Chapter XVII: On the Theory of the Pleistocene Terraces of the Coastal Plain (11)

8. _Atwood, Piatt County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 17, it is stated that in the museum of Northwestern University there is a tooth of a mammoth found near Atwood in 1879. It was dug up from about 6 feet from the surface. Atwood is in the extreme southeastern corner of Piatt County; the region round about is occupied by what Leverett (Monogr. XXXVIII, plate VI) calls the Shelbyville till sheet, belonging to the early Wisconsin stage. The animal may have lived at any time since that till was deposited up to Late Wisconsin. The tooth was probably buried in some old peat-swamp and unearthed during tilling operations.

13. _Wheaton, Du Page County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 10, it was reported on the authority of Charles A. Blanchard, president of Wheaton College, that about 1890 the remains of a mammoth were found in ditches on the Jewell farm, near Wheaton. The remains consisted of about a dozen ribs, as many vertebræ, a femur, and other parts of legs. It appears to the writer that the remains may have belonged to a mastodon.

Wheaton is situated on that part of the Valparaiso moraine which runs parallel with the western shore of Lake Michigan. Whatever the animal was it must be regarded as belonging to the Late Wisconsin stage.

13. _Oak Park, Cook County._—Under this number 13 must be recorded a mammoth tooth found in a gravel-pit at Oak Park, at a depth of several feet. Only parts of it were secured and the species is unknown. The pit was in the Glenville beach, laid down during the waning of the Wisconsin glacial sheet (Baker, F. C., Univ. Ill. Bull. XVII, p. 70).

10. _Evanston, Cook County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 9, Professor U. S. Grant, of Northwestern University, reported that the museum contains the tooth of a mammoth, taken from a gravel-pit near Evanston. The animal must have lived after the Wisconsin glacier had withdrawn into the basin of Lake Michigan.

11. _Rochelle, Ogle County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, pages 15, 16, Professor Frank Leverett reported that in July 1886 he had seen a collection of mammoth fossils at the house of F. G. Rossman, a farmer living near Rochelle, which he had obtained in a bog in the northwestern part of section 33, Lynnville Township. The materials consisted of a tusk, two teeth, a piece of the jawbone, a few ribs, and some fragments of bones. The fragment of tusk was about 5 feet long, 20 inches in circumference at one end, about 18 inches at the other. The tooth was from 12 to 13 inches long and 4 inches wide.

Rochelle is on the border between the Wisconsin drift-sheet and the earlier one lying west of it. On Leverett’s map this is put down as being Iowan; but no Iowan is now recognized in Illinois. Mr. F. N. Rice, county surveyor, reported that Lynnville Township is number 41 north, range 2 west.

IN THE UNGLACIATED REGION IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE STATE.

12. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—The geologist J. D. Whitney reported in 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162) that a few teeth of the elephant had been found near Galena, on the surface. These are said to be preserved in a collection in Galena. Whitney stated that these were all that he had met with in the lead region. In his Geology of the Lead Region (Wisconsin Geol. Surv., vol. I, pp. 129–133) the same author said that, so far as he knew, elephant remains never were found in the lead crevices. The teeth mentioned above had been found within the limits of the city of Galena.

Galena is situated in the driftless region and no conclusion is reached about the geological age of those teeth.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 16.)

1. _Stockholm, Pepin County._—All that is known regarding the occurrence of an elephant at this place was published by Professor N. H. Winchell in 1910 (Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 417), as follows: “Capt. Jos. Buisson stated that a mammoth tooth was found opposite Lake City, near Stockholm, on the shore of Lake Pepin.” The tooth may have been that of a mastodon.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

(Map 16.)

1. _Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s County._—In B. L. Miller’s geological report on this county (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1911, pp. 125, 126) it is stated that a right humerus of a mammoth, as determined by J. W. Gidley, had been found at the road crossing of Cabin Branch, near the western branch of Patuxent River. The bone was sent to Georgetown University, Washington, D. C.

2. _Washington._—In the Prince George’s County volume of the Maryland Geological Survey, 1911, page 123, Dr. B. L. Miller stated that a tooth of _Elephas americanus_ (_E. primigenius_ probably) had been found in Wicomico materials in the pits of a Washington brick company, at a depth of 35 feet. The brickyard was bounded by Florida and Trinidad avenues and the Bladensburg turnpike. What has become of this tooth is not known, nor can one be certain that the tooth was not that of _E. columbi_. It may with safety be referred to an early stage of the Pleistocene.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 16.)

1. _Warrenton, Fauquier County._—In 1831, Richard Harlan (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 58–67), in a letter to the editor, stated that a “Dr. W.” of the village presented him with a fossil molar tooth of an elephant found in that vicinity. Nothing more is known of this specimen.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 16.)

1. _Wheeling, Ohio County._—The geologist J. W. Foster (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, p. 160) reported that Alfred Sears had deposited in the Smithsonian Institution some elephant remains obtained 4.5 miles below Wheeling Creek. They were found on the second bottom or terrace and at a depth of 17 feet from the surface. Within a few feet of this place was an Indian mound. When the mound was built, 17 feet of sediment had accumulated over the elephant remains. One can, however, hardly refer the bones to a time farther back than the Wisconsin. A record in the U. S. National Museum shows that Mr. Sears, in 1852, sent a tusk and a tooth of an elephant to Washington. These were doubtless placed in the collection of the Old National Institute. If they were transferred to the Smithsonian Institution the record has apparently been lost.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 16, 39.)

1. _16 miles below Newbern, on Neuse River, in Pamlico County._—Harlan, in 1842 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, p. 143), stated that he had seen, in the collection made by Nuttall on Neuse River, remains of an elephant. Elisha Mitchell, in the same year (Elements of Geol., p. 128), stated that there was in the cabinet of the University of North Carolina a tooth of an elephant from the locality mentioned. Possibly the tooth referred by Croom (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVII, 1835, p. 170) to the mastodon and which was 7 inches wide and 9.5 inches deep, was really that of an elephant. Were it not for the fact that _Elephas primigenius_ has been found in this region of North Carolina, one might, with confidence, refer the tooth found below Newbern to _E. columbi_. For other species found at this place the reader may consult pages 358 to 359.

2. _Harlowe, Carteret County._—Elisha Mitchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIII, 1827, p. 347) stated that in digging the Clubfoot and Harlowe Canal remains of both the mastodon and the elephant had been found. Nothing more definite was communicated. The probability is that the animal was _Elephas columbi_.

3. _Duplin County._—At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1850, Dr. R. W. Gibbes reported that he had obtained a part of a molar of an elephant found somewhere in Duplin County. He spoke of its resemblance in narrowness and in thinness of plates to a tooth found in Vermont and exhibited by Agassiz. Possibly it belonged to _Elephas primigenius_.

FLORIDA.

(Map 16.)

1. _Wakulla Springs, Wakulla County._—In the collection of the Florida Geological Survey is a right tibia of an elephant reported found at the place named. The measurements shown in the accompanying table were secured. For comparison the dimensions of the tibia of the great _Elephas primigenius_ in the American Museum of Natural History at New York are presented.

_Measurement of tibias, in millimeters._

┌─────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ │Wakulla Springs│ │ │ │ elephant. │E. primigenius.│ ├─────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ │Total length │ 813│ 735│ │Greatest width across upper end │ 266│ 245│ │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ length │ 106│ 100│ │Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ length │ 132│ 106│ │Greatest width across lower end │ 215│ 205│ └─────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘

With the tibia from Wakulla Springs is the distal half of an immense femur of the left side. The distance across the articular surface of the distal end was at least 241 mm., but the bone has suffered some abrasion. The outer articular surface measures 115 mm.; the inner 1,202 mm. When the bone is placed on a table with the hinder face downward the inner ridge which bounds the patellar groove rises 280 mm. above the table. Whether these bones belong to _Elephas imperator_ or to _E. columbi_ is uncertain.

2. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909, Sellards (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147) stated that Dr. L. W. Stephenson, of the U. S. Geological Survey, had found at this place, in a phosphate deposit, a fragment of an elephant tooth together with 3 teeth of a fossil horse and some ear-bones of a whale. The elephant belonged probably to _E. columbi_, but possibly to _E. imperator_.

3. _Bartow, Polk County._—Dr. W. H. Dall (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 120) has recorded the discovery at this place of tusks supposed to be those of _Elephas columbi_. Possibly the tusks were those of _E. imperator_ or even those of _Mammut americanum_.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 16.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In his report on the Geology and Agriculture of Mississippi, 1854, page 284, Wailles wrote that fossil remains of the elephant were not then known to have been found in the State. However, on page 286, _Elephas primigenius_ is included in the list of fossil Mammalia furnished by Leidy. The latter does not say where in Mississippi elephant remains had been discovered, but it was probably at Natchez.

In his work on the Lafayette formation (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., part 1, p. 400), McGee stated that at least one skull of the American elephant had been found at Natchez in gravel, well down toward the Port Hudson clays, and that to this adhered some of the coarse gravel of the matrix. Probably the species was _Elephas columbi_. It is likely that the skulls referred to by McGee were not as complete as he supposed.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 16. Figure 23.)

1. _Gallatin, Sumner County._—In 1835, Professor G. Troost (Trans. Geol. Soc. Penn., vol. I, 1835, p. 144) reported that a Mrs. Ephraim Foster possessed a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ found in a well at a depth of 40 feet. The identification followed the opinion of that time that only one species of elephant had existed in the country. It more probably belonged to _E. columbi_.

2. _Columbia, Maury County._—In the publication just referred to the geologist G. Troost stated that he owned a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, found a few miles below Columbia, probably near Duck River, but no details as to the exact locality and kinds of deposits were furnished. Hayes and Ulrich (Folio 95, U. S. Geol. Surv.) appear not to have recognized any Pleistocene in this quadrangle. On page 6 they stated that narrow strips of bottom lands occur along the larger streams, particularly along Duck River. The tooth was probably that of _E. columbi_.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 16.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—Remains belonging certainly to both _Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ have been found here, and there is no reason for supposing that any other species has ever been collected. Many specimens have, however, been mentioned in the literature of the subject which one may have difficulty in referring to either of these species. The difficulty arises from the insufficiency of the descriptions and of the illustrations when there are any.

Two elephant molars from America were figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss., ed. 4, plate XV, figs. 9, 11), without any exact locality being given, so far as the present writer can discover. Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. XXXIII, p. 122) says of these that one was from Mississippi, the other from Bigbone Lick, but which is from the latter place is not indicated. Caspar Wistar (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., vol. I, 1818, p. 376) reported that in the Jefferson collection there were teeth which he referred to the Siberian elephant. Among these were some which belonged to a young animal.

William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, 1831, pp. 168–171) recalled the quantity of elephant remains found at Bigbone Lick before his visit. In the Finnell collection was a tusk with part of the base missing, which was still 11 feet 10.5 inches long and 22 inches in circumference. It was much curved, a fact which induced him to refer it to an elephant. In the same collection were numerous other parts of elephants, including 20 or more teeth. A Mr. Bullock secured a skull nearly entire. It is pretty certain that the greater part of all this fine material has been lost. Many of the bones and teeth collected in early times went to the museums of Europe; some are mentioned by Leith Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. XXXIII, pp. 75, 122) and Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 191).

2. _Newport, Campbell County._—In 1871 Professor Shaler (Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 160) stated that he had a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, which had been found in the uppermost terrace of the alluvial plane opposite Cincinnati, at a depth of over 60 feet from the surface.

In 1877 (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, p. 79), the same writer stated that a molar tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ had been found in the city of Newport, about 25 feet above high-water mark and at a depth of 40 feet. It is not improbable that the two accounts refer to the same specimen.

3. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, made at this place, were several much water-worn teeth of elephants, the species not determined.

4. _Eminence, Henry County._—The geologist David D. Owen, in 1857 (3d Geol. Surv. Kentucky, p. 103), reported that bones and teeth of the mammoth had, at times, been found here. They do not appear to have been preserved.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE EQUIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

MASSACHUSETTS.

(Map 17.)

_Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard._—In 1900 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XI, p. 459, plate XLII, fig. 2), J. B. Woodworth reported finding an astragalus of a horse in an osseous conglomerate, regarded as belonging to the Miocene. It was identified by Professor H. F. Osborn, who remarked that it resembled closely the same bone of some Pleistocene horses. From this conglomerate have been obtained bones of whales, supposedly also a skull of a walrus. While the size of the astragalus suggests more that of a Pleistocene horse, it is possible that there was some large Miocene equid that lived there. The present writer is inclined to believe it will be found that the astragalus came from one of the older Pleistocene deposits recognized as present at Gay Head.

NEW YORK.

(Map 17.)

1. _Throg’s Neck, New York County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey stated he had a tooth of a horse, taken from the compact marine drift at Throg’s Neck. It was obtained by J. A. Bailey from excavations at Fort Schuyler, 18 feet below the surface.

According to Folio No. 83 of the U. S. Geological Survey, Harlem Quadrangle, Throg’s Neck is occupied by till which usually thinly covers, or leaves exposed, the underlying Hudson schist; Salisbury gives an account of the drift on page 14 of the folio cited. At the depth indicated the tooth was probably lying in pre-Wisconsin deposits; and taking into consideration the geological age of other horse remains, one may reasonably conclude that the tooth at Throg’s Neck was of a horse that lived during the middle or early Pleistocene. That there may be materials of a pre-Wisconsin stage underlying the surface drift at Throg’s Neck is indicated by Woodworth’s discovery (Bull. 48, N. Y. State Mus., p. 626, plate I) of deposits older than the Wisconsin along Hempstead Bay, Long Island.

NOTE.—In 1858 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. VI, p. 303), Dr.
Skilton, of Troy, wrote that a farmer had dug up, in what had been
marshy ground, 17 teeth of a horse. These, Skilton stated, belonged
to _Equus major_. The teeth were greatly decayed. The writer of the
report said that the enamel of the first upper molar, meaning the
anterior of the six grinding teeth, measured 1.9 inches (47.5 mm.);
that of the corresponding lower teeth 2.33 inches (58 mm.). If these
measurements were taken correctly, they indicate a horse much larger
than any yet known, unless it be _Equus giganteus_ of Texas. There
is no evidence that Dr. Skilton had made any serious study of the
dentition of horses and the teeth were probably those of a domestic
horse, or even of some other animal.

In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 47), Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, in his paper “The Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region,”
stated he had examined several fossil molar teeth of _Equus major_
exhumed at Keenes Station, near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow, in Jefferson
County, New York. He compared them with the corresponding teeth of
an immense dray horse and found them much larger.

Professor G. C. Manse, of St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York,
sent me for examination 4 upper teeth of a horse which must be those
examined by Dr. C. H. Merriam. They are labeled as having been
collected at Gouverneur, a town not far from Keenes Station. After a
careful study of these teeth and comparison with those of the
domestic horse, the writer concludes that they belonged to the
latter. Domestic horses are known to have larger teeth. Professor
Manse has unfortunately been unable to trace the history of the
teeth back to Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, who showed them to
Dr. Merriam.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 17.)

1. _Swedesboro, Gloucester County._—In 1868 (Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, p. 741), Cope stated that _Equus complicatus_ was represented in New Jersey by a series of teeth obtained while a mill-dam at Swedesboro was being cleared. No further information has been secured. At the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the writer has seen a horse-tooth labeled as coming from the town named; but whether or not it is one of those referred to by Cope it is impossible to say.

2. _Fish House, Camden, Camden County._—In 1869 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, p. 250, fig. 55), Cope wrote that a partial skull of _Equus fraternus_ had been found at Fish House in a blackish clay at a depth of 20 feet from the top of the clay. Over the clay was imposed a bed of sand from 8 to 15 feet thick. This important skull appears to have been lost (fig. 7).

In 1897 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. New Jersey for 1896, p. 208, plate X), Lewis Woolman described other remains of horses supposed to belong to _Equus complicatus_, secured in the same Fish House clays. The writer has seen these and regards them as belonging to the species just named. These remains of horses will be mentioned on pages 302–303.

3. _Navesink Hills, Monmouth County._—Somewhere in the northeastern part of Monmouth County, in the region of the Navesink (or Neversink) Hills, have been found remains of a fossil horse. They were first mentioned by S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, pp. 7, 8). He mentioned a cervical vertebra and teeth in sound condition. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 261) wrote that a vertebra and teeth were associated with remains of a mastodon. Mitchill mentions only a part of a tibia of a mastodon. These objects were all presented by Mitchill to the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. The writer believes these teeth had been buried in an early Pleistocene deposit.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia are 2 horse-teeth found at or near Pittston. They were described and figured by Leidy in 1873 (Monograph U. S. Geol. Surv., I, pp. 245–246, plate XXXIII, figs. 16, 17) as _E. major_ (=_E. complicatus_). He stated they were found on the banks of the Susquehanna River, associated with remains of mastodons and _Bison latifrons_. The last was, however, a species of _Symbos_. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 262), Leidy stated that it was reported these remains had come from a stratum “full of bones.” This stratum belonged probably to an early or middle Pleistocene interglacial stage.

2. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the finding of “a pair of teeth of a horse, which were yet incompletely developed,” in Hartman’s Cave, near the town mentioned. He thought they belonged to an indigenous species. The position of the cave, its fossils, and their age will be considered in discussing the Pleistocene geology of the State on pages 308 to 311.

3. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—As long ago as 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, pp. 235, 384), Wheatley announced the discovery of 2 unidentified species of horses in the great bone cave at the place named. They were associated with the remains of 40 other species of vertebrates, besides many insects. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 193–267, plates XVIII-XXI), Cope described the materials collected up to that time from the same cave. Of horses he recorded 2 forms, which he named _Equus fraternus fraternus_ and _E. fraternus pectinatus_. He was inclined to believe the latter would prove to be a distinct species. It is not certain whether this conclusion was correct; but if not a species, it is probably a subspecies of _Equus complicatus_. The teeth referred to _E. fraternus fraternus_ are pretty certainly those of _E. complicatus_. Of this species Cope had a decayed skull of a young animal with teeth, besides a considerable number of other teeth and some bones of the skeleton. The geological relations of these remains and those of the other species will be discussed on pages 311 to 320.

4. _Rutherford, Dauphin County._—In 1868 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 195), Leidy described a horse-tooth, loaned him by Mr. W. Lorenz and found somewhere between Rutherford and Highspire. It was met in a depression 6 feet deep and 20 feet across, filled with diluvium. Leidy thought the tooth might have belonged to a contemporary of the mastodon, but this was equally improbable. All the cement was dissolved from the tooth, and the latter was stained by iron, but not petrified. It was an upper second true molar. It has probably suffered the fate of such specimens as are retained in private hands.

5. _Frankstown, Blair County._—From Mr. O. A. Peterson, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, the writer learns that some part of an unidentified species of horse has been found in the collection made some years ago at Frankstown. For a list of the species page 321 may be consulted.

OHIO.

(Maps 17, 36.)

1. _Cincinnati, Hamilton County._—In 1895 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XVII, p. 217), Mr. Seth Hayes recorded the discovery of a molar tooth and a vertebra of a horse, identified as _Equus fraternus_. It was met with in exhuming the remains of the “Shaw mastodon” in Hyde Park, in the northeastern part of Cincinnati. The details of the exhumation are given in the description of the mastodon. The geological age of these animals dates probably from about the Sangamon stage. The writer has not been able to examine the horse remains referred to. It is probable that the tooth belonged to _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Columbus, Franklin County._—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. _V_, p. 215), Charles Whittlesey stated that bones and teeth of a horse had been found in fissures or “clay seams” of the Cliff limestone at Columbus. In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), the same geologist reported that Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, had, many years before, obtained from the crevices of the Cliff lime rock, on the west side of Scioto River, a number of bones embedded in red clay. Among these was the tooth of a horse. The crevice had not been open since the date of the white settlement of the country and it was wholly filled by the red clay which results from the decomposition of the limestone. Probably all the remains mentioned by Whittlesey have been lost.

In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 154), Klippart wrote that, in excavating the exterior wall at the Ohio penitentiary, the warden, Mr. Burr, found the fossil jaw of a horse with the molars in good condition. He stated the horse must have been one-third larger than the ordinary horse of to-day.

From Professor Clinton R. Stauffer, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, the writer received for examination a horse-tooth, labeled: “Catalogue No. 356. Horse-tooth. Given by Robert Cartwright. Found at Columbus, Ohio, in excavating in a peat-bed for a gas holder in the penitentiary grounds, October 30, 1873.” It is possible that this is the same tooth mentioned by Klippart, but probably it is another. The present writer identifies the tooth as that of _Equus complicatus_. The geological age is probably approximately that of the Sangamon stage.

3. _Salt Creek, Columbiana County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., art. 3, vol. V, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey reported a tooth of a horse found, about 20 years before, in making the Sandy and Beaver Canal, along Sandy Creek, in Columbiana County, at a depth not exceeding 12 or 15 feet. Probably the locality was in the southwestern corner of the county. The sources of Salt Creek are in Hanover Township, not far from the sources of Little Beaver Creek. From this vicinity Salt Creek flows westward. This county lies within the Illinoian drift region and the horse probably lived during the Sangamon stage or earlier.

INDIANA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—So far as the writer knows, remains of extinct horses have been found in Indiana only at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Only a single vertebra, a last cervical, was secured. This formed part of a collection made at the place named by Mr. Francis A. Lincke. The collection was described by Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). The bone was referred to _Equus americanus_, a name employed at that time for the horse now known as _Equus complicatus_. Although it would usually be impossible to identify a species of horse on such materials, it is probable that Leidy was correct. The geological age of the bone-bed is discussed on page 32. It is concluded that the age is most probably the Sangamon, but possibly Aftonian. The same species has been found at Bigbone Lick, above Louisville, on the Kentucky side. The deposits there overlie the Illinoian drift and are, in part at least, Sangamon.

Associated with the horse bone at Pigeon Creek were megalonyx, a probably extinct bison, the Virginia deer, a tapir, and the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 17.)

1. _On the line between Bond and Fayette Counties._—In 1899, Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 39, figure) described under the name of _Equus major_ an equine maxilla, containing 4 premolars, sent him by A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois. This maxilla had been found in a bog between Bond and Fayette counties. It was referred by Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 135, fig. 24) to _Equus pectinatus_ Cope. The specimen is in the collection of the State museum at Springfield and has been studied by the writer, who regards it as belonging to _Equus complicatus_. A fossil horse-tooth found at Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, greatly resembles one of the premolars of this jaw.

The region where this jaw was found lies within the area of the Illinoian drift; and, inasmuch as the specimen was found on a bog lying on this drift, the animal must have lived after the withdrawal of the Illinoian ice-sheet. The bog deposit belonged probably to the Sangamon stage.

The writer has endeavored earnestly, but in vain, to obtain more exact details regarding the locality where the jaw was found and the depth of interment.

2. _Alton, Madison County._—At a meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science, December 4, 1882 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXX), William McAdams reported he had seen the fossil tooth of a horse from near Alton. No details were added, except that all the horses he had seen from the drift were large animals, while those from the bad lands of Dakota were mostly quite small.

In the McAdams collection, an account of which will be given on page 339, is a fragment of an incisor of a horse. It has on it McAdams’s No. 25. It is doubtful that this tooth was found in the loess. All the fossils of that collection purporting to have been found in the loess are very white, while this is of a brownish color, and there is a coat of iron oxide adhering to some parts of it. This may or may not be the tooth mentioned by McAdams as above reported.

3. _Greene County._—At the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science just referred to, Mr. McAdams stated that teeth of an extinct horse had been brought up from the bottom of a well being dug in Greene County. More exact situation and the depth of the well were not mentioned.

Both Greene and Madison counties are occupied by the Illinoian drift-sheet. The horse-teeth found in these counties might have come from Sangamon deposits; or possibly the Illinoian drift had been passed through and Yarmouth interglacial had been entered.

The geologists J. A. Udden and E. W. Shaw (Belleville-Breese Folio, No. 195, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 7) have noted in those quadrangles deposits which may consist of pre-Illinoian till; also old black soils which may belong to the Yarmouth. The quadrangles mentioned lie along the southern border of Madison County. The old soils were found at depths varying from 30 to 75 feet. In this region, too, the Illinoian drift is overlain by a blanket of loess. To arrive at any valuable conclusion, one ought to know just where specimens are found and at what depths and in what kind of deposits. On the other hand, the information is of the most meager kind. The specimens mentioned are not in a collection made by McAdams and now in the National Museum.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Marshall Hall, Charles County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper right molar, first or second, of a horse labeled as found at this place. It is credited to Mr. O. N. Bryan, who, some years ago, contributed many articles to the museum. The conditions of discovery are not known. The length of the grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 mm. It probably belongs to _Equus leidyi_. According to Shattuck’s map of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Maryland (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1906, plate I) this locality is occupied by Talbot deposits. Shattuck regards the Talbot as belonging to late Pleistocene times. The present writer does not accept this view.

2. _Georgetown, District of Columbia._—In 1835 (Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 267), Dr. Richard Harlan acknowledged the receipt, at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of remains of a fossil horse found at Georgetown in constructing the canal along the Potomac. These were probably teeth and had been sent by Colonel I. J. Abert, of Washington. They ought now to be in the Academy mentioned. In 1850, R. W. Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67) presented before the American Association of Sciences a specimen (a tooth?) which he said came from the bank of the Potomac and was associated with a tooth of _Bos_ (_Bison_). How he came to have this was not related, nor is it certain that it was found near Washington.

3. _Mitchellville, Prince George’s County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 2 upper teeth, molars or premolars (No. 8813), of a horse found on his estate northwest from the town named, by Mr. Edward S. Walker. They were presented to the National Museum by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of John Hopkins University. These teeth, apparently first and second molars, seem to belong to an undescribed species. The table gives the height of the teeth and dimensions of the grinding-surface in millimeters.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐
│ Tooth. │ Height. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │
├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤
│M^1 │70 │29.5 │25 │12 │
│M^2 │73 │30 │23 │14.5 │
└────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

The teeth present the appearance of having been little worn. Measurements of the crown taken about one-third the distance to the base are as follows:

┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ Tooth. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │M^1 │25 │25 │11 │ │M^2 │26 │25.2 │13 │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘

The teeth are moderately curved, so that the outer face is convex, the inner concave. Some of the cement is retained and is colored blue with vivianite. The enamel presents less complication than is usually found in either _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_. The dimensions of the teeth and the narrowness, especially of the second molar, seem to exclude reference to either of the species mentioned.

4. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, had for many years been making collections, mostly of Miocene vertebrates, along the cliffs at Chesapeake Beach. Among other fossils found there are some remains of horses, among them one much worn upper tooth, probably a premolar. The height is only 21 mm., the length of the grinding-surface 22.4 mm., the width 24 mm. It may be referred provisionally to _E. leidyi_. Mr. Palmer had also an ungual phalanx and a cervical vertebra and various other bones and teeth of horses. The geological situation at the place and the other Pleistocene species found there will be discussed on pages 347–348.

5. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In his work on the exploration of Bushy Cavern, near Cavetown, Mr. Charles Peabody (Bull. IV, Dept. Archæol., Phillips Acad., p. 12) stated that in a limestone quarry, south of the cave, in the red earth, was found a tooth which J. W. Gidley identified as probably _Equus complicatus_. In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection made at Cavetown. In this were other remains referred to _Equus complicatus_. Some fragments of a large tooth were referred with doubt to _Equus giganteus_.

6. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a crevice in a limestone rock, at a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, taken in a straight line, J. W. Gidley, in the fall of 1912, made a large collection of fossil vertebrates. In this collection is a first phalanx of an extinct horse. The species has not been determined. A list of the accompanying species, so far as determined, will be presented on pages 349–350.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Abingdon, Washington County._—In the U. S. National Museum is the outer half of an upper hindermost molar of a horse sent, in 1869, by Mr. Wyndham Robinson. With it were remains of _Mammut americanum_. The length of the grinding-surface is 30 mm. It belongs pretty certainly to _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, p. 474) reported the occurrence of an upper left molar of a horse at Saltville. The species has not been determined. The matter will be referred to again on pages 352–353.

3. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, pp. 171–182), Cope gave an account of the discovery of remains of numerous fossil vertebrates somewhere along New River, in the county named. Among these animals were upper and lower milk and permanent molars of a horse. Cope identified these as belonging doubtfully to _Equus complicatus_. On page 353, the Pleistocene geology of the region and a list of the accompanying vertebrates will be presented.

4. _Staunton, Augusta County._—From Dr. W. F. Deekens, surgeon dentist of Staunton, a tooth of a horse found somewhere in that vicinity, was sent to the U. S. National Museum. It had been found in a limestone quarry, 70 feet below the surface, in a narrow stratum of clay. Probably the tooth had been carried down into a crevice in the limestone by a current of water. The length of the grinding-surface is 31 mm. The arrangement of the enamel folds is simple, but the tooth had only just begun to be worn. The narrowness of the tooth is remarkable and it may belong to an unrecognized species.

5. _Denniston, Halifax County._—From Mr. G. W. Joyner, living near this place, the U. S. National Museum in 1920 received a left lower grinding-tooth of a horse, found by the donor in a little stream on his farm.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Point Pleasant, Mason County._—From Dr. L. V. Guthrie, superintendent of the West Virginia Asylum, at Huntington, the U. S. National Museum received for examination a horse-tooth dredged up with gravel from Ohio River at Point Pleasant. The writer has not been able to distinguish this tooth (either the last or the next to the last premolar) from that of _Equus niobrarensis_. If further discoveries confirm this provisional determination, the known range of the species will be greatly extended. The tooth has been deposited in the U. S. National Museum by the owner, Captain H. S. Wert, of Point Pleasant. The presence of this tooth proves that there are, somewhere not far away, some early Pleistocene deposits, probably in some high terrace along the Ohio, such as are found in abundance along the upper part of the river and its affluents.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 17, 39.)

1 _Elizabethtown, Bladen County._—The geologist E. Emmons (North Carolina Geol. Surv., 1858, p. 197, fig. 18) described and figured an upper left second or third molar tooth of a horse which he called _Equus caballus_, the domestic animal. It, with a tooth from the lower jaw, had been found in a bed of Miocene age at Elizabethtown. Whatever may have been the age of the marl-bed, the horse lived during the Pleistocene. Conrad, however (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, 1869, p. 359), insisted on the Miocene age of the animal. The same tooth was, in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, plate XV, fig. 16), figured by Leidy and referred to _E. fraternus_. It is now known as _E. leidyi_. Miller (North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, p. 248) points out that patches of Miocene marl do occur in the vicinity of Elizabethtown.

2. _Sixteen miles Southeast of Newbern, on the Neuse River, in Pamlico County._—In a locality on the left bank of Neuse River, about 16 miles below Newbern, bones of _Equus_ and various other animals were first found long ago, apparently by Nuttall. T. A. Conrad, in 1838 (Fossils Medial Tert. U. S., p. X), spoke of great numbers of bones of horse, mastodon, etc. Harlan (Med. Phys. Res., p. 267) says that Conrad possessed specimens from the locality. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. part 3, p. 89) states that there is in that museum an upper cheek-tooth from Newbern. So far as the writer knows, none of the teeth found here has been figured or accurately described.

On pages 358–359 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils collected at Newbern and a consideration of the geology.

3. _Greenville, Pitt County._—In 1852, E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, p. 106) said he had procured a grinder of a horse at Greenville, in the sandy stratum just above the Miocene marl. In 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, fig. 21), the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the Miocene of Pitt County. Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1871, vol. I, p. 468) spoke of the finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse, which he regarded as _E. fraternus_, in Miocene marl. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 113) reported on the upper molar tooth which Conrad had found. He regarded it as occurring accidentally in the Miocene and as belonging to _E. complicatus_; but as the tooth was injured, Leidy thought it might belong to _Hipparion_. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same tooth. It appears to be an upper premolar, the third or the fourth. It has a height of about 50 mm. and a length of 30 mm. The inner half has been split off. It is that of _E. complicatus_.

4. _Plymouth, Washington County._—E. Emmons, in 1858 (North Carolina Geol. Surv. Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, figs. 19, 20), figured 2 teeth, an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar, which had been washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This place is on the south bank of Roanoke River. Judging from Emmons’s figures, one must conclude that these teeth belong to _Equus leidyi_.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the museum of Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen 6 teeth of _Equus_, presented by Mr. G. U. Shepard jr., and obtained on Coosaw River; but no more detailed information has been furnished. In the Charleston Museum is a tooth of _Equus complicatus_ which was found by Mr. Earle Sloan, in Coosaw River.

2. _Charleston, Charleston County._—The remains of horses, especially teeth, are among the most abundant Pleistocene fossils in the region around Charleston. Most of the specimens have been discovered in dredging for phosphate rock, and usually nothing is recorded about the exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial. A considerable number of well-preserved teeth have, however, been discovered in known localities and under defined conditions.

The earliest collection of fossils described from about Charleston was made by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, and Captain A. H. Bowman, U. S. Army. These fossils were sent to Dr. Joseph Leidy and described by him as early as 1858, but more fully in 1860, in Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.” Most of these fossils were obtained on the shores of Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston. From this locality were described 5 upper teeth of _Equus complicatus_ (Leidy, op. cit., p. 102, plate XV, figs. 2–5, 7) and 2 lower ones (plate XVI, figs. 19, 21).

Of _Equus leidyi_ (=_E. fraternus_ Leidy) the author quoted described from Ashley River 2 lower teeth (op. cit., plate XVI, figs. 20, 22). Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) reported that there were in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, teeth of _Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_) and _E. fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_) secured in the Ashley River deposit. Leidy, in 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 245, plate XXXIII, figs. 14, 15) reported an upper molar and a lower one of _E. complicatus_, found in the “phosphate beds” of Ashley River.

From Doctor Swamp, Johns Island, southwest of Charleston, Leidy (op. cit., p. 103, plate XV, fig. 6) described an upper tooth as that of his _Equus fraternus_. This was afterwards made by Cope the type of this species; but Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XIV, p. 111) determined that this type belongs itself to _E. complicatus_. It was this determination which made it necessary to give a new name, _E. leidyi_, to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of _E. fraternus_.

In the National Museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth premolar of what appears to be _Equus complicatus_ which is recorded having been found in Wando River, northwest from Charleston. The tooth is 75 mm. high, 31 mm. long on the grinding-face, and 27 mm. wide. The enamel is much complicated. In Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina,” on pages 102 and 104, Leidy mentions an upper second premolar of _Equus fraternus_ found on Goose Creek, about 12 miles from Charleston. He added a paragraph on the geology. Further reference to this will be found on page 363. In the Charleston Museum and in the private collections about Charleston the writer has seen many teeth of horses found in that region, most of them without statements about exact localities, though some were found in Stono River. The teeth of _E. leidyi_ appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of _E. complicatus_. Many teeth of both species are contained in the Scanlan collection, made in the region about Charleston and now owned by Yale University. In this collection are found also two lower molars which the writer refers to _Equus littoralis_. The reader is referred to pages 362 to 366.

3. _Richland County._—On the occasion referred to in the next paragraph, Robert W. Gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in Richland district at a depth of 17 feet, in a slough, supposed to have been a former bed of Congaree River.

4. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Gibbes showed before the Association several specimens of horse-teeth, referred to _Equus americanus_ (_E. complicatus_), found in supposed Pliocene at Darlington. They were reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon, presumably of _Mammut americanum_. No additional information was furnished. Darlington is situated on a branch of Black Creek, an affluent of Great Pedee River. The teeth were probably found in a Pleistocene terrace deposit.

GEORGIA.

(Map 17.)

Apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in Georgia in only two places, as follows:

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—During the construction (in 1838–39) of a canal which connected Altamaha and Turtle Rivers, remains of various fossil vertebrates were discovered. A list of these will be given on page 370. Among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first molar of an extinct horse, described by Leidy in 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 266) and again in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pleiocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 104, plate XVI, fig. 23). In the first publication he referred the tooth to his species _Equus americanus_ (=_E. complicatus_); but in 1860 he referred it to his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). The size of the tooth appears to justify his later conclusion.

Lyell, in his “Second Visit to the United States,” made in 1845 (ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 348), stated that remains of _Equus_ had been found in the Brunswick Canal. He referred it to _Equus curvidens_, and stated that this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse.

On page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, J. W. Gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near Brunswick. Among the species are 3 horses, _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), _E. complicatus_, and _E. tau_ (probably _E. littoralis_). Through the liberality of Professor S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia, the writer has been permitted to study these teeth. There is one damaged upper molar which belongs to _E. complicatus_; 4 upper and 1 lower grinders belong to _E. leidyi_; 2 upper left molars are certainly those of _E. littoralis_; one having a height of 72 mm., a crown-length of 23 mm., and a width of 22 mm. The length is slightly greater than that of the type of the species.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the writer has examined an equine tibia presented by J. H. Couper, probably found in the Brunswick Canal with the other remains presented by Mr. Couper. It is compared in size with a tibia of the horse Edwin Forrest, with that of a draft horse in the U. S. National Museum, and with that of _E. scotti_, No. 10628, in the American Museum of Natural History.

_Measurements of tibiæ of horses, in millimeters._

┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │ │Brunswick│ Edwin │ Draft │ E. │ │ │ horse. │Forrest. │ horse. │ scotti. │ ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Total length of tibia │ 455│ 365│ 420│ 370│ │Side-to-side diameter at │ 65│ 42│ 50│ 49│ │ middle of length │ │ │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

The Brunswick horse was evidently a very large one, but it may have been an unusually large specimen of _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 27 of William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” in Joseph Habersham’s memorandum, is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a well-preserved tooth of a horse. The height of the tooth is given as being 2.75 inches, greatest diameter 1.2 inches, the least 1 inch. The tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar. It belonged probably either to _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_, but to which is uncertain.

In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Robert W. Gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains, probably a tooth, in the alluvium of Skidaway Island, a few miles southeast of Savannah. No further information was furnished. The geological conditions at this island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages 370 to 372.

FLORIDA.

(Maps 17, 18.)

1. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909 (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably _Elephas columbi_, and some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not know to what species they belonged.

_Measurements of tibiæ of horses._

┌───────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │ Dimensions taken. │Equus sp.│ E. │ E. │ │ │Florida. │ scotti. │caballus.│ ├───────────────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Total length of bone │ 396│ 370│ 392│ │Length on outer border │ 360│ │ │ │Length on inner border │ 378│ │ │ │Width across upper end │ 125±│ 107│ 108│ │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ │ length │ 45│ 40│ 37│ │Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ │ length │ 56│ 49│ 43│ │Greatest width at lower end │ 94│ 93│ 86│ └───────────────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

2. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—In the collection of Mr. Fred R. Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are given, taken from _Equus scotti_, No. 10628 of the American Museum of Natural History, and from _Equus caballus_, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion.

It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to have existed in Florida, is _Equus complicatus_.

3. _Neals, Alachua County._—This place is near Newberry. Here have been collected _Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Tapirus terrestris?_, and _Hipparion_ sp. indet.

4. _Wade, Alachua County._—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil _Equus_ teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine. It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5 mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462, from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought these teeth belonged to _Equus leidyi_.

5. _Newberry, Alachua County._—This is the locality mentioned by Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of _Hipparion_ had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a specifically undetermined species of _Parahippus_, also from the phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported _Equus littoralis_ and _Odocoileus_ from Newberry. The writer has identified as _Equus littoralis_, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found at Newberry.