Chapter I: Front Matter

THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS VERTEBRATED ANIMALS FROM THE
STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND FROM THE CANADIAN PROVINCES
EAST OF LONGITUDE 95°.

BY

OLIVER P. HAY

_Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington_

PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY, 1923

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

PUBLICATION NO. 322

TECHNICAL PRESS
WASHINGTON, D. C.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTENTS

PAGE
Preface VII–VIII

Conclusions regarding the divisions of the Pleistocene 1–15
Limits of the Pleistocene 1
The Blanco Pliocene 1
Divisions of the Pleistocene 2
Elevation of Continent 3
Connections of North America with South America and Asia 3
Sources of vertebrates 4
Richness of Pleistocene life 4
Evolution during the Pleistocene 5
Extinction of species 6
The earliest Pleistocene, the Nebraskan 7
The Aftonian interglacial 10
The Yarmouth interglacial 12
The Illinois glacial 12
The Sangamon interglacial 12
The Peorian interglacial 13
The Wisconsin and the Wabash beds 13
Coastal Plain terraces 13

Conspectus of Geology and Vertebrate Palæontology of the
Pleistocene 14–15

Finds of Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America 17–20
Ontario 17
Quebec 18
Vermont 19
New Brunswick 19
North Carolina 20
South Carolina 20
Florida 20

Finds of Pleistocene _Pinnipedia_ in eastern North America 21–30
Grinnell Land 21
Nova Scotia 21
New Brunswick 21
Quebec 21
Ontario 23
Maine 23
New Hampshire 25
Massachusetts 25
New Jersey 26
Virginia 28
North Carolina 29
South Carolina 29

Finds of Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in eastern North America 31–44
New Jersey 31
Pennsylvania 31
Ohio 31
Indiana 32
Illinois 33
Virginia 34
West Virginia 34
South Carolina 35
Georgia 36
Florida 37
Alabama 40
Mississippi 40
Tennessee 41
Kentucky 43

Finds of mastodons in eastern North America 45–128
Ontario 45
Cape Breton Island 46
Massachusetts 47
Connecticut 47
New York 48
New Jersey 63
Pennsylvania 68
Ohio 70
Michigan 80
Indiana 88
Illinois 100
Wisconsin 110
Maryland 112
Virginia 113
West Virginia 115
North Carolina 115
South Carolina 118
Georgia 120
Florida 121
Alabama 124
Mississippi 124
Tennessee 127
Kentucky 128

Finds of _Elephas primigenius_ in eastern North America 130–146
Ontario 130
New York 131
New Jersey 132
Pennsylvania 133
Ohio 134
Michigan 137
Indiana 138
Illinois 140
Wisconsin 143
Maryland 144
Virginia 145
North Carolina 145
Florida 145
Tennessee 146
Kentucky 146

Finds of _Elephas columbi_ in eastern North America 147–161
Ontario 147
Vermont 148
New York 149
New Jersey 149
Pennsylvania 150
Ohio 150
Michigan 151
Indiana 151
Illinois 152
Maryland 154
North Carolina 155
South Carolina 155
Georgia 157
Florida 157
Kentucky 160

Finds of _Elephas imperator_ in eastern North America 162–164
South Carolina 162
Florida 162
Alabama 164

Finds of _Elephas_ sp. indet. in eastern North America 166–182
Ungava 166
Ontario 166
Vermont 167
New York 167
Pennsylvania 168
Ohio 168
Michigan 171
Indiana 171
Illinois 175
Wisconsin 178
Maryland and District of Columbia 178
Virginia 178
West Virginia 179
North Carolina 179
Florida 179
Mississippi 180
Tennessee 181
Kentucky 181

Finds of _Equidæ_ in eastern North America 183–202
Massachusetts 183
New York 183
New Jersey 184
Pennsylvania 184
Ohio 185
Indiana 186
Illinois 187
Maryland and District of Columbia 188
Virginia 189
West Virginia 190
North Carolina 190
South Carolina 191
Georgia 193
Florida 194
Alabama 200
Mississippi 200
Tennessee 201
Kentucky 202

Finds of tapirs in eastern North America 203–210
Pennsylvania 203
Ohio 203
Indiana 203
Maryland 204
Virginia 204
South Carolina 204
Georgia 206
Florida 206
Mississippi 208
Tennessee 209
Kentucky 209
Rhinoceroses in Florida 211

Finds of peccaries in eastern North America 212–223
New York 212
New Jersey 213
Pennsylvania 213
Ohio 214
Michigan 215
Indiana 216
Illinois 218
Wisconsin 219
Maryland 220
Virginia 221
West Virginia 221
South Carolina 221
Florida 222
Tennessee 222
Kentucky 223

Finds of camels in eastern North America 224–225
Pennsylvania 224
Florida 224
Tennessee 225

Finds of _Odocoileus_ in eastern North America 226–234
Ontario 226
New York 226
New Jersey 226
Pennsylvania 227
Ohio 227
Michigan 227
Indiana 228
Illinois 229
Wisconsin 230
Maryland 230
Virginia 231
West Virginia 231
North Carolina 231
South Carolina 231
Florida 232
Mississippi 233
Tennessee 234
Kentucky 234

Finds of _Cervus canadensis_ in eastern North America 235–243
Ontario 235
Vermont 235
New York 235
New Jersey 237
Pennsylvania 237
Michigan 237
Indiana 238
Illinois 239
Wisconsin 240
Maryland 242
North Carolina 242
South Carolina 242
Georgia 243
Florida 243
Tennessee 243
Kentucky 243

Finds of _Rangifer_ in the Pleistocene of eastern North
America 244–247
Grinnell Land 244
Ontario 244
Vermont 244
Connecticut 244
New York 245
New Jersey 245
Pennsylvania 246
Illinois 246
Wisconsin 247
Kentucky 247

Finds of musk-oxen in eastern North America 248–255
Grinnell Land 248
New Jersey 248
Pennsylvania 248
Ohio 249
Michigan 250
Indiana 251
Illinois 253
West Virginia 254
Mississippi 254
Kentucky 255

Finds of extinct bisons in eastern North America 256–265
Ontario 256
Pennsylvania 256
Ohio 257
Indiana 257
Illinois 259
Wisconsin 259
Maryland 259
Virginia 259
South Carolina 260
Georgia 261
Florida 262
Alabama 264
Mississippi 264
Kentucky 265

Finds of _Bison bison_ in eastern North America 266–271
Ontario 266
Massachusetts 266
New York 266
New Jersey 267
Pennsylvania 267
Indiana 268
Illinois 268
Wisconsin 270
Kentucky 270

Finds of _Castoroides_ in eastern United States 272–280
New York 272
Pennsylvania 272
Ohio 273
Michigan 275
Indiana 276
Illinois 278
South Carolina 279
Georgia 280
Mississippi 280
Tennessee 280

Pleistocene Geology of eastern North America and its fossil
vertebrates 281–406
Ontario 281
Quebec 288
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island 289
New England 290
New York 294
New Jersey 299
Pennsylvania 306
Ohio 324
Michigan 330
Indiana 331
Illinois 334
Wisconsin 340
Maryland and District of Columbia 344
Virginia 351
West Virginia 354
North Carolina 355
South Carolina 361
Georgia 368
Florida 372
Alabama 384
Mississippi 385
Tennessee 393
Kentucky 400

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

MAP 1. Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America.
2. Pleistocene _Pinnipedia_ in eastern North America.
3. Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in eastern North America.
4. Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in Florida.
5. Pleistocene mastodons in eastern North America.
6. Eastern New York, western Massachusetts, and Connecticut,
showing relation of mastodon localities to areas of
sea-level in Late Wisconsin.
6A. Pleistocene mastodons in New Jersey.
7. Pleistocene mastodons in Ohio.
8. Pleistocene mastodons in Michigan.
9. Pleistocene mastodons in Indiana.
10. Pleistocene mastodons in Florida.
11. _Elephas primigenius_ in eastern North America.
12. _Elephas columbi_ in eastern North America.
13. _Elephas columbi_ in Florida.
14. _Elephas imperator_ in southeastern United States.
15. _Elephas imperator_ in Florida.
16. _Elephas_ sp. indet. in eastern North America.
17. Pleistocene horses in eastern North America.
18. Pleistocene horses in Florida.
19. Pleistocene tapirs in eastern North America.
20. Pleistocene peccaries in eastern North America.
21. Pleistocene camels in eastern North America.
22. Pleistocene species of _Odocoileus_ in eastern North
America.
23. _Cervus canadensis_ in Pleistocene of eastern North
America.
24. _Rangifer_ in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
25. Pleistocene musk-oxen in eastern North America.
26. Extinct bisons in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
27. _Bison bison_ in Pleistocene of eastern North America.
28. _Castoroides_ in eastern North America.
29. _Castoroides_ in Ohio.
30. _Castoroides_ in Indiana.
31. Areas in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont
occupied by water at sea-level in Late Wisconsin stage.
32. Isobases of Late Glacial uplift.
33. J. W. Spencer’s view of preglacial drainage of the region
of the Great Lakes.
34. Wisconsin glacier in New York, lakes Newberry and Maumee,
and localities of mastodons.
35. Glacial map of Ohio.
36. Distribution of Pleistocene mammals in Ohio.
37. Glacial map of Indiana.
38. Glacial map of Illinois. Shows also localities of
Pleistocene vertebrates.
39. Coastal plain of North Carolina, with localities of
Pleistocene animals and plants.
40. Sketch map of Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Georgia.
41. Bigbone Lick and vicinity.

TEXT-FIGURES.

FIG. 1. Geological section of Twin Creek, near Beecher, Will Co.,
Illinois 108
2. Section across gully at Whitehall, Wisconsin 242
3. Region about Toronto, Ontario 282
4. Eastern Ontario, showing limit of marine and fresh-water
beaches 286
5. South shore-line of the Champlain sea 287
6. Preglacial drainage of the Upper Ohio 293
7. Geologic section of Fish House beds at Camden, New Jersey 302
8. Vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, showing distribution of
the Trenton gravels 305
9. Geologic sections at Trenton, New Jersey 305
10. Northern Pennsylvania, showing glaciated areas 309
11. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of first
exploration, 1871 318
12. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of last
exploration, 1896 318
13. Metatarsal of _Ovis_ sp. indet., from Kendall Co., Illinois 338
14. Relation of the driftless area to the surrounding glaciated
areas 342
15. Diagram showing the supposed terraces of the Maryland
coastal plain 345
16. Section across Potomac River near Big Pool, Maryland,
showing gravel-covered terraces 347
17. Generalized section across Allegheny Valley at Parkers
Landing, W. Va. 349
18. Tooth of _Hydrochoerus pinckneyi_ 365
19. Jaw and tooth of a wolf from Charleston, South Carolina 366
20. Coastal plain of Georgia 369
21. Geologic section from north to south through the phosphate
deposits of Florida 377
22. Geological map of Mississippi embayment 388
23. County map of Tennessee, to show where Pleistocene fossils
have been found 395
24. Vertical section of Bigbone Cave, Elroy, Van Buren Co.,
Tennessee 398
25. Section on bank of Tennessee River at Nashville 400