Chapter II: Hyperborean Languages

DISTINCTION BETWEEN ESKIMO AND AMERICAN -- ESKIMO PRONUNCIATION
AND DECLENSION -- DIALECTS OF THE KONIAGAS AND ALEUTS --
LANGUAGE OF THE THLINKEETS -- HYPOTHETICAL AFFINITIES -- THE
TINNEH FAMILY AND ITS DIALECTS -- EASTERN, WESTERN, CENTRAL,
AND SOUTHERN DIVISIONS -- CHEPEWYAN DECLENSION -- ORATORICAL
DISPLAY IN THE SPEECH OF THE KUTCHINS -- DIALECTS OF THE ATNAHS
AND UGALENZES COMPARED -- SPECIMEN OF THE KOLTSHANE TONGUE --
TACULLY GUTTURALS -- HOOPAH VOCABULARY -- APACHE DIALECTS --
LIPAN LORD'S PRAYER -- NAVAJO WORDS -- COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY
OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.

The national and tribal distinctions given in the first volume of this work will, for the most part, serve as divisions for languages and dialects; I shall not therefore repeat here the names and boundaries before mentioned, except so far as may be necessary in speaking of languages alone. As a rule those physical and social distinctions which indicate severalness among peoples, are followed, if indeed they are not governed by the severalness of dialects, that is, the diversities of language operate as powerfully as the aspects of nature or any other causes, in separating mankind into tribes and nations; hence it is that in the different divisions of humanity are found different dialects, and between dialects physical and geographical divisions.[II'-1]

[Sidenote: LANGUAGES ON THE ARCTIC SEABOARD.]

As I have said in another place the Eskimos are the anomalous race of the New World; and this is no less true in their language than in their physical characteristics. Obviously they are a polar people rather than an American or an Asiatic people.[II'-2] They cling to the seaboard; and while the distinction between them and the inland American is clearly drawn, as we descend the strait and sea of Bering, cross the Alaskan peninsula and follow the shores of the Pacific eastward and southward, gradually the Arctic dialect merges into that of the American proper. In our Hyperborean group, whose southern bound is the fifty-fifth parallel, the northern seaboard part is occupied wholly by Eskimos, the southern by a people called by some Eskimos and by others Koniagas, while further on the graduation is so complete and the transition from one to the other so imperceptible that it is often difficult to determine which are Indians and which Eskimos. In treating of their manners and customs, I separated the littoral Alaskans into two divisions, calling them Eskimos and Koniagas, but in their languages and dialects I shall speak of them as one. No philologist familiar with the whole territory has attempted to classify these Hyperborean tongues; different writers refer the languages of all to such particular parts as they happen to be familiar with. Thus the Russian priest Veniaminoff divides the Eskimo language into six dialects, all belonging to the Koniagas, on the Kadiak Islands and the adjacent territory. The fact is Veniaminoff dwelt in southern Alaska and in the Aleutian Isles, and knew nothing of the great inland nations to the north and west. To the people of Kadiak he gives two dialects, a northern and a southern, and carries the same language over to the main land adjacent.[II'-3] The Russian explorer Sagoskin, to the Chnagmute dialect of Veniaminoff, unites the Kwichpagmute and Kuskoquigmute under the collective name of Kangjulit, of which with the Kadiak he makes a comparative vocabulary establishing their identity.[II'-4] In like manner Baer classifies these northern languages, but confines himself almost exclusively to the coast above Kadiak Island.[II'-5]

Kotzebue says that a dialect of this same language is spoken by the natives of St Lawrence Island.[II'-6] Yet if we may believe Mr Seemann, all these dialects are essentially different. The Eskimo language, he writes, "is divided into many dialects, which often vary so much that those who speak one are unable to understand the others. The natives of Kotzebue Sound for instance have to use an interpreter in conversing with their countrymen in Norton Sound; towards Point Barrow another dialect prevails, which however is not sufficiently distinct to be unintelligible to the Kotzebue people."[II'-7]

[Sidenote: EXAMPLES OF THE ESKIMO GRAMMAR.]

According to Vater and Richardson the Eskimo language as spoken east of the Mackenzie River appears to have a softer sound, as for instance, for the western ending _tch_ the eastern tribes mostly use _s_ and sometimes _h_. The German sound _ch_, guttural, is frequently heard among the western people. Nouns have six cases, the changes of which are expressed by affixed syllables.

These are in the singular _mut_, _mik_, _mit_, _me_, and _kut_, and in the plural _nut_, _nik_, _nit_, _ne_, and _gut_. _Ga_, _go_, _ne_, _ait_, _anga_, _ara_, etc., affixed to the nominative, denote a possessive case. As:--_kivgah_, a servant; _kivganga_, my servant; _kivgane_, his servant; etc. _Arsu_ and _arsuit_ are diminutive endings and _soak_, _sudset_, and _sudsek_ augmentatives. Adjectives are also declinable. Nouns can be transposed into verbs by affixing _evok_ and _ovok_, and the adjective is altered in the same manner.

The third person singular of the indicative is taken as the root of the verb, and by changing its termination it may be used as a noun. The infinitive is formed by the postposition _nek_. The verb has numerous inflections.

'To be' or 'to have,' both possessing a similar signification, are expressed by _gi_ or _vi_--as _nunagiva_, it is his land.

Richardson gives the following declension of a noun, transitively and intransitively (?):

TUPEK, A TENT.

SINGULAR. DUAL. PLURAL.

Nom. tr. tupek }
intr. turkib} tuppak turket
Gen. turkib tuppak turket
Dat. tr. tuppek tuppak turket
intr. tuppermut tuppangnut tuppernut
Acc. tr. tuppak tuppak turkinut
intr. tuppernik tuppangnit turkit
Abl. tr. tuppermit tuppangnit tuppermit
intr. tuppermut tuppangnut turkinnut[II'-8]

Some claim that the languages of Kadiak and the Aleutian Islands are cognate, others deny any relationship. Stephen Glottoff, one of the first to visit Kadiak Island, states positively that the inhabitants of Unalaska and particularly a boy from the western Aleutian Isles could not understand the people of Kadiak.[II'-9] Captain Cook thought there existed a phonetic similarity between the speech of the Unalaskas and the people of Norton Sound, which opinion appears to be correct.[II'-10] So disarranged have the aboriginal tongues in this vicinity become since the advent of the Russians that little dependence can be placed on latter-day investigations. Dall admits the speech of the two peoples to be dissimilar yet their language he believes to be one.[II'-11] Vater, more cautious, thinks that there is perhaps some Eskimo influence noticeable among the Koniagas.[II'-12] Baer gives Admiral von Wrangell's opinion, which also inclines towards such a connection, but he himself expresses the opposite belief, citing in support of this that the physical appearance of the Koniagas differs entirely from that of the Eskimo race.[II'-13] Buschmann gives, as the result of careful investigations and comparisons, the opinion that the language of Unalaska is distinct from that of Kadiak, and supports it by the statements of travelers, as for instance that of the mate Saikoff, given in the _Neue Nordische Beiträge_, tom. iii., p. 284, who says that the two are totally different.

[Sidenote: ATKHA AND UNALASKA DIALECTS.]

Throughout the whole Aleutian Archipelago there are but two dialects, one of which is spoken on the peninsula, on Unalaska, and a few islands contiguous, while the other--by Veniaminoff called the Atkha dialect--extends thence over all the other Aleutian Isles. In neither dialect is there any distinction of gender; but to make up for this deficiency, besides the plural, a dual is used. Substantives have three cases:--_adakch_, the father; _adam_ or _adaganilyak_, of the father; _adaman_, to the father; _adakik_ or _adakin_, both fathers; _adan_, the fathers; _adanik_, to the fathers. Verbs are conjugated by means of terminals. They are divided into three classes, active, medium, and passive. Negation is expressed by the syllable _oljuk_ added to the root of the verb; sometimes also by _ljaka_, _ljaga_, or _gana_. _Sjukong_, I take; _sjunakching_, I took; _sjuljakakching_, I take not; _sjunag´oljuting_, I took not; _sjuda_, take; _sjuljagada_, or _sjuganachtchin_, take not.

The eastern Aleuts enunciate very rapidly, without dividing their words distinctly, making it very difficult for a stranger to understand them. In Unalaska their speech is more drawling, while on Atkha Island the natives pronounce each word very distinctly. The western Aleuts and the people on Umnak also speak rather slowly--drawling.[II'-14] Dall states that the chief difference between the Atkha and Unalaska dialects consists in the formation of the plural of nouns. The former for this purpose employ the terminal letters _s_, _sh_, or _ng_. For diminutives the Atkhas use the ending _kutshak_ and the Unalaskas _dak_.[II'-15]

On the next page I insert a vocabulary of Eskimo, Kuskoquigmute, Malemute, Aleut, and Kadiak tongues.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.

---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------
ESKIMO. |KUSKOQUIGMUTE.| MALEMUTE. | ALEUT. | KADIAK.
---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------
Man tuak |yugut |enuk |toioch |sewk
Woman |agnak |okanok |aiyagar |
Fire { ignik or |knik |iknik |kignak |knok
{ ignuck | | | |
Fresh } emik | | | |
Water } | | | |
Salt } tarreoke | | | |
Water } | | | |
Water |mik |immik |taangak |taangak
Earth |nuni |nuneh |tshekak |noona
Stone angmak | | | |
Dog { kenma or |annakhukkta |kiyukmuk |uikuk |pewatit
{ kooneack | | | |
Knife sequetat |chivichuk |chowik |omgazshiz-|tshangielk
| | |shik |
{ baittsaach | | | |
Sun { maisak or |akhtah |shukeenyuk |akathak |madzshak
{ neiya | | | |
I woonga |hwihka |wunga |keen |chooi
Thou |lpit |illewit |ingaan |chlput
Eat { ashadlooik or|neega |nugerunger |kaangen |pittooaga
{ ishadlooweet | | | |
Yes a |you |wah |aang |aang
{ naga, nau, | | | |
No { tuum, nao, |chashituk |peechuk |maselikan |pedok
{ aunga | | | |
One { tegara or |atauchik |atowsik |attakon |alcheluk
{ adaitsuk | | | |
Two { milleit- |malkhok |malruk |alluk |malogh
{ sungnet | | | |
{ pingettsat- | | | |
Three { sungnet or |païnaïvak |pinyusut |kankoon |pingaien
{ pingeyook | | | |
Four { tsetummat or |t'chamik |setemat |shitshin |stamen
{ setumet | | | |
{ tadglémat | | | |
Five { adreyeet or |talimik |telemat |tshang |taliman
{ taleema | | | |
{ arkbunna | | | |
Six { aghwinnak |akhvinok |aghwinuleet |attoon |agovinligin
{ akkaooin- | | | |
{ elget | | | |
{ aitpa | | | |
Seven { achwinnigh- | | | |
{ ipagha |ainaäkhvanam |mahluditagh-|olung |malchongun
{ mullaroonik | |winuleet | |
{ or bolruk | | | |
{ penayua | | | |
Eight { penniyooik |pinaiviak |pinyusuni- |kamtshing |inglulgin
{ pegesset | |laghwinuleet| |
Nine { seetumna |chtamiakvanam |koolinotyluk|sitching |kollemgaien
{ teeidimmik | | | |
Ten { tadleema or | | | |
{ kólit |kullnuk |kooleet |hasuk- |kollen
Eleven{ | | |attakatha-|alchtoch
{ | | |matkich |
---------------------+--------------+------------+----------+-----------

Turn now to the Thlinkeets, who extend along the coast southward from Mount St Elias, as Holmberg says, to the Columbia River;[II'-16] Chlebikoff, to the forty-first parallel; Vater, to Queen Charlotte Island;[II'-17] and Veniaminoff, to the Stikeen River; the latter affirming, at the same time, that there is but one dialect spoken among them all.[II'-18] The nations mentioned by Captain Bryant as speaking this language are the Chilkats, Sitkas, Hoodsinoos, Auks, Kakas, Elikinoos, Stikeens, and Tungass.[II'-19]

[Sidenote: HARSHNESS OF THE THLINKEET TONGUE.]

From all accounts the Thlinkeets possess the most barbarous speech found anywhere in the Pacific States. Whether this arises from the huge block of wood with which the Thlinkeet matrons grace their under lip, which drives the sound from the throat through the teeth and nose before it reaches the ear of the listener, I do not pretend to say; but that it is hard, guttural, clucking, hissing, in short everything but labial, there is no doubt. All who have visited them, whether German, English, French, or Spanish, agree in this particular. Marchand describes it as excessively rude and wild. Most of their articulations are accompanied by a strong nasal aspiration, with strenuous efforts of the throat; particularly in producing the sound of a double _r_, which is heavy and hard. Many of their words commence with a strongly guttural _k_ sound and this same sound is frequently heard three times in one word. Dr Roblet who accompanied Marchand, says that, notwithstanding all this, the language is very complete, possessing a multitude of words, the natives being at no loss to give a name to everything.[II'-21] La Pérouse, who makes a similar report, gives as an example of its harshness the word _khlrleies_, hair.[II'-22] In Veniaminoff's vocabulary are found such words as _thlklunúk_, healthy, and _katlhth_, ashes, literally unpronounceable. The frequently occurring sound _tl_ has led several authors to suppose a relationship with the Aztec tongue; as for example Vater, who made a small comparative table which I insert to show directly the contrary to what he wished to prove.

Setting aside the _tetl_, _te_, stone, of which I have made previous mention, had the words been selected to prove a want of affinity between the two languages they could not have been more to the point. Buschmann asserts, moreover, that several of the Mexican words are mis-quoted.[II'-23]

AZTEC. THLINKEET.

Mother nantli attli
Brother teachcauh achaik or achonoik
Face xayacatl kaga
Forehead yxquatl kakak
Strong velitilizcotl itlzin
Depth vecatlyotl kattljan
Stone tetl te
Earth tlalli tljaknak or tlatka
Duck canauhtli kauchu
Star citlati tlaachztl[II'-24]

A few instances have been discovered by the same writer, where the Thlinkeet tongue appears to be verging towards the Tinneh. Among others he mentions the Thlinkeet words _te_, stone, _zyyn_, muskrat, comparing the latter with the Dogrib _tzin_; the Thlinkeet _achschat_, woman, wife, with the Umpqua _sch'at_; the Thlinkeet _tjé_, _teik_, road, with the Tacully _tee_.[II'-25] La Pérouse pretends that they do not use and can hardly pronounce the letters _b_, _f_, _j_, _d_, _p_, and _v_. Most words commence with _k_, _t_, _n_, _s_, or _m_, the first named being the most frequently used; no word commences with an _r_.[II'-26] Veniaminoff again says that it would take thirty-eight letters or combinations to write the distinct sounds which are expressed in the Thlinkeet language. The personal pronouns are _khat_, or _khatsh_, I; _bae_, _be_, or _belch_, thou; _b_ or _bch_, he; _ban_ or _bantch_, we; _iban_ or _ibantch_, you; _as_ or _astch_ or _youtas_ or _youastch_, they. The verb 'to do' is conjugated as follows:

PRESENT INDICATIVE. FIRST FUTURE. SECOND FUTURE.

etakhani ekbkazyani enkbizini

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

etakhanegin | ekhbziní or ekhbzinnigin[II'-27]

Vater has a Lord's prayer communicated by Baranoff, director of the late Russian possessions in America. It reads as follows:

[Sidenote: THLINKEET LORD'S PRAYER.]

Ais waan, wet wwetu tikeu; ikukastii itssagi
Father our, who art in the clouds; honored be name

bae; faa atkwakut ikustigi ibee; atkwakut attüitugati
thine; let come kingdom thine, be done will

bee ikachtekin linkitan zu tlekw. Katuachawat
thine as we in heaven and on earth. Food

uáan zuikwülkinichat akech uáan itat; tamil uáan
our needful give us to-day; absolve us

tschaniktschak aagi zu uáan akut tugati ajat; ilil
debts ours as also we give debtors ours; not lead

uan zulkikagatii táat anachut uan akalléelchwetach.
us into temptation but deliver us from the evil Spirit.

Tü.
So.[II'-28]

Next come the Tinneh, a people whose diffusion is only equaled by that of the Aryan or Semitic nations of the old world. The dialects of the Tinneh language are by no means confined within the limits of the Hyperborean division. Stretching from the northern interior of Alaska down into Sonora and Chihuahua, we have here a linguistic line of more than four thousand miles in length extending diagonally over forty-two degrees of latitude; like a great tree whose trunk is the Rocky Mountain range, whose roots encompass the deserts of Arizona and New Mexico, and whose branches touch the borders of Hudson Bay[II'-29] and of the Arctic and Pacific oceans.[II'-30] In the north, immense compact areas are covered by these dialects; towards the south the line holds its course steadily in one direction, while at the same time on either side are isolated spots, broken fragments as it were, of the Tinneh tongue, at wide distances in some cases from the central line. A reference to the classification given at the end of the preceding chapter, will show the separation of the Tinneh family into four divisions--the eastern, western, central and southern. The eastern division embraces the dialects spoken between Hudson Bay and the Mackenzie River; the western, those of the Kutchins and Kenai of interior Alaska and the Pacific Coast in the vicinity of Mount St Elias and Copper River; the central, those of the Tacullies of New Caledonia, the Umpquas of Oregon, and the Hoopahs of California; the southern, those of the Apaches of New Mexico, Arizona, and Northern Mexico.

Near the sources of a branch of the Saskatchewan River are the Sursees, who have been frequently classed with the Blackfeet, but Mackenzie had before this stated that they speak a dialect of the Tinneh.[II'-31] Umfreville who visited these people, compares their language to the cackling of hens, and says that it is very difficult for their neighbors to learn it.[II'-32]

Glance first at the dialects round Hudson Bay, and thence towards the west. The northern dialects are exceedingly difficult to pronounce, being composed largely of gutturals. Richardson compares some of the sounds to the Hottentot cluck, and Isbister calls them "harsh and guttural, difficult of enunciation and unpleasant to the ear."[II'-33] They differ mainly in accentuation and pronunciation, and it therefore does not require that philological research which is necessary with the farther outlying branches of the family to establish their connection. Richardson says that the Hare and Dog-rib dialects differ scarcely at all even in their accents; and again that the Sheep dialect is well understood by the Hare Indians. Latham affirms that the "Beaver Indian is transitional to the Slavé and Chepewyan proper." Of the Coppermine people, Franklin writes that their language is "essentially the same with those of the Chipewyans." Ross Cox says that the language of the Slowacuss and Nascud "bears a close affinity to that spoken by the Chepewyans and Beaver Indians."[II'-34]

[Sidenote: DIALECTS OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.]

From a paper in the collection of M. Du Ponceau, cited by Mr Gallatin, there appears to be in the grammar of these northern dialects a dual as well as a plural. Thus _dinné_, a person; _dinné you_, a man; _dinné you keh_, two men; _dinné you thlang_, many men. Again we have _sick keh_, my foot; _sick keh keh_, my feet. The Chepewyan declension is as follows:

My two hats, _sit sackhallé keh_; thy two hats, _nit sackhallé keh_; his two hats, _bit sackhaleé keh_, or _noneh bid tsakhalle keh_; their two hats, _hoot sackhallé keh_; two pieces of wood, _teitchin keh_; much, or many pieces of wood, _teitchin thlang_; my son, _see azé_; my two sons, _see azé keh_; thy two sons, _nee azé keh_; his two sons, _bee azé keh_; their two sons, _hoo bee azé keh_; my children, _see azé keh thlang_, or _siskainé_. Thus we see that the dual ending is _keh_ (which also means foot), and that of the plural, _thlang_. Possessive pronouns are: first person, _si_, _sit_ or _nee_; second person, _nit_ or _nee_; third person, his or their, _bit_, _bee_, _noot_, or _hoo_.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB I SPEAK, YAWS'THEE.

PRESENT. IMPERFECT.

I speak, yaws'thee | I spoke, yawaylt'hee
Thou speakest, yawnelt'hée | Thou spakest, yayolt'hée
He speaks, yawlt'hée | He spoke, yalthee
We speak, yawoult'hée | We spoke, tayaolthee
You speak, tayoult'hée | You spoke, tayahelthee
They speak, tayathee | They spoke, tayolthee[II'-35]

At the end of this chapter may be found a comparative vocabulary, comprising words selected from these and other dialects, belonging to this family.

[Sidenote: THE KUTCHIN DIALECTS OF THE YUKON.]

Crossing over to the country drained by the Yukon, we find the great Kutchin nation and to their north-east the Kenai. The Kutchins, according to Jones, are "divided into about twenty-two different tribes, each speaking a dialect of the same language." Hardisty affirms that "the Loucheux proper is spoken by the Indians of Peels River, thence traversing the mountains, westward down Rat River, the Tuk-kuth, and Van-tah-koo-chin, which extend to the Tran-jik-koo-chin, Na-tsik-koo-chin, and Koo-cha-koo-chin of the Youcon."[II'-36] The connection of the Kutchin language with the Tinneh has been, by early travelers, denied, and this denial re-echoed by writers following them;[II'-37] but later philological investigations have established the relationship beyond a question. Furthermore, to corroborate this fact there are persons, well acquainted with these people and their language, having lived in their country and traded with them for years, who are positive that the Kutchin is a dialect of the Tinneh. Some of them even affirm that the eastern Kutchin dialect bears a closer relationship to that of their neighbors, the Hares and Slavés, than do some of the dialects of the western Kutchins to each other, yet it is certain that all the Kutchin tribes of the Yukon and its tributaries understand one another, accentuation being the principal distinction between them.

A greater divergence from the stock language is observable in the dialect of the Tutchone Kutchin, which, with those of the Han Kutchin, the Slavé of Francis Lake and Fort Halkett, the Sicannis, the Abbato-tinneh of the Pelly and Macmillan Rivers, and the Nehanne of forts Liard and Simpson, might almost be called a dialectic division of the Tinneh language.[II'-38]

Richardson, following Murray, cautiously traces these relationships in the following words: "More resemblances, he thinks, might be traced through the Mountain Indian speech (Naha-'tdinnè or Dtchè-ta-ut'tinnè) than directly between the Kutchin and Dog-rib tongues. The Han-Kutchi of the sources of the Yukon, speak a dialect of the Kutcha-Kutchi language, yet they understand and are readily understood by the Indians of Frances Lake and the banks of the Pelly. Now these converse freely with the Naha- or Dtché-ta-ut'tinnè, and other Rocky Mountain tribes, whose language resembles the Dog-rib tongue, and who are, in fact, acknowledged members of the Chepewyan nation. Again, the Frances Lake Indians understand the Netsilley, or Wild Nation, who trade at Fort Halkett, on the River of the Mountains; these again are understood by the Sikanis; and the Sikanis by the Beaver Indians, whose dialect varies little from that of the Athabascans, the longest-known member of the 'Tinnè nation."[II'-39]

The Kutchins pride themselves on their oratorical powers, making long, windy, and allegorical speeches remarkable alike for native wit and eloquence. In public speaking their delivery is unique and effective; commencing in a low monotonous tone the voice slowly rises to a crescendo, then increases to a forte, and finally rolls forth in grand fortissimo, at which point, accompanied by striking gestures, it continues until sheer exhaustion compels the orator to pause for breath. The speech closes with a "most infernal screech," as Hardisty calls it, which is supposed to be a clincher to the most abstruse argument.

It was among these people, in the vicinity of the junction of the Tananah with the Yukon River that the before-mentioned broken Slavé jargon originated. Before the arrival of foreigners, the necessity of a trade, or intertribal, language was felt and met, the dialect spoken on the Liard River forming the basis. With the arrival of Russians, French, and English successively, each one of these nationalities contributed of its words to form the general jargon. Dall says that it is in use among all western Eskimos who have intercourse with the Tinneh. The European element in their jargon is very slight, much less than in the Chinook jargon, from the fact that but few Europeans have ever come in contact with the inland tribes of Alaska even in an indirect way.

Following the Tinneh tongue southward from Central Alaska, we strike the Pacific seaboard at Cook's Inlet and Prince William Sound, where we find the Kenai, with six or more dialects, stretching along the shores of the Ocean as far as Copper River. The word Kenai, or as they are sometimes called the Thnaina,[II'-40] meaning men, in signification and sound is almost identical with the word Tinneh, Dinneh, Tinné, Dinay, Tinna, with many other variations applied to this family.[II'-41] According to Sagoskin the Ingaliks, Unakatanas, and others of the Yukon and Nulato rivers call themselves Ttynaichotana.[II'-42] Veniaminoff, a high authority on matters coming under his immediate observation, draws erroneous conclusions from his comparisons of Kenai dialects. The Kenai language, he says, is divided into four dialects; the Kenai proper, the Atnah spoken by the Koltshanes and the people of Copper River, the Kuskoquim, and the Kwichpak.[II'-43] Baron von Wrangell is of the opinion that the Kenai are of Thlinkeet stock, affirming that although their idiom is different yet it comes from the same root;[II'-44] but Dall believes that it might be "more properly grouped with the Tinneh."[II'-45] The dialect of the Ugalenzes, Buschmann confidently asserts, belongs to the Tinneh family, although its connection with the Kenai is not strongly marked, while slight traces of the Thlinkeet tongue are found in it, but not the least shadow of the Aztec as Vater imagined.[II'-46] Long words are of frequent occurence in the speech of the Ugalenzes; as for example, _chakljtschejalsga_, work; _tekssekonachalek_, enemy; _kakujasliatenna_, to divide; _aukatschetohatle_, to take away.

* * * * *

The Atnah dialect has also been classed with the Thlinkeet by Baer, who inserts a small comparative vocabulary to show the similarity, but in it few similar words are found, while between the Atnah and the Ugalenze the connection is quite prominent, as for instance;

ATNAH. UGALENZE.

Heaven jaat jaa
Ice ttön ttetz
Stone ttzesch ttza
Fox nakattze nakattze
Eagle ttschkuläk tkotschkalak
Blood tell tedlch
Fat chchä chche
Come here any anatschtja[II'-47]

[Sidenote: KENAI LINGUISTIC AFFILIATIONS.]

In like manner the Kenai dialect has been classed with the Thlinkeet;[II'-48] but here the preponderance of evidence is with the Tinneh. Buschmann claims it as his discovery that the Kenai belong to the Tinneh family.[II'-49] The Kenai dialect is very difficult to pronounce, so much so that even the neighboring people with their harsh, nasal, and guttural idioms, find great trouble in enunciating it clearly. Some of the combinations of consonants are really very curious,[II'-50]--_aljtnjan_, earth; _kyssynj_, woman; _mljchny_, to drink; _keljkatj_, to eat; _ktaaltatlni_, to shoot; _kydykntjassnissj_, I hear; _tschatscheeintschichku_, do not be afraid; _kazikatejityssny_, I know not.

Baer makes the Ingalik cognate with Kenai, Atnah, and Thlinkeet;[II'-51] an affinity is also detected between the Inkalit and the Kenai, Atnah, and Unalaska dialects;[II'-52] while Sagoskin numbers both the Ingalik and the Inkalit among the members of the Tinneh family.[II'-53] Like those of their neighbors these two dialects are harsh and difficult of pronunciation, as for instance in the Inkalit, _tschugljkchuja_, a fox.

From the earliest times it has been known that the Koltshanes could converse freely with the Atnahs and Kenai, and the relationship existing between these dialects has long been recognized.[II'-54] As a specimen of the Koltshane tongue, I present the following: _tschiljkaje_, eagle; _nynkakit_, earth; _ssyljtschitan_, cold; _sstscheljssilj_, warm; _tschilje_, man.

[Sidenote: CENTRAL TINNEH DIVISION.]

To the Tacullies of our central Tinneh division, whose language Hale separates into eleven dialects, Latham adds the Sicannis, and other writers the Umpquas and the Hoopahs.[II'-55] The northern dialects of this division are represented as composed of words harsh and difficult to pronounce, while the southern dialects are softer and more sonorous, yet robust and emphatic. Mr Hale felt the necessity of adopting a peculiar style of orthography to represent the sounds of these words. The Greek _chi_ he employed to reproduce the Tacully gutturals, which he says are somewhat deeper than the Spanish _jota_, probably nearly akin to the German _ch_ in _acht und achtzig_. With _t chi l_ he aims to convey a sound which "is a combination uttered by forcing out the breath at the side of the mouth between the tongue and the palate."[II'-56] In the following words instead of the Greek _chi_, I write _kh_, and for _t chi l_, _sch_. _Schling_, dog; _schluk_, fish; _sutschon_, good; _kwun_, fire; _kukh_, house; _schhell_, mountain; _tse_, stone; _kuschkai_, run.

Hale is the only author who gives any information of the two tribes Tlatskanai and Kwalhioqua. The Kwalhioquas dwell on the north bank of the Columbia, near its mouth; but between them and the river there runs a wedge of Chinook territory. The former are to be found south of the river, on a narrow strip extending north and south. Being nearly related to the Tacully, these languages also belong to the Tinneh family. The only vocabulary obtainable is given by Mr Hale. Round the headwaters of the river Umpqua live the people of that name, speaking a language related to the two last mentioned, but which, if we may believe Mr Hale, is "much softer than the others."

[Sidenote: VOCABULARY OF HOOPAH DIALECTS.]

Scouler, who has made a curious classification of the languages of north-western America, places the Umpqua in the same family with the Calapooya and Yamkally under the general name of Cathlascon.[II'-57] The southernmost dialect of this division is that of the Hoopahs, on Trinity River. Upon the authority of Mr Powers, "the Hoopa language is worthy of the people who speak it--copious in its vocabulary; robust, sonorous, and strong in utterance; of a martial simplicity and rudeness in construction." Again he writes, "as the Hoopas remind one of the Romans among savages, so is their language something akin to the Latin in its phonetic characteristics: the idiom of camps--rude, strong, laconic. Let a grave and decorous Indian speak it deliberately, and every word comes out like the thud of a battering-ram against a wall. For instance let the reader take the words for 'devil' and 'death'--_keetoanchwa_ and _cheechwit_--and note the robust strength with which they can be uttered. What a grand roll of drums there is in that long, strong word, _conchwilchwil_." Mr Powers gives the following declension: I, _hwe_; father, _hoota_; my father, _hwehoota_; you, _nine_; your father, _nineta_; mother, _necho_; death, _cheechwit_; your mother's death, _nincho cheechwit_.[II'-58]

On the western slope of Mount Shasta, there is the Wi-Lackee language, which bears a close likeness to the Hoopah; on Mad River is the Lassic and on Eel River the Siah, both probably Hoopah dialects, and on Smith River in Del Norte County, the Haynaggi, Tolewah and Tahahteen, also presumably Hoopah and Wi-Lackee dialects. The following comparative table of the numerals in the Tolewah, Hoopah, and Wi-Lackee dialects, will serve to illustrate their relationship.

TOLEWAH. HOOPAH. WI-LACKEE.

One chla chla clyhy
Two nacheh nach nocka
Three tacheh tach tock
Four tencheh tinckh tenckha
Five swoila chwola tusculla
Six ostáneh hostan cooslac
Seven tsayteh ochkit coosnac
Eight lanésh tnata cahnem coostac
Nine chla ntuch nocósta coosténckha
Ten neh sun minchla kwang enta

[Sidenote: SPEECH OF THE APACHE TRIBES.]

In the southern and last division of the Tinneh family are found the great Apache and Navajo nations, with their many dialects. The Apaches may be said to inhabit or rather to roam over the country, commencing at the Colorado desert and extending east to the Rio Pecos, or from about 103° to 114° west long., and from Utah Territory into the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Texas, or from about 38° to 30° north lat. Hardly two authors agree in stating the number and names of the different tribes belonging to this nation.[II'-59] The names by which they are known among themselves are, according to Orozco y Berra: _Vinni ettinen-ne_, _Segatajen-ne_, _Tjuiccujen-ne_, _Iccujen-ne_, _Yutajen-ne_, _Sejen-ne_, _Cuelcajen-ne_, _Lipajen-ne_, for which the Mexicans have substituted, such words as Apaches, Tontos, Chiricaguis, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mescaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes, and Navajos.[II'-60] The nations that make up this great people are the Chiricaguis in north-eastern Sonora; Coyoteros in the Gila country; Faraones, west of New Mexico in the Sierras del Diablo, Chanate, and Pilares; Gileños at the eastern base of the Sierra de los Mimbres south of the Rio Gila; the people of the copper mines on both banks of the Rio Grande, ranging west to the Coyoteros and Pinaleños, and also into Chihuahua and Sonora, and at Lake Guzman west of Paso del Norte; the Lipanes, or Ipandes, in Texas; the Llaneros, north-east of Santa Fé, and northerly of the Rio Rojo de Natchitoches or Rio Pecos; Mescaleros, in the Sierras del Diablo, Chanate, Pilares, and on both banks of the Rio Tuerco, above its confluence with the Rio Grande; the Natages, or Natajes, in Texas near the Lipanes; the Pelones, in Coahuila; the Pinaleños, in the Sierras del Pinal and Blanca; the Tejuas, east of the Rio Grande, in the Gila country; the Tontos, in north-eastern Sonora, in the north-east near the Seris in the Pimeria Alta, and south of the Maricopas and the Rio Gila; the Vaqueros in the eastern part of New Mexico; the Mimbreños, in the Sierra de los Mimbres, west of Paso del Norte, and in the south-western end of New Mexico, on the northern boundary of Chihuahua.[II'-61] The Xicarillas, whose dialect forms the principal connecting link between the Apache language and the Tinneh family, live on the Rio de los Osos, west of the Rio Grande; also in the Moro Mountains and along the Cimarron.[II'-62] All the Apache tribes speak dialects but slightly varying from one another, and all can converse easily together. Different accentuations and some peculiar vocal appellations are, for the most part, all that constitute severalness in these dialects. Don José Cortéz states that "the utterance of the language is very violent, but it is not so difficult to speak as the first impression of it would lead one to suppose; for the ear, becoming accustomed to the sound, discovers a cadence in the words." "It has great poverty, both of expression and words." It appears as well that the harsh gutturals so constantly heard among the northern members of the Tinneh family, frequently occur in the Apache dialects.[II'-63] Bartlett writes, "it sounds like a combination of Polish, Chinese, Choctaw, and Dutch. Grunts and gutturals abound, and there is a strong resemblance to the Hottentot click. Now blend these together, and as you utter the word, swallow it, and the sound will be a fair specimen of an Apache word."[II'-64] Apache affiliations have been surmised by different writers, with nearly all their neighbors, and even with more distant nations. Arricivita hints at a possible relationship with the Otomí, because an Otomí muleteer told him that he could converse with the Apaches.[II'-65] The Shoshone and Comanche dialects have also been referred to the Tinneh trunk, but in reality they belong to the Sonora vernacular, a discovery first made by Turner, and proved by Buschmann.

Col. Cremony, who was interpreter for the United States Mexican boundary commission, and hence conversant with the Apache language, gives some valuable grammatical notes. "Their verbs," he says "express the past, present and future with much regularity, and have the infinitive, indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods, together with the first, second and third persons, and the singular, dual and plural numbers. Many of them are very irregular, and depend upon auxiliaries which are few. In all that relates to special individuality the language is exacting; thus, _shee_ means I, or me; but _shee-dah_ means I myself, or me myself; _dee_ means thee or thou; but _dee-dah_ means you yourself especially and personally, without reference to any other being. When an Apache is relating his own personal adventures he never says _shee_ for I, because that word, in some sense, includes all who were present and took any part in the affair but he uses the word _shee-dah_, to show that the act was wholly his own. The pronouns are: _shee_--I; _shee-dah_--I myself; _dee_--thee or thou; _dee-dah_, thee thyself; _aghan_--it, he, her, or they. The word _to-dah_ means no, and all their affirmatives are negatived by dividing this word so as to place the first syllable in front and the second in the rear of the verb to be negatived. For example, _ink-tah_ means, sit down, but to say, do _not_ sit down, we must express it _to-ink-tah-dah_; _nuest-chee-shee_, come here; _to-nuest-chee-shee-dah_, do _not_ come here; _anah-zont-tee_, begone; _to-anah-zont-tee-dah_, do _not_ begone."[II'-66]

[Sidenote: APACHE GRAMMAR.]

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO BE, AH GHONTAY.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I am, tak she | We are, tan-ah-hee-ah-aht-tee
Thou art, tan-dee-ah-aht-tee | You are, nah-hee-ah-aht-tee
He is, tah-annah | They are, aghan-day-aht-tee

IMPERFECT.

I was, tash-ee-ah-ash-ee
Thou wast, dee-ah-alt-een
He was, tah annah-kah-on-yah
We were, akannah sin-kah
You were, nah-hee-dah-a-kan nah-dash-shosh
They were, aghan-do-doh-ah-kah-gah-kah

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall be, she-ah-dosh-´n-dahl | We shall be, nah-he-do-gont-ee dahl
Thou wilt be, dee-ay-goh-ay-dahl | You will be, nah-he-nah-hat-han-dahl
He will be, ando-ay-gah-ee-dahl | They will be, nah-hayt-han-dahl

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO DO, AH GOSH LAH.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I do, she-ash-lah | We do, tah-nah-hee-ah-ghont-lah
Thou dost, tan-dee-aghon-lah | You do, nah-hee-ah-ghast-lah
He does tah-pee-ay-il-lah | They do, tah-goh-pee-ah-goh-lah

IMPERFECT.

I did, tah-she-ash-lah | We did, tah-nah-kee-and-lah
Thou didst, dee-and-lah | You did, nah-hee-alt-lah
He did, pee-ind-lah | They did, goh-pee-ah-goh-nind-lah

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall do, tash-ee-ah-dosh-leel
Thou wilt do, dee-ah-goh-dont-leel
He will do, tah-pee-aye-dahl-teel
We shall do, tah-nah-he-ah-go-dont-leel
You will do, nah-he-ah-dash-leel
They will do, go-pee-ah-guill-dah-leel

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

If I do, she-ash-lah-nah-ah | If we do, tah-nah-hee-ant-lah
If thou do, dee-alt-in-dahl | If you do, nah-hee-alt-lah
If he do, tah-pee-ayilt-in-dahl | If they do, go-pee-ah-wilt-ee

IMPERATIVE.

Do thou, eah-and-lah

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

Doing, ah-whee-lah

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO EAT, ISH SHAN.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I eat, she-ish-shan | We eat, tah-nah-de-hit-tahn
Thou eatest, deah-in-nah | You eat, nah-he-naloh-in-day
He eats, aghan-iz-yan | They eat, goh-pee-goo-iz-yun

PERFECT.

I have eaten, she-ohz-yan
Thou hast eaten, dee-schlee-ohn-nah
He has eaten, aghan-ohnz-yan
We have eaten, tah-nah-hee-al-ke-dah-ohn-tan
You have eaten, nah-he-ahz-yan
They have eaten, goh-pee-go-yohnz-yan

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall eat, she-go-ish-shan
Thou wilt eat, dee-doh-in-mah-dahl
He will eat, aghandoh-iz-yan
We shall eat, tah-nah-hee-hin-tahn-dahl
You will eat, nah-he-goh-an-shan
They will eat, goh-pee-goh-iz-yan-dahl

IMPERATIVE.

Eat thou, tan-dee-in-nah | Let them eat, tah-goh-pee-niz-yan

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO SLEEP, IL HOOSH.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I sleep, she-ish-hoosh | We sleep, tah-nah-he-il-hoosh
Thou sleepest, dee-ilt-hoosh | You sleep, nah-he-il-hoosh
He sleeps, aghan-it-hoosh | They sleep, go-pee-will-hoosh

PERFECT.

I have slept, she-al-kee-dah-ish-hash
Thou hast slept, dee-al-kee-dah-ish-hash
He has slept, aghando-ish-hash
We have slept, tah-nah-he-al-kee-dah-il-gash
You have slept, nah-he-al-kee-dah-al-hoosh
They have slept, go-pee-al-kee-dah-go-il-gash

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall sleep, she-do-ish-hoosht-tahl
Thou wilt sleep, dee-do-dohl-goosh
He will sleep, aghando-il-hoosht-dahl
We shall sleep, tah-nah-he-do-il-goosh-tahl
You will sleep, nah-he-doh-al-hoosh-tahl
They will sleep, go-pee-go-will-hoosh-tahl

IMPERATIVE.

Sleep thou, dee-ilh-hoosh
Sleep you, nah-hee-doh-al-hoosh
Sleep they, go-pee-go-il-hoosh

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB TO LOVE, IN KAY GO ISHT LEE.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I love, sheah-in-kay-go-isht-lee | We love,
| tan-ah-hee-in-kay-go-it-lee
Thou lovest, deah-vick-kay-go-int-lee | You love,
| nah-he-vick-kay-at-lee
He loves, aghan-ee-kay-go-it-lee | They love,
| goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-lee

IMPERFECT.

I loved, she-in-kay-go-isht-leeth-lay
Thou lovedst, dee-vick-kay-go-int-leeth-lee
He loved, aghan-vick-kay-go-it-leelth-lee
We loved, tan-ah-hee-vick-kay-int-leelth-lee
You loved, nah-he-vick-kay-at-leelth-lee
They loved, go-pee-vick-kay-go-leelth-lee

FIRST FUTURE.

Thou wilt love, dee-vick-kay-go-isht-lee-dahl
He will love, ghan-vick-kay-go-it-lee-dahl
I shall love, he-in-kay-go-isht-lee-dahl
We shall love, tah-nah-he-vick-kay-go-it-tlee-dahl
You will love, nah-he-vick-kay-at-tlee-dahl
They will love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-tlee-dahl

IMPERFECT POTENTIAL.

I should love, she 'dn-vick-kay-go-isht-leel-dahl
Thou shouldst love, dee 'dn-vick-kay-go-isht-leel-dahl
He should love, aghan-vick-kay-ich-klee-dahl
We should love, tah-nah-he-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl
You should love, nah-he-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl
They should love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-in-klee-dahl

IMPERATIVE.

Love thou, vick-kay-go-it-lee
Love you, nah-he-vick-kay-at-lee
Let them love, goh-pee-vick-kay-go-it-lee

NUMERALS.

One tash-ay-ay
Two nah-kee
Three kah-yay
Four in-yeh
Five asht-lay
Six host-kon-nay
Seven host-ee-day
Eight hah-pee
Nine 'n-ghost-ay
Ten go-nay-nan-nay
Eleven klats-ah-tah
Twelve nah-kee-sah-tah
Thirteen kah-yay-sah-tah
Fourteen tin-sah-tah-hay
Fifteen asht-lay-sah-tah-hay
Sixteen host-kon-sah-tah-hay
Seventeen host-ee-sah-tah-hay
Eighteen tan-pee-sah-tah-hay
Nineteen 'n-ghost-ah-sah-tah-hay
Twenty natin-yay
Thirty kah-tin-yay
Forty tinsh-tin-yay
Fifty asht-lah-tin-yay
Sixty host-kon-tin-yay
Seventy host-ee-tin-yay
Eighty san-vee-tin-yay
Ninety 'n-ghost-ah-tin-yay
One hundred tah-len-too-ooh
One thousand go-nay-nan-too-ooh
Two thousand nah-tin-ee-too-ooh

The following sentences will serve as specimens to show the construction of this language.

Whence come you? _hash-ee-ohn-dahl?_

I come from afar, _an-dah-she-oh-thal_.

I am a friend, _tah-in-joon-ay-ish-lee_.

What do you want? _ee-ya-althe-ee 'n?_

There are wood, water, and grass, _tooh-tlo-chee-gon-lee_.

Go and watch the enemy, _niñ-dah-bin-naht-hah-aden-he_.

Take notice of them, _gon-joon-ay-go-hah-den-ee_.

Of what nation are they? _yah-indah-aht-ee?_

Where is their camp? _hah-ay-vee-goat-hah?_

Note well their position, _gon-joon-ay-go-nel-he-hayago-ah-tay-na-lee_.

They are near by, _goh-pee-ach-han-nay-she-go_.

I do not believe it, _too-vah-osht-lah-dah_.

Show me the road, _in-tin-dee-she-chee-toh-golt-chee_.

Mine, _shee_.

It is mine, _es-shee_.

Thine, _dee_.

It is his or hers, _ah-koon-pee_.

It is not mine, _too-she-dah_.

It is not thine, _too-in-dee-dah_.

It is not his or hers, _too-pee-dah_.

These, _tee-hay-ah_.

Those, _ah-wayh-hay-yah_.

[Sidenote: SPEECH IN THE MESCALERO DIALECT.]

As a further illustration, I give a speech made by General Carleton during an interview with the Mescaleros, which was translated and written down at the time by Col. Cremony.

Nah-heedn day nah goodnltay; toogo take headah;
Your people are bad; they have not kept faith;

bayay geah gontay; schlee nahhah goh inay een;
they are treacherous; they have stolen our horses;

nahgah godilt say; nahhannah gwinheay endah ah tay;
they have murdered our people; they must make amends;

too nahhan neet ee dah; tah nakee ahendah adenh dee;
they must cease troubling us; they must obey our orders;

nah schleen nahhannah weedah ayl; han eganday
they must restore our animals; they must

nahhannah goee dalt yeal; enday nahhah hitjash
give up the murderers; they must give us

toohayago andadah; alkeedah llaynah ildee; eschlanay
hostages; let them remember past times; they were

vaygo daht eel; saylth lee goh-pee; taat hooay takee
numerous and powerful; they held all the sierras; they occupied all

anah goh kah; tah golkahay takay ikay goon lee;
the water-holes; they were masters of the plains;

tash lainah too nelchedah. Ako ahn day hahdah?
none made them afraid. Where are they now?

Eeyah veeahkah tsay nogoshee 'n nilt ee? Nakay eeah
Why do they hide behind rocks? Where is their

haddah? Bahyay kay 'n nilt ee? She aghan iltisch
possession? Why do they hide like coyotes? I will tell

in dee; taykay indah nash lee; taykay ay
them why; they have been enemies to all other people; they have made

veeakah nah hindah; tahnahhe elchindah nah hee;
all other people their enemies; they have made enemies of each other;

tannahee eedaltsay ayveeahkah hee nahindah; too nah
they have lived by robbery and murder; they have

yah seedah; tah nalkoneeay vickaygo tee en nahseego;
not worked; idleness breeds want;

tee en nahseego chin nah hilt yeeay; chevilheeaygo
want breeds hunger; hunger

vilkonyeago takhoogo ont yeal; yont hooaygo anaht eel;
and idleness breed crime; they have committed crimes;

takhoogo ninis yah;
the punishment has fallen on them;

aghon ahltay koohaygo naht lee;
their thousands have become hundreds;

elchinalcheego vickeah golt seel; nahee vah ahtee
we speak harsh truths; we speak so only for

elchinahtee; naschayhay too ahnah lahdah;
their good; we have no vengeance in our hearts;

Elchinalcheego inklees andah 'n june; nah kashee
Our talk is hard but good; let them

vanan an keeays; anahtay kahdayah too wakhahdah;
reflect upon it; let them change their ways;

innee nahl ash lah; ilk jeel eego andah 'n june.[II'-67]
let them cultivate the earth; let them be a strong but a good people.

Mr Dorr, writing in the _Overland Monthly_, makes an erroneous assertion that the Apache and Zuñi languages are the same, "differing only in accent, intonation, and cadence, they understand each other without difficulty. The Zuñi, or Apache language is very flexible and _suave_, and may at some time have been the Court language of the ancient races. It is often as expressive of fine shades of distinction as even the Greek itself. It preserves--in the _adyta_ of its wonderful radicals--the traditional duality of the human race: its dual, as well as singular and plural, forms of speech."[II'-68]

Vater intimates a relationship between the Apaches and the Pawnees, and that chiefly on the ground of a similarity in the names Pawnees and Lipanes.[II'-69]

Pimentel gives a Lord's Prayer in the Lipan dialect, which will serve as a specimen of the language:

'Cutall nezlló ezllá anel ti qui Llatá; setezdanela net agá
nautela; nosesene nda tendajé lle agá tandé: tanzanenda agá
atanclaju, senegui ti ezllza glezi, aj ullú ti lle lata; Lle
tulatan nezllé ja lagé tatichi anizané tatichi en gucecen dé
joullé vandaezhé lenegui ajullú da yé nachezonllé tenagé
vandaezhec en ne zto agatenjá tendá tlez ti tezchupanen da
glicóa genechi te najacengli Gaache lyé net.'[II'-70]

The Navajos, or Apache Navajos, of New Mexico, like the northern Tinneh, call themselves Tennai, men. Their dialect approaches the Xicarilla Apache, and Mr Eaton even asserts that it is about the same.[II'-71] Pike mentions the Nanahaws, which name is probably intended for Navajos, as no other account can be found of such a people.

[Sidenote: TINNEH VOCABULARY.]

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THE TINNEH FAMILY.

------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+
|STONE. |FIRE. |WATER. | DOG. | SUN. |KNIFE. |
------------+--------+--------+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+
Apache | zeyzai | kou | toah | zeetzaian | skeemai | pesh |
Apache }| | | | | | |
Coppermine }| tzi | con |t'hochon | klinchane |chigonakai | pes |
Atnah | tzesch | tkchon | ttuu | tchlikja | noai | |
Beaver | | | too | tlee | | |
Chepewyan | thaih | counn | tto | thling | sakh | bess |
Dogrib | thai | cun | to | kling | ssa | paas |
Hoopah | tsha | hoh | tahnahn | schlunh | hontsah |salstha |
Inkilik | |ttakuna | tu | klikhk | nooja |tschawyk|
Inkalit | luohna | kchun | te | klikhk | nooi |tschawyk|
Kenai |kaljniki| tasi | miljtni | chlika | channoo |kisjaki |
Koltshane | tzi | |tokatschj| liki |naaitschete| |
Kutchin | tchi | khon | tchu | tleine | r'seyé | r'si |
Kwalhioqua | | | | | |tschoho |
Loucheux | | | tchu | | | tlay |
Navajo | tsai | tcou | toe |kleechahee | chohaeha | pesh |
North'n Ind.| |odelchat| ictoo | anelwosh | | pace |
Apache }| | | | | | |
Pinaleño }|tschayer| | to | | yaheye |paysche |
Sursee | | coo | | tley | | marsh |
Tacully | tse | coun | tou | sleing | tsa | téisch |
Tenan }| | | | | | |
Kutchin }| utsih | | chu | klankoyah | soh | |
Tlatskanai | zeyzay | khtane | to | schling | taosse | tekhe |
Ugalenze | tza | takak | kaja | chaua | katakyl | zachlj |
Umpqua | seh | khong | tkho | schlinge | scha | natlmi |
Unakatana | luohna | khun | tu | klikhk | taltohna | |
Xicarilla | | cone | ko | klinchaah | | |
Apache }| | | | | | |
Mescalero }| teesch | kunh' | too-ooh |neechschlee|shoonnahaye| pesh |

------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------+---------
| MAN. | EYE. | ONE. | TWO. | THREE.
------------+---------+----------+------------+-----------+---------
Apache | ailee | konda | tahse | nahkee | tai
Apache }| | | | |
Coppermine }| n'de | sleenda | tashte | naki | ta-i
Atnah | tkichlj | ssnega |schtschelkai| nateakcha | taakei
Beaver | tiné | | | |
Chepewyan | 'tinné | naw | slachy | nakhé | takke
Dogrib |tchelaqui| ztennhae | 'nthlaré | nakhké | khtarre
Hoopah |quaietai | hunnah | tlah | nahe | tahek
Inkilik |ttynnaij | noga | kissleka | inteka | tokak
Inkalit | tynni | noga | kissleka | inteka | toka
Kenai | tynni | ssnaga | zelkei | techa | tokchke
Koltshane |tschilje |tschintagi| ilite | lakeji | takei
Kutchin | tengi | | tihlagga | nakhei | thieka
Kwalhioqua | | | | |
Loucheux | tenghie | | | |
Navajo | tennai | hunnah | tathlai | naki | tanh
North'n Ind.| tinneh | naw | she |chellatelle| elthoi
Apache }| | | | |
Pinaleño }|payyahnay| chindar | | |
Sursee | |senourvoh | vttegar | vkkeer | tankey
Tacully | dinay | nah | etscha | nangkakh | taki
Tenan }| | | | |
Kutchin }| tinji | sintaga | | |
Tlatskanai | khanae | nakhai | schlié | natoke | tage
Ugalenze | togoju | kalljag | tlchinke | gaatte | toolkoa
Umpqua | toene | naye | aitschla | nakhok | taak
Unakatana | tena lo | sunoga | | |
Xicarilla | tinday | pindah | | |
Apache }| | | | |
Mescalero }| enday | shindah | tash-ayay | nahkee | kahyay

FOOTNOTES:

[II'-1] See vol. i., p. 42 et seq. of this work.

[II'-2] 'Ces deux langues ... sont absolument la même que celle des Vogules, habitants de la Tartarie, et la même que celle des Lapons.' _Monglave_, in _Antiq. Mex._, tom. i., div. i., p. 65. 'Les Esquimaux d'Amérique et les Tchoutchis de l'extrémité nord de l'Asie orientale ... il est aisé de reconnaître qu'ils appartiennent à une même famille.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 330. 'The whole arctic shore of North America is possessed by the Esquimaux and Greenlanders, who speak an original tongue called Karalit.' _McCulloh's Researches in Amer._, p. 36. 'The Arctic region is mainly covered by dialects of a single language--the Eskimo.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 384. 'Der Amerikanische Sprachtypus, die Eskimo-Sprache, reicht hinüber nach Asien.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 711. 'Alle Eskimos sprechen im Wesentlichen dieselbe Sprache.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 280. 'The language of the Western Esquimaux so nearly resembles that of the tribes to the eastward.' _Beechey's Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 311; _Sauer's Billings' Ex._, p. 245; _Kotzebue's Voyage_, vol. iii., p. 314; _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 30; _Dease and Simpson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p. 222; _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 68. But Vater does not believe that the language extends across to Asia. 'Dass sich wohl ein Einfluss der Eskimo-Sprache, aber nicht diese selbst über die zwischen Asien and Amerika liegenden Inseln erstreckt.' _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 458, 426.

[II'-3] _Veniaminoff_, _Ueber die Sprachen des russ. Amer._, in _Erman_, _Archiv._, tom. vii., No. 1, p. 126 et seq.

[II'-4] _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr._, tom. i., p. 359 et seq.

[II'-5] 'Alle diese Völkerschaften reden eine Sprache and gehören zu einem und demselben Stamme, der sich auch weiter nördlich längs der Küste ... ausdehnt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 122.

[II'-6] _Kotzebue's Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 175.

[II'-7] Of the similarity between the Kadiak and Alaska idiom, Langsdorff says: 'In a great degree the clothing and language of the Alaskans, are the same as those of the people of Kodiak.' _Voy._, vol. ii., p. 236. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., pp. 68-69.

[II'-8] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 364 et seq.; _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. iii., No. i., pp. 142-43; _Beechey's Voyage_, vol. ii., p. 366; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 458 et seq.; notes on the Chugatsh dialect at Prince William Sound in _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., pp. 374-6, and _Portlock's Voy._, pp. 254-5.

[II'-9] 'Er konnte die Sprache dieser Insulaner nicht ... verstehen.' _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 105.

[II'-10] _Cook's Voy. to Pac._, vol. ii., p. 522.

[II'-11] _Dall's Alaska_, pp. 377-8.

[II'-12] 'Dass sich wohl ein Einfluss der Eskimo-Sprache aber nicht diese selbst über die zwischen Asien and Amerika liegenden Inseln erstreckt.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., 458.

[II'-13] 'Der Bewohner von Unalaschka kann den von Kadjack gar nicht verstehen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 123-289.

[II'-14] 'Dass ... sich das aleutische Idiom ... als ein eigner, von dem grossen eskimoischen ganz verschiedener Sprachtypus erweist.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 702 et seq. Veniaminoff's examples are as follows: active, he took; medium, he took me; passive, he was born. In _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. iii., No. 1, pp. 136-8; _Veniaminoff_, _Sapiski ob Ostrovach Oonalashkinskacho Otjela_, tom. ii., pp. 264-71.

[II'-15] _Dall's Alaska_, p. 386; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 459-460.

[II'-16] 'Von St Eliasberge bis hinunter zum Columbia-Strome.' _Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, p. 9.

[II'-17] 'Sie erstrecken sich von Iakutat südlich bis zu den Charlotten-Inseln.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 219.

[II'-18] 'Von Ltu bis Stachin, und hat fast nur einen Dialect.' _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-19] _Bryant's Jour._, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 302. The Tungass language 'as Mr. Tolmie conjectured, is nearly the same as that spoken at Sitga.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 218.

[II'-21] _Marchand_, _Voyage_, tom. ii., pp. 109-110.

[II'-22] _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 238. 'Their language is harsh and unpleasant to the ear.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 293. 'It appears barbarous, uncouth, and difficult to pronounce.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172. 'La dificil pronunciacion de sus vozes ... pues las forman de la garganta con un movimiento de la lengua contra el paladar.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS., pp. 46-47.

[II'-23] 'Von der ganzen Liste bleibt allein The, Stein als ähnlich.' _Buschmann_, _Pima u. Koloschen Sprache_, p. 386. 'Zwischen ihnen und der mexicanischen in Wörtern und Grammatik keine Verwandtschaft existirt ... gänzlich vom Mex. verschieden sind.' _Buschmann_, _Ortsnamen_, p. 69. 'Je n'ai trouvé aucune ressemblance entre les mots de cette langue et celle des ... Mexicains.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 240.

[II'-24] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 212-13; _Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, p. 16.

[II'-25] _Buschmann_, _Pima u. Koloschen Sprache_, p. 388.

[II'-26] _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., pp. 238-9.

[II'-27] _Veniaminoff_, _Sapiski ob Ostrovach Oonalashkinskacho Otjela_, tom. iii., pp. 149-51. No translation is given.

[II'-28] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 225.

[II'-29] 'Dimensionen, in welchen er ein ungeheures Gebiet im Innern des nördlichen Continents einnimmt, nahe an das Eismeer reicht, und queer das nordamerikanische Festland durchzieht: indem er im Osten die Hudsonsbai, im Südwesten in abgestossenen Stämmen am Umpqua-Flusse das stille Meer berührt.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 323. 'This great family includes a large number of North American tribes, extending, from near the mouth of the Mackenzie, south to the borders of Mexico.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 428. 'There are outlyers of the stock as far as the southern parts of Oregon. More than this, there are Athabascans in California, New Mexico and Sonora.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 393. 'Dass er in seinem Hauptgürtel von der nördlichen Hudsonsbai aus fast die ganze Breite des Continents durchläuft; und dass er in abgesonderten, in die Ferne geschleuderten Gliedern, gen Süden nicht allein unter dem 46ten (Tlatskanai und Kwalhioqua) und 43ten Grade nördlicher Breite (Umpqua) das stille Meer berührt, sondern auch tief im Innern in den Navajos den 36ten Grad trifft ... während er im Norden und Nordwesten den 65ten Grad und beinahe die Gestade des Polarmeers erreicht.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachstamm_, p. 313. See also vol. i., pp. 114, 143-9.

[II'-30] _Gibbs_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 303.

[II'-31] 'The Sarsees who are but few in number, appear from their language, to come on the contrary from the North-Westward, and are of the same people as the Rocky-Mountain Indians ... who are a tribe of the Chepewyans.' _Mackenzie's Voyages_, pp. lxxi-lxxii.

[II'-32] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 252; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 19. The Sarsi, Sussees 'speak a dialect of the Chippewyan (Athapascan), allied to the Tahkali.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 219.

[II'-33] 'They speak a copious language, which is very difficult to be attained.' _Mackenzie's Voyages_, p. 114. 'As a language it is exceedingly meagre and imperfect.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 3, 28.

[II'-34] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 3, 7; _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 76. 'Hare Indians, who also speak a dialect of the Chipewyan language.' _Id._, p. 83. Rocky Mountain Indians differ but little from the Strongbow, Beaver, etc. _Id._, p. 85; _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., pp. 388, 391; _Id._, vol. iii., p. 393; _Cox's Adven._, p. 323.

[II'-35] _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., pp. 215-16, 269.

[II'-36] _Richardson's Jour._, pp. 377-413; _Latham's Native Races_, pp. 293-4; _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 320; _Hardisty_, in _Id._, p. 311.

[II'-37] 'They speak a language distinct from the Chipewyan,' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. 'The similarity of language amongst all the tribes (Athabascans) that have been enumerated under this head (the Loucheux excepted) is fully established. It does not appear to have any distinct affinities with any other than that of the Kinai.' _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 20. 'The language of the latter (Loucheux) is entirely different from that of the other known tribes who possess the vast region to the northward of a line drawn from Churchill, on Hudson's Bay, across the Rocky Mountains, to New Caledonia.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 157. 'The Degothees or Loucheux, called Quarrellers by the English, speak a different language.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 542.

[II'-38] _Hardisty_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 311.

[II'-39] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., pp. 400-1; _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 270.

[II'-40] _Holmberg_, _Ethno. Skiz._, pp. 6-7; _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 97; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 228; _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430; _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292.

[II'-41] _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachstamm_, p. 223; _Krusentern_, _Woerter-Sammlung_, p. xi.

[II'-42] 'So nennen die Seeküstenbewohner Ulukag Mjuten Inkiliken, und diese letzten nennen sich selbst entweder nach dem Dorfe, oder im allgemeinen Ttynai-Chotana.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr._, p. 321.

[II'-43] _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-44] 'Ihre Sprache ist zwar von der der Koloschen verschieden, stammt aber von derselben Wurzel ab.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 97.

[II'-45] _Dall's Alaska_, p. 430.

[II'-46] 'Ich bleibe dabei stehn sie für eine athapaskische Sprache zu erklären.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 687. 'Two tribes are found, on the Pacific Ocean, whose kindred languages, though exhibiting some affinities both with that of the Western Eskimaux and with that of the Athapascas, we shall, for the present, consider as forming a distinct family. They are the Kinai, in or near Cook's Inlet or River, and the Ugaljachmutzi (_Ougalachmioutzy_) of Prince William's Sound.' _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 14.

[II'-47] 'Dieses Volk gehört gleich den Ugalenzen zu einem und demselben Stamme mit den Koloschen.... Auch in der Sprache giebt es mehrere Wörter, die auf eine gemeinschaftliche Wurzel hindeuten.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 99.

[II'-48] 'Gehört zu demselben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer und Koloschen. Dieses bezeugt nicht nur die noch vorhandene Aehnlichkeit einiger Wörter in den Sprachen dieser Völker (eine Aehnlichkeit, welche freilich in der Sprache der Koloschen kaum noch merkbar und fast gänzlich verschwunden ist).' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 103.

[II'-49] 'Die Kinai, Kenai oder Kenaizen wurden bisher schon als ein Hauptvolk und ihre Sprache als eine hauptsächliche des russischen Nordamerika's betrachtet. Sie umziehen in ihren Wohnungen an jener Küste die grosse Kinai-Bucht oder den sogenannten Cooks-Fluss. Ihr Idiom galt bisher als eine selbstständige und ursprüngliche Sprache, Trägerinn mehrerer anderer. Nach meinen Entdeckungen ist es ein Glied des grossen athapaskischen Sprachstammes, und seine Verwandten im russischen Nordwesten sind andere Glieder desselben.' _Buschmann_, _Athapask. Sprachstamm_, p. 223.

[II'-50] 'Die Kenai-Sprache ist, wegen der Menge ihrer Gurgellaute, von allen Idiomen des russischen Amerika's am schwierigsten auszusprechen. Selbst die Nachbarn der Kenajer, deren Sprachen schon ein sehr geschmeidiges Organ erfordern, sind nicht im Stande, Wörter des Kenajischen rein wiederzugeben.' _Veniaminoff_, in _Erman_, _Archiv_, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-51] _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 119.

[II'-52] 'Sie sprechen eine Sprache, die ganz verschieden ist von der an der Seeküste gebräuchlichen Sprache der Aleuten von Kadjack; der Dialect der Inkaliten ist ein Gemisch aus den Sprachen der Kenayer, Unalaschken und Atnaer ... auch die Anwigmüten und Magimüten sind Inkaliten.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, pp. 120-1.

[II'-53] 'Der zwei Stämme des Volkes Ttynai, hauptsächlich der Inkiliken und der Inkaliten-jug-elnut.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in _Russ. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr._, tom. i., p. 352; _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 175.

[II'-54] 'Die näher wohnenden gehören zu demselben Stamme wie die Atnaer und Kenayer und können sich mit ihnen, obgleich sie einen anderen Dialect sprechen, verständigen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethno._, p. 101.

[II'-55] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62; _Mackenzie's Voyages_, p. 284. 'Their language is very similar to that of the Chipewyans, and has a great affinity to the tongues spoken by the Beaver Indians and the Sicaunes. Between all the different villages of the Carriers, there prevails a difference of dialect, to such an extent, that they often give different names to the most common utensils.' _Harmon's Jour._, pp. 285-6, 379, 193, 196; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 178. 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (_Carriers_), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Gallatin_, in _Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact._, vol. ii., p. 20. 'A branch of the great Chippewyan (Athapascan) stock.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 202.

[II'-56] _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 533.

[II'-57] _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225; _Hines' Voy._, p. 117.

[II'-58] _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. ix., pp. 157-8; _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 87-5. 'Ich habe später die _Hoopah_ Sprache wirklich für eine athapaskische angenommen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 576.

[II'-59] _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 325. 'Desde el Real de Chiguagua, cruzando al Poniente, hasta el rio Gila, y subiendo al Norte, hasta el Moqui, y Nuevo México, y Provincias de Texas y Quahuila; y revolviendo al Sur remata en el sobredicho Real.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 338; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 177; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., pp. 212-3; 'Extend from the black mountains in New México to the frontiers of Cogquilla.' _Pike's Explor. Trav._, (Phil. 1810,) appendix, p. 10; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 83; _Malte-Brun_, _Précis de la Géog._, tom. vi., p. 446; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 13; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 298; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 8. 'Se extienden en el vasto espacio de dicho continente, que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud Norte, y 264 á 277 de longitud de Tenerife.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 369; _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., pp. 393, et seq. 'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur ab _Apachibus_.' _Laet_, _Novus Orbis_, p. 316; _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. ii., 553; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 40.

[II'-60] _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 369. 'La nacion apache es una misma aunque con las denominaciones de Gileños, Carlanes, Chilpaines, Xicarillas, Faraones, Mescaleros, Natales, Lipanes, etc. varia poco en su idioma,' _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. iii., p. 10. 'Los Apaches se dividen en cinco parcialidades como son: Tontos ó Coyoteros, Chiricahues, Gileños, Faraones, Mescaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes, Xicarillas y otras.' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada_, appendix, p. 7. Browne mentions the Gila Apaches, and as belonging to them Mimbrenas, Chiricahuas, Sierra Blancas, Pinal llanos, Coyoteros, Cominos, Tontos, and Mogallones.' _Apache Country_, p. 290; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 177-8; _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 211. 'The Apache; from which branch the Navajos, Apaches, Coyoteros, Mescaleros, Moquis, Yabipias, Maricopas, Chiricaquis, Chemeguabas, Yumayas (the last two tribes of the Moqui), and the Nijoras, a small tribe on the Gila.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 194; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 298; 1858, pp. 205-6; 1854, p. 180; 1861, p. 122; 1862, p. 238; 1863, p. 108; 1864, p. 156; 1865, p. 506; 1869, p. 234; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 289. 'Los apaches se dividen en nueve parcialidades ó tribus.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251. 'Since acquiring the Apache language, I have discovered that they (Lipans) are a branch of that great tribe, speaking identically the same language, with the exception of a few terms and names of things existing in their region and not generally known to those branches which inhabit Arizona and New Mexico.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 21.

[II'-61] _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 303, et seq. 'El intermedio del Colorado y Gila, ocupan los yavipaistejua, y otros yavipais; al sur del Moqui son todos yavipais, que es lo mismo que apaches, donde se conoce el gran terreno que ocupa esta nacion.' _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., p. 352; _San Francisco Evening Bulletin_, Feb. 18, 1864. Padilla mentions the following nations with the Apaches: 'Apaches, Pharaones, Natagees, Gilas, Mescaleros, Cosninas, Quartelejos, Palomas, Xicarillas, Yutas, Moquinos.' _Conq. N. Galicia_, MS., p. 785; _Cortez_, _Hist. Apache Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 118-20. 'The Apaches, the Navahoes, and the Lipans, of Texas, speak dialects of the same language. The Jicarillas, (Hic-ah-ree-ahs) Mescaleros, Tontos, and Coyotens, are all bands of Apaches; and I am induced to think the Garoteros are also an offshoot from the Apache tribe.' _Lane_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 689.

[II'-62] 'A distancia de cinco leguas, al mesmo rumbo (north of Taos), está una Nacion de Indios, que llaman Xicarillas.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 420; _Davis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 255. Xicarillas, Apache Indians of northern New Mexico. Their language shows affinity with the great Athabascan stock of languages. _Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des B. Nordamer._, p. 274; _Id._, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 318-9; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 203.

[II'-63] _Cortez_, _Hist. Apache Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 120. 'Hablan un mismo idioma, y aunque varia el acento y tal cual voz provincial, no influye esta diferencia que dejen de entenderse reciprocamente.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 339.

[II'-64] _Bartlett's Letter_, in _Literary World_, April 24, 1852, pp. 298-9. 'It abounds equally with guttural, hissing and indistinctly uttered mixed intonations.... It abounds in the sound of _tz_, so common in the Shemitic languages, of _zl_ of _d_ and the rough _rr_.... It may be suggested that its proper affinities are to be found in the Athpasca.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 202-3.

[II'-65] 'Le preguntó que si acaso entendia la lengua de los Apaches, y satisfizo con que era la misma Otomite que él hablaba, y solo con la diferencia de que ellos variaban la significacion de muchos vocablos que en la suya querian decir otras cosas: pero por el contexto de las otras palabras, facilmente se entendian.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 339.

[II'-66] _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 239; _Id._, in _Overland Monthly_, Sept. 1868, pp. 306-7.

[II'-67] Prepared at Fort Sumner, Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, New Mexico, in 1863, as certified by Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton, U. S. A., and the only Apache grammar known to exist at this date. _Cremony's Vocabulary and Grammar of the Mescalero Apache Language_, MS.

[II'-68] _Dorr's Ride with the Apaches_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. vi., p. 343.

[II'-69] _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 179.

[II'-70] _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 251, and in _Coleccion Polidiómica Mexicana que contiene La Oracion Dominical; por la Sociedad Mex. Geog. y Estad._, México, 1860.

[II'-71] 'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yú-tah-kah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man.) The appellation Návajo, was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.' _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-8; _Möllhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 229. 'Gehört ebenfalls zur Familie der Apaches.' _Id._, _Reisen_, tom. ii., p. 236.