 130,
212.
by cavalry, 212, 227, 234.
by machine guns, 227, 234, 235,
305, 306.
by obstacles, 176, 178, 207,
212, 259, 311.
by outpost, 176.
by reserves, 211, 236, 257,
259, 297, 346.
during combat, _See Patrols_, 205, 211, 212,
226, 227, 230,
232, 235, 240,
257, 259, 305,
306, 348.
in retreat, 74.
of small forces, 178, 232, 248.
on march, 61, 79, 81.
patrols, _See Patrols_.
provision for by supreme commander, 213, 227, 232,
235, 346.
Flare lights, 265.
Flash defilade, 113, 133, 140.
Flying depots, 367.
Forage, 361, 365, 366,
368, 388.
weights of, 379.
Foragers, cavalry, 150, 151.
Foraging, 148, 169, 361.
Fords, 90, 284.
Form for action, 123, 131.
Forms for orders, 37, 38, 40.
Forms of attack, 205.
Form of messages, 54.
Formation, in two columns, _See Double column_.
FORTIFICATION, FIELD, _See Defensive position_, 215, 248.
as cover from artillery fire, 133, 216.
blending works with natural features of terrain, 258, 260, 266.
by whom ordered, 216.
clearing front, 217, 233, 235,
246, 252, 256,
258, 269, 270,
272, 275, 276.
closed works in, 252.
concealment of, 183, 253, 256,
258, 260, 262,
265, 266.
constructed by troops who occupy, 216, 234,
255, 276.
demolitions, _See Demolitions_.
duties of engineers in, 216, 217, 228,
234, 235, 247,
258, 260, 272,
273, 276.
effect on initiative and morale, 209, 216, 254,
257, 267, 310.
grenade nets, 253.
guiding principles, 266, 267.
in attack, 215, 216.
in close country, 254.
in delaying action, 298.
in position in readiness, 309, 310,
311, 314.
in river line defense, 284.
in withdrawal, 289.
latrines, 256, 263.
misuse of, 216, 248, 249,
257, 284, 310.
obstacles, _See Obstacles_.
outpost, 173, 177,
182, 183.
parados, 263.
problems in, 267, 273.
relief for workers, 262.
rôle?of, 216, 248, 249,
254, 266.
tasks, amount of, 261, 262.
time, tools, and personnel required, 216, 256,
261, 270.
trenches
alignment of, 231, 251, 257,
260, 262, 270.
communicating, 216, 253, 255,
271, 276.
dummy, 126, 251, 263,
266, 298.
drainage, 263.
location of, 252, 257, 258,
262, 324.
trenches, fire
communications in, 253, 255.
continuity of, 233, 251, 253,
254, 265.
details of construction, 261.
elbow rests, 263.
head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255,
256, 258, 261,
263, 276.
loop-holes, 258, 263.
traverses, 253, 255, 256,
257, 260, 262,
263, 270.
trenches, support, 216, 256, 257,
260, 262.
utilization of natural features of terrain, 250, 252, 254,
256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 266.
visibility of works to aeronauts, 265, 266.
works to be located on terrain, 249, 267.
Framework of a position in readiness, 310.
Freight cars, dimensions and capacity of, 378, 379.
Frontage
covered by fire of a battery, 110.
in attack and defense, 210, 217, 223,
331, 332, 346,
348.
of a battalion and squadron on outpost, 171, 180.
of a battalion in combat, 219.
of a battery in action, 110, 119, 140.
of a cavalry screen, 165, 174.
of an outpost, 177.
Frontal attack, _See Attack, frontal_, 206.
in advance guard action, 229.
in pursuit, 229.
of a river line, 278.
Frontal fire, maximum development of, 252, 254, 263.
Fuel, _See Camps_.
carried by aeroplanes, 387.

G

Gaits, in cavalry attack, 158, 159, 160.
Gap, _See Interval_.
General situation, 20.
General supply column, 365, 367, 368.
Geneva Convention, 318.
Geographical crest, 324.
artillery positions near, 121, 126, 129,
133, 140, 234.
in delaying action, 290, 298.
Geological Survey, maps of, 34, 249.
Good and bad news, 41, 246, 314.
Good practice in tactics, 9, 23.
Good roads, for wagon and motor transport, 78, 83, 364,
377, 387, 388.
Grazing effect of rifle fire, 324.
Grenades, 253.
Ground scouts, 155, 156, 160,
167, 213.
Guerrilla warfare, 8.
Guides for night attacks, 302.
for night marches, 87.
Guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221,
223, 224, 330,
332.

H

Habit of early starting, 86, 341.
of intrenching, 216.
Hague Convention, 362, 377.
Half-hearted measures, 204.
Halt order, time of issue, 93, 191, 355,
356.
Halts of trains, 377.
Halts during a march, 89, 343, 377.
Head and overhead cover, 216, 253, 255,
256, 258, 263,
276.
Heavy field artillery, _See Artillery_.
Height of axle, artillery carriage, 109.
Height of mask, artillery fire, 113, 133.
Heights of observation for air craft, 138, 139,
384, 385.
Heliograph, 115, 117.
High explosive shell, _See Shell_.
Holding attack, _See Attack, frontal_.
Horse artillery, _See Artillery_.
Horseholders, 152, 154.
Houses, demolition of, 252, 272, 273.
reconnaissance of, 50.
Hostile reinforcements, _See Reinforcements_.
Hostlers, 46.
Howitzers, _See Artillery_.
Hydroaeroplanes, 383.

I

Ideal conditions for supply, 372.
Identification of targets, 330.
of dead, 321.
Illumination of the battlefield, 265, 304.
Imaginary troops, 23, 32.
Immobilization of machine guns, 253, 305.
Inaccuracy of mounted fire, 168.
Increase in length of marches, 89.
Independent cavalry, _See Cavalry, independent_.
Indications of enemy’s presence, 52, 55.
Indirect laying, 114.
heavy field artillery, 133.
Individual characteristics reflected in solution
of tactical problems, 26, 27.
to be developed, 7.
Individual distribution, _See Artillery fire_.
Individual orders, 38, 39, 42, 220.
Inefficiency of loading, effect on capacity of carriers, 379.
Infantry batteries, 124.
Infantry in long columns of artillery or trains, 83, 99, 110,
339.
plan of attack based on best dispositions of, 207, 345.
Infirmary, regimental, 318.
Influence of cavalry on strength of outpost, 171, 172, 174,
188, 189, 190.
of fortifications on morale, 209, 216, 254,
257, 267, 310.
of motor vehicles on warfare, _See Motor vehicles_.
of obstacles on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230,
232, 299, 310.
of roads on strength and disposition of outposts, 170, 176, 183.
Information contained in patrol’s message, 55.
in orders, 41, 246, 314.
Information, lines of, 341.
of enemy, 20, 52, 55, 148,
209, 211, 213, 220,
295, 308, 311, 348,
356, 384.
patrols, _See Patrols_.
service of, _See Air craft, Cavalry, Patrols, etc._
by cavalry, 148, 165.
Inhabitants, interviews with, 53.
Initial point of march, 58, 59, 88,
89, 337, 338,
341.
Initiative, 27.
effect of fortification on, 254, 257.
in operations of cavalry, 151, 161, 167.
in pursuit, 301.
in rencontre, 295, 296.
of subordinates, 22, 25, 42,
223.
Inspection of outpost dispositions, 193.
Instructions, to artillery, 140, 143.
to patrol leaders, 47.
Interference of routes, 58, 59, 88,
89, 227, 292.
Integrity of tactical units
in combat, 204, 205, 217.
in forming advance guard, 57, 337.
of artillery, 123, 133, 140,
228, 345, 349.
on outpost, 175.
Interval
between guns in battery, 110, 140.
between main and holding attack, 209, 344,
345, 346.
extended, in cavalry charge, 151.
in a defensive line, 231, 233,
251, 253.
in an outpost, 179, 180.
Intrenchments, _See Fortification_.
Invading the province of subordinates, 22, 25, 42,
223.
Issues, _See Ammunition and Supply_.
of rations, 81, 351, 355, 356,
366, 367, 368, 369,
375.
Issue points, 356, 375.

K

Kinds of orders, 39.
Kitchens, field, 365, 388.
location of in combat, 256.
Kites, 381.

L

Landmarks
as guiding points in attack, 210, 211, 221,
224, 330, 332.
for designation of targets, 332.
for designation of outpost sectors, 182.
in assignments of fronts, 210.
in patrolling, 48, 50.
preferred to map-marks in orders, 41, 223.
Late arrival in camp, 87.
Latitude allowed artillery commander, 142, 143,
240, 266.
cavalry commander, 145, 146, 174,
240, 241, 311,
338.
engineer commander, 259.
flank guard commander, 74, 82.
rear guard commander, 74, 295.
signal commander, 341.
Latrines, 256, 263.
Laying, direct, 114, 126.
indirect, 114, 133.
Leading troops, 57, 85, 316.
Led horses, 154, 233, 241.
Length and speed of marches, 54, 89, 90,
101, 165, 195,
337, 377.
Limbers, artillery, position in action, 119, 128, 132.
Limitations of air craft, 386.
Limiting ranges in attack and defense, _See Attack and Defense_.
Limiting ranges of field artillery, 132.
Limits of front of outpost, 177.
Line of columns, cavalry, 157, 161, 163.
Line of communication, 11.
administration of, 362, 372.
commander of, 351, 356, 362, 363.
interruption of, 373.
motor transport for, 388.
multiple, 364.
operations against, 148.
service of, 363, 364.
zone of, 363, 364.
Line of fours, _See Cavalry_.
Line of observation, outpost, 171, 173, 184,
185, 186, 187.
Line of resistance, outpost, 73, 173, 176,
177, 178, 180,
182, 183, 187,
353.
Line of retreat
delaying positions on flank of, 73, 299.
in position in readiness, 309, 311, 312, 313.
in withdrawal or delaying action, 73, 74, 292,
297.
multiple, 230, 292.
of enemy, 204, 207, 344.
of patrol, 52.
position of trains indicates, 83, 95.
pressure against, 344.
security of, 74, 154, 183,
204, 207, 230,
235, 278, 297,
312.
separation from, 207.
Line, vulnerability of, 325.
Lines of information, _See Signal_, 341.
Linking horses, 152.
Litters, 319.
Living off the country, 361, 362, 363,
369, 377, 388.
Loading, care in as affecting capacity of carriers, 379.
Localities, capital letters in orders and messages, 41, 54.
description of in orders, 41, 223.
Location of outposts, _See Outposts_, 176.
of works of field fortification, _See Fortification_.
Long range fire in attack and defense, _See Attack and Defense_.
Lookout points, _See Observing stations_.
Loopholes, 258, 263.
Losses in retreat over fire swept zone, 215, 289, 324.

M

MACHINE GUNS
ammunition supply, 305.
anti-aircraft, 138, 305,
307, 385.
as supports for artillery, 121, 122, 133,
304, 307.
dispersion of, 173, 255, 306.
effect of artillery fire, 265.
emplacements for, 255, 256, 265,
276.
flank defense by, 227, 234, 235,
305, 306.
immobilization of, 253, 305.
in attack, 217, 218, 222,
282, 304.
in defense, 173, 228, 232,
233, 234, 252,
253, 255, 256,
265, 269, 270,
276, 304, 328.
in delaying actions, 74, 300, 306.
in night attack, 304, 307.
in pursuit, 306.
in rencontre, 296, 306.
mobility, 305.
motor transport for, 136, 305.
need of skilled operators, 305.
on air craft, 307, 382, 383.
on outpost, 172, 173, 180,
182, 307.
pack transportation, 305.
position fire, 74, 331.
ranges and rates of fire, 304, 305.
supports for, 157, 161, 222, 306.
surprise fire by, 253, 305.
vs. artillery, 265, 296,
305, 306.
with advance guard, 56, 306.
with cavalry, 152, 157, 159,
161, 306.
with flank guard, 78.
with rear guard, 71, 74, 306.
Maneuvering zone, for artillery, 338.
for main body, 296.

Maps, 23, 41, 48,
49.
corrections to, 50.
for solution of tactical problems, 25, 33.
Geological Survey, 34, 249.
issue of attack orders from, 205.
location of defensive position from, 249.
location of outpost from, 192, 356.
Map maneuver, _See Problems_.
Map measure, 28.
Map problems, _See Problems_.
Map references in orders, 41, 42.
March outposts
at crossroads, 341.
functions of cavalry, 190, 201.
of a division, 341.
of a patrol, 51.
patrolling by, 190.
placed by advance guard, 62, 190, 201.
when placed and withdrawn, 190, 192.
MARCHES, _See Advance, Rear and Flank Guards, etc._
abandoning selected line of, 82, 101.
alternation of troops in column, 85, 337, 338.
arrangement of troops and trains, 83.
artillery on, 71, 83, 110,
123, 128, 136,
338.
assembly of trains, 341.
bridge trains, 340.
by large and by small forces, 89.
cavalry on, _See Cavalry_.
change in direction, 80, 91, 102.
data in orders, 337.
days of rest, 87, 89, 337.
details of start, 88, 341.
disposition of trains, _See Trains_, 83, 84.
early, of a campaign, 89.
effects of cold and of warm weather, 91.
elongation, 17, 59, 90.
engineers on, _See Engineers_, 340.
forced, 89, 90.
habit of early starting, 86, 341.
halts during, 89, 343, 377.
infantry in long columns of artillery or wagons, 83, 99, 110,
339.
influence of terrain, 62.
in double column, 78, 79, 91,
95, 149, 339.
in peace time, 83.
initial point, 58, 59, 88,
89, 337, 338,
341.
interference of routes, 58, 59, 88,
89.
intermingling foot and mounted troops, 83, 86.
late arrivals in camp, 87.
length and speed of, 54, 89, 101,
165, 195, 337,
377.
night, _See Night marches_.
of a convoy, _See Convoys_.
of a division, 337.
orders, 39, 58, 59,
60, 83, 88,
89, 97, 337.
passage of defiles, 63, 85, 229,
300.
place of supreme commander, 85, 86, 337.
reconnaissance during, _See Advance guard, Reconnaissance, etc._
regulation of, 60, 88.
selection of route, 90, 100, 337.
sanitary troops on, _See Sanitary_.
signal troops on, 340.
time of starting, 86, 88, 337,
338, 341.
Marginal distribution in orders, 40.
Marshes as obstacles, 176, 216, 232.
Mask, artillery, 113, 133.
Masked fire, _See Artillery_.
Masking the fire of a defensive position, 73, 75, 231,
234, 235, 251,
290, 299, 310.
Materiel, artillery, 109.
demolition by artillery fire, 109, 114, 126,
133, 135, 138,
141.
Meals for outposts, 175, 182, 184,
187, 192.
for patrols, 48.
Measuring and marking ranges, 216, 217, 230,
233, 246, 252,
253, 256, 257,
258, 259, 262,
270, 171.
Meeting engagements, _See Rencontre_.
Messages
by cavalry, 149.
by patrols, 45, 53,
codes for, 150.
during combat, 350.
examples of, 240, 246, 274,
316, 350, 357,
360.
form and verbiage of, 54.
negative, 55.
transmission of, 53, 54, 144,
149, 384, 388.
Mil, 109, 331, 332.
Military crest, 118, 298, 324.
Military policy of United States, 6.
MISSION
change of, 22, 91.
in defense, 217, 219.
in estimate of situation, 18, 21.
in position in readiness, 308.
in pursuit, 300.
in rencontre, 231, 295, 296.
of advance guard, 62, 63, 64,
147, 229, 296.
of artillery, 118, 120, 122,
123, 126, 128,
142, 227.
of cavalry, 60, 62, 64,
81, 85, 144,
146, 147, 148,
149, 164, 165,
234, 338.
of flank guard, 339.
of patrols, 47, 51, 52.
of sanitary troops, 318.
plan of action governed by, 27, 219, 229,
295, 308.
subordinates to be informed of, 41, 47.
Mixing tactical units in combat, 205.
Mobility and immobility of cavalry horses, 152, 155.
Mobility
as affected by supply, 362, 388, 389.
as affected by motor vehicles, 87, 387, 388,
389.
of heavy field artillery, 133.
of machine guns, 305.
of mountain artillery, 137, 138.
Modern theory of war, 5.
Motorcycles, 144, 150.
MOTOR VEHICLES, 387.
armored cars, 80, 98, 387,
388.
as adjunct to aero service, 382, 389.
as adjunct to rail transport, 387.
as affecting mobility, 87, 387, 388,
389.
as tenders for air craft, 382.
communication by, 144, 150, 388.
concentration of troops by, 87, 211, 387,
389.
convoys of, 83, 96.
distribution of orders by, 44.
economic size of, 388, 389.
employment in groups of same type, 96, 389, 390.
fatigue avoided by use of, 387, 388.
field kitchens, 388.
for escort of convoy, 98.
for overseas operations, 388.
for staff uses, 388.
for transport of artillery and machine guns, 136, 139, 305,
387, 389.
good roads for, 364, 387, 388.
in ambulance service, 389.
in messenger service, 144, 150, 384,
388.
in pursuit, 98, 301, 387.
in retreat, 71, 387.
in service of information, 47, 144, 150,
388, 389.
in supply, 83, 96, 364,
388.
interruption of movement, 387.
loading, dispatch, and unloading, 387.
on railroads, 389.
patrolling by, 45, 47, 389.
speed of, 90, 101, 377, 388.
training of personnel, 389.
trains of, 80, 83, 95,
96, 364, 365,
388.
Mountain artillery, _See Artillery_, 136.
Mountain ranges and deserts as obstacles, 277.
Mounted engineers, _See Engineers_.
Mounted orderlies, 46, 144, 222,
311.
on outpost, 172, 181, 190.
with advance guard, 56, 61.
Mounted point, 61, 99.
Mounted reserve, cavalry, 151, 154.
Movements across country, 90, 140.
by night, _See Night Marches_, 86, 87, 89,
125, 144, 168,
205, 277, 281,
289, 302.
during action, artillery, _See Artillery_.
in two columns, 29, 30, 31,
78, 79, 91,
95, 149, 339.
Mules, pack, _See Pack trains_.
maximum load, 136.
Mutual support by cross fire, 233, 250, 251,
252, 253, 254,
258, 263, 268,
269, 276, 325,
331.
Multiple lines of retreat, 230, 292.

N

Natural features of terrain, _See Terrain_.
Negative messages, 55.
News, good and bad in orders, 41, 246, 314.
Night and day positions of elements of an outpost, 187, 191, 193,
356.
NIGHT
distances at, 60.
marches and movements
assembly, 303.
by artillery, 125, 303.
by cavalry, 144, 168.
effect on efficiency of troops, 86, 87, 89.
guides for, 87, 302, 303.
in concentration, 87, 205.
in pursuit, 87, 205.
in retreat, 87, 205, 289.
in river line attack, 277, 281.
in withdrawal, 205, 289.
occasion for, 87, 205.
reconnaissance prior to, 302.
time required for, 89.
reconnaissance, _See Night attacks and Outposts_.
NIGHT ATTACKS, 263, 302, 317.
ammunition supply, 303.
animals and vehicles, 303.
artillery, 303.
badges and watchwords, 303.
by large forces, 303.
by small forces, 205, 302.
cavalry, 303.
close order and simple formations, 303.
counter attacks, 303.
defense against, 304.
depths of formation, 303.
engineers, 304.
false attacks and demonstrations, 304.
guides, 302, 303.
issue of orders, 304.
machine guns in, 304, 307.
of bridge heads, 304.
reconnaissance prior to, 302, 303.
rendezvous, 303.
reserves, 303.
simplicity of plan, 303.
time for, 170, 188, 304.
trains in, 303.
use of bayonets, 303.
Numerical designation of supports and outguards, 183.

O

Oblique fire, _See Fire, enfilade_.
Objectives of air raids, 384.
Observation and control of artillery fire, 115, 117, 122,
125, 131, 140,
383.
Observation, position in, _See Artillery_.
Observing stations
artillery, 111, 117, 119,
129, 130, 131,
135.
balloons and kites as, 381, 383.
battalion, 256, 271, 276.
for patrols, 51.
for supreme commander, 131, 225, 226,
228.
hostile, 262.
in combat, 131, 212, 225,
226, 255, 256,
258, 271, 276.
outpost, 186, 192.
portable, 381.
regimental, 255.
trees as, 117.
OBSTACLES
air craft surmount, 386.
as security for flanks, 176, 178, 207,
212, 259, 311.
between flank guard and main body, 79, 81, 82.
between main and holding attacks, 345.
classification of, 216, 217.
concealment of, 259, 262, 265.
construction of, 173, 176, 234,
246, 253, 256,
258, 259, 267,
304.
covering with fire, 217, 256.
demolition of, 58, 252, 259.
distance from firing line, 217, 259, 265.
effect on formations of attack, 216, 217,
277, 345.
fences as, 156, 217.
field of fire as, 212, 217.
forms of, 216, 217.
in delaying action, 74.
in night attack, 304.
in position in readiness, 310, 311.
influence on assumption of offensive, 176, 217, 230,
232, 299, 310.
influence on density of firing line, 233.
natural, 176, 216, 252,
277, 345, 386.
on flank, 176, 178, 207,
212, 259, 311.
on the march, 58, 62, 64,
100, 103.
outpost, 171, 173, 176,
180, 182, 190, 193.
removal of, 58, 98, 224,
228, 252, 256,
258, 269, 271,
272, 273, 275,
283.
repair of, 265.
streams as, 29, 176, 217,
275, 277.
swamps as, 176, 216, 232.
to be covered by fire, 217, 256.
to cavalry, 156, 167, 217.
trees as, 252, 253, 256,
258, 269, 275.
wire entanglements, 217, 259,
261, 265.
Occupation of a defensive position, _See Defensive position_.
Offensive tactics, _See Aggressive tactics_.
Offensive tactics in defense,
_See Counter attack, Defense, Delaying action, etc._
Offsets, re-entrants and salients in a defensive line, 231, 251,
260.
Operations, surgical, at dressing stations, 320.
against hostile flanks by cavalry, _See Cavalry_.
ORDERS, 37.
a, b, c, and x, y, z, paragraphs, 39.
abbreviations, 41.
advance guard, 58, 59, 60.
amount of information in, 41, 337.
assembly, 43, 59, 89.
brevity in, 38, 242.
circulation or distribution of, 40, 43, 44,
220, 228, 293,
350, 388.
combat, 39, 40, 205,
208, 210, 211,
220, 225, 332,
346, 350.
combined, 38, 39, 42,
220.
consonance with decision, 44.
contingencies in, 41, 42, 314,
317.
copies to superior commanders, 40.
countermanding of, 42, 317.
data in, 58.
description of localities in, 41, 223.
detail in, 25, 38, 39,
42, 43, 47,
108, 142, 143,
145.
development, 346.
dictated, 42, 43.
division of responsibility with subordinates, 42.
examples of
advance guard, of a small force, _verbal_, 65.
one brigade, reinforced, 67.
assembly, advance guard of a division, 66.
attack by a division, 351.
by a small force of infantry, _verbal_, 220.
enveloping, by reinforced brigade, 243.
frontal, by advance guard, 238, 241.
of a river line, 285, 286.
camp and outpost of a division, 357.
cavalry combat, small force, _verbal_, 163.
change in direction of march, 92.
delaying action, _verbal_, 74.
disposition of trains and issues of a division, 358.
fire engagement, company in, _verbal_, 334.
halt and outpost order of advance guard commander, 196, 200.
march of a convoy, 107.
march of a division, 342.
movement of division trains, 343.
occupation of defensive position, by reinforced brigade, 244.
outpost commander’s first order, 197, 202.
outpost commander’s second order, 198.
outpost commander’s small force, _verbal_, 199.
position in readiness on the march, 312.
pursuit, 301.
retreat and delaying action, 314.
retreat of a reinforced brigade, 75.
withdrawal from action, _verbal_, 293.
for artillery, 122, 124, 126,
128, 130, 132,
142, 143, 240,
266.
for cavalry, 145, 146, 174,
240, 311, 338,
356.
for cavalry charge, 160.
for fire engagement, 332.
for flank guard, 82.
for flank protection, 213, 227, 232,
235, 240, 246.
for intrenching, 216.
for issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223,
300, 311, 332.
for patrols, 47, 48.
for position in readiness, 311, 312.
for rear guard, 70, 72, 74,
75, 77.
forms for, 37, 38, 40.
good and bad news in, 41, 246, 314.
halt, 93, 191, 355, 356.
individual, 38, 39, 42, 220.
kinds of, 39.
landmarks, 41, 223.
lists of individuals to whom delivered, 40.
map references in, 40, 41.
march, 39, 58, 59,
60, 83, 88,
89, 97, 337.
marginal distribution in, 40.
outpost, 176, 178, 181,
187, 188, 189,
190, 191, 196.
preliminary or preparatory, 43.
provisions for possible retreat, 41, 314.
receipts for, 40.
routine or administrative, 38, 42, 43,
181, 356.
signatures to, 40.
standard time to be used, 41, 189.
structure of, 39.
style of, 37.
time of issue, 42, 59, 64,
93, 191, 304,
355, 356.
time required for circulation, 43.
trespass on province of subordinates, 22, 25, 42,
223.
use of capital letters, 41.
verbal, 38, 39, 43,
220, 293.
verbiage of, 37, 38, 40.
Orderlies, mounted, _See Mounted orderlies_, 46.
Ordnance, _See Artillery_.
Organization
of defensive position, 248.
of heavy field artillery, 133.
of tactical and supply units, U. S. Army, 10.
Outguards, _See Outposts_.
OUTPOSTS, 170.
all-around, 178, 183.
apportionment of duty, infantry, and cavalry, 168, 171, 172,
174, 188.
artillery, 128, 172, 181.
assigned to reserve of advance guard, 58.
barricades, 173, 180.
camping arrangements, 181, 191.
cavalry, _See Cavalry_.
communications, 179, 184, 185,
187.
composition, 170, 189.
concealment, 180, 182, 183,
184.
contact with adjacent outposts, 186.
contact with enemy, 170, 177, 181,
185, 189.
cordon and patrol systems of, 184.
cossack posts, _See Outguards_.
day and night positions and duties, 187, 191,
193, 356.
depth of, 179.
detached posts, 172, 173, 174,
178, 186.
detail from advance guard, 170, 356.
detail from rear guard, 170.
distances and intervals, 179, 189.
distance at which enemy is held, 176, 179.
duties, 170, 177, 185.
effect of cavalry on strength of, 171, 172, 174,
188, 189, 190.
of close country on dispositions of, 171, 179, 180,
186, 188.
of roads on strength and dispositions of, 170, 171, 176,
177, 181, 182,
183.
engineers, 173, 193.
establishment of, 187, 191.
examining posts, 182, 184.
exterior guards, 171, 174, 181.
field trains, 58, 181, 182,
188.
fires, tent pitching, 181, 182.
firing on enemy, 171, 177.
flanks, 176, 177, 178,
186, 189, 190,
227, 355.
front covered by battalion or squadron, 171, 180.
front, limits of, 177.
in advance, 170.
in retreat or delaying action, 73, 77, 170,
172, 317.
infantry vs. cavalry, 171.
inspection of, 193.
integrity of tactical units, 175.
interior guards, 178, 181.
intervals and distances, 179, 189.
intrenching, 177, 182, 183,
184.
line of observation, 171, 173, 184,
185, 186, 187.
line of resistance, 73, 173, 176,
177, 178, 180,
182, 183, 187,
353.
preparation for defense, 173, 180, 182,
183, 187.
reserve on, 177, 180.
location of, 176, 353, 356.
general rule for, 176.
use of maps in, 192, 356.
machine guns on, 172, 173, 180,
182, 307.
march, _See March outposts_.
meals, 175, 182, 184,
187, 192.
mounted men, 171, 172, 181,
185, 186, 187,
203.
night signals, 187.
observation points, 186, 192.
obstacles on line of resistance, 173, 182, 186,
193.
of cavalry, 174, 179, 189.
of small commands, 174, 178.
on front of a defensive position, 180, 259.
on line of a river, 176, 179, 180,
189, 281.
orders, 191.
day and night, 189, 191, 193.
of various commanders, 176, 178, 181,
187, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192,
193, 196.
outlines of, 196.
time of issue, 191, 192, 193.
outguards, 175, 183.
at bridges, 180.
classification, 183.
distances, 179.
intervals, 179, 180.
intrenching, 184.
numerical designation, 183.
on roads, 182.
patrolling by, 187.
placing, 187, 188.
reliefs for, 184.
strength of, 175, 183.
patrol and cordon systems, 184.
patrolling, day and night, 188, 189.
limited, 203.
patrols, 184.
classification, 185.
communicating, 184, 185.
concentration of, 175.
day and night, 186, 187.
foot and mounted, 172, 185, 187.
from pickets, 187.
from reserve, 185, 186.
from supports, 182, 186, 187.
functions, 187.
in front of line of observation, 173, 174, 177,
180, 182, 185.
insure vigilance of sentries, 186.
on flanks, 189, 190.
radii of action, 185, 186, 190.
reconnoitering, 185.
reduce vigilance required of outpost, 190.
routes and trails for, 184, 185.
reliefs for, 184, 186.
standing, 172, 174.
strength of, 185, 186.
visiting, 184, 185.
pickets, _See Outguards_.
proximity to enemy, 171, 177.
reconnaissance, _See Patrols_, 170, 171, 174,
177, 182, 184.
relief of, 170, 188.
regimental sectors, 177.
reserve, 180.
camp, 173, 180, 181,
187, 192.
location, 184.
on line of resistance, 177.
patrolling by, 185, 186.
special troops assigned to, 173, 180, 181.
roads, effect on dispositions, 170, 171, 176,
177, 181, 182.
rules for strength and location, 170, 173,
176, 177.
sanitary troops, 173.
security of flanks, 176, 177, 178,
186, 189, 190,
227.
sentinels, 182, 183.
sentry squads, _See Outguards_.
signal troops, 173, 184.
sketches and tables, 193.
strength and composition, 170.
as affected by cavalry, 171, 172, 174,
188, 189, 190.
supports
concealment, 182, 183.
field of fire, 182, 183.
function of, 185.
intrenching, 182, 183.
location, 176, 178, 183.
number from one reserve, 183.
numerical designation, 183.
on roads, 177, 182.
patrolling by, 182, 186, 187.
sectors of observation, 182.
sentinels, 182, 183.
strength, 175, 181.
tents and fires, 181, 182.
time of relief, 170, 188.
trains, 58, 181, 182, 188.
vedettes, 179.
Overthrow of hostile cavalry, 144, 146, 149, 165.

P

Pack mule, maximum load of, 136.
Pack trains, 137, 145, 159,
214, 338, 355,
364, 366, 375,
376.
Pack transportation for machine guns, 305.
for mountain artillery, 136, 137.
Packs, to be discarded in action, 223.
Panic in withdrawal, 289, 291.
Parados, 263.
Parallel pursuit, 72, 168, 230,
301.
Parking a convoy, 99, 102.
Passive defense, _See Defense_.
Patrol and cordon systems of outposts, 184.
PATROLS, 45.
advance guard, 56, 61.
auto, 45, 47, 389.
capture of prisoners, 51.
cavalry, _See Cavalry_, 165.
civilians not to precede, 50.
classification, 45, 165.
combat, 45, 212, 311.
cavalry, 154, 155, 156,
160, 161, 212,
227, 234.
conduct, 212, 213.
distance from flanks, 156, 190.
strength, 156, 213, 235.
combat by, 51, 166, 213.
composition, 45.
conduct, 49.
formations of, 49.
inspection, 48.
interviewing inhabitants, 53.
leader, 45, 47, 48.
action before start, 48.
equipment, 48.
instructions to, 47.
march outposts, 51.
meals, 48.
messages, 45, 53, 150.
mission, 52.
mounted orderlies, 46.
outpost, _See Outpost_.
radius of action, 45, 166, 185, 186.
reconnaissance on march, 49, 50.
reconnoitering or information, 165, 166, 185.
relay posts, 53.
rendezvous, 50.
report first contact with enemy, 55.
road space, 49.
screening or covering, _See Cavalry_, 165.
security, 45, 190.
standing, 172, 174, 189, 311.
strategical, 45, 149, 150,
165, 166, 185.
strength of, 45, 166.
tactical, 45, 165, 166.
Percussion fire, _See Artillery_.
Pickets, outpost, _See Outposts_.
Piercing an attenuated line, 206, 226.
Pioneers, _See Engineers_.
Pioneer training for cavalry, 153, 167.
Plan of attack based on best disposition of infantry, 207, 345.
Platoon columns, 325, 326, 327,
328, 329.
Platoon sectors of targets, 331, 332.
Plows, 262.
Plunging fire, 324, 327.
Police guards, 99, 102.
Police of battlefield, 321, 351.
Ponton equipage, _See Bridge equipage_.
Portable tools, _See Tools_.
Positions, artillery, _See Artillery_.
Position fire, 74, 233, 255,
256, 257, 258,
282, 325, 331.
danger involved in, 258.
in river line attack, 282.
machine guns, 74, 233.
POSITION IN READINESS, 308.
advance guard in, 230, 308.
advanced positions, 310.
advantages of single position, 310.
artillery in, _See Artillery_, 310, 313,
316, 317.
camp, 354.
cavalry in, 311, 312, 316.
concealment, 309.
considerations influencing decision, 308, 309.
demolition of bridges, 314, 316.
engineers in, 309, 314, 316.
field fortification in, 309, 310, 311,
314.
framework of, 310.
in retreat, 77.
issue of ammunition, 311.
line of retreat, 309, 311, 312, 313.
location with reference to roads, 309.
obstacles, 310, 311.
orders for, 311, 312.
rear guard in, 316, 317.
reconnaissance in, 311.
relation to defensive position, 308.
security to front and flanks, 311, 312, 317.
trains and sanitary troops, 311, 312. 317.
when assumed, 231, 308.
Post offices, seizure, 62.
Precedents for military situations, 7, 23, 232.
Preparation, batteries of, 124.
for war, 5.
of defensive position, _See Defensive position_.
of tactical problems, 31.
Prepare for action, _See Artillery_, 125.
Prerogatives of subordinates, 22, 25, 42,
223.
Principles of art of war, 8, 9, 24.
Prisoners
capture of by patrols, 51.
convoys of, 104.
disposal, 351.
escort for, 104, 351.
PROBLEMS, TACTICAL, 19.
apparatus for solution of, 28.
assumptions in, 22, 23, 223.
decision, 19.
diagrammatic analysis and synthesis, 29.
estimate of situation, 18, 22, 27.
examples of
advance guard of a small force, 64.
attack, by reinforced brigade, 225.
by small infantry force, 219.
battery of artillery in position, 128.
camp of a division, 354.
cavalry combat, small force, 160.
diagrammatic analysis and synthesis, 29.
division supply on the march, 368.
field fortification, No. 1, 267.
field fortification, No. 2, 273.
form of, 20.
imaginary troops, 23, 32.
in field fortification to be solved on terrain, 19, 249, 267.
kinds of, 19.
maps for, 23, 24,
25, 33.
method of solution, 27.
mission in, 18, 21, 27.
preparation of, 31.
reality in, 20, 23, 28,
31, 33.
troop leading, 19.
Protection
against rifle and artillery fire, distance required, 80, 176, 300,
346.
of flanks, _See Attack, Defense, Outposts, etc._
Purchase of supplies, 361.
of line of retreat, _See Line of retreat_.
of supply depot, 373.
Pursuing by fire, 121.
PURSUIT, 300.
advance guard in, 229.
artillery in, 118, 121,
142, 301.
broad front in, 301.
by fire, 121.
cavalry in, 144, 168, 282,
301, 369.
contact during, 177, 301.
decisive attack in, 300, 301.
fresh troops for, 168, 211, 301.
frontal attack in, 229.
gaining flanks of enemy, 301.
machine guns in, 306.
mission in, 300.
motor vehicles in, 301, 387.
night movements in, 205.
parallel, 72, 168, 230, 301.
prompt initiation of, 301.
uncovering line of retreat, 205.
uncovering main body, 229.

Q

Quartermaster of convoy, 96, 97.

R

Radio, _See Wireless and Signal_.
Radius of action, air craft, 381, 382, 383.
patrols, 45, 149, 166,
185, 186.
Radius of observation, air craft, 385.
Raids, air, 384.
cavalry, 144, 148, 169,
175, 373.
Rail head, 320, 363, 370,
372, 388.
RAILROADS
capacity of rolling stock, 378.
compared to motor vehicles, 387.
evacuation of wounded by, 322, 369, 378.
military control of, 363, 364.
motor vehicles on, 389.
movements of troops by, when advisable, 87, 387.
supply by, 356, 363, 367,
372, 378.
Rally, after cavalry charge, 158.
after night attack, 304.
in retreat, 230, 292, 295.
Range-finders, 333, 386.
Range quadrant, 110.
Ranges, _See Artillery, Attack, Defense, etc._
Ranging, _See Artillery_.
Rapid fire, _See Fire_.
Rates of fire, 329.
anti-aircraft artillery, 138.
machine guns, 305.
Rates of march
cavalry and patrols, 54, 89, 90,
165.
convoy, 101.
troops and trains, 89, 90, 101,
165, 195, 337,
371, 376, 377.
Rations
carried by trains, 366, 367.
for patrols, 48.
issue of, 84, 351, 355,
356, 366, 367,
368, 369, 375.
kinds of, 366, 379.
of cavalry, 159.
on person of soldier, 366, 367, 369.
weight and volume, 379.
Ravines and hollows in a defensive position, 252, 256,
258, 273.
Raw troops, 204, 260.
Readiness, position in, _See Position in readiness_.
Reality in tactical problems, 20, 23, 28,
31, 33.
Rear cavalry, _See Cavalry_.
REAR GUARDS, 70.
aggressive tactics by, 75.
artillery with, 71, 77, 128,
138, 290, 291,
292, 316.
cavalry with, 70, 147, 168,
290, 292.
composition, 70, 292.
conduct of, 72.
contact with enemy, 72, 73.
contact with flank guard, 81.
counter attack by, 75.
covering main body, 72, 73.
detail of outpost from, 70, 170.
distances between fractions, 72.
engineers with, 71, 316.
field trains, 71.
flank detachments, 74, 75.
flank positions, 73, 289, 290,
293.
in delaying action, _See Delaying action_.
in forward march, 70, 85.
in position in readiness, 77, 308.
in withdrawal from action, _See Withdrawal_.
latitude allowed commander of, 74, 295.
machine guns with, 71, 74, 306.
of convoy, 72, 100.
of cavalry, 71.
orders, 70, 72, 74,
75, 77.
outpost attached to, 317.
proportions of infantry and cavalry, 70, 71.
reconnaissance, 72.
reinforcement of, 70, 73, 316.
sanitary troops with, 71.
signal troops with, 71.
strength of, 70.
subdivisions of, 71, 72.
supreme commander with, 75, 86, 316.
Receipts for orders, 40.
for supplies, 362.
RECONNAISSANCE, _See Air craft, Cavalry, Outposts, Patrols, etc._
aero
altitudes at which effective, 138, 139,
384, 385.
balloons and kites, 381, 383.
concealment from, 119, 253, 256,
265, 286, 385.
detailed observation impossible, 383, 386.
duties of, 383.
effect of darkness, rain, fog, etc., 149, 383, 386.
in defense of a river line, 284.
maintenance of contact by, 149, 386.
of artillery positions, 110, 119,
131, 384.
of wooded areas, 385.
protection against, 138, 384,
385, 386.
radius of, 381, 382, 383.
supplements that of cavalry, 47, 384.
use of field glasses, 385.
verification by actual contact, 384.
visibility of field works, 265.
by advance guard, 57, 60, 64.
by artillery, 111, 112, 121,
122, 125, 130,
131, 133, 141,
142, 249.
by cavalry, _See Cavalry_.
by escort of convoy, 97, 99, 100,
101, 102, 104,
108.
by flank guard, 79, 81.
by rear guard, 72.
combat, _See Attack, Defense, Patrols, etc._
in force, 63, 206, 213,
229.
in night attack, 302, 303.
in position in readiness, 311.
in rencontre, 295.
in selection of defensive position, 249.
limited, 203.
observing stations, _See Observing stations_.
of defiles, 50, 62, 102,
108, 190.
of houses and villages, 50.
of river line, 281, 283, 284.
of terrain
by air craft, 384, 385, 386.
by artillery commanders, 111, 125,
128, 130.
by outpost commander, 192.
by patrols, 50.
in attack of a river line, 281, 283.
prior to attack, 205, 220, 225.
of woods, 50, 101, 385.
officer, _See Artillery, personnel_.
outpost, 170, 171, 174,
177, 182, 184.
prior to attack, 205, 220, 225,
227, 230.
strategical and tactical, _See Patrols_.
Re-entrants in a defensive line, 251.
Refilling points, 364, 366, 367,
368, 372.
Refusing the flanks of a line, 209, 260, 265.
Regimental aid station, 222, 224,
255, 319.
Regimental sector, defensive position, _See Defensive position_.
outpost, 177.
Registration, _See Artillery_.
Regulation, of march, 60, 88, 89.
of main body on advance guard, 60, 88.
Reinforced brigade
as advance guard, 56.
attack by, 225.
composition of, 337.
defensive power of, 231.
order of march, 65.
use in campaign, 147.
Reinforcements, _See Supporting troops_.
for flank guard, 82.
for rear guard, 70, 73.
hostile, approach of, 167, 206, 207,
224, 227, 234,
288, 291, 292,
311, 348.
Reinforcing the firing line, 208, 211, 237,
238, 257, 327,
328.
Relief, in construction of works of field fortification, 262.
of outpost, time of, 170, 187.
patrols and sentries of outposts, 184, 186.
strategical patrols, 150.
RENCONTRE ENGAGEMENT, 295.
advance guard in, 123.
aggressive action in, 231, 295.
artillery in, 123, 296, 339.
danger of, 297, 300.
initiative in, 295, 296.
machine guns in, 296, 306.
reconnaissance prior to, 295.
turning movements in, 296.
Rendezvous
for patrols, 50.
in night attack, 303, 304.
in retreat, 230, 292, 299.
of cavalry, 174.
Reports to superior commanders, 223, 317.
by cavalry, 146, 149.
Requirements of an artillery position, 118.
of a camp site, 93, 94, 353,
354.
of a defensive position, 230, 232, 248,
257.
Reserves, _See Attack, Defense, etc._
Resources of a State, 5.
Responsibility, division of with subordinates, 42.
military, 24, 25.
Rest, days of, 87, 89, 337, 365.
RETREAT, _See Delaying action, Rear guards, Withdrawal_, 70.
cavalry in, 147, 154, 172.
conduct of, 72.
contact with enemy, 72, 73.
covering main body, 72, 73.
danger of decisive engagement, 299.
flank positions in, 73, 74, 289,
290, 293.
line of, _See Lines of retreat_.
location of firing line, 324.
motor vehicles in, 71, 387.
orders, 70, 72,
75, 77.
over fire swept zone, 215, 289, 324.
position of readiness in, 308.
provisions for in orders, 41, 314.
rendezvous in, 230, 292, 299.
supply during, 376.
tendency to break straight to rear, 73, 74, 155,
290, 292, 299.
trains in, 71.
withdrawal of outpost, 73.
Reverse slopes, defilade of, 135.
Rifle fire, _See Fire_.
Rifle in war, 324.
catechism of, 334.
Right of way for artillery firing batteries, 225, 339, 340.
Rivers as obstacles, 217, 277.
River line, outpost on, 176, 179, 180,
189, 281.
RIVER LINE ATTACK, 277.
artillery in, 277, 278, 281,
282, 286.
bridges, 277, 278, 280,
281, 283.
cavalry in, 279, 281, 282.
conduct of, 281.
concealment in, 279, 280.
counter attack, 281, 282.
deceiving the defender, 279, 280, 281.
demonstrations, 279, 282.
engineers in, 283.
feint, 279, 281, 284.
ferries, 176, 277, 280, 283.
fire superiority in, 277, 278,
279, 280.
frontal attack, 278, 279.
machine guns in, 278, 282.
means of passage, 277.
methods of, 278.
movements under cover of darkness, 281, 286.
night firing, 281.
outpost troops, 281, 282.
point of attack, 279, 280, 281.
position fire, 282.
reconnaissance, 281, 283.
reserves, 279, 280, 281,
282, 283.
separation of forces, 278, 279, 281.
turning movements, 278.
uncovering crossings, 280.
uncovering line of retreat, 278.
River line defense, 284.
aero reconnaissance in, 284.
artillery in, 284, 300.
bridges and fords, 284.
cavalry in, 189, 284.
crossing the stream, 284.
detecting intentions of attacker, 284.
field fortification, 284.
methods of, 284.
reconnaissance, 284.
reserve, 284.
Road junctions, _See Crossroads_.
Road space, of bridge trains, 340.
of tactical units, 16.
Roads
as affecting location of camps, 353.
as affecting strength and location of outposts, 170, 171, 176,
177, 181, 182,
183.
for convoys, 100, 101, 102.
for flank guards, 79, 82.
for wagon and motor transport, 78, 83, 364,
377, 387, 388.
in position in readiness, 309.
Rotation of organizations in advance guard, 85, 337, 338.
Rôle of field fortification, 254, 266.
Rôle of machine guns, 304.
Routes
concealed, for movements of artillery, 140.
between flank guard and main body, 79, 81, 82,
339.
of advance guard, 58.
markers, artillery, _See Artillery personnel_.
of march, flank guard, 79, 82.
for convoy, 100, 101, 102.
of travel, outpost patrols, 184.
to combat positions, 209, 211, 223,
224, 225, 226,
227, 240.
Routine orders, 38, 42, 43,
181, 356.
Rule, general
for covering troops of convoy, 95, 96.
for conduct of an active defense, 238.
for guidance of supply officers, 372, 373.
for strength and location of outpost, 170, 173,
176, 177.
for withdrawal from action, 291.
Rules of art of war, 8, 9, 24.

S

Safe heights for air craft, 138, 139, 384.
Salients in a defensive line, 231, 251, 260.
Salvo fire, _See Artillery, fire_.
Sanitary equipment, _See Ambulance companies and Field hospitals_.
Sanitary requirements of a camp site, 93, 354.
Sanitary stations in combat, 319.
battalion collecting stations, 224, 256,
270, 319.
dressing stations, 222, 224, 225,
228, 235, 263,
312, 319, 320,
349, 350.
regimental aid stations, 222, 224,
255, 319.
slightly wounded stations, 224, 225,
320, 350.
Sanitary troops, _See Ambulance companies and Field hospitals_.
evacuation of wounded, _See Wounded_.
general duties, 318.
in position in readiness, 311, 312, 317.
in retreat, 71, 350.
on outpost, 173.
police of battlefield, 321, 351.
with advance, rear, and flank guards, etc., _See these subjects_.
Savage and guerrilla warfare, 8.
Scientific progress, effect on warfare, 24.
Scouts, aeroplane, 382.
artillery, _See Artillery personnel_.
ground, 155, 156, 160,
167, 213.
Screen, aero, 138, 384, 385.
cavalry, 144, 146, 148,
149, 164, 165,
174.
Screening patrols, _See Patrols_.
Sea as a frontier, 6.
Searching fire on ground occupied by hostile
reserves, 115, 116, 120,
122, 228, 237,
265.
Sectors, of defensive line, 232, 254.
of observation, outpost supports, 182.
regimental, of outpost, 177.
Security
of flanks in combat, _See Attack, Defense, Patrols, etc._, 212.
of flanks of outpost, 176, 178.
of line of retreat, _See Line of retreat_.
service of, _See Advance, Rear, and Flank guards, Cavalry,
Outposts, etc._ to front, during organization of a
defensive position, 213, 234, 259.
in position in readiness, 311.
prior to combat, 213.
Selection of camp site, sanitary considerations, 93, 94, 354.
tactical considerations, 176, 353.
Selection of defensive position, 230.
of flank for envelopment, 207.
of outpost line, 353.
of route for convoy, 100.
Sentry squads and cossack posts, _See Outposts_.
Separation of feint and main attack of a river line, 280.
of main and holding attacks, 209, 344,
345, 346.
of subordinates from their commands, 161, 220.
of trains and troops, 84.
Service of information, _See Cavalry, Patrols,
Reconnaissance, etc._
of the interior, 361, 363.
of the line of communications, 363.
Shell, high explosive, 109, 263.
demolition by, 109, 114, 126,
133, 135, 138,
141.
tracer, 139, 386.
Shelter for wounded, 320.
Shrapnel, 109, 133.
area of burst, 115, 327.
fire, against artillery, 126, 141.
moral effect, 120.
of anti-aircraft artillery, 138.
of heavy field artillery, 135.
protection from, 135, 216, 263.
vulnerability of various formations, 327.
height of burst, 113, 116.
ranging by, 115, 127, 141.
smoke producing matrix, 115.
Sight defilade, 113.
Sight, panoramic, 109.
Sights, battle, 115, 331.
combined, 331.
Signal commander, discretionary powers of, 341.
Signal equipment, _See Wireless_.
of air craft, 382, 383, 384.
of artillery, 109, 131.
of cavalry, 145, 150, 340.
Signal troops
in combat, 224, 228, 346.
on march in division, 340.
on outpost, 173, 180, 184.
with advance guard, 56, 337, 340.
with cavalry, 145, 150, 340.
with flank guard, 78, 340.
with rear guard, 71.
Signals
for advance to attack, 346.
of air craft, 384.
of outpost, 187.
of patrols, 49.
Signatures to orders, 40.
Simplicity in tactical procedure, 27, 32, 63,
74, 204, 303,
332, 334.
Single range, fire at, _See Artillery_.
Site, angle of, 116.
Situation
change in, 59.
estimate of, 18, 21, 22,
27, 44, 64,
65, 191, 192,
220, 225, 226,
297, 308.
general, 20, 32, 273.
precedents for, 7, 23.
special, 20, 273.
Size of armies as affecting problem of supply, 362, 388.
of motor vehicles for military use, 388, 389.
Sketches and tables, outpost, 193.
Skilled operators for machine guns and air craft, 305, 382, 383.
Skirmishers, line of, vulnerability, 325, 327. cavalry, 150, 151.
Sky line, 324.
Slashings, 217.
Slightly wounded, 319, 320.
Slightly wounded station, 224, 225,
320, 350.
Slopes, effect on vulnerability, 326, 327.
Slope of fall, field artillery, 132.
Slopes, reverse, defilade, 135, 324, 325.
Small forces
in attack of convoy, 96.
in combat, 224, 225, 231,
232, 248.
in defensive position, 248.
in night attack, 205, 302.
marches by, 89.
outposts of, 174, 178.
security of flanks of, 178, 232, 248.
terrain exercises of, 19, 23, 24.
turning movements by, 205, 278, 345.
Smoke bombs, 384.
Soil, character of as affecting time for excavation, 261.
Soup kitchens, motor vehicles for, 388.
Sources of supply, 361.
Sources of information, 21.
Spare parts for aeroplanes and motor vehicles, 382, 390.
Special situation, 20, 273.
Special troops on outpost, 180.
Speed
of air craft, 381, 382.
of motor vehicles, 101, 377, 388.
of troops on the march, 89, 90,
165, 337.
of wagon trains, 90, 101, 371,
376, 377.
Spies, 21, 59, 150,
185.
Splinter-proof, 258.
Splitting
artillery units, 123, 133, 140,
228, 345, 349.
organizations in combat, 205, 217.
on outpost, 175.
to form advance guard, 57, 337.
Squad columns, 325, 326, 327.
Staff duty, air craft and motor vehicles in, 384, 388.
Staffs of various units, 11.
Stampede of cavalry horses, 152, 154.
Standing patrols, _See Patrols_.
Starting a march, _See Advance guards and Marches_.
Stations, observing, _See Observing stations_.
sanitary, _See Sanitary_.
Step by step defensive, 77, 168, 235,
292, 299, 308.
Stock cars, 378.
Streams, _See Rivers_.
Strength of column, how estimated, 52.
of organizations in U. S. Army, 10, 16.
of various bodies, _See reference in question_.
Style of orders, 37.
of messages, 54.
Subdivisions, battery of artillery, 109.
for action, time of, 123.
Subordinate commanders, assembly of, 220, 293.
trespass on province of, 22, 25, 42,
223.
“Successive bounds,” 50, 63.
Successive positions in withdrawal or
delaying action, 77, 168, 235,
292, 299, 308.
Successive ranges, fire at, _See Artillery_.
Successive thin lines, 326, 327, 328.
Sunrise and sunset, times of, 88.
Supplies
amount obtainable from a community, 377.
issue of, 356, 366, 368,
370, 375, 376.
issue points, 356, 375.
motor transport for 364, 372, 388.
obtained in theater of operations, 361, 362, 367,
372, 375, 377.
pack transportation, 364.
payments and receipts, 362.
purchase and requisition, 361, 362, 369.
rail and water transport for, 363, 364, 372.
refilling points, 364, 366, 367,
368, 372.
reserves of, 363, 377.
Supply
data, 378.
depots, _See Advance supply depots_.
division, 360.
during retreat, 376.
effect on division tactics, 359.
ideal conditions of, 372.
problems in, with solutions, 368, 370.
problem of, as affected by size of armies, 362, 388.
sources of, 361.
trains, _See Trains_.
unit, 360, 364.
Supporting points, _See Defensive position_.
Supporting positions in withdrawal, 289.
Supporting troops, 20, 62, 99,
103, 108, 148,
149, 206, 207,
212, 220, 229,
250, 290, 348,
353.
Support, mutual, in defense, _See Defensive Position_.
Support trenches, _See Fortification_.
Supports, _See Attack, Defense, Outposts, etc._
for artillery, 121, 122, 127,
129, 133, 140,
181, 224, 226,
291, 304, 307,
314.
for machine guns, 157, 161,
222, 306.
for wire entanglements, 265.
Supreme commander
artillery officer with, 113, 126, 128,
130, 142, 225.
controls operations of independent cavalry, 146, 147, 338.
designates front covered by advance cavalry, 174.
estimate of situation by, 44, 225.
general functions of, 362.
in combat, 225, 228.
influences course of action by use of reserves, 211, 346.
in withdrawal from action, 295.
observing stations for, 131, 225,
226, 228.
on the march, 85, 86, 337.
orders disposition of packs, 223.
orders issue of ammunition, 223, 300, 311.
provides for flank protection, 213, 227, 232,
233, 235, 246.
reports to, _See Examples of orders_, 317.
with advance guard, 62, 85, 86,
225, 230, 297,
337.
with rear guard, 75, 86, 316.
Surprise
advance guard protects main body from, 296.
by artillery fire, 62, 80, 97,
101, 103, 127.
by machine gun fire, 253, 305.
in attack, 209.
in counter attack, 236.
in operations of cavalry, 153, 154, 155,
156, 157, 159,
160.
in rencontre, 295.
Surrender of initiative, 27, 151,
161, 257.
Swamps and morasses as obstacles, 176, 216, 232.
Sweeping fire, _See Artillery_.
Switching and overlapping fire, 331.

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