Chapter VII: The Pima, ópata, and Ceri Languages

PIMA ALTO AND BAJO -- PÁPAGO -- PIMA GRAMMAR -- FORMATION OF
PLURALS -- PERSONAL PRONOUN -- CONJUGATION -- CLASSIFICATION OF
VERBS -- ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND INTERJECTIONS
-- SYNTAX OF THE PIMA -- PRAYERS IN DIFFERENT DIALECTS -- THE
ÓPATA AND EUDEVE -- EUDEVE GRAMMAR -- CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE AND
PASSIVE VERBS -- LORD'S PRAYER -- ÓPATA GRAMMAR -- DECLENSION
-- POSSESSIVE PRONOUN -- CONJUGATION -- CERI LANGUAGE WITH ITS
DIALECTS, GUAYMI AND TEPOCA -- CERI VOCABULARY.

From the Rio Gila southward, in Sonora and in certain parts of northern Sinaloa, is found the Pima language, spoken in many dialects, of which the principal divisions are the Pima alto and Pima bajo, or upper and lower Pima, and it has generally been considered one of the chief languages of northern Mexico. North of the thirty-second parallel, the Pápago is the dominant dialect of the Pima; in Sonora there are the Sobaipuri and others more or less divergent.[VII'-1] The Pima as compared with the languages of their northern and southern neighbors is represented as complete, full, and harmonious.[VII'-2] Although frequently classified with the Yuma, it is nevertheless a distinct tongue. It is closely connected with the Aztec-Sonora languages, which may be proven no less by its grammatical coincidences, than by the similarity of many of its words.[VII'-3] Following is an extract from a Pima grammar. The alphabet consists of the following letters: _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _j_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _q_, _r_, _rh_, _s_, _t_, _u_, _v_, _x_, _y_. Nearly all words end with a vowel. To form the plural, the first syllable of the singular noun is duplicated--_hota_, stone; _hohota_, stones. Exceptions to this rule occur in some few cases;--_vinoy_, snake; _vipinoy_, snakes; _tuaia_, girl; _tusia_, girls; _sisi_, brother; _sisiki_, brothers; _tuvu_, hare; _tutuapa_, hares. Gender is expressed by means of the words _ubi_, female, and _ituoti_, male. Derivatives expressing something which partakes of the nature of the primitive are formed with the affix _magui_;--_xaivori_, honey; _xaivorimaqui_, honeyed. For the same purpose the terminal _kama_ is also used;--_hadunikama_, related to. _Kama_ is also employed to form names of places and patronymics. Abstract words are formed with the word _daga_;--_humatkama_, man; _humatkamadaga_, mankind; _stoa_, white; _stoadaga_, whiteness. The particle _parha_, affixed to nouns implies a past condition;--_nigaga_, my land for planting; _nigaga parha_, the land for planting which was mine.

[Sidenote: PIMA GRAMMAR.]

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

SINGULAR.

FIRST PERSON. SECOND PERSON.

Nom. ani an'ani | Nom api ap'api
Gen., Dat., ni | Gen., Dat., and Abl. mu
and Abl.
Acc. ni, nunu, nu | Acc. mumu, mu
| Voc. api

PLURAL.

Nom. ati, at'ati | Nom., and Voc. apimu
Gen., Dat.,ti | Gen., Dat., and Abl. amu
and Abl.
Ac., ti, tutu, tu | Ac. amumu, amu

THIRD PERSON.

He, or she, hugai huka | They, those, nugama, hukama

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AQUIARIDA, TO COUNT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I count, ani haquiarida | We count, ati haquiarida
Thou countest, api haquiarida | You count, apimu haquiarida
He counts, hugai haquiarida | They count, hugam haquiarida

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

I counted, ani haquiarid cada | I have counted, an't' haquiari

PLUPERFECT.

I had counted, an't'haquiarid cada

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall count, ani aquiaridamucu, or an't'io haquiari

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have counted, an't' io haquiari

IMPERATIVE.

Count thou, haquiaridani, or hahaquiarida
Count you, haquiarida vorha, or gorha haquiarida

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

If I count, co'n'igui haquiaridana

PRESENT OPTATIVE.

O that I may count, dod' an' iki haquiaridana
When I am counting haquiaridatu
(speaking of one person only),
Speaking of two persons, haquiaridada
Having counted, haquiaridac
When I count, or after counting, haquiaridaay
He who counts, haquiaridadama
He who counted, haquiaridacama
He who has to count, haquiaridaaguidama, or
io haquiaridacama

Verbs are divided into many classes, such as singular, plural, frequentative, applicative, and compulsive. Plural-verbs--_murha_, to run, one person; _vopobo_, to run, many. Frequentatives are formed with the verb _himu_, to go; for example, _vaita_, to call; _vaitahimu_, to call frequently. Applicatives are made by changing the terminal vowel of the verb into _i_, and adding the terminal _da_--_tubanu_, to lower; _tubanida_, to lower something. Compulsive verbs are formed with the affix _tuda_--_hukiaridatuda_, to compel to count. A large number of adverbs are used, of which I give only a few specimens:

Where ua, ubai Near here iavu
Here ia High tai
Here (moving) ay Yesterday taco
Near mia How, as xa, astu, xaco
Nearer miacu No pima

PREPOSITIONS.

Before vaita Since oiti
For iquiti, vusio With bumata, buma
Upon damana Of amidurhu
In aba

CONJUNCTIONS.

And upu, cosi Or aspumusi, aspi
But posa Then bunoga
Because coiva Although apcada

Substantives are generally placed after the adjectives. To signify possession the name of the possessor is simply prefixed--_Pedro onnigga_, wife of Pedro. Prepositions are affixed.[VII'-4] Of the different dialects there are four specimens, of which one differs to such an extent as to be hardly recognizable. Neither the names of these dialects nor the places where they were spoken are given with any of them by the authorities. The first which I give is by the missionary Father Pfefferkorn, and differs most from any of the others.

Diosch ini mam, ami si schoic tat, wus in' ipudakit.
God my dear, I very sorry am towards my heart of

Ant' apotuta si sia pitana, apt' um soreto
I have done very much ugly, thou me punish wilt

taikisa pia humac tasch pia etonni tat.
fire in no single time not burning is.

The next, a Lord's Prayer, is from a _Doctrina Christiana_:

T'oga ti dama ca tum' ami da cama s'cuga m'aguna mu tuguiga,
tubui divianna simu tuodidaga. Cosasi m'huga cugai kiti ti
dama catum' ami gusuda huco bupo gusudana ia duburh' aba.
Siari vugadi ti coadaga vutu ica tas' aba cati maca. Vpu gat'
oanida pima s'cugati tuidiga cos' as' ati pima tuguitoa
t'obaga to buy pima s'cuga tuidiga. Pima t' huhuguida tudana
vpu pima s'cuga tuidiga, co' pi ti duguvonidani pima scuga ami
durhu. Doda hapu muduna Jhs.

The next is a Lord's Prayer from Hervás:

T'oca titauacatum ami dacama; scuc amu aca mu tukica; ta hui
dibiana ma tuotidaca; cosassi mu cussuma amocacugai
titamacatum apa hapa cussudana inatuburch apa mui siarim
t'hukiacugai buto ca tu maca. Pim' upu ca tukitoa pima scuca
ta tuica cosas ati pima tukitoa t'oopa amidurch pima scuca
tuitic; pim' upu ca ta dakitoa co diablo ta hiatokidara; cupto
ta itucuubundana pim scuc amidurch.

The fourth, also a Lord's Prayer, is from the collection of the Mexican Geographical Society:

Chóga dáma cáta diácamá izquiáma ña meitilla tabus matúyaga
cosamacai yí, dama cata gussada imidirraba Sulit ecuadaga
butis maca vupuc chuan yiga cosismatito chavaga
tiapisnisquantillos pinitiandaná copetullañi imisquiandura
dodá maduná cetús.

From the same source I also take a Pápago Lord's Prayer:

Pan toc momo tamcaschina apeta michucuyca Santo: anchut
botonia ati chuyca: entupo hoyehui maetachui apo masima motepa
cachitmo, mapotomal pami buemasitaapa, jummo tomae,
boetoicusipua chuyechica, apomasi maza china sugocuita juann
motupay assimi qui, jubo gibu matama cazi pachuichica, panchit
borrapi. Amen.[VII'-5]

[Sidenote: THE DIALECTS OF THE ÓPATA LANGUAGE.]

Wedged in between the Pima alto and the Pima bajo, is the Ópata, or Teguima, with its principal dialect the Eudeve. Although the Ópata and Eudeve have generally been enumerated as distinct languages, after careful comparison I think with the missionaries who were conversant with both, that it will be safe to call the one a dialect of the other. An anonymous author even says that the difference between them is not greater than between the Portuguese and Castilian, or between the French and the Provençal.[VII'-6] Like the Pima, it is a branch of the Aztec-Sonora languages. As is most frequent on the Pacific Coast, classification differs greatly according to fancy; thus it is with the Ópata; its classifications have been many, and among others it has been placed with the Pima family. Many dialects are mentioned, but little is said of them. Of these there are the Teguis, Teguima, Coguinachi, Batuca, Sahuaripa, Himeri, Guazaba, and Jova.[VII'-7] The Ópata is represented as finished, easy to acquire, and abounding in eloquent expressions.[VII'-8] Of the Eudeve dialect I insert a few grammatical remarks. In the alphabet are wanting the letters _f_, _j_, _k_, _w_, _x_, _y_, and _l_; vowels are pronounced as in the Spanish; nouns are declined without the aid of articles. Verbal nouns are frequently used;--_hiósguadauh_, painting or writing, from _hiósguan_, I write. Nouns as names of instruments are formed from the future active of verbs, designating the action performed by the said instrument;--_métecan_, I chop; future, _métetze_, by changing its last syllable into _siven_, forms _métesiven_--as a noun, meaning axe or chopper. In some cases the ending _rina_ is used instead of _siven_;--_bícusirina_, flute, from _bicudan_, I whistle, and _bihirina_, shovel, from _bihán_, I scrape. Abstract nouns are formed with the particles _ragua_ or _súra_--_váde_, joyously, _váderagua_, joy; _déni_, good, _déniragua_, goodness; _dóhme_, man or people; _dóhmeragua_, humanity. All verbs are used as nouns, and as such are declined as well as conjugated;--_hiósguan_, I write, also means writer; _nemútzau_, I bewitch, is also wizard. Adjective nouns ending with _téri_ and _ei_ signify quality;--_bavitéri_, elegant; _aresumetéri_, different or distinct; _tasúquei_, narrow. The ending _ráve_ denotes plenitude;--_sitoráve_, full of honey; _sitóri_, honey; and _ráve_, full. Endings in _e_, _o_, _u_, signify possession;--_esé_, she that has petticoats; _nóno_, he that has a father, from _nónogua_, father; _sutúu_, he that has finger-nails, from _sutú_. _Ca_ prefixed to a word reverses its meaning;--_cúne_, married; _cacúne_, not married. _Sguari_, affixed, denotes an augmentative;--_dotzi_, old man; _dotzísguari_, very old man.

DECLENSION OF THE WORD SIIBI, HAWK.

Nom. siibi Acc. siibíc
Gen. siiibíque Voc. siibí
Dat. siibt Abl. sibítze

The plural of nouns is usually formed by duplication;--_dor_, man or male, plural _dódor_; _hóit_, woman, _hóhoit_, women. Some exceptions to this rule occur;--as, _doritzi_, boy, plural _vus_, applied to both sexes, but when intended only for males, it is _dódorus_. In some cases females employ different words from those used by the male sex; for example, the father says to his son, _noguàt_, to his daughter, _mórqua_; the mother says to either, _nótzgua_; the son says to the father, _nonógua_; and the daughter, _mósgua_.

[Sidenote: EUDEVE GRAMMAR.]

Personal pronouns are _nee_, I; _nap_, thou; _id_, _at_, or _ar_, he, or she; _tamide_, we; _emet_, or _emíde_, you; _amét_, or _met_, these or they. In joining pronouns with other words, elision takes place, the last letter or syllable of the pronouns being dropped.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB HIÓSGUAN, I PAINT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE.

I paint, nee hiósguan | I am painted, nee hiósguadauh
Thou paintest, nap hiósguan | Thou art painted, náp hiósguadauh
He paints, id, or | He is painted, id, or
at hiósguan | at hiósguadauh
We paint, tamide hiósguame | We are painted, tamide hiósguadagua
You paint, emét hiósguame | You are painted, emét hiósguadagua
They paint, amet hiósguame | They are painted, amet hiósguadagua

IMPERFECT.

I painted, nee hiósguamru | I was painted, nee hiósguadauhru

PERFECT.

I have painted, nee hiósguari | I have been painted, nee hiósguacauh
or nee hiósguarit

PLUPERFECT.

I had painted, nee hiósguariru | I had been painted,
nee hiósguacauhrutu

FIRST FUTURE.

I shall paint, nee hiósguatze | I shall be painted,
nee hiósguatzidauh

Paint thou, hiósgua
Paint ye, hiósguavu
I will see that I paint, asmane hiósguatze
I shall see that I be painted, asmane hiósguatzidauh
Even though you paint, venésmana hiósguam
I will that you paint, nee eme hiósguaco naquém
I will that thou be painted, nee eme hiósguarico naquém
Even though I may paint, venésmane hiósguam
Even though I may be painted, venésmane hiósguadauh
If I should paint, nee hiósguatzern
I should be painted, nee hiósquatziudauhru

There are seven other kinds of verbs mentioned, such as frequentative, compulsive, applicative verbs, etc.

The numerals show more particularly a strong affinity to those of the Aztec language: 1. _sei_; 2. _godum_; 3. _veidum_; 4. _nauoi_; 5. _marqui_; 6. _vusani_; 7. _seniovusáni_; 8. _gos návoi_; 9. _vesmácoi_; 10. _macoi_.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Tamo Nóno, tevíctze catzi, cannè teguà, uéhoa vitzua terádauh. Tomo canne venè hasém amo quéidagua. Amo canne hinádocauh iuhtépatz éndaugh, teníctze endahtevèn. Quécovi tamo bádagua óqui tame mic. Tame náventziuh tame piuidedo tamo canáde émca; ein tamide tamo. Ovi tamo náven tziuhdahteven. Cana tótzi Diablo tatacóritze tame huétudenta; nassa tame hipùr cadénitzeuai.[VII'-9]

[Sidenote: ÓPATA GRAMMAR.]

Of the Ópata, there exists a grammar written by Natal Lombardo, from which a few remarks are here given. The alphabet: _a_, _b_, _ch_, _d_, _e_, _g_, _h_, _i_, _k_, _m_, _n_, _o_, _p_, _r_, _rh_, _s_, _t_, _th_, _tz_, _u_, _v_, _x_, _z_. Most words end with a vowel. Long words are not rare, as _chumikanahuinaguat_, name of a plant; _kuguesaguataguikide_, spring (season); _makoisenignabussanibegua_, seventeen. Gender is expressed either by the addition of the word, male or female, or by distinct words. The plural is formed by duplication; the manner of duplicating varies; sometimes the first, and at others the last syllable being repeated, and very frequently letters changed;--_Temachi_, lad; plural, _tetemachi_; _höre_, squirrel; plural, _hohore_; _uri_, male; plural, _urini_; _vatziguat_, brother; plural, _vapatziguat_; _maraguat_, daughter; plural, _mamaraguat_, daughters. Ten declensions are described; they may be recognized by different endings of the genitive, which are: _te_, _ri_, _si_, _gui_, _ni_, _tzi_, _ki_, _ku_, _ku_, _pi_. The greater number of words belong to the first declension. In the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 10th, the accusative and dative are the same as the genitive; in the 8th the genitive, which ends in _ku_, is formed from the accusative, while in the 9th, in which the genitive also ends in _ku_, the accusative and dative are like the nominative.

1st DECLENSION OF THE WORD TAT, THE SUN.

Nom. tät | Gen. tätte | Dat. or Acc. tätta

2d DECLENSION OF THE WORD KUKU, THE QUAIL.

Nom. kuku | Gen. kukuri | Dat. or Acc. kukuri

8th DECLENSION OF THE WORD CHI, THE BIRD.

Nom. chi | Gen. chimiku | Dat. or Acc. chimi

9th DECLENSION OF THE WORD TUTZI, THE TIGER.

Nom. tutzi | Gen. tutziku | Dat. or Acc. tutzi

Abstract terms are formed by the affix _ragua_;--_massi_, father; _massiragua_, paternity; _naideni_, good; _naideniragua_, goodness. The word _ahka_ is used for a like purpose;--_uri_, man; _uriahka_, humanity; _tossai_, white; _tossaiahka_, whiteness. To express a local noun, the syllable _de_ is added;--_denide_, place of light; _neomachide_, difficult place. _Suraua_, _guëua_, _ena_, _en_, _essa_, and _otze_, signify much, and are used to form superlatives. Personal pronouns are:--_ne_, I; _ta_, we; _ma_, thou; _emido_, you; _i_ or _it_, he or she; _me_, they. Possessive pronouns are:--_no_, mine; _tamo_, ours; _amo_, thine; _emo_, yours; _are_, _araku_, his; _mereki_, theirs.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB NE HIO, I PAINT.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I paint, ne hio | We paint, ta, or tamido hio
Thou paintest, ma hio | You paint, emido hio
He paints, i hio | They paint, me hio

IMPERFECT. PERFECT.

I painted, ne hiokaru | I have painted, ne hiosia, or
ne hiove

PLUPERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.

I had painted, ne hiosiruta | I shall paint, ne hiosea

SECOND FUTURE.

I shall have painted, ne hioseave

IMPERATIVE.

Paint thou, hiotte | Paint you, hiovu
Let him paint, hioseai | Let them paint, hioseame

Painting, hiopa, or hioko
Having painted, hiosaru, or hiositzi
Having to paint, hioseakoko, or hioseakiko
He who shall paint, hioseakame
He who paints, kiokame
He who painted, hiosi

As in the Eudeve, there are in this language many classes of verbs, differing mostly in endings of certain persons. Prepositions and adverbs exist in great number. Finally I give a few of the conjunctions;--_guetza_, although; _vesé_, and; _nemake_, also; _naneguari_, why, etc.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

Tamomas teguikaktzigua kakame amo tegua santo
Of our father heaven in he who is of thee name holy

ah, amo reino tame makte, hinadoka iguati tevepa
is, of thee kingdom to us give, thy will here earth on

ahnia teguikaktzi veri. Chiama tamo guaka veu
be done heaven in so. Of all the days of us food now

tame mak, tame neavere tamo kainaideni ata api tamido
to us give, to us forgive of us bad as also

neavere tamo opagua, kai tame taotidudare; kianaideni
forgive of us enemy, not to us fall let; bad

chiguadu apita kaktzia.[VII'-10]
of also deliver.

Following is the Lord's Prayer in the Jova dialect:

Dios Noiksa: Vantegueca cachi, sec jan itemijunalequa
itemijunalequa motequán. Veda no parin, embeida mogitápejepa.
Ennio ju güidade, naté, vite tevá, nate vanteguéca. Necho
cuguírra, setata veté toomacá ento oreirá, en tobarurra, como
ité yté topa oreira toon oreira seeján. Caa ton surratoga
canecho jorrá sacu nuna dogüe seejan iguité caagüeta.

[Sidenote: SUPPOSED CERI AND WELSH SIMILARITIES.]

East of the Ópata and Pima bajo, on the shores of the gulf of California, and thence for some distance inland, and also on the island of Tiburon, the Ceri language with its dialects, the Guaymi and Tepoca, is spoken. Few of the words are known, and the excuse given by travelers for not taking vocabularies, is, that it was too difficult to catch the sound. It is represented as extremely harsh and guttural in its pronunciation, and well suited to the people who speak it, who are described as wild and fierce.[VII'-11] It is, so far as known, not related to any of the Mexican linguistic families. As in many other languages, some have fancied they saw Welsh traces in it; one writer thought he detected similarities to Arabic, but neither of these speculations are worth anything. The Arabic relationship has been disproven by Señor Ramirez, who compared the two, and the statement regarding the Welsh is given on the hearsay of some sailors, who are said to have stated that they thought they discovered some Welsh sounds, when hearing the Ceris speak.[VII'-12] I give here the only vocabulary which I have been able to find of this language:

Woman jidja Horse cai
Population jiciri Room (chamber) migenman
Milk junin More amen
Wine amat Less tungurá
Good tanjajipe Little jinás
Better jipe

FOOTNOTES:

[VII'-1] 'Estos se parten en altos y bajos ... hasta los rios Xila y Colorado, aunque de otra banda de este hay muchos que hablan todavia el mismo idioma.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216. 'Los _pimas bajos_ usan del mismo idioma con los _altos_, y estos con todas las demas parcialidades de indios que habitan los arenales y páramos de los pápagos, los amenos valles de _Sobahipuris_, las vegas de los rios _Xila_ (á escepcion de los apaches) y _Colorado_, y aun el lado opuesto del último gran número de gentes, que á dicho del Padre Kino y Sedelmayr, no diferencian sino en el dialecto,' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp. 534-5. 'Los opas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadan, yumas, cuhuanas, quiquimas, y otras mas allá del rio Colorado se pueden tambien llamar pimas y contar por otras tantas tribus de estar nacion; pues la lengua de que usan es una misma con sola la diferencia del dialecto.' _Id._, p. 554. _Sonora_, _Estado de la Provincia_, in _Id._, pp. 618-19; _Sonora_, _Papeles_, in _Id._, p. 772. 'Sobaypuris, y hablan en el idioma de los Pimas, aunque con alguna diferencia en la pronunciacion.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 396; _Ribas_, _Hist. de los Triumphos_, p. 369. 'El idioma es igual, y con respecto al de los pimas se diferencian en muy determinadas palabras.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 161; _Zapata_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iv., tom. iii., p. 301, et seq. 'Las naciones Pima, Soba y sobaipuris ... es una misma y general el idioma que todos hablan, con poca diferencia de tal cual verbo y nombre' 'papabotas ... de la misma lengua.' _Kino_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, tom. i., pp. 292-3. Pimas 'usan todos una misma lengua, pero especialmente al Norte que en todo se aventaja á los demas, mas abundente y con mas primores que al Poniente y Pimería baja; todos no obstante se entienden.' _Velarde_, in _Id._, tom. i., p. 366. 'El pima se divide en varios dialectos, de los cuales ... el tecoripa y el sabagui.' _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 94. Orozco y Berra gives as dialects of the Pima, the Pápago, Sobaipuri, Yuma and Cajuenche. _Geografía_, pp. 58-9, 35-40, 345-53. _Papàgos_ 'die mit den Pimas dieselbe Sprache reden.' _Pfefferkorn_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 159. 'Die Sprache der _Sovaipure_, als verwandt mit der Pima.' _Id._, p. 161. 'Aux Yumas ... se rattachent aussi, quant à la langue ... les _Cocomaricopas_ et les tribus nombreuses qui, sous le nom de _Pimos_, s'étendent ... de la même souche paraissent venir aussi les _Papayes_ ... mais dont la langue s'éloigne davantage de celle des Yumas.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Esquisses_, p. 30.

[VII'-2] 'Esta lengua distingue par flexion el singular del plural de los nombres sustantivos; coloca de las preposiciones despues de sus regímenes y las conjunciones al fin de las preposiciones: la sintáxis es muy complicada y del todo distinta de la de las lenguas Europeas.' _Balbi_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, p. 352; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262.

[VII'-3] 'Sie ist unfraglich und deutlich ein Glied des sonorischen Sprachstammes; aber wieder sehr eigenthümliches, selbständiges und wichtiges Idiom.' _Buschmann_, _Pima-Sprache_, p. 352. Family, Dohme.... Language, Pima.... Dialects, Opata, Heve, Nevome, Papagos, etc.' _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 236. 'These tribes speak a common language, which is conceded to be the ancient Aztec tongue.' _Davidson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 131; _Parker_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 19.

[VII'-4] _Arte de la Lengua Névome, que se dice Pima_; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 93-118; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 166-9; _Coulter_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., pp. 248-50; _Parry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 461-2; _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., pp. 202-3; _Buschmann_, _Pima-Sprache_, pp. 357-69; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 401.

[VII'-5] _Pfefferkorn_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 164-5; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 113-15; _Doctrina Christiana_, in _Arte de la Lengua Névome_, p. 3.; _Buschmann_, _Pima-Sprache_, p. 353; _Col. Polidiómica Mex._, _Oracion Dominical_, pp. 34-5.

[VII'-6] 'Á la Opata se pueden reducir los _Edues_ y _Jovas_; aquellos, por diferenciar tan poco su lengua de la ópata, como la portuguesa de la castellana, ó la provenzal de la francesa.' 'La nacion Opata y Eudeve, que con muy poco diferencian en su idioma.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., pp. 534, 494. 'A las opatas se reducen los tovas y eudeves, poco diferentes en el idioma.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216.

[VII'-7] 'É vero, che fra alcune di queste lingue si scorge una tale affinità, che da tosto a divedere, che esse son nate da una medesima madre, sicome _l'Eudeve_, _l'Opata_, e _la Tarahumara_ nell'America settentrionale.' _Clavigero_, _Storia Ant. del Messico_, tom. iv., p. 21; _Hervás_, _Catálogo_, tom. i., p. 333; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 68. 'Auch von den, nachher anzuführenden Opata und Eudeve sieht man aus Pfefferkorn, dass sie von eben denselben Missionären bedient wurden, wie die Pima: gleichwohl sind die Sprachen derselben, so weit sich aus den V. U. schliessen lässt, sehr verschieden.' _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 161. Eudeve 'Ihre Verwandtschaft mit dem sonorischen Sprachstamme, als eines ächten Gliedes, mit erfreulicher Bestimmtheit beweisen.' 'Man kan sie (Opata) mit Ruhe und ohne viele Einschränkung als ein Glied in den sonorischen Sprachstamm einreihen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 227, 235; _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 343-5.

[VII'-8] 'El idioma de los ópatas es muy arrogante ó elocuente en su espresion, fácil de aprender, y tiene muchas voces del castellano.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 154.

[VII'-9] _Smith's Gram. Heve Lang._; _Hervás_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 165-6; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 154-67; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 222-9.

[VII'-10] _Lombardo_, in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. i., pp. 407-445; _Hervás_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 166; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 229-236; _Pimentel_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. x., pp. 288-313; _Col. Polidiómica Mex._, _Oracion Dominical_, p. 11.

[VII'-11] 'Posee un idioma gutural muy dificil de aprender.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 131. 'Los guaimas ... de la misma lengua.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 216. 'Poco es la distincion que hay entre seri y upanguaima, ... y unos y otros casi hablan un mismo idioma.' _Gallardo_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., pp. 889; _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Id._, p. 535.

[VII'-12] 'Por su idioma ... se aparta completamente de la filiacion de las naciones que la rodean.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 42, 353-4. 'Their language is guttural, and very different from any other idiom in Sonora. It is said that on one occasion, some of these Indians passed by a shop in Guaymas, where some Welsh sailors were talking, and on hearing the Welsh language spoken, stopped, listened, and appeared much interested; declaring that these white men were their brothers, for they had a tongue like their own.' _Stone_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. v., p. 166; _Lavandera_, quoted by _Ramirez_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. ii., p. 148, and _Ramirez_, in _Id._, p. 149.