Chapter VI

THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES.

TRACES OF THE AZTEC NOT FOUND AMONG THE PUEBLOS OF NEW MEXICO
AND ARIZONA -- THE FIVE LANGUAGES OF THE PUEBLOS, THE QUERES,
THE TEGUA, THE PICORIS, JEMEZ, AND ZUÑI -- PUEBLO COMPARATIVE
VOCABULARY -- THE YUMA AND ITS DIALECTS, THE MARICOPA, CUCHAN,
MOJAVE, DIEGEÑO, YAMPAIS, AND YAVIPAIS -- THE COCHIMÍ,
GUAICURÍ, AND PERICÚ, WITH THEIR DIALECTS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA
-- GUAICURÍ GRAMMAR -- PATER NOSTER IN THREE COCHIMÍ DIALECTS
-- THE LANGUAGES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA WHOLLY ISOLATED.

Having already mentioned some of the principal idioms spoken in the southern part of the Great Basin, as parts of the trunks to which they belong, or with which they affiliate, I shall devote the present chapter to such languages of New Mexico and Arizona as cannot be brought into the Tinneh or Sonora stocks, and to those of Lower California. Beginning with the several tongues of the Pueblos, thence proceeding westward to the Colorado River, and following its course southward to the Gulf of California, I shall include the languages of the southern extremity of California, and finally those of the peninsula. These languages are none of them cognate with any spoken in Mexico. Respecting those of the Pueblos which have long been popularly regarded as allied to southern tongues, it is now very certain that they are in no wise related to them, if we except the Aztec word-material found in the Moqui. From analogous manners and customs, from ancient traditions and time-honored beliefs, many have claimed that these New Mexican towns-people are the remains of aboriginal Aztec civilization, attempting meanwhile to explain away the adverse testimony of language, by amalgamation of the ancient tongue with those of other nations, or by absorption or annihilation; all of which, so far as arriving at definite conclusions is concerned, amounts to nothing. Analogies may be drawn between any nations of the earth; human beings are not so unlike but that in every community much may be found that is common to other communities, irrespective of distance and race, especially when the comparison is drawn between two peoples both just emerging from savagism. The facts before us concerning the Pueblo languages are these: although all alike are well advanced from primeval savagism, live in similar substantial houses, and have many common customs, yet their languages, though distinct as a whole from those of the more savage surrounding tribes, do not agree with each other. It is difficult to prove that the Aztec, although now perhaps extinguished, never was the tongue of New Mexico; on the other hand, it is impossible to prove that it was, and surely theorists go far out of their way in attempting to establish a people in a land where no trace of their language exists, or exists only in such a phase as proves conclusively that it could not possibly have ever been the basis of the language now spoken.

[Sidenote: THE FIVE PUEBLO LANGUAGES.]

Five distinct languages, with numerous dialects, more or less deviating, are spoken by the Pueblos. By the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Silla, Laguna, Pojuate, Acoma, and Cochiti, the Queres language is spoken; in San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Pojuaque, Nambe, Tezuque, and also in Harno, one of the Moqui towns, the Tegua language prevails; in Taos, Picoris, Zandia, and Isleta, there is the Picoris language; in Jemez and Old Pecos, the Jemez; in Zuñi, the Zuñi language.[VI'-1] The three principal dialects of Queres are the Kiwomi, Cochitemi, and Acoma. Of these the first two are very similar, in some cases almost identical, while the Acoma is more distinct.[VI'-2] In the Queres the accent is almost invariably on the first syllable, and the words are in general rather short, although a few long words occur. Possessive pronouns appear to be affixed; they are _ini_, _ni_, _ne_, _in_, and _i_.

In the Tegua and Zuñi the personal pronouns are:

TEGUA. ZUÑI.

I nah hóo
Thou uh tóo
He ihih lóoko
She ihih
We (incl.) tahquireh hóono
We (exc.) nihyeuboh
You nahih ahchée
They ihnah lóoko

In the Tegua, although many monosyllabics appear, there are also a number of long words, such as _pehgnahvicahmborih_, shrub; _haihiombotahrei_, for ever; _hahnguenaahnpih_, to be; _haihahgnuhai_, great; _heinginubainboyoh_, nothing. In the Zuñi, long words appear to predominate--_ákmeeashneekeeah_, autumn; _áhseeailahpalhtonnai_, finger; _lahtailoopeetsínnah_, gold; _téhleenahweeteekeeah_, midnight; _táhmchahpahnáhmnee_, war-club, and others.[VI'-3] As will more clearly appear by the following comparative vocabulary, none of these languages are cognate; they have no affinity among themselves, nor with any other family or group.[VI'-4]

[Sidenote: PUEBLO COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY.]

QUERES. TEGUA. PICORIS. JEMEZ. ZUÑI.

Sun pah hoolennah pay yattockkah
Moon poyye pannah pahah
Star shecat adoyeah hahheglannah woonhah moyatchuway
Earth hahats nah pahhannah dockah oulocknannay
Man hatssee sayen tahhahnenah shuotish oatse
Woman naiatsay ker clayannah steosh ocare
Head nashcanne pumbah pinemah chitchous oshuckquinnay
Eye kannah chay chenay saech toonahway
Nose karwishshe shay pooaenah forsaech nolinnay
Mouth tseeikah sho clahmoenah eaequah aewahtinnay
Ear kahupah oyeo taglayonay washchish lahschucktinnay
Hand kahmoshtay mah mahtish shoncheway
Dog tish cher sodornah cannu watsetah
Fire hahkanye fah pahannah fwaah mackke
Water tseats ogh pohahoon pah keaoway

[Sidenote: COLORADO RIVER LANGUAGES.]

In the region through which flows the Colorado, and between that river and the Gila, many different languages are mentioned by the early missionaries but at this time it is difficult to ascertain how far different names are applied to any one nation.

The missionaries themselves frequently did not know how to name the people; often they gave several names to one language, and several languages one name; many of the then existing dialects are known to have since become extinct, and many more have mysteriously disappeared, along with those who spoke them, so that in many instances, a century after their first mention no such language could be found. It seems seldom to have occurred to the missionaries and conquerors that the barbarous tongues of these heathen could ever be of interest or value to Christendom, still less lists of their words; so that vocabularies, almost the only valuable speech-material of the philologist, are exceedingly rare among the writings of the early missionary Fathers. If one half of their profitless homilies on savage salvation had been devoted to the simple gleaning of facts, science would have been the gainer, and the souls of the natives no whit less at peace. Of late, however, vocabularies of the dialects of this region have become numerous, and relationships are at length becoming permanently established.

The languages under consideration, on comparison, may nearly all be comprised in what may be called the Yuma family. The principal dialects which constitute the Yuma family are the Yuma, Maricopa, Cuchan, Mojave, and Diegueño, which last is spoken in southern California, and more particularly around the bay of San Diego. Among others mentioned are the Yavipais and Yampais.[VI'-5] Compared with that of their neighbors the language of the Diegueños is soft and harmonious, and as it contains all the sounds of the letters in the English alphabet, the people speaking it readily learn to pronounce the English and Spanish languages correctly.[VI'-6] The following Lord's Prayer is a specimen of the dialect of the Diegueños.

[Sidenote: DIEGUEÑO LORD'S PRAYER.]

Nagua anall amaí tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca
amaíbo mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau
naguaguí ñaña chonñaquin ñípil meñeque pachís echeyuchapo
ñagua quexuíc ñaguaích ñacaguaihpo ñamechamel anipuch
uch-guelích-cuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlích-cuíatpo-ñamat.
Napuíjá.[VI'-7]

Of the other dialects the short vocabulary on the following page will give an illustration:

CUCHAN. MARICOPA. MOJAVE. DIEGUEÑO.

Man épatch eepáche ipah aycóotchet
Woman seenyack sinchayaíxhutch sinyax seen
House eenouwa ahba awáh
Sun n'yatch n'yatz n'yatz
Moon hullyar hullash hullya
Fire aawo áhooch awa
Water ahá ahha ahá
Maize terditch terdítz terdicha
Good ahotk ahotk abhotk han
I n'yat inyátz n'yatz n'yat
Go n'yeemoom n'yimoom
Sleep aseemáh esoma'om [VI'-8]

Then there are the Yampai and Yavipai, said to approach the Cuchan and Mojave;[VI'-9] the Chevet reported as a distinct tongue;[VI'-10] the Cajuenche said to be another language, and the Jalliquamai, a dialect of the Cajuenche.[VI'-11] The Tamajab is a strange language, described by Don José Cortez as "spoken with violent utterance and lofty arrogance of manner; and in making speeches, the thighs are violently struck with the palms of the hands."[VI'-12]

There are further mentioned the Benemó with the dialects Tecuiche and Teniqueche, and lastly the Covaji and Noche, each a distinct tongue.[VI'-13] The people speaking the Noche probably were the northern and eastern neighbors of the Diegueños, and may have been mentioned by some writers under other names. I have preferred to enumerate them here, because the names frequently occur in the reports of the earlier expeditions to the Yuma nations.

* * * * *

[Sidenote: THREE STOCK LANGUAGES IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.]

On the peninsula of Lower California, there are three distinct languages with many dialects, more or less related to each other. Some of these dialects appear so remote from the parent stock that the early missionaries believed them to be independent languages, and accordingly the number of tongues on the peninsula has been variously estimated, some saying four, others six; but careful comparisons refer them all to three stock languages. These are the Cochimí, with its principal dialects, the Laymon and Ika; the Guaicuri, with the Cora, Monqui, Didiú, Liyúe, Edú, and Uchiti dialects; and lastly the Pericú. Besides the above, there were also other dialectic differences in almost every mission, such as the variations of word-endings, and other minor points.[VI'-14] In general these languages have been described as harsh and poverty-stricken. The missionaries complained of not being able to find terms with which to express many of the doctrines which they wished to inculcate; but from the grammatical notes left by Father Baegert and those of Ducrue contained in _Murr's Nachrichten_, as well as from the various Pater Nosters at hand, it appears that these languages are not so very poor after all. Much there may have been wanting to the zealous Fathers, many burning words and soul-stirring expressions, which would have greatly assisted their efforts, but except that there is certainly no redundancy in these languages, they offer nothing very extraordinary.[VI'-15] Following I give a few grammatical notes on the Guaicuri language. The sounds represented by the German letters, _o_, _f_, _g_, _l_, _x_, _z_, and _s_, excepting in _tsh_, do not appear. Possessive pronouns are shown in the following examples:

My father bedáre My nose minamù
Thy father edáre Thy nose einamú
His father tiáre His nose tinamù
Our father kepedáre

[Sidenote: GUAICURI GRAMMAR.]

Of prepositions only two are mentioned--_tina_, on or upon; and _déve_, or _tipítscheû_, on account of, or for (_propter_). There is no article, and nouns are indeclinable. The conjunction _tshie_ is always placed after the words to be connected. Verbs have only one mood and three tenses--the present, the perfect, and the future. The present is formed by the affix _re_ or _reke_; the perfect by the affix _rikíri_, _rujére_, _raúpe_, or _raúpere_; and the future by adding in like manner _me_, _méje_, or _éneme_. If the action of several persons is to be expressed, the syllable _ku_ or _k_ is prefixed to the verb, or the first syllable is changed into _ku_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

To fight piabakè kupiábake
To remember umutù kumutú
To speak jake kuáke

Some verbs have also a perfect passive participle in the form of a substantive--_tschípake_, to beat; _tschipitschürre_, a person who has been beaten. The personal pronouns are: _be_, I, me, to me, my; _ei_, thou, thee, to thee, thy; _becùn_, _beticùn_, _ecûn_, or _eiticûn_, mine, thine.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB AMUKÍRI, TO PLAY.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.

I play, bè amukirire | We play, catè amukírire
Thou playest, eï amukirire | You play, petè amukirire
He plays, tutâu amukirire | They play, tucáva amukirire

PERFECT. FIRST FUTURE.

I have played, bè amukiririkíri | I shall play, bè amukírime

IMPERATIVE.

Play thou, amukiri tei | Play you, amukiri tu

OPTATIVE.

Would that I had not played, beri amukiririkirikára
or, beri amukirirujerára

I also add a Guaicuri Lord's Prayer with literal translation.

Kepè; dáre tekerekádatembà daï, eïrì
Our father arched earth (heaven) thou art, thee O that

akátuikè-pu-me, tschakárrake-pu-me ti tschie: ecùn
acknowledge all will, praise all will people and: thy

gracia-ri atúme catè tekerekádatembà tschie: eïri
grace O that have will we arched earth and: thee O that

jebarrakéme ti pù jaûpe datembà, páe eï jebarrakére,
obey will people all here earth, as thee obey,

aëna kéa: kepecùn búe kepe kên jatúpe untâiri: catè
above are: our food us give this day: us

kuitscharrakè têi tschie kepecùn atacámara, pàe
forgive thou and our evil, as

kuitscharrakère catè tschie cávape atukiàra kepetujakè:
forgive we also the evil us do:

catè tikakambà têi tschie, cuvumerà catè uë
us help thou and, desire will not we something

atukiára: kepe kakunjà pe atacára tschie. Amen.[VI'-16]
evil: us protect from evil and. Amen.

[Sidenote: LORD'S PRAYERS IN DIFFERENT DIALECTS.]

As regards the other two languages, the only materials at hand are some Lord's Prayers in various dialects of the Cochimí, as used in the different missions. Of these I insert the following as samples of the dialects spoken--I. at the Mission of Santa Maria, II. at San Francisco de Borgia, and III. at San Ignacio:

Father our heaven in who art: thy name
I. Lahai-apa ambeing mia: mimbangajua val
II. Cahaí apá, ambeing miá, mimbang-ajuá val
III. Ua-bappá amma-bang miamú, ma mang-á-juá huit

all honored: earth thy kingdom come: will thine
I. vuit-maha: amet mididivvaijua kukuem: jenmu-jua
II. vuit-mahá; amét mididuvaijuá cucyém; jemmu-juá
III. maja tegem amat-ma-thadabajuá ucuem: kemmu-juá

heaven done be earth on
I. amabang vihi mieng ametetenang
II. amabáng vihí miéng ametenáug
III. ammabang vahi-mang amatànang

as Bread
I. luvihim. Thevap yi-cue ti-mi-ei-di-gua
II. luichim. Theváp yiecué ti-mi-eì-di-guá,
III. lauahim. Teguap ibang gual gúiang-avit-á-jua

Day
I. ibang-a-nang na-kahit tevichip
II. ibang-anáng gna cahit tevichip
III. ibang ánane pac-kagit: machi

I. nuhigua aviuve ham: vichip iyeg-ua na
II. nuhiguá aviuvehám vichip iyeguá gna
III. pugijua abadakegem, machi uayecg-juá

I. kaviu-vem cassetajuang inamenit nakum
II. caviu vém cassetasuàng mamenit guakúm
III. pac kabaya guem; kazet-à juan à juang-amuegnit

I. guang tevisiec na-kaviñaha.
II. guang tevisiec gna cavignahà.
III. pacum guang mayi-acg packanajam.[VI'-17]

The dialect spoken at the Missions of San Francisco Xavier, San José de Comondú, and at Santa Gertrudis, differed considerably from the above as will be seen by the following Lord's Prayer as used in the last mentioned places.

Pennayù makenambà, yaà ambayujùp miya mò,
Our father who heaven thou art,

buhù mombojuà tammalà gkomendá hi nagodognò demuejueg
thy name men recognize and love all;

gkajim: pennayulà bogodognò gkajim, guihí
as and

ambayujup mabà yaà kæammet è decuinyi mò puegign:
heaven above earth satisfy

yaàm buhula mùjua ambayujupmò de dahijua, amet è
thy will heaven in done be, earth on

nò guilugui, ji pagkajim. Tamadà yaà ibò tejuèg guiluguigui
this as. Bread this day

pamijich è mò, ibò yanno puegin: guihi tammà
day and men

yaà gambuegjula kæpujui ambinyijuà pennayula
who have done evil us

dedaudugùjua, guilugui pagkajim: guìhi yaà tagamueglà
done have as: and

huì ambinyyjùa hi doomò puguegjuà, hi doomò pogounyim;
evil and although and although

tamuegjua, guihì usi mahel kæmmet è dicuin
also earth satisfy

yumò, guihì yaà hui mabinyì yaà, gambuegjuà pagkaudugum.[VI'-18]
and what is evil

Clavigero does not give a translation of this Lord's Prayer, but Hervás, who copies it in his _Saggio Pratico_, translates all words which he could find in a short vocabulary; Buschmann and others copy from him, and even at this time no complete translation is obtainable.

Lastly, I present a few sentences in the Laymon dialect, literally translated.

Tamma amayben metañ aguinañi
Man years many lives not

Kenedabapa urap, guang lizi, quimib tejunoey
Father mine eats, and drinks, but little.

Kenassa maba guimma
Sister thine sleeps.

Kadagua gadey iguimil decuiñi
The fish sees but not hears

Juetabajua tahipeñi
Blood mine good not

Kotajua kamang gehua
The stone (is) great, hard

Ibungajua ganehmajen kaluhù
Moon sun greater is.[VI'-19]

[Sidenote: THE CORA DIALECT IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.]

None of the Lower Californian languages are in any way related to, or connected with, any other language. In Jalisco an idiom is spoken which is called the Cora, but Señor Pimentel after comparing it with the Cora of the peninsula as well as with others in Lower California, assures us that not the least connection exists between them.[VI'-20] It has also been stated that the languages spoken on the peninsula north of La Paz are affiliated with the Yuma tongue, but this is not the case. As we have seen, the dialect of the Diegueños reaches the seacoast near San Diego, and again south of that point, and this being a Yuma dialect, it has perhaps given rise to the belief that the Lower Californian languages incline the same way.[VI'-21] In South America there is a language called the Guaicuru, which has nothing in common with the Guaicuri of Lower California.[VI'-22]

FOOTNOTES:

[VI'-1] 'No one showing anything more than the _faintest_, if any, indications of a cognate origin with the other.' _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 5, 128-9. 'Classed by dialects, the Pueblos of New Mexico at the period of the arrival of the Spaniards spoke four separate and distinct languages, called the Tegua, the Piro, the Queres, and the Tagnos.' 'There are now five different dialects spoken by the Pueblos.' No Pueblo can 'understand another of a different dialect.' 'It does not follow that the groups by dialect correspond with their geographical grouping; for, frequently, those furthest apart speak the same, and those nearest speak different languages.' _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 203-4; _Lane_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 689. 'The Pueblo Indians of Taos, Pecuris and Acoma speak a language of which a dialect is used by those of the Rio Abajo, including the Pueblos of San Felipe, Sandia, Ysleta, and Xeméz.' _Ruxton's Adven. Mex._, p. 194. 'There are but three or four different languages spoken among them, and these, indeed, may be distantly allied to each other.' 'Those further to the westward are perhaps allied to the Navajoes.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 269. 'In ancient times the several pueblos formed four distinct nations, called the _Piro_, _Tegua_, _Queres_, and _Tagnos_ or _Tanos_, speaking as many different dialects or languages.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 116; see also pp. 155-6, on classification according to Cruzate. 'The Jemez ... speak precisely the same language as the Pecos.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 198; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 90, et seq. 'There are five different dialects spoken by the nineteen pueblos.' These are so distinct that the Spanish language 'has to be resorted to as a common medium of communication.' _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 191; _Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer._, p. 280, et seq.

[VI'-2] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 90; _Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer._, p. 302.

[VI'-3] Tusuque words 'are monosyllabic, and suggest a connection with Asiatic stocks, in which this feature is prominent.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 406. 'All these languages are extremely guttural and to my ear seemed so much alike that I imagine they have sprung from the same parent stock.' _Lane_, in _Id._, vol. v., p. 689; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 93 et seq.; _Buschmann_, _New Mex. und Brit. N. Amer._, p. 280 et seq.

[VI'-4] 'Die Queres-Sprache ist trotz einiger Anklänge an andere eine ganz besondere Sprache, von der keine Verwandtschaft aufzufinden.' _Buschmann_, _Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer._, p. 303. 'Die Fremdheit der Tezuque-Sprache gegen alles Bekannte ist durch das Wortverzeichniss genugsam erwiesen.' 'Ich unterlasse es spielende aztekische oder Sonorische Aehnlichkeiten zu bezeichnen, da auch die Zuñi-Sprache diesen Idiomen ganz fremd ist.' _Id._, pp. 296-7. Tanos, 'one of the Moqui villages, at present speak the Tegua language, which is also spoken by several of the New Mexican Pueblo Indians, which leaves but little doubt us to the common origin of all the village Indians of this country and Old Mexico.' _Arny_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 381. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race, but the fact of their speaking three or four different languages would tend to cast a doubt upon this point.' _Merriwether_, in _Id._, 1854, p. 174. 'The words in the Zuñi language very much resemble the English.' _Hutchings' Cal. Mag._, vol. ii., p. 348; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285.

[VI'-5] Cocomaricopa, Yuma, Jalchedun and Jamajab, speak the same language. _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., p. 350; _Kino_, _Relacion_, in _Id._, série iv., tom. i., pp. 292-3. 'Opas, que hablan la lengua de los Yumas y Cocomaricopas ... Corre la gentilidad de éstos y de su misma lengua por los rios Azul, Verde, Salado y otros que entran el Colorado.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 416. 'La lengua de todas estas naciones es una, Cocomaricopas, Yuma, Nijora, Quicamopa.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 852. Cuchans, or Yumas, 'speak the same dialect' as the Maricopas. _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, p. 107; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., pp. 101-3; _Möllhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 433. Yumas 'no ser Nacion distinta de la Cocomaricopa, pues usan el mesmo Idioma.' _Villa-Señor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 408; _Gallatin_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 129; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 90. 'The Pimos and Cocomaricopas ... speaking different languages. _Cutts' Conq. of Cal._, p. 189. Cosninos and Tontos, 'leur langue aurait plus d'affinité avec celle des _Mohaves_ et des _Cuchans_ du Colorado.' 'Les _Yumas_, auxquels se joignent les _Cocopas_, les _Mohaves_, les _Hawalcoes_, et les _Dieguenos_. Chacune de ces tribus a une langue particulière, mais qui, jusqu'à un certain point, se rapproche de celles des tribus du même groupe.' _Brasseur de Bourbourg_, _Esquisses_, pp. 28-9. 'Gewiss ist, dass die Cocomaricópas und Yumas nur Dialecte einer und derselben Sprache reden.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p 211. 'The Maricopas speak ... a dialect of the Cocapa, Yuma, Mohave and Diegana tongue.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 361; _Id._, 1857, p. 302. Papagos, Pimos, and Maricopas. 'These tribes speak a common language, which is conceded to be the ancient Aztec tongue.' _Davidson_, in _Id._, 1865, p. 131. Pima and Maricopa. 'Their languages are totally different, so much so that I was enabled to distinguish them when spoken.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262. 'Los opas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadan, yumas, cuhuanas, quiquimas, y otros mas allá del rio Colorado, se pueden tambien llamar pimas y contar por otras tantas tribus de esta nacion; pues la lengua de que usan es una misma con sola la diferencia del dilecto.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., p. 554; _Sonora_, _Rudo Ensayo_, p. 103. 'Yuma. Dialecto del Pima, lo tienen los Yumas, ó chirumas, gileños ó xileños, opas, cocopas, cocomaricopas, hudcoadanes, jamajabs ó cuesninas, ó cuismer ó cosninas ó culisnisnas ó culisnurs y los quicamopas. Cajuenche. Dialecto del pima, pertenecen á esta seccion los cucapá ó cuhanas, jallicuamai, cajuenches, quiquimas ó quihuimas, yuanes, cutganes, alchedomas, bagiopas, cuñai y quemeyá.' _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografía_, pp. 353, 37; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 264, et seq. 'Die _Yumas_, deren Sprache von der _Cocomericoopas_ ... wenig verschieden ist.' 'Cocomericoopas, Yumas, Pimas ... haben jede ihre besondere Sprache.' _Pfefferkorn_, in _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 159. 'Alike in other respects the Pima and Cocomaricopa Indians differ in language.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 421.

[VI'-6] 'Suave al parecer, y mas fácil que no la pima, pues tiene la suave vocal el la que falta á los pimas, repitiendo ellos la u hablan su idioma cantando.' _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série iii., tom. iv., p. 852. 'Soft and melodious.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 262; _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 101.

[VI'-7] _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 395.

[VI'-8] _Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 95, et seq.; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 118, et seq.

[VI'-9] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 14.

[VI'-10] 'La Nacion Chevet ... de muy distinto idioma de los que tienen las demas Naciones.' _Arricivita_, _Crónica Seráfica_, p. 472.

[VI'-11] 'La lengua de los cajuenches es muy distinta de la yuma.' Jalliquamais 'aunque parece el mismo idioma que el de los cajuenches, se diferencía mucho.' _Garcés_, _Diario_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, série ii., tom. i., pp. 247, 251.

[VI'-12] 'The Cucápas, Talliguamays, and Cajuenches speak one tongue; the Yumas, Talchedums, and Tamajabs have a distinct one.' _Cortez_, _Hist. Apache Nations_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124.

[VI'-13] _Id._, p. 125.

[VI'-14] 'Nun dann fünf andere ganz verschiedene, und in dem bisher entdeckten Californien übliche Sprachen (welche seynd die Laymóna, in der Gegend der Mission von Loreto, die Cotschimì, in der Mission des heil. Xaverii und anderen gegen Norden, die Utschitì, und die Pericúa in Suden, und die annoch unbekannte welche die Völker reden, so P. Linck auf seiner Reis hat angetroffen) nebst einer Menge Absprossen oder Dialekten, auf Seit gesetzt, und von der Waïcurischen allein etwas anzumerken.' _Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 176-7. 'Tres son (dice el Padre Taravàl) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù y la de Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que ... juzgarà, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.' _Venegas_, _Noticia de la Cal._, tom. i., pp. 63-7. Pericui, Guaicuri, Cochimí. 'Ognuna di queste tre Nazioni aveva il suo linguaggio proprio.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 109. 'Vehitls, Coras, Pericos, Guaicuras, Cantils, Cayeyus, y otros muchos.' 'Los de la baja peninzula ... hablan distintos idiomas pero todos se entienden.' _Revillagigedo_, _Carta_, MS., p. 7. Edues, Cochimies, et Periuches. 'Ces trois tribus parlent neuf dialectes différents, dérivés de trois langues-matrices.' _Pauw_, _Rech. Phil._, tom. i., p. 168. 'Les unes parlant la Langue _Monqui_ ... les autres la Langue _Laimone_.' _Picolo_, _Mémoire_, in _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_, tom. iii., p. 279. 'Dreyerley Sprachen in Californien,' 'die de los Picos, dann die de los Waïcuros ... und endlich die de los Laymónes.' _Ducrue_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 392. 'Die Pericu; die Waicura mit den Dialecten Cora, Uchidie und Aripe; die Laymon; die Cochima mit 4 verschiedenen Dialecten, worunter der von S. Francesco und Borgia; die Utschita; die Ika.' _Hassel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 57. 'Die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschitas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.' _Mühlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 212. See also tom. ii., pt ii., pp. 443-4; _Taylor_, in _Browne's L. Cal._, pp. 53-4. 'The Cochimi, Pericu, and Loretto languages; the former is the same as the Laymon, for the Laymones are the northern Cochimies; the Loretto has two dialects, that of the Guaycuru and the Uchiti.' _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 553. 'The languages of old California were: 1. The Waikur, spoken in several dialects; 2. The Utshiti; 3. The Laymon; 4. The Cochimi North and the Pericu at the southern extremity of the peninsula; 5. A probably new form of speech used by some tribes visited by Link.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._, vol. viii., p. 423. Morrell mentions three languages, the Pericues, Menquis, and Cochimies. _Nar._, p. 198. Forbes, quoting Father Taraval, also speaks of three languages, Pericues, Monquis, and Cochimís. _Cal._, p. 21. 'Solo habia dos idiomas distintos; el uno todo lo que comprehende la parte del Mediodía, y llamaban _Ado_; y el otro todo lo que abraza el Departamento del Norte y llamaban _Cochimi_.' _Californias, Noticias_, carta i., p. 99; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 182, et seq.; _Baegert_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 393. Orozco y Berra also accepts three, naming them, Pericu; Guaicura, with the dialects, Cora, Conchos, Uchita and Aripa; and the Cochimí with the dialects, Edú, Didú, and Northern Cochimi. _Geografía_, pp. 365-7; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 207, et seq.; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 469, et seq.

[VI'-15] 'La lingua Cochimi, la quale è la più distesa, è molto dificile, è piena d'aspirazioni, ed ha alcune maniere di pronunziare, che non è possibile di darle ad intendere.... La lingua Pericù è oggimai estinta.... La branca degli Uchiti, e quasi tutta quella de' Cori si sono estinte.' _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 110, 109. Edues and Didius, 'sus palabras no eran de muy difícil pronunciacion, pero carecian enteramente de la f y s.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., pp. 46-7. 'Die Aussprache ist meistentheils gutturalis und narium.' _Ducrue_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, p. 392. Waïcuri. 'Kann man von derselben sagen, dass sie im höchsten Grad wild sey und barbarisch ... so bestehet derselben Barbarey in folgendem, und zwar--1. In einem erbärmlichen und erstaunlichen Mangel unendlich vieler Wörter ... in dem Mangel und Abgang der Präpositionen, Conjunctionen, und Relativorum, das déve, oder tipitscheû, so wegen, und das tina, welches auf heisset ausgenommen.... Im Abgang des Comparativi und Superlativi, und der Wörter mehr und weniger, item, aller Adverbiorum, so wohl deren, welche von Adjectivis herkommen, als auch schier aller anderen.... Im Abgang des Modi Conjunctivi, mandativi und schier gar des optativi. Item, des verbi Passivi, oder an statt dessen, des verbi Reciproci, dessen sich die Spanier und Franzosen bedienen. Item, in Abgang der Declinationen, und zugleich der Artiklen der, die, das, etc.' _Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 177-83. See also, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 394-5.

[VI'-16] _Baegert_, _Nachr. von Cal._, pp. 175-94; _Id._, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, pp. 394-393; also in _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 207-14; _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 31-40; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 188-92; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 484-95.

[VI'-17] _Hervás_, _Saggio Pratico_, p. 125; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, pp. 496-7; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 193-4; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 395-6; _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., p. 265.

[VI'-18] _Clavigero_, _Storia della Cal._, tom. i., pp. 264-5; _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 497; _Hervás_, _Saggio Pratico_, p. 125; _Vater_, _Mithridates_, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 192-4; _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 395-6; _Pimentel_, _Cuadro_, tom. ii., pp. 221-2.

[VI'-19] _Ducrue_, in _Murr_, _Nachrichten_, pp. 394-7.

[VI'-20] 'Hay otra idioma llamado Cora en California, que es un dialecto del Guaicura ó Vaicura, diferente al que se habla en Jalisco.' _Pimentel_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin_, tom. viii., p. 603.

[VI'-21] 'All the Indian tribes of the peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado, and with the Coras below La Paz.' _Taylor_, in _Browne's L. Cal._, p. 53.

[VI'-22] 'Beide Sprachen, die californische und die Südamerikanische Guaycura oder Guaycuru (Mbaya) von einander gänzlich verschieden sind.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Spr._, p. 494.