Chapter XVII: On the Theory of the Pleistocene Terraces of the Coastal Plain (13)

From Professor Mosheim Swartzell, of Washington, D. C., son of John Swartzell, the writer has received a letter in which are given this son’s recollections regarding the finding of the specimen in question. He states that it was discovered in Naginey’s limestone quarry, 1.5 miles south of Milroy. It came from a considerable, but now unknown, distance from the surface and was first noticed in the débris of the quarry. While Mr. John Swartzell was observing it, an ignorant workman struck it with a tool and damaged it, exclaiming that it was only the jaw of a hog. It was later sent to Philadelphia. Professor Swartzell writes that there was a cave not far away, but that the jaw was not found in it; it probably had fallen down into a crevice of the limestone.

4. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported remains of a number of peccaries found in a bone cave at the place named. He mentioned especially _Dicotyles pennsylvanicus_, but thought it belonged properly in _Platygonus_. It is probably to be referred to _Mylohyus_ as _M. pennsylvanicus_.

OHIO.

(Maps 20, 36.)

1. _Wilmington, Clinton County._—In the collection of the Archæological and Historical Museum of the University of Ohio, at Columbus, are considerable parts of the jaws, teeth, and other parts of the skeleton of a specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ exhumed at a point about 4.5 miles north of west of Wilmington. The locality is given as being in the northeast corner of Adams Township, south of the road running northeast and southwest between Todd and Dutch Creeks; also about 0.6 mile south of the north line of Adams Township and about 0.75 mile from the east line. It would therefore be near the second northwesterly directed loop of Todd Creek in that neighborhood.

2. _Columbus, Franklin County_.—In 1875 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. XXIII, Hartford, pp. 1–6; also in Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, pp. 1–6), J. H. Klippart gave an account of the finding of about a dozen skeletons of _Platygonus compressus_. These were buried in 2 “nests” not far from each other. The bones were rather brittle and were damaged somewhat in exhuming them. The place of burial was in the bank (apparently the right) of Olentangy River, at the crossing of Olentangy and Montgomery streets. The remains were here buried in a sand-bank. One lot of 6 of the smallest animals was found in penetrating the sand bank about 20 feet from the entrance and at a depth of 8 feet from the surface. They were embedded in calcareous clay and sand. The other 6 and largest animals were found about 6 feet farther in and about 4 feet deeper. It appears that all the animals were lying with their snouts directed toward the southeast. Klippart thought that they had been destroyed suddenly and violently. It is, however, probable that they had been frozen in their beds during a winter storm. Of these skeletons it appears that half went to Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale University, and the present writer has had the privilege of studying them. The geological age of the animals will be considered on page 330.

3. _Chalfants, Perry County._—In the collection of the Archæological and Historical Museum at the University of Ohio are considerable parts of a specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ found not far from Jonathan Creek, about a mile northeast of Chalfants. The locality, as given the writer by Professor W. C. Mills, is as follows: center of southwest quarter of section 14, township 17 north, range 16 west. The name of the political township is Hopewell. The locality appears to be on the area covered by Illinoian drift. This fact makes it possible that the animals lived during the Sangamon stage.

4. _Lisbon, Columbiana County._—In the collection just mentioned is the left ramus of a lower jaw of a peccary which the writer referred with doubt to _Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. It lacks so much of the front end that only 18 mm. of the symphysis is present; also, the ascending ramus is broken off. There are present the 3 milk molars and the first molar, but this is yet in its cavity in the bone. A comparison with Leidy’s _M. pennsylvanicus_ seems to show that the jaw did not belong to that species. Of _M. nasutus_ no lower jaw is known.

_Table of measurements, in millimeters_.

┌─────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ │ Specimen. │ Lisbon jaw. │ M. penn. │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┤ │ │ Length. │ Width. │ Length. │ Width. │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │ Dm_{2} │ 9│ 5│ 7│ 4.5│ │ Dm_{3} │ 12│ 8│ 11│ 7│ │ Dm_{4} │ 19.5│ 11│ 18│ 10.5│ │ M_{1} │ 16.5│ 12│ 16│ 13│ └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

This specimen was found near the southern edge of Lisbon, on Middle Fork of Little Beaver Creek, in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 24, township 18 north, range 3 west. The locality is apparently outside of the glaciated area; and it is at present impossible to determine the geological age of the animal beyond that it undoubtedly belongs to the Pleistocene. The writer believes that _Mylohyus nasutus_ did not survive the Wisconsin ice-stage. The specimen was described and figured by the writer in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 226, plate XXV, figs. 4–6).

MICHIGAN.

(Map 36.)

1. _Belding, Ionia County._—So far as the writer knows, no species of peccary has been found in the State of Michigan, except at Belding. The remains are in the palæontological collection of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and belong to the species _Platygonus compressus_ Le Conte. The remains are said to consist of bones of 5 individuals; and Mr. N. A. Wood, preparator at the university, informed the writer there are 294 bones. The skull of one of the 5 individuals was missing when the collection was made. The skeletons were found in a peat-swamp, in 1877, and were sent to Professor Alexander Winchell by Mr. A. Tuttle. A skull belonging to this collection was described in 1903 (Jour. Geology, vol. XI, p. 777, figs. 1–4) by Mr. George Wagner.

It seems probable that there, as in two or three other known cases, a herd of these animals, asleep together, had succumbed to rigorous weather, probably to a winter blizzard.

Belding is situated on Flat River, a tributary of Grand River. It lies close to a part of the Charlotte moraine system, thought to be correlated with the Valparaiso system. These peccaries could not have lived in that region until after the Wisconsin ice had retired into Lake Michigan, or nearly so. It is more probable that they lived there long after this retirement, at a time when the climate had become much warmer.

INDIANA.

(Map 36.)

1. _Gibson County._—The type specimen of _Mylohyus nasutus_ was found somewhere in this county. The specimen was first mentioned by Leidy in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 416), but without other designation than peccary. Leidy wrote that it had been sent to him by Dr. David D. Owen, who informed him that it had been discovered in Gibson County, in digging a well, at a depth of between 30 and 40 feet. No more exact locality has ever been determined. The specimen consisted of the front of the skull only. It was later described by Leidy (Proc. same Academy, 1868, p. 230), under the name _Dicotyles nasutus_; and in 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 385, plate XXVIII, figs. 1, 2) was further described and illustrated. The figures referred to have been reproduced by the present writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXIII, p. 607, text-figs. 42, 43), and again in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2).

It is unfortunate that Owen and Leidy did not more accurately establish the locality where this jaw was found. In Gibson County there is a considerable variety of geological deposits, even considering only those belonging to the Pleistocene and Recent. The eastern and the southeastern portion lies outside the drift-covered region. A strip along the Wabash is occupied by alluvial deposits belonging to the Recent epoch. Outside of this is another strip covered mostly by Illinoian drift.

The Patoka Quadrangle, described in Folio No. 105 of the U. S. Geological Survey, published in 1904, covers nearly the whole of Gibson County. An examination of this folio shows how complicated are the later geological features of the region. It is fair to suppose that a well from 30 to 40 feet in depth was dug, especially at that time, in the higher parts of the county, where the elevation is somewhere near 500 feet above sea-level. Here such a well would probably go through the rather scattering Wisconsin deposits of various kinds or through the loess referred to the Iowan stage, reaching perhaps the Sangamon; or through later Illinoian or early Sangamon lake deposits and Illinoian glacial accumulations into pre-Illinoian deposits. The folio cited notes (p. 3) the presence of deposits supposed to belong to the beginning of the Illinoian stage. These contained zones of black muck and other organic materials; and in places were found logs and what were thought by the well-diggers to be “black-oak” leaves. All these might have been of Aftonian age; and in deposits of that time might have been found the jaw of _Mylohyus nasutus_.

This species has been reported from a number of other localities; but the remains have been of so imperfect character that the identifications may have been erroneous. Professor Cope reported in 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176) that he had found several molars and canine teeth of this animal in cave breccia in Wythe County, Virginia. The breccia appeared to be very old, and in them were found a species of _Megalonyx_, _Equus complicatus?_, _Tapirus haysii_, _Ursus amplidens_, and many other extinct species.

Cope in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 263) announced this species from the Port Kennedy cave in southeastern Pennsylvania. In this case there were found only a canine and 4 molars; hence not too much reliance must be placed on the identification. A large majority of the numerous species found in the Port Kennedy cave are extinct. Among these are species of _Megalonyx_, a mylodon, a bear, 2 species of saber-tooth tigers, a tapir, 1 or 2 species of horse, and 3 species of peccaries. One can hardly doubt that the animals belonged to the early part of the Pleistocene. The indications are that the known examples of _Mylohyus nasutus_ belonged to the first half of the Pleistocene; that is, to the Sangamon stage or to the Aftonian.

2. _Near Williams, Lawrence County._—In the collection of the University of Indiana are some peccary remains found in Rock Cliff quarry, not far northwest from Williams. These were described by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXIII, pp. 596, 605). The remains were secured by Professor J. W. Beede. A part of a lower jaw which contained a first true molar and impressions of the second and third molars was referred to Leidy’s species _Tagassu lenis_. A large last upper molar (op. cit., p. 605, plate IV, fig. 2) was referred with some doubt to _Platygonus vetus_.

These remains, together with some bones of one or the other of these species and a carapace of the box-tortoise still living in that region, were inclosed in masses of stalagmite which appear to have pretty completely filled an old cave in the limestone, encountered in quarrying operations. According to Professor Beede, the cave had, when he saw it, been all quarried away except one corner. This was from 20 to 30 feet below the general surface at that place. It was about 100 feet above the present level of White River, about on a level with the highest terrace along that stream. The probabilities are that the peccaries and the box-tortoise belong to one of the earlier Pleistocene interglacial stages. Professor Beede is inclined to believe that the cave was filled during the Illinoian glacial stage by streams carrying in mud and sand and gravel. If this view is correct the inclosed remains would be at least as old as the Yarmouth.

The species _Tagassu lenis_ is closely related to the peccary which now lives in southwestern Texas and Mexico, and it has been regarded as identical with it; but there appear to be reasons why it should be retained under its own name. It was first described from teeth found among materials coming from the phosphate deposits about Charleston, South Carolina. Certainly many of the species found there lived during the early part of the Pleistocene.

It is possible that certain teeth referred by Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1867, p. 155) to the existing peccary belonged to _T. lenis_; but there is nothing known regarding their exact geological age. Other teeth found in the lead region of Illinois were identified by Wyman as those of the existing peccary. They too may have been those of _T. lenis_. The writer regards the animals found in the lead crevices as belonging to rather late Pleistocene, possibly to Peorian or Sangamon times. As to the remains found in the cave in Lawrence County it is probable that they date back to the Sangamon stage.

3. _Laketon, Wabash County._—In the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, page 20, Cope and Wortman stated there was in the Survey’s collection the symphyseal portion of the lower jaw and a large part of the left ramus with all the premolar teeth, except the last. This had been found at Laketon, in Wabash County. There were given no further details, and the writer failed to find the specimen in the collection. In the collection of Earlham College, Richmond, are photographs of probably this specimen and of a part of the upper jaw. The latter bone shows 3 premolars and the first molar; the lower jaw presents the symphysis, the right canine, and the 2 anterior premolars. The photographs are labeled as those of _Platygonus compressus_, determined by Cope, and as made from the Wabash County specimen.

All the region about Laketon is covered with Wisconsin drift or materials derived from it. The peccary found must have lived after the retirement of the border of the glacier beyond the Wabash River. It was probably long after this and when the climate was perhaps warmer than it is now.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 20, 38.)

1. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—In 1848, Dr. John L. Le Conte (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. V, pp. 102–106) described what he regarded as 5 new species of fossil mammals from the lead region of Illinois. These had been secured by Mr. Wm. Snyder, of Galena, in a lead crevice 50 feet below the surface, filled with a mixture of clay and sand cemented by oxide of iron into a hard mass from which the specimens could not be removed without great injury. The species described were called _Platygonus compressus_, _Hyops depressifrons_, _Protochœrus prismaticus_, _Procyon priscus_, and _Anomodon snyderi_. The last was regarded as related to the moles. _Procyon priscus_ resembled closely the existing _P. lotor_. The 3 species first mentioned are now regarded as belonging to a single species, which takes the name _Platygonus compressus_. It may be remarked that the original spelling of the generic name was due perhaps to a lapsus calami or to a printer’s error. In the complete paper published shortly afterward the name was spelled _Platygonus_. It is to be added that the teeth which served as the type of the so-called species _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were found at a locality 15 miles from the place where the other remains were obtained; but as to where this place was nothing is said.

In 1848 (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. III, pp. 257–274, plates I to IV) _Platygonus compressus_ was more completely described. Various teeth and parts of the skull and some limb-bones were figured. In this article it is stated that the remains described had been found in a lead crevice a few miles from Galena. A portion of the bones had been preserved by the miners and had at length found their way into the hands of Mr. Snyder, a merchant in Galena.

In 1852 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, pp. 3–5) _Hyops depressifrons_ and _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were further described, the first being placed in the genus _Dicotyles_. Both of these are now regarded as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_.

The writer has considered it as probable that the peccary remains, as well as _Procyon priscus_ and _Anomodon snyderi_, are of Late Wisconsin age; but it is possible that they are somewhat older. The reader is referred to page 343, where the Pleistocene of the lead region is discussed.

2. _Alton, Madison County._—In the McAdams collection, of which a general account has been given on page 339, is a part of a lower canine tooth which apparently differs in no way from the corresponding canine of _Platygonus cumberlandensis_, found by Mr. J. W. Gidley in a limestone fissure near Cumberland, Maryland. On page 350 will be found a list of the species found in this fissure and their geological age.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 20.)

1. _Bluemounds, Dane County._—In 1862, Professor J. D. Whitney reported (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, pp. 135, 136) that he had discovered in a crevice at Bluemounds, accompanied by bones and some teeth of the mastodon, a buffalo, and a wolf, several fragments of jaws and some teeth and other bones of a peccary, in an excellent state of preservation. At the top of his page 134 Whitney indicates that these remains belonged to the species now called _Platygonus compressus_. On page 422 of the same volume Jeffries Wyman, in reporting on the vertebrate remains collected in the lead region, mentions only 3 teeth; and these, he said, differed much from either of the fossil species and agreed with the existing peccary. From Whitney’s note at the bottom of his page 135 we may suppose that these 3 teeth were found in Iowa, near Dubuque. It is probable that the teeth found at Bluemounds belonged to _Tagassu lenis_.

In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162), Whitney stated that from a crevice near Bluemounds he got peccary bones and teeth which were supposed to be identical with the animals now living. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 384) stated that he believed that teeth found in Wisconsin belonged to _Dicotyles lenis_. One can not be certain regarding the age of these animals found in this lead region. They are probably pre-Wisconsin. The age will be discussed on page 343.

MARYLAND.

(Map 20.)

1. _Benedict, Charles County._—More than 50 years ago Cope (Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 155) reported the finding of peccary jaws mingled with remains of Miocene vertebrates collected by James T. Thomas, near his residence in Charles County, not far from Patuxent River, near Benedict. Cope recognized that the peccary and a part of a jaw of _Grison macrodon_ (referred by Cope to _Galera_) belonged to the Pleistocene. The peccary was referred to the existing species _Dicotyles (Tagassu) torquatus_; likewise their similarity to the remains described by Leidy from Charleston, South Carolina, was noted. They are assigned here to _Tagassu lenis_. The jaws from the Patuxent locality are now in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.

2. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, has shown the writer 3 teeth of a peccary secured at the place named. These will be mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the locality. A left third premolar is 10.3 mm. long and 6.2 mm. wide. A left second molar is 12 mm. long and 10 mm. wide. These apparently belonged to _Tagassu lenis_.

In March 1921, Dr. Adolph H. Schultz, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, presented to the U. S. National Museum a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a peccary found at Chesapeake Beach. This fragment contains the first and second molars and the sockets of the fourth premolar and the third molar. This jaw and the teeth have been compared with the corresponding parts of a specimen of _Tagassu angulatus_ (No. 35815, U. S. Nat. Mus.), secured along the boundary between the United States and Mexico. In size the fossil teeth differ little from those of _T. angulatus_; the first molar is, however, somewhat wider; the conule between the two hindermost cones, the hypoconulid, is much smaller than in the existing peccary used for comparison. The inner face of each tooth is not so flat in the fossil as in the other species. In the fossil the height of the jaw at the second molar is 28 mm.; in _T. angulatus_ 35 mm. The specimen is referred to _Tagassu lenis_.

3. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a rock crevice 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, J. W. Gidley found abundant remains of peccaries. These were described by him in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, pp. 651–678, plates LIV, LV, 13 text-figs.). He recognized 4 species, 2 belonging to _Platygonus_ and 2 to _Mylohyus_. The new species, _Platygonus cumberlandensis_ and _P. intermedius_ and _Mylohyus exortivus_, are based on materials found in the fissure. With the other materials he recognized a part of a lower jaw, which he referred to _M. pennsylvanicus_.

4. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection of fossil vertebrates made at Cavetown by the officers of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. Among the species are 6 which belong to the group of peccaries, as follows: _Mylohyus nasutus_ (Leidy), _M. exortivus_ Gidley, _M. obtusidens_ Hay, _Tagassu? tetragonus?_ (Cope), _Platygonus vetus_ Leidy, _P. cumberlandensis_ Gidley.

These and the associated species apparently lived here during approximately the Middle Pleistocene, probably the Sangamon stage. A list of the species found in the fissure and their geological relations are presented on page 348. The specimen above referred provisionally to _Tagassu tetragonus_ was called, in the paper cited above, _Platygonus tetragonus_. It appears, however, to be nearer _Tagassu_. It may even belong to an unnamed genus.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176), Cope reported he had found several molar and canine teeth of _Dicotyles nasutus_, in cave breccia on New River, with remains of many other species of vertebrates. This now bears the name _Mylohyus nasutus_. A list of the species is given on page 353, where the Pleistocene geology of Virginia is discussed.

2. _Augusta County._—In 1857 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 104), Leidy stated he had examined a fragment of a lower jaw of a young individual of _Platygonus compressus_, found in the county named. The jaw contained the last milk molar, unworn. The first true molar had not yet begun to protrude. The writer has seen this specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. No other information regarding its place of origin has been secured.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Renicks, Greenbrier County._—In 1920 (Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1918, p. 288, plates I-VI), J. W. Gidley reported on a visit he had made to a cave situated on Greenbrier River, near Renicks. The cave was discovered during quarrying operations in limestone. The greater part of the bones had been destroyed before the workers appreciated their value. Only a part of a skull of a peccary was secured, probably of the species _Platygonus intermedius_ (Gidley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, p. 669). It has the catalogue No. 8003 of the U. S. National Museum. This animal is to be referred to the Middle Pleistocene.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 (“Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 108, plate XVII, figs. 13, 14), Leidy reported the finding of teeth of a peccary in the Ashley River deposits. These teeth, a lower third molar and probably a lower second molar, were described under the name _Dicotyles fossilis_ and were said to have the size and form of the corresponding teeth of the collared peccary, _Dicotyles torquatus_ (=_Tagassu tajacu_). Fragments of some upper teeth were said to have the size of those of _D. labiatus_. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. VII, p. 384), the fossil teeth just mentioned were referred, with some others, to the new species _Dicotyles lenis_. The principal character distinguishing the teeth of this species from those of the existing peccaries mentioned is the absence of accessory tubercles. This is shown also in an upper hindermost molar of the same species, described by the writer (9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Sur., 1917, p. 48, plate III, fig. 2) under the name _Tayassu lenis_. The name should have been _Tagassu lenis_.

In the Pinckney collection, at the Pinckney residence, Lambs, South Carolina, near Charleston, the writer examined a tooth of a peccary, which apparently belongs to another species. It is taken to be a lower hindermost molar. A part of the anterior crest and a part of one side are broken off. The heel is relatively large, consisting of a hinder and 2 anterior tubercles; between the anterior tubercles is another minute one. In the middle of each cross-valley is a tubercle. The length of the fragment is 20.2 mm., the width 9.5 mm. This was evidently a larger animal than _Tagassu lenis_.

FLORIDA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Apparently 2 species of peccaries have been found in the deposits along the drainage canal, near Vero, in the uppermost stratum (No. 3). One, represented by a canine tooth, has not been determined (Hay, Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, p. 50). It appeared to be too large to belong to _Tagassu lenis_.

The other remains belonged to a small peccary and have been referred to _Tagassu lenis_. In 1916 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 149), Sellards reported the finding of 2 cheek-teeth and a tibia. One of the teeth was taken from the stratum called No. 2; the other teeth and the tibia had washed out of the bank and it was uncertain from which stratum they had come. In 1917 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 45, 48, plate III, fig. 2), the writer reported the finding of a hindermost molar of a small peccary, believed to be _T. lenis_, in stratum No. 2; also the discovery by Isaac M. Weills of a small canine of _T. lenis_ in stratum No. 3 (op. cit., plate III, fig. 3). On page 50 of the same paper the writer referred provisionally to _T. lenis_ the tibia above mentioned.

2. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From this place have been sent to the U. S. National Museum many specimens of fossil vertebrates, a list of which will be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of Florida (p. 379). Some of these belong to the Pleistocene, others apparently to the Miocene. Among the specimens is a right astragalus of a peccary. While it is possible that the original possessor of this astragalus lived during the Miocene, it does not seem probable. It may have belonged to _Tagassu lenis_. The length of the bone is 32 mm., the width across the lower end 19 mm.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 20. Figure 23.)

1. _Rogersville, Hawkins County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part of a lower left canine tooth of a peccary found near the place mentioned. With it came an upper molar of _Equus leidyi_. The tooth lacks most of the crown. It has been described by the writer under the name _Mylohyus setiger_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 84, plate III, figs. 21–23). The root of the tooth is 93 mm. long, measured along the convexity of the curve. A little of the tip of the root is missing. The size of the tooth indicates a very large animal.

2. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a considerable collection of bones and teeth made in 1885 near Whitesburg. This locality and the accompanying species will be discussed on another page. Among the remains are 3 upper canine teeth, referred by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 90, plate III, figs. 12–13) to _Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. A list of the associated species will be found on page 395.

3. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—In 1896 (Dept. Amer. and Prehist. Archæol. Univ. Penn.), Dr. H. C. Mercer reported he had found remains of the tapir, peccary, bear, and small rodents in Zirkel’s Cave. The cave is situated on the left bank of Dumplin Creek, about 5 miles above its entrance into French Broad River. The species to which the peccary remains belonged was not determined.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 20.)

1. _Rockcastle County._—In 1853, Dr. Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. X, p. 331, plates XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII, figs. 5–8, 17, 19) described under the name _Euchœrus macrops_, a fine skull of a peccary which had been lying for 47 years in the collection of the society. It had been sent there by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Kentucky, and was said to have been found in one of the nitrous caves of that State. The writer is informed by Dr. Arthur M. Miller, Professor of Geology in the University of Kentucky, that it is unlikely that the skull came from any of the caves in the region about Lexington, as he had never heard any of them had been worked for saltpeter. In the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society for 1804 (vol. VI, pp. 235–247) is a paper by Samuel Brown, in which he describes a cave in what is now Rockcastle County. In this and some other neighboring caves were found immense quantities of saltpeter. Probably the skull which Leidy afterward described from this region was brought to light. It appears to have been mentioned by Dr. B. S. Barton as early as 1806 (Phila. Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. II, plate I, p. 158). It is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It was recognized by Leidy as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CAMELIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 21.)

1. It is not certain that any fossil camel remains have ever been found in Pennsylvania. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. XI, p. 264, plate XXI, figs. 4, 4_a_) Cope described _Teleopternus orientalis_ and referred it to the Camelidæ. This was found in the Port Kennedy cave, and whatever its relationships it belongs to the early Pleistocene. Matthew (Osborn, Age of Mamm., p. 469) suggested that its affinities might be with the musk-oxen.

FLORIDA.

(Map 21.)

1. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1886 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, p. 12), Dr. Joseph Leidy briefly described three species of the genus Procamelus from materials collected near Archer by Dr. W. H. Dall. The teeth and bones had been found in what has been called the Alachua clays, and were associated with a considerable number of species of vertebrates. The list will be found on page 375, where the Pleistocene geology is considered. The three species of camels were called _Auchenia major_, _A. minor_, and _A. minimus_. They are now referred to the genus _Procamelus_. In 1896 they were (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. IV, pp. VII-XIV, 15–61, with plates) described in more detail and illustrated by Leidy and Lucas. The error of calling _P. minor_ by the name _P. medius_, first introduced by Cope, was followed in the paper just mentioned; and some authors have continued this practice. Dr. W. H. Dall included these camels in his list (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, p. 129). Authors have in general referred to the Tertiary the deposit which furnished these camels; the present writer believes that the Alachua beds belong to the first glacial stage. The matter is further discussed on pages 376 to 378.

2. _Williston, Levy County._—In 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), Dr. W. H. Dall published a list, furnished by Joseph Leidy, of the vertebrate fossils found at what was then known as Mixon’s bone-bed. The species, with some additions, are listed on page 375. Among others is _Procamelus major_. The species were found in the Alachua clays, and these clays are referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene.

3. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 31; Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. II, pp. 13–17), Leidy mentioned the discovery of a tooth of a camel, regarded by him as belonging to _Procamelus_, in a limestone quarry at Ocala. With it were described the saber-tooth tiger _Machairodus floridanus_. Teeth were found also of a horse which is referred to _Equus leidyi_. A list of the species found at this locality is on page 378. In the Philadelphia Academy paper Leidy called the camel _Auchenia minor_. In the next paper cited he regarded it as _A. minimus_.

4. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 94, 104), Dr. Sellards presented a list of the species of vertebrates discovered in the Dunnellon formation at Dunnellon and vicinity. Among the species is the camel _Procamelus minor_. This, however, he did not include among the Pleistocene animals.

Undetermined teeth of a camel are mentioned by Sellards as found in the phosphate mines at Dunnellon (5th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 58).

5. _Hernando, Citrus County._—Sellards (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 58) reported a discovery of teeth of an undetermined species of camel in a phosphate mine at Hernando. These probably are of the genus _Procamelus_.

6. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Some remains of a camel have been found in the stratum at Vero known as No. 2, the one immediately overlying the bed of marine marl. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 149) states there had been secured up to that time two upper cheek-teeth, a distal end of a cannon-bone, and a phalanx. The latter, a hinder first phalanx, is figured (plate XXX, fig. 5). It resembles considerably the bone figured by Leidy and Lucas (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. IV, plate XVIII, fig. 8), but it presents important differences.

The anterior phalange figured by Leidy and Lucas is 85 mm. long; a hinder phalange of the same animal would have been shorter. The hinder phalange found at Vero is 104 mm. long. The probability is that its owner was an animal considerably larger than Leidy’s _Procamelus minimus_. The phalanx referred by Leidy and Lucas to _Procamelus medius_ (=_P. minor_) has exactly the length of that of _P. minimus_, but is a much stouter bone, the side-to-side diameter at the middle of the length being one-half greater. The Vero camel appears, therefore, to be distinct from any of the Pliocene camels of Florida. It probably belongs to the genus _Camelops_.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 21. Figure 23.)

1. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. W. E. Myer, of Nashville, the writer has received for examination a right calcaneum of an undetermined species of camel, belonging probably to the genus _Camelops_. This was found near Nashville, in the bank of Cumberland River. At the same locality were found part of a tooth of a young mastodon, a tooth of _Equus leidyi_, a fragment of a femur of a probably larger horse, an antler of a young deer, a tooth of _Mylodon_, and some fragments of turtle bones. However, the horse remains and the antler are said to have been lying in a layer of gravel, while the camel and mastodon were in a bed of sand just above the gravel. Over these beds are nearly 30 feet of gravel.

The total length of the calcaneum is 138 mm., the greatest height 67 mm., and the thickness at the rear of the articular surface for the astragalus, 45 mm. From the rear end to the surface for the astragalus is 85 mm. The surface for union with the cuboid is 19 mm. wide, considerably narrower than in the dromedary and in an astragalus from Denver, Colorado, which apparently belongs to _Camelops huerfanensis_. The outer face of the bone is considerably less concave than in either of the two species referred to. The tuberosity is relatively thicker at the middle of its length than is either of the species mentioned; its height at its middle is relatively less than in the Denver specimen. It is believed that the age of the beds containing these fossils is about that of the Aftonian interglacial.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE DEER OF THE GENUS ODOCOILEUS IN EASTERN NORTH
AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 22.)

1. _Toronto._—In the Guide Book No. 6, issued by the Ontario Bureau of Mines in 1913, and prepared by Professor A. P. Coleman, it is recorded on page 18 that in the Don beds at Toronto, supposed to belong to the Sangamon stage, had been found bones of a deer resembling those of the Virginia deer. On page 29 deer bones are reported as found in other beds situated in the western part of Toronto. The age of these is uncertain; they may be older than the Don beds or younger than the Scarboro beds. In these same beds have been found also a lower jaw of a bear, possibly _Ursus americanus_; an atlas of a bison, a part of an antler of _Cervalces borealis_, and some parts of either a mastodon or a mammoth.

The geology of the Pleistocene in the region about Toronto is treated on pages 281 to 283, figure 3.

NEW YORK.

(Map 22.)

1. _Orange County._—Emmons, in 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. Counties, p. 201), stated he had found, in a fresh-water marl-bed in Orange County, a horn of an extinct deer, associated with remains of mastodon. The exact locality is unknown.

2. _Greenville, Greene County._—In 1846 (Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 390), James Hall mentioned the finding of a jawbone, with teeth, of a deer in Greene County. It was associated with remains of a mastodon.

3. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367), Hall reported that an engineer of the Genesee Valley Canal informed him that near New Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba, several antlers of deer and one of an elk had been found 12 feet below the surface, in a muck deposit. New Hudson appears to be about 10 miles north of Cuba, and not on the canal. The locality is said to be at the summit of the canal.

4. _Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County._—James Hall (op. cit., pp. 364, 366) stated that a tusk, supposed to belong to a mastodon, with some horns of deer, had been found at Hinsdale in sand and gravel, 16 feet below the surface. Clarke (Bull. 69, N. Y. State Mus., p. 933) suggested that these may have been antlers of the elk.

There appear to be no good reasons for suspecting that any of the deer remains found in New York are older than Late Wisconsin.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 22.)

1. _Woodstown, Salem County._—In the palæontological collection at Yale University is a fragment of an antler of a deer, most probably of _Odocoileus virginianus_, discovered in Salem County. It is not accompanied by any information as to the exact locality where found or as to the conditions of burial. The fragment of the shaft is 135 mm. long, and from it springs a tine, the partial length of which is about 45 mm.

2. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Science at Philadelphia are some fragments of antlers labeled as having been found at Vincentown.

In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 376), Dr. Joseph Leidy stated that remains of the deer had been found in Burlington and Monmouth Counties, but no exact localities were mentioned. Many of the specimens seem to have been found, as accidental occupants, in marl-beds of Cretaceous age. In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia there are specimens from Pemberton.

3. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In the Academy’s collection, at Philadelphia, there is a specimen labeled as having been found at this place. No details are recorded.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Dr. Joseph Leidy reported on a collection which many years before had been found in Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg. Nearly all the species still exist, but in the collection was included _Castoroides_ and _Rangifer_. Among the fossils were jawbones, with teeth, and broken bones of the Virginia deer. It seems possible that the remains had collected there at the close of the Pleistocene; but some may belong to the Recent.

2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported the discovery of remains of a deer, possibly _Odocoileus virginianus_, in a cave at Frankstown. With this deer were many other species of mammals. A list is presented on page 321.

OHIO.

(Map 22.)

1. _New Knoxville, Auglaize County._—In his “History of Ohio and of Auglaize County,” 1905, on page 338, C. W. Williamson, in describing the finding of a skull of _Castoroides_ near New Knoxville, stated that some bones of the deer had been found in what was believed to have been the house of the giant beaver. They were supposed to have been brought there by carnivorous animals; but the deer may have died there before the house was covered up.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 22.)

1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880 the U. S. National Museum received from Professor Kost, then of Adrian College, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ discovered at the place named above. In his communication he wrote that at the same place there had been found previously a mastodon and bones of an elk and of a deer. The place was in a marsh, in Adrian, and the fossils were at a depth of 4 feet.

2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908, Russell and Leverett (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9) reported the discovery of bones of deer and elk in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp had been found, at a depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_. The bones of the deer and elk were at a somewhat higher level, so that it is not wholly certain they belong to the Pleistocene.

The specimens found both at Adrian and Ann Arbor lived there after the retreat of the Wisconsin ice.

INDIANA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—In a collection of bones and teeth made at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville, and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, pp. 199–200) were included remains of the Virginia deer. With these bones were parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, a bison of probably an extinct species, a cervical vertebra of the horse known as _Equus complicatus_, a tooth of a tapir, and the type upper jaw of the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_.

On page 32 is discussed the age of the bone-bed. It is concluded that it belonged possibly to the Aftonian stage, but more probably to the Sangamon. Although this species of deer yet exists, abundant remains of a species not yet distinguishable from it are found in early Pleistocene deposits in Florida and elsewhere. According to D. D. Owen (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. V, p. 7), this deer was found associated with megalonyx bones a few miles below Henderson, Kentucky. Also, these two species, together with _Equus complicatus_ and an extinct species of _Bison_ and other extinct species of mammals, have been exhumed at Bigbone Lick, halfway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side.

Under this number may be considered the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_, which Cope described in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189). This was represented by a left ramus of the mandible, found, as reported by the State geologist, John Collett, in a late lacustrine deposit in Vanderburg County. In the same deposits was found an ulno-radius of a species of _Bison_. The deer jaw was further described and figured by Cope and Wortman in 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XIV, p. 22, plate ii). Here, in quoting Cope’s description found in volume IV of Bulletins U. S. Geological Survey, page 379, the authors substituted Harrison County for Vanderburg County. In 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 615), the present writer accepted Cope and Wortman’s statement as to the county; but it appears that the locality was really in Vanderburg County. Cope and Wortman’s plate was reproduced by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 615, plate VI, figs. 2, 2_b_). Figure 1 of the plate represents a part of an upper jaw which may or may not belong to the same species. It was supposed to have been found in the same deposits.

2. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, the writer has examined some bones which apparently belonged to the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. The distal end of the radius, a right calcaneum, and a sacrum have been identified. These were found in a swamp known as “The Dismal,” situated about 6 miles nearly east of Winchester. This would not be far from the village of Harrisville. In this swamp were collected the fine specimen of the giant beaver, preserved at Earlham College, and the bones of an elk. The swamp is located near the Union City moraine, and the animals buried there must have lived at some time after the retirement of the Wisconsin ice-sheet; probably the time was long enough after that retirement for the climate to become relatively mild.

3. _Roann, Wabash County._—In 1892 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XVII, p. 241), Elrod and Benedict reported that in 1882 a Mr. Rantz, while digging a ditch on the farm of William Runkle, 3 miles north of Roann, unearthed, at a depth of 9 feet, the antlers and part of the skeleton of the deer _Odocoileus virginianus_. The locality is evidently north of Eel River and near the southern border of the great moraine which runs parallel with this stream and north of it. Undoubtedly this deer lived after the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn from the vicinity. In similar situations in that region have been found several mastodons. It is probable, therefore, that the deer belonged to the late Pleistocene.

From Mr. B. E. Galtry, of Roann, the writer learns that Mr. Runkle informed him that none of the bones found has been preserved. There were many found, shin-bones, ribs, and antlers, from 3 to 4 feet below the surface. Large numbers of poles were found, and the ditch diggers got the notion that these poles had formed a bridge.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 22, 38.)

1. _Niantic, Macon County._—In 1873, Worthen, State geologist of Illinois, reported (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308) that he had found some deer bones in a bog near Niantic; with them were remains of the mastodon, buffalo, and elk. What is known regarding the locality and the geology is here recorded on page 102. All these remains were probably buried near the close of the Wisconsin glacial stage.

2. _Whitewillow, Kendall County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 11. E. S. Riggs, assistant curator of palæontology in Field Museum of Natural History, reported that in 1902 Mr. John Bamford, in enlarging a spring in a bog, encountered a layer of about 2 feet of bison, deer, and elk bones at a depth of about 5 feet. With these were found skulls of at least 6 mastodons. From Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, the writer has received a base of a large antler and a nearly complete small antler of the right side. These are not to be distinguished from those of _O. virginianus_. Mr. Langford wrote that the mastodon bones were mingled with the other bones to the bottom of the pit dug. In the same excavation were found remains of mastodon, _Cervalces_, the existing moose, the elk, the buffalo, and the cannon-bone of a large sheep-like animal. The exact levels in which these bones occurred is not known. The reader may consult page 109.

3. _Ottawa, La Salle County._—J. D. Caton (“Antelopes and Deer of North America,” p. 227) tells of having found a nearly complete skeleton and three antlers of the Virginia deer in the valley of Fox River, near Ottawa. These remains were in a stratum of gravel at a depth of more than 16 feet. Over this was the surface loam, then sand, sand and clay, then more sand. It seems probable that these deposits belonged to the Late Wisconsin.

4. _Evanston, Cook County._—Dr. Frank C. Baker (Univ. Ills. Bull, XVII, pp. 4, 86) presented a geological section taken in the Toleston beach at Evanston. This beach was laid down after the withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice. At the depth of about 9 feet was found a bone of a deer. In 1891, W. K. Higley (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. II, No. 1, p. XIV) reported that a pelvis, referred to a deer, had been found in Late Wisconsin deposits at Evanston. He had in mind the bone found in Toleston beach. At the same place was found a femur of a deer at a depth of 9 feet (Leverett, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., II, 1897, pp. 76, 77). Apparently the femur and the pelvis had been discovered by Dr. Oliver Marcy in 1864, from whom both Leverett and Baker quote the geological section.

5. _Lemont, Cook County._—Dr. F. C. Baker (op. cit., pp. 56, 89) reported the finding of a portion of a skull of _Odocoileus virginianus_ and a skull of the muskrat in the Des Plaines Valley, at Lemont, in a bed of peat.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 22.)

1. _Lead region._—In 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, p. 421), Jeffries Wyman, in his report on the vertebrate animals found by J. D. Whitney, stated that there was a series of several molar teeth which, in form and size, corresponds exactly with those of the red deer (_Cervus virginianus_). He mentioned also various bones which seemed to belong to the same species, but some were larger than those of the Virginia deer.

In 1876 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, p. 49), Allen described as a new species _Cervus whitneyi_, basing the name on a left humerus, a left radius, and a right metatarsal found in the Whitney collection. It appears probable that these bones are those mentioned by Wyman as being larger than the existing Virginia deer and the mule deer. Allen does not, however, mention what Wyman wrote. Allen’s species is now referred to the genus _Odocoileus_. It is not stated by either Wyman or Allen even from what State the remains were secured. It is most probable that it was Wisconsin.

From the Pleistocene of that region two species of _Odocoileus_ are therefore known, _O. virginianus_ and _O. whitneyi_.

2. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—In a letter to the author dated January 21, 1917, Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, noted that a vertebra of a deer had been found in brick clay at Menomonie. It was sent to the American Museum of New York and identified by Dr. W. D. Matthew. This clay is at present regarded by Dr. Weidman as probably belonging to the Sangamon interglacial.

MARYLAND.

(Map 22.)

1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 178), Cope reported that fragments of antlers not distinguishable from those of the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_, had been found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck. These, with remains of other vertebrates, were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Sciences.

2. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 104), the writer described the distal end of two radii found at Cavetown in a fissure in a limestone quarry. These were associated with remains of 24 other species of vertebrates, mostly mammals. The radii appeared to be those of _Odocoileus virginianus_. Another deer, _Sangamona fugitiva_, was found in the same fissure.

A list of the accompanying species is given on page 348.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, p. 474, fig. 7) reported the finding of an astragalus of some deer-like animal at Saltville. He states that the bone agrees with that of _Odocoileus virginianus_, but is larger. To the present writer the bone is not only too large to be that of the Virginia deer, but is relatively too narrow, it being assumed that Peterson’s figure is correct. In both the Virginia deer and the elk the width of the bone is about 70 per cent of the greatest length, while the figure given is only 60 per cent as wide as long. It is not improbable that the animal belonged to another genus.

2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176) Cope stated that molars and other fragments of _Cariacus (Odocoileus) virginianus_ were abundant in the cave breccia which he examined. A list of the accompanying species will be found on page 353.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Wood County._—In 1835 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXIX, p. 147), Hildreth stated that bones of a deer had been found in this county, then a part of Virginia, involved in the travertine on the floor of the cave. No facts are known that give any clue to the geological age of these bones. They probably belong to some early or middle stage of the Pleistocene.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 22, 39.)