Chapter V: Introduction: To Languages

Native Languages in Advance of Social Customs -- Characteristic
Individuality of American Tongues -- Frequent Occurrence of Long
Words -- Reduplications, Frequentatives, and Duals --
Intertribal Languages -- Gesture-Language -- Slavé and Chinook
Jargons -- Pacific States Languages -- The Tinneh, Aztec, and
Maya Tongues -- The Larger Families Inland -- Language as a Test
of Origin -- Similarities in Unrelated Languages -- Plan of this
Investigation 551

CHAPTER II.

HYPERBOREAN LANGUAGES.

Distinction between Eskimo and American -- Eskimo Pronunciation
and Declension -- Dialects of the Koniagas and Aleuts --
Language of the Thlinkeets -- Hypothetical Affinities -- The
Tinneh Family and its Dialects -- Eastern, Western, Central, and
Southern Divisions -- Chepewyan Declension -- Oratorical Display
in the Speech of the Kutchins -- Dialects of the Atnahs and
Ugalenzes Compared -- Specimen of the Koltshane Tongue --
Tacully Gutturals -- Hoopah Vocabulary -- Apache Dialects --
Lipan Lord's Prayer -- Navajo Words -- Comparative Vocabulary of
the Tinneh Family 574

CHAPTER III.

COLUMBIAN LANGUAGES.

The Haidah, its Construction and Conjugation -- The Nass
Language and its Dialects -- Bellacoola and Chimsyan Comparisons
-- The Nootka Languages of Vancouver Island -- Nanaimo Ten
Commandments and Lord's Prayer -- Aztec Analogies -- Fraser and
Thompson River Languages -- The Neetlakapamuck Grammar and
Lord's Prayer -- Sound Languages -- The Salish Family --
Flathead Grammar and Lord's Prayer -- The Kootenai -- The
Sahaptin Family -- Nez Percé Grammar -- Yakima Lord's Prayer --
Sahaptin State and Slave Languages -- The Chinook Family --
Grammar of the Chinook Language -- Aztec Affinities -- The
Chinook Jargon 604

CHAPTER IV.

CALIFORNIAN LANGUAGES.

Multiplicity of Tongues -- Yakon, Klamath, and Palaik
Comparisons -- Pitt River and Wintoon Vocabularies -- Weeyot,
Wishosk, Weitspek, and Ehnek Comparisons -- Languages of
Humboldt Bay -- Potter Valley, Russian and Eel River Languages
-- Pomo Languages -- Gallinomero Grammar -- Trans-Pacific
Comparisons -- Chocuyem Lord's Prayer -- Languages of the
Sacramento, San Joaquin, Napa, and Sonoma Valleys -- The Olhone
and other Languages of San Francisco Bay -- Runsien and Eslene
of Monterey -- Santa Clara Lord's Prayer -- Mutsun Grammar --
Languages of the Missions Santa Cruz, San Antonio de Padua,
Soledad, and San Miguel -- Tatché Grammar -- The Dialects of
Santa Cruz and other Islands 635

CHAPTER V.

SHOSHONE LANGUAGES.

Aztec-Sonora Connections with the Shoshone Family -- The Utah,
Comanche, Moqui, Kizh, Netela, Kechi, Cahuillo, and Chemehuevi
-- Eastern and Western Shoshone, or Wihinasht -- The Bannack and
Digger, or Shoshokee -- The Utah and its Dialects -- The Goshute,
Washoe, Paiulee, Piute, Sampitche, and Mono -- Popular Belief
as to the Aztec Element in the North -- Grimm's Law -- Shoshone,
Comanche, and Moqui Comparative Table -- Netela Stanza -- Kizh
Grammar -- The Lord's Prayer in two Dialects of the Kizh --
Chemehuevi and Cahuillo Grammar -- Comparative Vocabulary 660

CHAPTER VI.

THE PUEBLO, COLORADO RIVER, AND LOWER CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES.

Traces of the Aztec not found among the Pueblos of New Mexico
and Arizona -- The Five Languages of the Pueblos, the Queres,
the Tegua, the Picoris, Jemez, and Zuñi -- Pueblo Comparative
Vocabulary -- The Yuma and its Dialects, the Maricopa, Cuchan,
Mojave, Diegueño, Yampais, and Yavipais -- The Cochimí and
Pericú, with their Dialects of Lower California -- Guaicuri
Grammar -- Pater Noster in Three Cochimí Dialects -- The
Languages of Lower California wholly Isolated 680

CHAPTER VII.

THE PIMA, ÓPATA, AND CERI LANGUAGES.

Pima Alto and Bajo -- Pápago -- Pima Grammar -- Formation of
Plurals -- Personal Pronoun -- Conjugation -- Classification of
Verbs -- Adverbs -- Prepositions, Conjunctions, and
Interjections -- Syntax of the Pima -- Prayers in different
dialects -- The Ópata and Eudeve -- Eudeve Grammar --
Conjugation of Active and Passive Verbs -- Lord's Prayer --
Ópata Grammar -- Declension -- Possessive Pronoun -- Conjugation
-- Ceri Language with its Dialects, Guaymi and Tepoca -- Ceri
Vocabulary 694

CHAPTER VIII.

NEW MEXICAN LANGUAGES.

The Cahita and its Dialects -- Cahita Grammar -- Dialectic
Differences of the Mayo, Yaqui, and Tehueco -- Comparative
Vocabulary -- Cahita Lord's Prayer -- The Tarahumara and its
Dialects -- The Tarahumara Grammar -- Tarahumara Lord's Prayer
in two Dialects -- The Concho, the Toboso, the Julime, the Piro,
the Suma, the Chinarra, the Tubar, the Irritila -- Tejano --
Tejano Grammar -- Specimen of the Tejano -- The Tepehuana --
Tepehuana Grammar and Lord's Prayer -- Acaxée and its Dialects,
the Topia, Sabaibo and Xixime -- The Zacatec, Cazcane, Mazapile,
Huitcole, Guachichile, Colotlan, Tlaxomultec, Tecuexe, and
Tepecano -- The Cora and its Dialects, the Muutzicat,
Teacuaeitzca, and Ateacari -- Cora Grammar 706

CHAPTER IX.

THE AZTEC AND OTOMÍ LANGUAGES.

Nahua or Aztec, Chichimec, and Toltec languages identical --
Anáhuac the aboriginal seat of the Aztec Tongue -- The Aztec the
oldest language in Anáhuac -- Beauty and Richness of the Aztec
-- Testimony of the Missionaries and early writers in its favor
-- Specimen from Paredes' Manual -- Grammar of the Aztec
Language -- Aztec Lord's Prayer -- The Otomí a Monosyllabic
Language of Anáhuac -- Relationship claimed with the Chinese and
Cherokee -- Otomí Grammar -- Otomí Lord's Prayer in Different
Dialects 723

CHAPTER X.

LANGUAGES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN MEXICO.

The Pame and its Dialects -- The Meco of Guanajuato and the
Sierra Gordo -- The Tarasco of Michoacan and its Grammar -- The
Matlaltzinca and its Grammar -- The Ocuiltec -- The Miztec and
its Dialects -- Miztec Grammar -- The Amusgo, Chocho, Mazatec,
Cuicatec, Chatino, Tlapanec, Chinantec, and Popoluca -- The
Zapotec and its Grammar -- The Mije -- Mije Grammar and Lord's
Prayer -- The Huave of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec -- Huave
Numerals 742

CHAPTER XI.

THE MAYA-QUICHÉ LANGUAGES.

The Maya-Quiché, the Languages of the Civilized Nations of
Central America -- Enumeration of the Members of this Family --
Hypothetical Analogies with Languages of the Old World -- Lord's
Prayers in the Chañabal, Chiapanec, Chol, Tzendal, Zoque, and
Zotzil -- Pokonchi Grammar -- The Mame or Zaklopahkap -- Quiché
Grammar -- Cakchiquel Lord's Prayer -- Maya Grammar -- Totonac
Grammar -- Totonac Dialects -- Huastec Grammar 759

CHAPTER XII.

LANGUAGES OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, COSTA RICA, AND THE ISTHMUS OF
DARIEN.

The Carib an Imported Language -- The Mosquito Language -- The
Poya, Towka, Seco, Valiente, Rama, Cookra, Woolwa, and other
Languages in Honduras -- The Chontal -- Mosquito Grammar -- Love
Song in the Mosquito Language -- Comparative Vocabulary of
Honduras Tongues -- The Coribici, Chorotega, Chontal, and
Orotiña in Nicaragua -- Grammar of the Orotiña or Nagrandan --
Comparison between the Orotiña and Chorotega -- The Chiriquí,
Guatuso, Tiribi, and others in Costa Rica -- Talamanca
Vocabulary -- Diversity of Speech on the Isthmus of Darien --
Enumeration of Languages -- Comparative Vocabulary 782

THE NATIVE RACES
OF THE
PACIFIC STATES.

MYTHOLOGY, LANGUAGES.