Chapter XVIII: Air Craft and Motor Vehicles in War (4)

TABLES
distribution of troops on outpost, 193.
equipment of patrol leader, 48.
estimate of situation, considerations in, 18.
marching rates of troops and trains, 90.
organization, U. S. Army, 10.
ranges, weights, etc., of field artillery materiel, 132.
time, tools, and personnel required for works of
field fortification, 261.
times of sunrise and sunset at Gettysburg, Pa., 88.
troops passing a point in one minute, 52.
war strength, road spaces, and camp areas of tactical units, 16.
weights of rations and forage and capacity of containers, 379.
Tactical considerations in selection of camp site, 176, 353.
Tactical problems, _See Problems_.
Tactical rides and walks, 20.
Tactical units
integrity of in combat, 205, 217.
in forming advance guard, 57, 337.
in forming outpost, 175.
organization of in U. S. Army, 10.
Tactics, _See Artillery, Cavalry, etc._
as influenced by motor transport, 387.
as influenced by supply, 365, 373.
division, 337.
of air craft, 381.
Targets
designation, 330.
identification of, 330.
platoon sectors, 331, 332.
Task, intrenching, size of, 261.
Telegraph and telephone, _See Wireless_.
advance guard seizes, 62.
equipment of artillery, 109, 135.
of balloons, 383.
of signal troops, 15.
in defensive position, 255.
military control of local lines, 62, 63.
reports by, 223, 317.
service on line of communications, 363.
timing the advance in combat, 346.
use for messages of patrols, 55, 150.
use on the march, 340.
Tendency of troops to rapid fire, 300, 329.
to break straight to rear in retreat, 73, 74, 155,
290, 292, 299.
TERRAIN
as affecting advance guard tactics, 60, 62, 64.
as affecting dispositions of outpost, 170, 171, 176,
178, 179, 180,
182, 183, 186,
188, 192.
as affecting operations of cavalry, 151, 154, 155,
159, 230.
detailed knowledge from aero reconnaissance, 384, 385, 386.
examination of by artillery commander, 111, 125,
128, 130.
by outpost commander, 192.
from enemy’s point of view, 249.
prior to issue of attack orders, 205, 220, 225.
exercises, 19, 31.
limited to smaller units, 19, 23, 24.
favorable for counter attack, 237, 238.
features affecting march, 62, 64, 90,
100, 101.
fortifications to be located on, 249, 267.
in estimate of situation, 18, 23.
utilization of natural features
as cover in attack, 209, 210, 212,
216, 217, 250,
260, 269, 280.
as cover in defense, 256, 257, 309.
as obstacles, 207, 216, 217, 256, 259,
273, 277, 310.
in field fortification, 250, 252, 254,
256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 266.
Theater of operations, 361.
Thin lines, _See Successive thin lines_.
Tiers of fire, 256, 257, 325.
TIME
and distance in tactical problems, 22, 29, 79,
309.
fire, _See Artillery_.
for night attacks, 304.
for relief of outpost, 170, 187.
for starting a march, 86, 88, 337,
338, 341.
of issue of ammunition, 214, 220, 223,
332, 366, 375.
of issue of orders, 42, 59, 64,
93, 191, 304,
355, 356.
of issue of supplies, 356, 368,
370, 375.
of sunrise and sunset, 88.
required for construction of field fortification, 256, 261.
required for deployment, 344.
required for issue of ammunition, 214.
required for preparation and circulation of orders, 43.
required to mount and dismount, 152.
standard, to be used in orders, 41, 189.
that small forces can delay larger, 231.
that troops can subsist without trains, 84, 367.

Timing the advance, 345, 346.
Tools, park and portable for fortification, 215, 217, 255,
261, 268, 270,
271, 272, 273,
276, 361.
Training for war, 6.
TRAINS, _See Convoys, Issues, Supply, etc._
access to by troops, 57, 84, 144,
145, 159, 169,
181, 183, 365.
administrative, 365.
ammunition
composition and capacity, 366.
in combat, 84, 119, 124, 132,
214, 234, 349,
369.
in withdrawal, 291.
mountain artillery, 137.
on the march, 369, 370, 376.
armed men with, 78, 84, 97,
317, 341.
assembly for march, 341.
auto truck, 80, 83, 95,
96, 101, 364,
365, 388.
auxiliary, 365.
bakery, 361, 372.
bridge, _See Bridge trains, etc._
classification of, 365.
combat
assembly of empty wagons, 214, 222, 225,
228, 234, 241,
255.
empties used to transport wounded, 234, 241, 255,
321, 350.
ammunition carried by, 214.
artillery, _See Artillery_.
cavalry, 145, 159, 361.
flank guard, 78.
mountain artillery, 137.
replenishment, 291, 351, 375.
separation from troops, 83, 214, 366.
commander of, 350, 375, 376.
division, authorized number of wagons, 360, 361.
division, on the march, 341.
division into sections, 355, 376.
engineer, 349, 355, 360, 361, 376.
escort for, 62, 78, 84, 86, 293, 317, 341, 376.
field, 71, 365, 366, 370.
animal transport for, 390.
arrangement on the march, 83, 84, 341, 365.
artillery, 109, 110, 123, 129.
baggage section, 355, 365, 366, 373, 375.
in action, 220, 225, 228, 376.
in position in readiness, 311.
in retreat, 71.
join organizations at end of march, 84, 375.
of advance cavalry, 181.
of advance guard, 57, 58.
of escort of convoy, 96.
of flank guard, 78.
of outpost, 58, 181, 182, 188.
on march in division, 365, 376.
ration section, 355, 365, 366, 373, 375.
replenishment of, 366, 368, 369, 370, 372.
flank guard, 78, 79.
general supply, 365, 367.
good roads for movements of, 78, 83, 364, 387, 388.
halts, 377.
in action, 84, 225, 228, 349, 396.
in camp, 354, 373, 375.
in change of direction, 92.
in double column, 78, 91, 95.
in flank march, 78, 79, 83, 84, 92, 95, 376.
in night attack, 303.
in position in readiness, 310, 311, 317.
in retreat, 71, 376.
in withdrawal from action, 289, 291.
infantry in long columns of, 83, 99, 339.
location in camp, 355.
mounted troops with, 84, 168, 341.
on the march, 78, 79, 83, 376.
pack, 137, 145, 159, 214, 338, 355, 364, 366, 375, 376.
passage of defiles, 84, 376.
personnel of, 15, 368.
position of indicates direction of retreat, 83, 95.
rate of march, 90, 101, 371, 376, 377.
regimental, 365, 367.
release of in combat, 349, 350, 376.
sanitary, _See_ _Sanitary_.
size of in campaign, 360, 365.
supply
commander, 375, 376.
composition and capacity, 366.
of mountain artillery, 137
on march, 368, 376.
radius of operations, 370.
refill and rejoin, 372.
time of starting march, 86.
with cavalry, 144, 145, 159,
169, 188, 338,
375.
Transportation
by motor vehicle, 387.
by rail, 363, 364,
372, 373.
by water, 363, 364,
372, 373.
data, 378.
of animals, 378.
of wounded, _See_ _Wounded_.
organization of, 15, 16.
Traverses, 253, 255, 263.
Tread of artillery carriages, 109.
Trees, removal from front of defensive position, 258, 261, 269,
270, 271, 272,
273, 275.
Trenches, _See_ _Fortification_.
Trespass on the province of a subordinate, 22, 25, 42,
223.
Troop leading problems, 19.
Turning movements, 345.
against small forces, 232, 248.
by advance guard, 63.
by cavalry, 153, 168, 205.
by small forces, 205, 278, 345.
in attack of a river line, 205, 278.
in rencontre, 63, 296.
inducing enemy to make, 298, 310.
Types of aeroplanes, 382.

U

Universal military service, 5.
Unloading details, 378.
Untrained troops, in offensive operations, 204.
Usurping prerogatives of subordinates, 22, 25, 42,
223.
U. S. Army, organization of, 10.
U. S. Geological Survey, maps of, 34, 249.

V

Vegetation, allowance for in determining visibility, 140.
Vehicles, _See_ _Trains_.
allowance of to a regiment, 365.
capacity of, 366, 379.
motor, _See_ _Motor vehicles_.
vulnerability to fire, 95, 96, 101, 103.
with cavalry force, 145, 159, 169.
with infantry division, 360.
Verbal orders, 38, 39, 43,
220.
Verbiage of orders and messages, 37, 40, 54.
Verification of reconnaissance by direct contact, 384.
Vertical cover for flash defilade, 113, 133, 140.
Villages, reconnaissance of, 50.
Visibility of target, effect of on dispersion of fire, 330.
of works of field fortification to aero reconnaissance, 265, 266.
Visibility problems, 24, 140.
Volley fire, _See_ _Artillery_.
Volplaning, 383.
Vulnerability
effect of slopes on, 326.
of air craft, 134, 138, 139,
383, 384, 385,
386.
of cavalry to attack in flank, 156.
of convoy, 95, 96, 101,
103.
of infantry to cavalry attack, 153.
of led horses of cavalry, 151, 154, 241.
relative, of airships and aeroplanes, 139, 385.
to rifle fire, of various formations, 325.
to shrapnel fire of various formations, 327.
effect on of enfilade fire, 326.
effect of slopes, 326, 327.

W

Wagons, _See_ _Vehicles_, _Trains_, _etc._
War
as an art and science, 5, 9, 24.
game, 20.
modern theory of, 5.
preparation for, 5.
strength of units, U. S. Army, 10, 16.
training for, 6, 7, 8.
Warfare, detachment, 147.
savage and guerilla, 8.
Waste of ammunition, 135, 215, 300,
329, 333.
Watchwords in night attacks, 303.
Water supply, _See_ _Camps_.
Water transport, 363, 364,
372, 373.
Watering animals, 48, 50,
101, 378.
Weapons employed by cavalry, 151, 166, 168.
Weather
effect on aero reconnaissance, 149, 383, 386.
effect on marching rates, 90.
in estimate of tactical situation, 18.
Weight behind teams, field artillery, 109, 132.
Weights of rations and forage, etc., 379.
of field artillery projectiles, 132.
Wire entanglements. _See_ _Obstacles_.
Wire sections, signal, 340.
Wireless, communication by, 150.
Wireless equipment, _See_ _Signal_.
dependability, 150.
of air craft, 382, 383, 384.
of cavalry, 145, 150, 340.
range of operations, 150.
WITHDRAWAL FROM ACTION, 288.
ambulance companies and wounded, 289.
artillery in, 289, 290,
291, 292.
cavalry in, 289, 290,
292, 293.
distance of supporting position from firing line, 290.
duties of commander, 295.
flank positions in, 289, 290, 293.
general rule for, 291.
infantry, 70, 73, 298.
long range fire in, 290.
multiple lines of retreat, 292.
occasions for, 288.
of outpost, 73, 77, 308.
of part of force, 288.
order of, 291.
panic of troops, 289, 291.
rear guard, 292.
rendezvous, 292.
reserves, 289, 290,
292, 347.
successive positions in, 77, 292.
time to commence, 298.
trains, 289.
under cover of darkness, 205, 289.
Withdrawal of cavalry behind outpost line, 148, 174, 179,
181, 188, 189,
190, 192.
Wooded areas, reconnaissance of, 50, 101, 385.
WOUNDED
abandonment of, 318, 351.
ammunition on persons of, 321.
as prisoners of war, 318.
civilian assistance in care of, 318, 322.
collection of, 318, 319.
evacuation of, 214, 222, 224,
234, 241, 255,
289, 318, 321,
350, 341, 369,
378, 389.
identification of, 321.
motor transport for, 389.
rail transport for, 322, 369, 378.
shelter for, 320.

X

x, y, z, paragraphs in orders, 39.

Z

Zone
beaten, of machine gun fire, 305.
beaten, of shrapnel fire, 115, 327.
fire swept, 120, 205, 211,
215, 289, 324,
327, 329.
maneuvering, for artillery, 338.
for main body, 296.
of the advance, 362, 364.
of line of communications, 363, 364.

THE TECHNIQUE OF MODERN TACTICS

FOLLOWING ARE SOME REVIEWS OF SERVICE JOURNALS
AND A FEW CHARACTERISTIC COMMENTS CLIPPED
FROM LETTERS OF OFFICERS WHO HAVE
READ THE BOOK

BY MAJOR GENERAL, J. FRANKLIN BELL, U. S. ARMY

“The book is excellent. It consists of an unusually complete and sound digest of tactical principles, outlines of points to be considered in formulating tactical decisions, manner of drafting and models of field orders and instructions, methods of procedure to be followed in carrying out tactical decisions, power and limitations of all mobile units, etc. All statements and deductions appear to be based upon the best accepted tactical ideas of the present day.

“While in its opening chapter the text introduces an officer to the proper method of pursuing the applicatory system of study, it is in fact a clearly concise presentation of all the essential points of tactics and logistics, assembled and arranged for a rapid review. It should, therefore, save an officer, concerned with some particular tactical problems, hours of poring over 'regulations’ and lengthy textbooks.

“The English of the book is clear and to the point. The chapter on 'Field Orders’ is very well written, and the chapter on 'Artillery Tactics’ is particularly good.”

BY BRIG. GEN. A. L. MILLS, U. S. ARMY

“While this volume contains much that is original in its subject matter, it seems to be especially characterized by the large field covered by its contents as well as by the simplicity with which the whole subject is presented. It is believed that no other book is available in which so many valuable military facts, principles, and suggestions are included within one volume as is the case in this publication. And it is not only the amount of material that is contained in the volume, but also the manner in which it is presented which enables the work to offer the student such valuable study. The book will also be useful to the soldier in the field as a book of reference. Especially valuable is the 'estimate of the situation' appearing on page 18. It is easily conceivable that the possession of this one page at the proper time might have a most material effect upon an important action.

“The authors are to be congratulated on having given this work to the American Army and it is believed that the more widely it becomes known, the greater will it be in demand.”

REVIEW OF THE JOURNAL OF THE U. S. INFANTRY ASSOCIATION

“The authors present an excellent epitome of the tactics taught today in The Army Service Schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The principles and considerations which should govern in the marching, fighting and securing of all bodies of troops, from a patrol to a division, are concisely stated, yet in greater detail than can be found in any other single volume of our language. For each form of map or maneuver problem the reader is furnished minute instructions to guide him in determining the best solution, followed by examples of solutions and orders that have been used in like problems at the Service Schools, and all is made clear by sketches and diagrams. The striking characteristic of the text is the quantity of precise information as to what experience teaches should or should not be done to obtain the greatest probability of success, and the total lack of vague discussion, followed by tentative or uncertain conclusions, so familiar in many other modern writings.

“Formations and orders for patrols, advance, rear and flank guards, outposts, marches, changes of direction, convoys, the various types of combat, and the leading of the troops concerned, are discussed and illustrated. Other chapters deal with the tactics of light and heavy field and mountain artillery, cavalry, sanitary troops, the organization and fortification of a defensive position, the use of the rifle in war, the supply of our infantry division, orders in general, and the preparation and solution of tactical problems, and are of peculiar value to the general reader because their contents can otherwise be obtained only by search through a number of technical volumes.

“This book will be absolutely beyond price to anyone entering the Service Schools and those concerned in the preparation or solution of problems in the Garrison Schools. It will also be of great value to all officers for careful study at first reading, and then, because of the wide range of subjects to be found between its covers, as an extremely handy book of reference.”

REVIEW OF THE JOURNAL OF THE U. S. CAVALRY ASSOCIATION

“The purpose of this work, as stated in the readable and interesting introduction, is to furnish a guide to those engaged in the study of practical problems in tactics, and a convenient ready reference for officers charged with the preparation and conduct of field maneuvers, tactical rides, war games, etc.

“The solution of tactical problems is treated in a masterly manner in