Chapter XVII: On the Theory of the Pleistocene Terraces of the Coastal Plain (14)

1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 Miles below Newbern._—According to both Croom (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVII, 1835, p. 168) and Harlan (op. cit., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143), remains of deer had been found at this locality. For want of more exact information we may refer them to _Odocoileus virginianus_. On page 359 will be found a list of the species collected here.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Numerous fragmentary remains of _Odocoileus_ have been found in the region about Charleston. F. S. Holmes, as early as 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, p. 177), announced the discovery of remains of deer in the vicinity of Charleston. Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 109, plate XX, figs. 1–4) stated that the collections of Professor Holmes and Captain Bowman contained fragments of antlers, portions of jaws, and teeth which had been found in the Post-Pliocene beds of Ashley River. Leidy concluded these remains did not differ from the corresponding parts of the existing white-tailed deer (_O. virginianus_). Many fragments of antlers belong in the Scanlan collection at Yale University. They are thoroughly fossilized and are hard and heavy.

In the Charleston Museum (No. 1047) is an anterior cannon-bone of a deer, but no definite locality is recorded. It is black and apparently phosphatized, as are the numerous fragments of antlers found in the private collections at Charleston. The cannon-bone mentioned is 188 mm. long.

While the materials so far discovered do not enable us to distinguish the deer remains found about Charleston from _Odocoileus virginianus_, it is not improbable that they belonged in reality to another species, some perhaps to the Floridan Pleistocene species _O. sellardsiæ_.

Antlers of the white-tailed or Virginia deer are common in the collections about Charleston. In the Scanlan collection are bases of antlers of adult bucks and two simple spikes of young deer. One base is different from the others in being much flattened in one border, probably the one on which the first tine arose. It is possible that it represents a distinct species.

2. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1848, Tuomey (Rep. Geol. South Carolina, pp. 177–180) stated that on the land of a Rev. Mr. Campbell, somewhere in the vicinity of Darlington, he had found fragments of the horns of a deer. He regarded the beds as belonging to the Pliocene. In the neighborhood, in a similar deposit, had been found molars of _Mastodon maximus_ (=_Mammut americanum_). Both species may belong to the early Pleistocene.

FLORIDA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Pablo Beach, Duval County._—Dr. Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 106) reported remains of _Odocoileus_ found at station 120 of the Inland Waterway Canal, about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. Further mention is made of this on page 374.

2. _Neals, Alachua County._—In his eighth report (page 94) Sellards stated that at Neals, near Newberry, teeth had been collected which probably belonged to a species of _Odocoileus_. These were found while phosphate rock was being mined; but they, with a tooth of a tapir and one of _Equus littoralis_, doubtless belong to the early Pleistocene.

3. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1896 Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Instit., vol. IV, p. X), in a note on the species of vertebrates found in the Alachua clays, included among these a tapir, a mastodon, and a megatherium. In his list furnished for Dr. W. H. Dall’s report (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, p. 129), is included _Cervus virginianus?_. The tapir, the deer, and the megatherium have been regarded as Pleistocene fossils which became mixed with those of the Pliocene. For that reason _Odocoileus_ is here credited to Archer. See also Sellards’s conclusion (6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 162). It is not certain exactly where the species above named were found. One locality mentioned by Leidy is 10 miles south of Archer, now Williston; another is 10 miles north of the same town, now Newberry. For the geological age of the species found at Archer, consult page 375.

4. _Ocala, Marion County._—From a fissure in a limestone rock at Ocala, Sellards (8th Ann. Rep., p. 103) secured some remains of _Odocoileus_, but it was not determined to what species they belonged.

5. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 43, plate VIII, figs. 3–5) described some teeth of a deer found near Dunnellon, in the “Cullens river mine.” These were referred provisionally to the species or subspecies now living in that region, _Odocoileus osceola_.

6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—In a small collection of fossil vertebrates sent from this place by Mr. Ernest Leitzel to the U. S. National Museum for identification were some fragments of antlers of _Odocoileus_.

7. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received, in 1921, many fragments of antlers found on the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto and on the south side of Manatee River. With these came teeth of _Equus leidyi_, _E. complicatus_, _E. littoralis_, teeth and bone of _Bison latifrons?_, a tooth of _Elephas columbi_, and a fragment of the beak of a ziphoid porpoise. The last and various sharks’ teeth probably originated in Miocene deposits not far away. A list of the species found at this place and believed to belong to the Pleistocene is presented on page 379.

8. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 96; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 84, p. 129), Leidy reported the discovery of antlers of deer, _Odocoileus (Cervus) virginianus_, at Arcadia. These may have belonged to _O. osceola_ or _O. sellardsiæ_. In 1884 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. VI, p. 428), Mr. S. T. Walker reported the finding of fossils, among them fragments of deer antlers, on sand-bars in Peace River, from a point about where the town of Hull now is to a point 8 miles by land above Fort Ogden, apparently not far from the present town of Owens. On this matter see Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 109). This locality and its fossils are further described on page 381.

9. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous remains belonging to one or two species of _Odocoileus_ have been found at Vero. Fragments of various parts of the skeleton and some teeth have been found in the two upper strata, No. 2 and No. 3, which lie above the marine marl. The writer (9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., 1917, pp. 50–57, plate III, fig. 3) referred some of these bones to the new species, _O. sellardsiæ_. Possibly only this species is represented at that locality, but probably some of the bones belong to _O. osceola_. Lists of the species found in the two deposits bearing fossil vertebrates will be found on pages 381 to 383.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 22.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—Dr. Leidy wrote (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, p. 199) as follows:

“Fossil bones of a deer not larger than the _Cervus virginianus_
have been found in association with bones of the _Megalonyx_,
_Mastodon_, etc., in the vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi. In the
cabinet of the Academy mentioned there are several specimens from
the locality, consisting of a portion of a lower jaw, a fragment of
an antler, and the posterior and inferior portions of two crania.”

The geology of this important locality is discussed on pages 389 to 393.

2. _Aberdeen, Monroe County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ser. 2, vol. VII, p. 376), Leidy stated that remains of a deer had been found at this place in a railroad cutting. No details were given.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 22. Figure 23.)

_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. LVIII, pp. 85–95), the writer described bones and teeth of Pleistocene animals which had been found at Whitesburg. A list of the species is given on page 395. In the collection are 21 teeth which were referred to _Odocoileus virginianus_, but their small size suggests that they may belong to another species of deer.

_Nashville, Davidson County._—On page 201 is presented an account of a collection made at Nashville. Among the fossils was an antler of a deer which is referred by the writer to an undetermined species of _Odocoileus_ (p. 399).

KENTUCKY.

(Map 22.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The bones and teeth of the Virginian deer have been reported with some doubt from Bigbone Lick; even if found it is not certain that they belonged to Pleistocene deposits.

2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection made in cleaning out Bluelick Springs, in Nicholas County, remains of a deer were secured. The geological age of these can not be determined with certainty, but they were probably of Late Wisconsin time. For a list of the associated species see page 405.

3. _Henderson, Henderson County._—In a letter to Dr. Joseph Leidy, published by the latter (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 7), Dr. D. D. Owen stated that many antlers and bones of deer had been found about 6 miles below Henderson, associated with bones of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_.

FINDS OF CERVUS CANADENSIS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 23.)

1. _Hamilton, Wentworth County._—On Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, many years ago antlers of the elk were found associated with a jaw of a beaver. They were discovered 30 feet from the surface and at a level 7 feet higher than the jaw of _Elephas columbi_ described on page 147. The age of all these bones is late Pleistocene. The elk had, therefore, spread over the northern part of our country before the close of the Wisconsin stage.

The geology of this locality and the species found there are considered on pages 284–285.

2. _Near Strathroy, Middlesex County._—In 1901 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XV, pp. 95–97, fig.) L. H. Smith wrote on the occurrence of the elk in Ontario. None had been known to exist there since the settlement by white men. The writer of the article had a number of specimens of antlers collected in the neighborhood of Strathroy and the neighboring county, Lambton. A fine pair of antlers and a part of a skeleton of an elk had been discovered in a boggy spring in lot 15, 12th concession, township of Lobo. It was evidently not deeply buried. This and the others, notwithstanding shallowness of burial, may have been buried in Late Pleistocene times; but there is no assurance that they did not live during the early Recent.

3. _Kingston, Frontenac County._—In 1898 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, p. 377), Robert Bell stated that remains of the elk had been found in shell marl in at least two places near Kingston.

VERMONT.

(Map 23.)

1. _Grand Isle, Champlain Lake._—In 1840 (Rep. on Quadrupeds, Massachusetts, p. 82), Emmons reported the finding of an antler on this island, which he concluded belonged possibly to a young elk. It had been thrown out by the plow from an elevated piece of ground, near a spring of water. He concluded that it was the antler of the second year, and stated that it had no branches. It was somewhat curved and had a total length of 849 mm. The diameter just above the burr was given as 183 mm.; but this is much greater than that in any specimens of young elks at hand. Possibly some other species is represented and it may not have belonged to Pleistocene.

NEW YORK.

(Map 23.)

1. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—J. E. De Kay, in 1842 (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 1), described a part of a skull, to which were attached the damaged antlers of an elk, which had been dug up near the mouth of Raquette River. This must have been not far from the town of Racket River. Nothing appears to be known regarding the conditions under which the skull was found. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 377) refers to the specimen. It was at one time in the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, but is probably no longer in existence.

2. _Seneca Castle, Ontario County._—Mr. E. Hitchcock (Science, vol. VI, 1885, p. 450) reported the finding of an antler of an elk at this place. It was associated with supposed remains of a mastodon, in a peat morass, near Flint Creek. It is to be credited to the Late Wisconsin.

3. _Farmington, Ontario County._—James Hall, in 1887 (6th Ann. Rep. State Geologist, New York, p. 391), reported the discovery of about two-thirds of the skeleton of an elk at the place named, in a cedar swamp, buried in peat at depths of from 6 to 18 inches. The antlers had projected above the surface and had been gnawed by rodents. Hall remarked that the elk had not been known to live in that region since the coming of the white race. The skeleton may or may not have been deposited there during the late Pleistocene.

4. _Livingston County._—In the collection at Princeton University is a calvarium of an elk labeled as found in Livingston County. The finder had, with a tool, chopped off the antlers and otherwise hacked the skull. One can not be certain as to the geological age of the specimen.

5. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843, James Hall (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367) reported that several horns of deer and one of an elk had been found at the summit of the Genesee Valley Canal. The place given was New Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba; but this town is about 10 miles from Cuba and apparently not on the canal. The antlers were found at a depth of 12 feet, in muck.

6. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—Hall (op. cit., p. 365) stated that Dr. Emmons had in his possession a tooth which he regarded as belonging to this species. De Kay (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 4) describes and figures this tooth. Emmons, in 1840 (Rep. Quadrupeds of Massachusetts, p. 82), first mentioned the tooth and said it had been found in a clay bed with several others. The tooth may belong to the Pleistocene, but this can not be proved. It is of value, as are the other cases, as showing the former distribution of the species.

7. _Boonville, Oneida County._—In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 46), Dr. C. Hart Merriam reported that Mr. Calvin V. Graves, of Boonville, had parts of elk horns, plowed up in an old beaver meadow. These may have belonged to very late Pleistocene time or to any part of the Recent.

8. _Third Lake of Fulton Chain, Herkimer County._—In the publication just referred to and on page 45, Merriam stated he had seen a number of elk antlers, found in a bog near the place mentioned. Their geological age can not be determined any more closely than in the preceding case.

9. _Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence County._—On page 46 of the paper just cited, Merriam reported that Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, had parts of antlers discovered at the place named. No details as to mode of occurrence were given. The antlers were discarded by their owners some time after the clearing away of the Wisconsin drift.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 23.)

1. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377), Leidy stated that there were in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy portions of two antlers of the elk obtained in the earth just above the Cretaceous greensand near Deal. No further information was furnished. Deal is about 5 miles south of Long Branch. The antlers may have belonged to the Pleistocene or to the Recent.

2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1911 (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V, p. 123), Mr. Ernest Volk detailed the finding of a fragment of an antler of an elk in the glacial gravels at Trenton, at a depth of 5.5 feet. For the geology of this locality see page 304.

Cope (Cook’s Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 742) wrote that this species has left antlers and bones in various parts of the State in the gravel drift, but he mentions no localities.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1899 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., Pennsylvania, for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the discovery of various fragmentary remains of this species in the Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near Stroudsburg. This cave and its contents will be considered on page 310.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—From Durham Cave, situated near Riegelsville, there was sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, about 70 years ago, a collection of bones. They were examined by Leidy, who reported on them (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 349). In this list the elk was not mentioned. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, pp. 18, 19), further attention was given to the collection, and the elk was included. The bison, which was mentioned in the first list, was omitted in the second.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 23.)

1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880, Professor J. Kost, of Adrian College, sent to the U. S. National Museum a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ and a jaw of a mastodon found in a marsh in the town of Adrian, at a depth of 4 feet. At the same place another mastodon, together with bones of a deer and of an elk, had previously been secured. These belong to a late period in the Wisconsin.

2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908 (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9), Russell and Leverett told of the finding of bones of elk and deer in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp, at a depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ had been discovered. The bones of the elk and deer were at a somewhat higher level. While they are probably of late Pleistocene age, one can not be wholly sure of it.

INDIANA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Cambridge City, Wayne County._—In the collection of Earlham College, at Richmond, Indiana, is a part of the skull of an elk (No. 5070) labeled as found a mile northwest of Cambridge City, and as presented by Lee Ault, superintendent [of schools?]. It is recorded on the specimen that it was found in Little Simond’s Creek and lay partly exposed in a bed of gravel 4 rods below the mill-dam, and 0.25 mile from where the creek empties into the West Fork of Whitewater River. The specimen is pretty thoroughly mineralized and stained with iron oxide. The geological age of the skull is uncertain, but it has the appearance of being old. Found in that region, it must, however, be younger than the Shelbyville and Bloomington moraines, which are nearby.

2. _Fountain City, Wayne County._—In Earlham College is the rear of the skull of an elk recorded as found on Nolan’s Fork, near the border of the Bloomington moraine. It has the No. 5069 and is credited to Mr. Isaac Thomas. The remark made in the preceding paragraph about the age of the specimen from Cambridge City may be repeated here.

3. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, are some bones which belong to _Cervus canadensis_ and reported found in May 1893, by Messrs. Shoemaker, Graves, and Moore, in a ditch or canal being put through the swamp known then by the name of “The Dismal,” apparently about 6 miles east of Winchester, near the town of Harrisville. It was here that was found the fine specimen of _Castoroides ohioensis_ which is at Earlham. Just at what depth the elk bones were found is not known. With them came some bones of the white-tailed deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. Of the elk there are a dorsal and two lumbar vertebræ, most of the sacrum, some pieces of ribs, the articular end of the scapula, a complete humerus, most of the right side of the pelvis, most of the left pubis, the left cubo-navicular bone, the distal end of the left cannon-bone, and three phalanges.

We can not be certain that the animal lived at that place during Pleistocene times. At most, it lived after the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn from that vicinity. Dr. A. J. Phinney (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXI, p. 181) stated that in draining swamps in this county elks’ antlers had been found, but no details were given. At any rate, in that region all such remains would belong to a time following the middle of the Wisconsin stage.

4. _Pennville, Jay County._—McCaslin, in his report on the geology of Jay County (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XII, p. 169), stated that the bones of the mastodon and post-glacial deer, or elk, had been frequently met with. “The gigantic antlers of the latter have been found in size indicating an animal 8 or 9 feet high and 10 or 11 in length. These have been picked up in a bog north of Camden.” Making proper allowances for miscalculations, we must conclude that these antlers belonged to the elk (_Cervus canadensis_). The antlers had probably been laid out so as to give their maximum extent. This township (24 north, range 12 east) is in the northwest corner of the county. The name Camden no longer appears on the maps, being apparently a former name for Pennville. The bog referred to was evidently north of the Salamonie River and close to or on the moraine bearing the same name. The elk must have lived there after, probably a long time after, this moraine was laid down.

5. _Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict reported in 1892 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XVII, p. 240) that a Mr. Longnecer had unearthed the head and antlers of an elk in a swamp on his farm “near the west county line.” The antlers measured 8 feet from tip to tip. In this case they probably were given their greatest possible span. It is to be regretted that no more definite locality was given. For those in that region who might be interested, it would be possible to learn the location more accurately by searching the office of the county surveyor or of the county clerk. At any rate, the animal lived there in Late Wisconsin time.

6. _Foresman, Newton County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is the left antler of an elk said to have been found in 1884, at Foresman. It is credited to D. E. Howe, and the writer has not been able to get any additional information. Foresman is on Iroquois River; and, according to Leverett’s map (Monogr. LIII, plate VI), the region about there is occupied by clay of a glacial lake bottom. The antler may be of the Recent period, but more probably of Late Wisconsin times.

7. _Rensselaer, Jasper County._—In the State collection at Indianapolis just mentioned is a part, about 16 inches long, of the antler of an elk, presented by Dr. Loughridge, of Rensselaer, but no additional information is furnished. The animal may have lived at any time during or since the Late Wisconsin stage.

8. _Lake County._—In the Twenty-second Annual Report of the State Geologist of Indiana, page 90, Blatchley stated that antlers of the elk had been found in this county, but no details were given.

9. _Kouts, Porter County._—In the report just cited, on page 90, Blatchley, State geologist, reported antlers of a large elk found close to teeth of a mastodon. This was somewhere near Kouts.

The reports of fossil remains of _Cervus canadensis_ in Indiana are not very satisfactory. In few cases has any effort been made to record anything like exact information as to the locality and the depth of burial and the nature of the deposit and to preserve the specimens. Nevertheless, in most instances at least, it is quite certain that the remains referred to this species were really such. While, again, some of the remains have possibly belonged to the Recent period, probably most of them date back to late Pleistocene; that is, Late Wisconsin times. In many cases the remains have been found at a depth of several feet in swamps that were being drained. It is certain that these swamp deposits accumulated with exceeding slowness. Not infrequently fossil mastodon bones and teeth have been found within a few inches of the surface. In the case of none of the finds of elk materials is there any indication of an age beyond that of the Late Wisconsin.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 23, 38.)

1. _Niantic, Macon County._—in 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308), A. H. Worthen reported the discovery of remains of mastodon, elk, buffalo, and deer in a bog near Niantic. The exact locality and the conditions are described on page 102. In that account it is concluded that the mastodon remains went to the museum of C. F. Günther, of Chicago, and from there to the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. What became of the bones of the elk, the buffalo, and the deer is not known. As no record appears to have been kept of the depths at which each of the species was found, we do not know whether or not the others were as old as the mastodon. However, it is certain that these old ponds and marshes left on the surface of the Wisconsin drift filled up very slowly.

2. _Near Whitewillow, Kendall County, 5 miles west by north of Minooka._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, of the Field Museum of Natural History, informed the writer that he had found here bones of the elk. These were also reported by him in Netta C. Anderson’s list (Augustana Coll. Publ., No. 5, page 11). Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, has likewise found elk antlers here and remains of _Cervalces_ and _Alces americanus_.

For the location of this place and its geological situation page 337 may be consulted. All the species found are without doubt of Late Wisconsin age. Riggs’s statement referred to appears to indicate that the elk, buffalo, and deer bones found are of more recent age than those of the mastodons, but Mr. Langford writes that the antlers were mixed up with the mastodon bones.

3. _Palos Park, Cook County._—This place is on the Wabash Railway, about 20 miles southwest of Chicago. Dr. E. S. Riggs wrote the author that in October 1915, the Field Museum of Natural History had received a fine head and antlers of the elk from the Sag Drainage Canal near Palos Park. It was found in peat at a depth of 13 feet. One can hardly doubt that the animal lived there during the latter part of the Wisconsin stage.

4. _Batavia, Kane County._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, writing April 3, 1916, informed the author that he had picked up the jaw of an elk along a ditch, somewhere about Batavia, in which mastodon bones had been found. At what depth the bones had been buried could not be determined. In this case all that can be said is that the animal lived there after the Wisconsin ice had retired from that place.

5. _Union Grove, Whiteside County._—In the U. S. National Museum, No. 7335, is a right astragalus of an elk found near Union Grove, 3 feet below the surface of a bed of peat, in an old channel of the Mississippi River. This astragalus was presented by Mr. Leo B. Lincoln, of Chicago, through the peat expert of the U. S. Geological Survey, Professor Charles A. Davis.

The locality is said to be in the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 7, Union Grove Township, apparently township 21 north, range 4 west. This section appears to be about 5 miles away from the present bed of the river. Although the area is outside of the Wisconsin drift-sheet, it is not probable that the elk antedates the Wisconsin stage. Its age is more probably Late Wisconsin.

6. _Lead Region of Illinois._—In 1876, J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, p. 48) stated he found in a collection made in this region by J. D. Whitney an imperfect radius that seemed not to differ at all from that of a young male _Cervus canadensis_. This collection is that reported on by Jeffries Wyman in 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, pp. 421–423). It is impossible to say whether the specimen was found in Wisconsin, Iowa, or Illinois.

As elsewhere stated, the writer formerly regarded the vertebrate fossils found in that region as belonging mostly to the Late Wisconsin; but it now appears possible they lived during a pre-Wisconsin time.

7. _Beecher, Will County._—Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois, an intelligent collector of the fossils of that region, informed the author that he obtained an antler of the _Cervus canadensis_ at a place along Trim Creek, about 3 miles north of east of Beecher. The fragment included the base and two tines. The exact locality and the geological conditions are discussed on page 107. Mr. Langford reported that the antlers were above the mastodon bones. At the same place was found a fragment of an antler of _Cervalces_. All these species belonged probably to very late Pleistocene time.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 23.)

1. _Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County._—In the Public Museum of Milwaukee are parts of both antlers of an elk found at Miller’s brewery, in Wauwatosa, at a depth of 4 feet.

Wauwatosa is a suburb west of Milwaukee, on the Menomonie River, situated principally on one of the moraines laid down just before the Wisconsin ice-sheet retired into Lake Michigan. The elk must have lived there since that withdrawal of the ice. It is possible that the antlers were found in marsh deposits of Recent age along the Menomonie River.

2. _Pewaukee, Waukesha County._—This town is situated about 20 miles north of west of Milwaukee. In the Public Museum at Milwaukee is an antler which was plowed up somewhere about Pewaukee by Stanley G. Haskins and presented by him to the museum. Probably the antler belongs to the Recent epoch.

3. _Whitehall, Trempealeau County._—From Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, the writer received a tibia found near Whitehall and which he identifies as belonging to _Cervus canadensis_. The following account of the discovery has been furnished by Dr. Weidman:

“The gully (fig. 2) in which the tibia was found is eroded out of
stratified sand, containing fragments of local sandstone and cherts.
The stratified sand, with local small fragments of sandstone, is, of
course, pre-loessial in origin, but the erosion of the lower terrace
is post-loessial, and the gully is very recent. The tibia was taken
2 feet below the lower terrace, along the side of the gully about 5
or 6 feet deep at the lower end and 3 or 4 feet deep at the upper
end; length of gully 300 or 400 feet. The bone may possibly have
been inserted after the development of the lower terrace, but I
could see no indication of disturbance or change in the upper 2 feet
of the lower terrace further exposed by the gully at this point, the
upper 2 feet being essentially the same at this point as elsewhere
along the side of the gully. If the bone was deposited along with
the small fragments of sandstone in the stratified formation, the
fragments being usually flat, about 0.5 inch thick by 1 to 2 inches
wide, then the bone is evidently pre-loessial in age. I am inclined
to think the bone was deposited with the sandstone fragments during
the process of the filling up of the valley with the stratified
surface, long before the loess was deposited in the region, rather
than after the loess and the lower terrace was formed.”

FIG. 2.—Diagrammatic section of gully near Whitehall, Wisconsin,
showing place of burial of elk bone.
]

According to this account the specimen belonged to the Peorian stage or an earlier one.

MARYLAND.

(Map 23.)

1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 178), Cope stated that a collection of vertebrate fossils had been found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck, including parts of antlers. These were not distinguishable from those of the elk and the Virginia deer. They were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Natural Sciences.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 23, 39.)

1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 miles below Newbern._—On page 117, in discussing the occurrence of mastodons at this place, it is stated that H. B. Croom had reported also the presence of elk remains. A more competent witness was Richard Harlan, who included the elk in his list of species (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143). The reader is referred to page 358, where the locality and the species are further considered.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy does not seem to mention the occurrence of the wapiti at Charleston. F. S. Holmes, in the introduction to his work on Post-Pliocene fossils of South Carolina, page 7, mentions the elk among the animals found in the Pleistocene beds which still have living representatives.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, are two teeth, labeled as from Ashley River and credited to Captain A. H. Bowman. It is possible that Leidy did not mention them because he regarded them as teeth of elk that lived within Recent times.

GEORGIA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In a list of fossil vertebrates dredged, probably, from the harbor at Brunswick, Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436) announced the finding of some part, supposedly a tooth, of a cervuline, “probably belonging to the genus _Cervus_.” That _C. canadensis_ might have lived in that region during some part of the Pleistocene is not at all improbable; that it lived there during the time that _Megatherium_ existed we have not at present sufficient evidence.

FLORIDA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—From the late Professor F. W. Putnam the writer learned that he had obtained from Alafia River some part of the elk. The present writer has not seen the specimen.

TENNESSEE.

(Figure 23.)

_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In a collection of fossil vertebrates secured at Whitesburg and described by the writer in 1920 are some fragments of teeth which were referred to _Cervus canadensis_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 92). A list of the species is presented on page 395.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 23.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In his report of 1831 on Bigbone Lick, William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207) stated that he had found remains of _Cervus canadensis_; but he did not appear to be wholly certain of this. Shaler was likewise in doubt regarding the presence of the elk (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, n. s., p. 197). Other authors have mentioned the elk as occurring here, but not in a convincing way. Nevertheless, it is not at all improbable that this species was represented here. The geology of this locality is considered on pages 401 to 404 and a list of the species is presented.

2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of fossil vertebrates secured by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, living near Bluelick Springs, were teeth, some bones, and fragments of antlers. This collection had been secured in an attempt to clean out and restore the failing springs. Whether or not these remains date back to the Pleistocene is uncertain. They are reported to have been found above the bones of the mastodon.

FINDS OF RANGIFER IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

GRINNELL LAND.

_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. 488), Fielden published a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell Land and north Greenland. In 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566), Fielden and De Rance presented a report on the same subject.

At a station in latitude 82° 30′ N., in beds at an elevation of 400 feet, there were secured meager remains of _Ovibos moschatus_ and _Phoca hispida_. At another station, in latitude 82° 25′, there were obtained remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. The invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that now existing there. In case the beds are Pleistocene they are probably those of a late stage.

ONTARIO.

(Map 24.)

1. _Toronto, York County._—In 1899 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 195), Coleman stated that horns of the caribou were common in the Carleton Bar, just west of Toronto. This bar belonged to the Iroquois beach. In the same bar near York, east of Toronto, mammoth teeth had been found. In 1904 (Jour. Geol., vol. XV, p. 366), the same writer states that antlers are very common at Toronto Junction. This is probably the same locality as that spoken of as Carleton Bar.

In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, pp. 290, 298), Coleman wrote that a shed horn of a caribou had been found at Taylor’s brickyard. This is nearly a mile north of the Gerard street bridge in Toronto (Amer. Geologist, vol. XIII, p. 87). It was in a blue peaty clay, in which were found also unios and wood. This clay is about 4 feet 6 inches thick and near the top of the warm-climate beds. Notwithstanding the presence of the antler of a caribou, the stratum is assigned by Coleman to the warm-climate beds, because of the character of the vegetation. At present the caribou is not known to come nearer than 150 or 200 miles to Toronto.

VERMONT.

(Map 24.)

1. _Woodbury, Washington County._—In 1910 (Rep. Geol. Surv. Vermont, p. 7), Professor G. H. Perkins stated that there are in the State Cabinet at Burlington a fully developed antler and a part of the upper jaw, with five molars, of _Rangifer caribou_ found at Woodbury in a peat-bog at a depth of 7 feet. Probably the animal lived at about the close of the Pleistocene epoch. The species has not been known in the State since historical times.

CONNECTICUT.

(Map 24.)

1. _New Haven, New Haven County._—In 1875 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. X), Professor J. D. Dana gave an account of the finding of a humerus and a tibia of a reindeer in the Quinnipiac Valley, near New Haven. The humerus was discovered in a bed of clay at a depth of 11 feet; the tibia at a depth of 7 feet. The two bones belonged to different individuals. Marsh, as quoted by Dana, thought that the tibia resembled more closely that of _Rangifer tarandus_ of Europe than it did that of _R. caribou_, but that the humerus was more similar to that of the caribou. Dana concluded that the clays had been laid down after the glacier had retreated from the valley, but while it was yet near enough to send down ice-floes. Woodworth (17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 1, p. 978) was inclined to refer the clays to some pre-Wisconsin time.

NEW YORK.

(Map 24.)

1. _Ossining, Westchester County._—In 1859, Dr. Joseph Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 194) read a letter from Dr. G. J. Fisher, of Ossining (then Sing Sing), in which was reported the finding of an antler of a reindeer in that vicinity, in excavating a peat-bed, 6 feet from the surface. The peat-bed had an area of about an acre, was surrounded by high ground, and looked as if it had been the site of an ancient lake. It is to be regretted that the situation of the place was not more accurately given.

Woodworth (Bull. 84, New York State Mus., 1905, p. 187) remarked that he did not know the circumstances under which the reindeer remains had been found; but its occurrence there was consonant with his views of the non-submergence of the lower Hudson valley. On the other hand, there appears to be no good reason why the caribou might not have occupied that region step by step as the glacier retired, and have remained there long enough for its bones to become buried in mucks overlying the deposits laid down in the Hudson while it was at sea-level.

2. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377), Leidy mentioned the occurrence of caribou (“_Cervus tarandus_”) remains at Racket River, basing his statement on a remark of S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, p. 26). On the same page Leidy referred to Mitchill’s skull of the elk found at Racket River, and to De Kay’s figure of it. In De Kay’s description (Zool. N. Y. Mamm., p. 120) of the skull he stated that it bore a label in Mitchill’s handwriting purporting that the skull belonged to the reindeer. It looks, therefore, very much as if the crediting of the caribou to this locality is due to an error of identification on the part of Mitchill; on the other hand, it is barely possible that Mitchill had remains of both animals from the locality.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 24.)

1. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377, plate XXVIII, fig. 9), Leidy described and figured a part of an antler of a reindeer found at Vincentown. It was discovered 4 feet from the surface in soil overlying greensand. According to Lewis and Kümmel’s geological map, the region about Vincentown is occupied by Cape May deposits resting on Manasquan marl, of Cretaceous age. It may be supposed, therefore, that this reindeer was in that region during the prevalence of the Wisconsin glacial stage (Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII, p. 183). This antler is peculiar in having no brow-tine, in having the bez-tine placed at an unusual height, 6 inches above the base, and in having no tine arise from the rear of the shaft up to a height of about 2 feet from the base. Where the last-mentioned tine might be expected is simply a sharp ridge. Leidy thought that the antler resembled more closely that of the barren-ground reindeer than that of the woodland reindeer. It may, however, belong to a distinct but as yet unnamed species.

2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1884 (17th Ann. Rep. Peabody Mus., Harvard Univ., for 1883, p. 372), Professor F. W. Putnam reported as follows on a fragment of antler of _Rangifer_ found at Trenton by Dr. C. C. Abbott: “A piece of worked antler, probably a handle to a stone knife, from the gravel in the railroad cut where the human tooth (No. 27798) was found. Collected and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott.”

This specimen is mentioned by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Mamm. of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1903, p. 241) as belonging to _Rangifer grœnlandicus_. From Dr. C. C. Willoughby, director of Peabody Museum, the writer learns that this part of an antler is yet in that museum. He writes that it has been a handle for apparently a steel knife and that he sees nothing whatever about the specimen to indicate a prehistoric origin. It may, he thinks, have been washed out of some recent Indian grave. In a personal letter to Mr. S. N. Rhoads, Professor Putnam wrote that the fragment had been identified by Dr. J. A. Allen as belonging to _Rangifer_. In 1883 (Jour. Franklin Inst., vol. CXV, pp. 366, 374), H. C. Lewis stated on the authority of Dr. C. C. Abbott that remains of _Rangifer_ had been discovered in the Trenton gravels.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 24.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near Stroudsburg, there was found, many years ago, bones and teeth of what Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 347) called _Rangifer caribou_. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 5) the remains are spoken of as fragments of jaws and teeth.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—In his earliest mention of remains found in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Leidy included the woodland caribou (_Rangifer caribou_). In his list published in 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 18) this species is not included, but the writer does not know why it was not.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 24.)

1. _Alton, Madison County._—In the collection of fossils made in the region about Alton by William McAdams, a list of which will be given on page 339, is a single upper right molar, the first or second, which belongs to this genus. The tooth has McAdams’s No. 11. To the base of the tooth a mass of very hard matrix adheres and a part of the grinding-surface is covered by the same material. The tooth is likewise somewhat shattered. The length of the tooth is 19 mm., the width across the anterior lobe 13.5 mm.

From the materials at hand it is not possible to determine to what species the tooth belonged. It is referred provisionally to _Rangifer muscatinensis_. This tooth differs from other _Rangifer_ teeth observed in having the front of the protocone, at its base, less fully rounded out, and in that the mesostyle, on the inner face of the tooth, widens more extensively as it approaches the base than in any other species observed. Nevertheless, the width of the mesostyle varies in species and individuals.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 24.)

1. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—From Professor S. Weidman, of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, the writer received a part of an antler of a female or a young individual of some species of _Rangifer_. Professor Weidman sends the information that this was obtained in a sand formation just below the clays worked at Menomonie for brick. He regards the brick-clays as being of Sangamon interglacial age. He states, too, that a part of a leg-bone believed to belong to a mastodon had been found in the clays; also bones of a fish, which have been identified by Dr. Hussakof as the Mackinaw trout, _Cristivomer namaycush_ (Jour. Geology, vol XXIV, pp. 685–689, figs. 1, 2).

Probably the caribou represented by this specimen lived in that region at the beginning or at the close of some one of the glacial stages, when the climate was yet severe. The supposed mastodon bone may have belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. It is described on page 111.

At a later time Dr. Weidman sent the writer a large part of the beam of an antler of a caribou which likewise had been found in the lacustrine clay at Menomonie. It was met with in the red clay, near the top of the lacustrine clay bed.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 24.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The presence of reindeer bones at this place appears first to have been mentioned by William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207). He wrote that “antlers, jaws, and other remains of _Cervus canadensis_, _C. virginianus_, _C. alces_, and perhaps _C. tarandus_ are not very rare.” Shaler (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XIII, 1871, p. 167; Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) reported that antlers of the caribou had been found by him here. A list of the species found at Bigbone Lick will be given on page 403.

FINDS OF MUSK-OXEN IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

GRINNELL LAND.

_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. 488), H. W. Fielden presented a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell Land and north Greenland. He reported the discovery of a bone and a tooth of _Ovibos moschatus_ and a bone of _Phoca hispida_ in deposits at an elevation of 400 feet. This was in latitude 82° 30′ N. At another station, in latitude 82° 25′, Fielden procured fossil remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. A report to the same effect was presented by Fielden and De Rance in 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566).

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 25.)

1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1900 (Ann. Rep. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. for 1899, p. 16), Professor F. W. Putnam stated that Mr. Ernest Volk, of Trenton, had found in the Trenton gravels a part of the scapula of a musk-ox, now at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The part present is that bearing the glenoid cavity. This report is reprinted on pages 248 to 249 of Volk’s “Archæology of the Delaware Valley” (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V). On page 111 of this work, Mr. Volk gives an account of the discovery of the bone, and illustrates it by plates LXXXVI and LXXXVII. The bone was identified by Putnam, Matthew, Allen, Boas, Lambe, True, and Lucas. Inasmuch as the comparison must have been made with the scapulas of _Ovibos moschatus_, the fossil probably belonged to this species.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 25.)

1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In 1872 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy briefly described and figured a molar tooth which he referred to _Bison latifrons_. It had been found along the bank of Susquehanna River at Pittston, associated with the mastodon and a horse. Dr. J. A. Allen (Amer. Bisons, 1876, p. 12) expressed the opinion that the tooth belonged to some species of _Ovibos_. The present writer agrees that the tooth is not that of _Bison_. It seems to agree more nearly with teeth of _Symbos cavifrons_; but it differs from the teeth of that species in some respects. The writer has examined this tooth at the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It is worn almost to the roots and is 34 mm. long and 32 mm. thick at the base of the hinder lobe. It agrees in form more closely with the first molar of both _Ovibos_ and _Symbos_; but it is much larger than the same tooth in _Ovibos moschatus_ and somewhat larger than that of _Symbos cavifrons_. The inner face of the anterior lobe is much more rounded than in _Symbos_, and the inner face of the hinder lobe forms an angle with the hinder face, instead of rounding into it, as it does in _Symbos cavifrons_. The teeth appear to have been packed together more closely, on the lingual side, than in _Bison_, _Symbos_, and _Ovibos_. The tooth is probably worthy of being given a new name.

Mr. S. W. Rhoads has examined this tooth and concluded that it belonged to _Bison bison_. To this view it seems sufficient to say that in _Bison_ teeth the outer face of each of the lobes is very convex and column-like, while the parastyle and especially the mesostyle are relatively small. In the Pittston tooth the mesostyle stands out beyond the outer face of the hinder lobe, and the latter is nearly flat; this is also the condition in _Symbos_. The writer will say further that the accessory column is not always present in teeth of _Symbos_.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—Mr. Rhoads, as cited above, on pages 246 to 248, described a part of a horn-core of a bovine animal to which he applied the name _Bison appalachicolus_. Later (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 492) he concluded that the horn-core had belonged to an animal of the genus _Ovibos_; and accordingly it bears the name _O. appalachicolus_. Leidy had in 1889 called attention to a collection of bones made in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., Pennsylvania, for 1887, pp. 18–19). He recorded 20 species, all of which lived there or at most, not far away, when the country was discovered. These may have all entered the cave at a later period, but the musk-ox may have antedated the others. A list of these fossils is presented on page 311.

OHIO.

(Map 25.)

1. _Urbana, Champaign County._—At Urbana, Ohio, in the possession of Mr. Charles McDarg, the writer has seen a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ which had been found on the farm of Ed. Jennings, while a ditch was being dug. It was buried in mud at a depth of 10 feet. This region is covered by the Wisconsin drift, and the animal must have lived not long after the ice had withdrawn from the neighborhood.

2. _Youngstown, Mahoning County._—In the geological collection of the Ohio State University is a part of a skull of _Ovibos moschatus_ secured at Youngstown. The specimen shows the base of the skull and the forehead. Between the bases of the horns is a narrow channel, characteristic of _Ovibos_. The specimen shows the effects of abrasion, the horn-cores being worn down to their bases. The specimen is said to have been found in gravel at a depth of 60 feet. It appears to have been presented in 1890 by H. McGinnis. It is probable that this skull was found along Mahoning River, but the elevation was, unfortunately, not given. The probability is that the deposits inclosing the fossil were laid down during the Wisconsin stage.

According to Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XLI, p. 149), the old trough of Beaver River was filled with gravel during the Wisconsin glacial stage, and this filling is now in process of excavation. The same is probably true of its tributary, the Mahoning. If the skull was buried in this gravel its age is thereby determined.

3. _Trumbull County._—In 1853 (Smith. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3, p. 16), Leidy stated that he had received, for inspection, from Professor Samuel St. John, of Hudson, Ohio, a fragment of a skull, with one horn-core attached, which had been found in Trumbull County. No further details were given as to the locality or of the geological conditions. The skull appeared to be much water-worn. It belongs to _Symbos cavifrons_. Trumbull County is wholly occupied by Wisconsin drift. The animal is, then, probably to be credited to the Late Wisconsin. It is possible, however, that this skull was found in an older deposit exposed in the valley of some stream.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 25.)

Up to the present time it appears that remains of musk-oxen have been found in Michigan in only two localities, Manchester, Washtenaw County, and near Moorland, in Muskegon County. These remains belonged to two different genera, _Symbos_ and _Boötherium_.