Chapter XVII: On the Theory of the Pleistocene Terraces of the Coastal Plain (8)

In his discussion of the loess at Natchez, Shimek, in 1904 (Bull. Labs. Nat. Hist., Univ. Iowa, p. 305), expressed doubt about the occurrence of mastodons and other vertebrates in the loess.

In the collection at Yale University is a large lower jaw of _Mammut americanum_, labeled as found at Natchez. Both rami are represented and each has in it the second and third molars. The hindermost molar is but little worn. The second molar is 115 mm. long and 87 mm. wide, the third molar 188 mm. long and 93 mm. wide. The spout at the front of the jaw is cut off square and is rough, but there are no sockets for tusks.

For further consideration of the Pleistocene geology at Natchez and a list of the species of vertebrates found there, the reader is referred to pages 389 to 393.

9. _Pinckneyville, Wilkinson County._—On page 284 of Wailles’s report of 1854 he stated that mastodon bones had been obtained in Bayou Sara, near Pinckneyville.

10. _Between Zeiglerville and Pearce, Yazoo County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 10275) is a right ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon, found on the farm of Mr. R. L. Fisher, about 8 miles northwest of Vaughan. This jaw was sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. R. H. Douthat, secretary of the Yazoo Commercial Club, of Yazoo City. The specimen had been washed out of its place of burial along a creek. From Mr. Fisher the writer has received the information that the jaw was found along Teshacah Creek, in section 9, township 12 north, range 1 east. It appears to have been buried at a depth of about 15 feet.

The length of the jaw from the rear to the front of the penultimate molar is 630 mm., to the front of the beak 808 mm. A part of the front of the jaw has been broken off during exhumation, as shown by the photographs. The height at the middle of the length is 195 mm. The coronoid process rises 400 mm. above the lower border of the jaw. There are present the hindermost and the penultimate molars. The hindermost is 220 mm. long and has five crests and a low rough talon. In the front of the jaw is a part of the socket for an incisor tusk which had a diameter of about 40 mm. Apparently the jaw is to be referred to _Mammut progenium_.

11. _Woodville, Wilkinson County._—From Mr. W. L. Ferguson, of Woodville, the writer has received a letter, with a photograph showing jawbones, with teeth, of one or more mastodons found near Woodville. Some fragments of tusks, a part of a skull, and some vertebræ were also found. The information is sent that these remains were buried under 30 feet of deposit. They were found on the bank of Dunbar Creek, a tributary of Bayou Sara, in township 1, range 3, section 24.

On pages 385 to 389 will be treated the geology of this region; but at the present it would be unsafe to refer these mastodons to any particular stage of the Pleistocene.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 5. Fig. 23.)

1. _Kingsport, Sullivan County._—The writer was informed by Mr. George P. Torbett, a newspaper man, that D. M. Lafitte, of Bristol, Tennessee, had a tooth of a mastodon, found near Kingsport. Mr. Torbett had seen the tooth and recognized its similarity to a mastodon tooth shown him.

2. _St. Clair, Hawkins County._—Dr. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia, waiting in 1892 (Science, vol. XX, p. 333), reported that a mastodon tooth had been found somewhere in that county. On making inquiry of Dr. McCallie the writer received the information that the tooth was found about 3.5 miles nearly due east from St. Clair and about 7 or 8 miles south of Rogersville. The tooth was presented to the University of Tennessee.

3. _Mossy Creek, Jefferson County._—The writer has received from Mr. W. C. Bayless the information that a mastodon tooth had been found 3 miles south of the place named. The more exact locality is given as the farm of John Silver, 0.75 mile north of Bays Mountain. The tooth was discovered under a white oak stump, at a depth of 6 feet. It was 7.5 inches long and had 5 cross-crests.

4. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—The geologist G. Troost, writing in 1835 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Pa., vol. I, p. 142), stated that he had in his cabinet a tooth of a mastodon from the locality named.

5. _Neuberts Springs, 7 miles Southeast of Knoxville._—Doctor McCallie, as cited above, reported the discovery of four molars of a mastodon in a fair state of preservation at a point 7 miles southeast of Knoxville. They were found beneath 30 inches of a yellow tenacious clay, in which occurred water-worn stones. In a communication to the writer, Dr. McCallie indicates that the remains had been buried at a time when Tennessee River flowed at a higher level than at present.

6. _Eleven miles West of Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. William A. Nelson, a member of the Tennessee Geological Survey, the information has been received that some mastodon remains, including teeth, had been found 11 miles west of Nashville, just west of Mill Creek and about 200 yards from Cumberland River. The remains occurred in a very tough yellowish clay which occupied a solution channel in the Carter Creek limestone. This was at a depth of about 15 feet from the surface.

Under this number may be recorded the finding of a part of a lower molar of a young mastodon near Nashville, sent to the writer for examination by Mr. W. E. Myer, of Nashville, in 1920. It had been found in the north bank of Cumberland River, about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in a bed of sand beneath nearly 30 feet of gravel. With it were found a calcaneum of a camel and some fragments of a shell of a turtle. In a thin bed of gravel just below this were discovered a tooth of _Equus leidyi_, a femur of a probably larger horse, and an antler of a small probably undescribed deer. Apparently these fossil-bearing deposits belong somewhere near the Aftonian interglacial stage. Remarks on the geology of this locality will be found on page 399.

7. _Williamson County, 11 miles Southeast of Nashville._—The geologist Troost (vol. cit., p. 139) recorded the finding of mastodon bones and teeth in the region noted. The locality was said to be about 0.5 mile from Liberty meeting-house. It must be in the extreme northeastern corner of Williamson County. In another spot not far away were found a tusk and a part of a tooth.

8. _Fayetteville, Lincoln County._—From Mr. Wilbur A. Nelson, above mentioned, the writer learned in 1913 that Mr. W. F. Myer, of Carthage, had dug up, near Fayetteville, about two-thirds of the skeleton of a mastodon. Nothing more has been learned about this.

9. _Memphis, Shelby County._—In 1850 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. X, p. 57), Dr. Jeffries Wyman reported that teeth of a mastodon had been found somewhere about Memphis. They were supposed to have been obtained from the diluvium of Mississippi River, and were found associated with _Castoroides_, _Castor_, and _Megalonyx_.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 5.)

1. _Ludlow, Kenton County._—In the Sunday Star of Washington, D. C., for January 3, 1919, there appeared a reproduction of a photograph of a tusk, believed to belong to a mastodon, which had been found at Ludlow, opposite the lower end of Cincinnati. It was unearthed by the steam shovel in the course of excavating for the Southern Railroad, at a depth of 35 feet, in a gravel bank. It is reported to have a length of 6 feet 10 inches and a diameter of 7 inches. A part of the distal end is missing. According to the photograph, the tusk forms somewhat more than half the circumference of a circle whose radius is about 23.5 inches. The curvature and the thickness, as compared with the length, appear to indicate that it belonged to a mastodon, but the identity is not certain.

2. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—At this place there have been collected an almost incredible number of teeth, skulls, and other bones of _Mammut americanum_; and these have been sent to many museums of this country and Europe. While skulls are said to have been found, no complete skeletons have ever been collected. In 1805, Dr. B. S. Barton (Med. Phys. Jour. Phila., vol. I, pp. 154–159) wrote of bones he had seen from this place. He quoted from a letter written by John Bartram to James Logan. Some Shawanese Indians had brought to Pittsburgh a tooth and a piece of tusk. They described a head as having a long nose and a mouth on the underside. They reported that there were at the Lick five whole skeletons; also a shoulder-blade which, when stood on end, came to the shoulders of a tall man. What they regarded as the long nose may be interpreted as a tusk. Probably some tons of mastodon bones have been collected at this place, but it is quite certain that nearly the whole of this important material has been lost. Further reference to the locality, its geology, and the species collected there will be made on pages 401 to 404, map 41.

3. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—From an excavation made at this place by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, in an attempt to restore the springs which supplied the once popular watering-place, there were taken a large quantity of bones of various animals, perhaps as much as two farm-wagon loads. The greater number of these bones belonged to the mastodon. Portions of skulls were found, but no complete skull. There were in the collection perhaps 100 mastodon teeth and many tusks, but some of these may have belonged to elephants. In some cases the tusks show at the distal end evidences of abrasion by use. Several tusks are planed off on opposite sides, as if they had lain buried in the bottom of a stream, had been worn down flat by sand and gravel, and had then been turned over and planed on the other side. In Mr. Hunter’s collection, seen by the writer, there are small tusks, probably deciduous upper or lower ones, which vary from 87 mm. to 115 mm. in length. Each one is slightly flattened, and has an outer layer of hard dentine or possibly enamel, which is smooth. When this has peeled off the underlying dentine is grooved and ridged longitudinally. The transverse diameters vary from 20 to about 27 mm. Some of these small tusks are straight, others are slightly curved. On page 405 will be given a list of the associated animals and remarks on the geology.

4. _Harrisonville, Harrison County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a lower left penultimate molar of a mastodon said to have been found somewhere near this place. It was presented by Hon. M. L. Ross, through Mr. R. L. Garner. No details are known. The village mentioned is said to be near Cynthiana, but it is not on the maps at hand.

5. _Fayette County._—In Kentucky University there is a lower left hindermost molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found somewhere in the county.

6. _Drennon Springs, Henry County._—In 1881, Mr. G. K. Greene, (2d Ann. Rep. Bur. Statist. and Geol. Indiana, 1880, p. 428) stated that the collection of the State University of Indiana contains a remarkably fine half of a lower jaw of a mastodon, found at the place named. Nothing more is known about it. In 1831, C. S. Rafinesque (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 354) wrote that “Drennon’s Licks had bones and mounds,” indicating that at that early time fossil bones had been found there.

7. _Louisville, Jefferson County._—In 1835, Dr. Richard Harlan (Med. and Phys. Res., p. 256) referred to statements made to the effect that several mastodon skeletons had been found in digging the canal around the falls of the Ohio, at Louisville. They were taken from the river banks, at a depth of several feet beneath the present soil. It was added that several pairs of tusks were arranged in a circle within which were remains of a fire and Indian tools. The authority for this story is hardly what one could desire.

8. _Smithland?, Livingston County._—In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia is a part of a lower left hindermost mastodon molar, labeled as having been found at the mouth of Cumberland River. It is credited to Dr. P. B. Goddard. No details have been preserved. Smithland is at the mouth of Cumberland River, but how far away from this town the tooth was found is not known.

FINDS OF ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 11.)

1. _Toronto, York County._—In 1863 (Canad. Naturalist and Geol., vol. VIII, p. 399), Professor Alex. Winchell wrote that he had a cast of a tooth found at Toronto, and thought by him to belong to _Elephas primigenius_. The writer saw this cast at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is evidently a lower right penultimate molar of the species mentioned. It is to be regretted that more information was not furnished as to the exact locality and the beds; it would be of interest to know whether it had been found in the interglacial deposits that occur about Toronto.

2. _Amaranth, Dufferin County._—In 1908 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, p. 387), Dr. Robert Bell reported the finding of the greater part of the skeleton of an elephant in a swamp in lot 9, range 7, of the township of Amaranth. The tusk was said to be 14 feet long and 8 inches in diameter. The context indicates that the remains were found at a moderate depth in shell marl.

In 1891 (Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. VIII, p. 504), Professor J. Hoyes Panton reported the discovery, in 1890, of bones of a mammoth at this place, impliedly in a bed of marl. There were 31 ribs, several vertebræ, a tusk 12.66 feet long, with a portion broken off; also a tooth weighing 16.75 pounds. From Mr. Simon Jelly, of Shelburne, the writer learns that the bones reported to have been found at Shelburne are the same as those reported from Amaranth. They had been exhumed by his brother, John Jelly, and were taken to Owen Sound and from there exhibited at county fairs for several years.

These bones, or a part of them, are at present in possession of Mr. Alexander Duke, of San Diego, California. A photograph of the tusk shows it has quite the length given for it. It is relatively slender, the base having a diameter said to be 9.5 inches. It is spirally twisted in the distal half. The atlas is present and stated to measure 16 by 9 inches. There is a small but distinct photograph of a hindermost molar, apparently an upper one. The tooth is 16 inches long, 7 inches high, and 3 inches wide. This is the length from the front of the grinding-surface to the base behind. The plates are not worn to the base in front. There appear to be 22 ridge-plates present, and 6 in a 4–inch line. The base of the tooth is straight; the ridge-plates curve forward slightly as they ascend. The hyoid arch is preserved. The writer regards the specimen as being a large individual of _Elephas primigenius_.

This elephant lived after the Wisconsin ice-sheet had begun to withdraw. According to Taylor’s map (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, plate XIX), this region had become cleared of ice while the basin of Lake Ontario was still fully occupied by the glacier; but it is doubtful that the animal could have lived there at that time.

NEW YORK.

(Map 11.)

1. _Minoa, Onondaga County._—Dr. Burnett Smith, of Syracuse University, sent the writer photographs of a lower hindermost molar of an elephant which, associated with a tusk, was found at this place, 8 miles east of Syracuse. Dr. Smith has ascertained that the tooth and the tusk were dug up during the construction of the West Shore Railroad. The tooth is quite certainly that of _Elephas primigenius_. It is worn down to the base in front, but retains a part of its large posterior root.

2. _Williamson, Wayne County._—In the collection of Rochester University is a lower left hindermost molar tooth found at this place. Professor H. L. Fairchild informed the writer that the tooth was found on the Iroquois beach, but whether on the northern or southern side is not known.

3. _Pittsford, Monroe County._—In 1842 (Zool. New York Mamm., p. 101, plate XXXII, fig. 2), J. E. De Kay described, under the name _Elephas americanus_, a tooth found at Perinton, about 10 miles east of Rochester and near Irondequoit River. A description of the discovery and of the locality had been given in 1837 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXII, p. 377) by an anonymous writer. Two teeth and a tusk had been found in a sandy bank on the stream mentioned while a race was being made for a saw-mill. The tusk, and probably the teeth also, lay at a depth of 4 feet. The exact locality was described as being 2 miles north of the crossing of Erie Canal. This is in reality southeast of Rochester and near Pittsford. On page 59 is described a tusk of a supposed mastodon found at Pittsford in 1830.

De Kay regarded the animal as belonging to an undescribed species, but his name _Elephas americanus_ had been applied to the mastodon by Cuvier in 1799.

On examining Fairchild’s plates showing the recession of the Wisconsin ice-sheet (Bull. 127, State Mus. New York) it will be seen that the localities where the three specimens of _Elephas primigenius_ have been found are close to the south shore of the ancient Lake Iroquois. The animals could not, therefore, have lived before the ice had nearly or quite withdrawn into the basin of the present Lake Ontario. They may have lived long after this, possibly up to, or near to, the beginning of the Recent. It is to be noted further that the locality of the molar tooth found at Williamson, Wayne County, is closer to the shore of Iroquois Lake than is that of any of the mastodons; so possibly this species existed somewhat longer than did the mastodon.

4. _Buffalo, Erie County._—From the director of the Buffalo Society of Natural History, Dr. William L. Bryant, the writer has received photographs of a right upper hindermost molar of _Elephas primigenius_ dredged from near the middle of Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. The tooth is 275 mm. long and 100 mm. wide on the worn surface. It is worn to near the base in front, but probably no plates are wholly lost. There appear to be about 24 present. It appears probable that the tooth had not been carried far after being washed from its resting-place. Although it probably belongs to the Wisconsin stage, there is a possibility that it was washed out of some older Pleistocene deposit.

5. _Queensbury, Warren County._—Mr. C. A. Hartnagel, assistant State geologist of New York, informed the writer of the discovery, some 60 years ago, of a tooth of an elephant near Queensbury, situated near the southern end of Lake George. The tooth is labeled as found on the John Harris farm. The nature of the deposit in which it was buried is not known. It was found during the excavation of a cellar, therefore at no great depth.

The tooth is a lower right hindermost molar, worn on only about 8 plates and not to the base in front. About 7 plates are missing from the rear. There are present 17 ridge-plates. The length along the base is 250 mm.; originally it must have been close to 350 mm. On a lateral face there are only about 7 of the plates in a 100–mm. line. Nevertheless, the writer regards the tooth as belonging to _E. primigenius_. It is unusually long for the species; hence the plates are thicker, quite as thick as some specimens of _E. columbi_. However, the enamel, as shown on the worn face, is much thinner than that of _E. columbi_ and comparatively little folded. The plates are only moderately concave on the hinder face. The height of the tooth at the ninth plate is 140 mm.

6. _Lewiston, Niagara County._—From Mr. C. A. Hartnagel the writer received information of the finding of a tooth of an elephant at Lewiston; and later the tooth was sent for examination. It proved to belong to _E. primigenius_ and to be the upper right hindermost molar. Inasmuch as it is worn to the base in front and as the large anterior root is missing, some plates, probably at least two, are missing. There are 22 present. The tooth is worn back to the tenth from the rear. The length, as the tooth is preserved, is 275 mm. The height at the tenth plate from the rear is 160 mm., not including the base of the roots. The greatest thickness is 85 mm. On the lateral face are 9 plates in a 100–mm. line. The base of the tooth is straight; the hinder border of the crown, arched.

Mr. Hartnagel stated that besides the tooth some fragments of other teeth and two atlases were found at the same place. Evidently more than one animal was present. The remains here described were discovered at least 20 feet below the gravel-bed at that place and 80 feet below the level top of the terrace at points where it was not eroded. The bones and teeth appear to have been scattered through a bed of sediments at least 6 feet in thickness. The remains described above were mentioned by Kindle and Taylor on page 13 of Folio 190 of the U. S. Geological Survey, but were referred to a mastodon. The writers described the deposit in which the tooth was found. The geological age was believed to be that of the Iroquois episode of the Wisconsin.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 11.)

1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In the collection at Princeton University is an upper right last molar of this species recorded as having been found at Trenton. It was discovered in the bluff of Delaware River, just outside the fence of the Riverview cemetery, about 12 feet from the surface. The tooth was given to Dr. Marcus S. Farr by Dr. C. C. Abbott, and to him by Dr. Ward, of Trenton. Dr. Abbott was certain that it was found in the Trenton gravels. Further mention will be made of this on page 304.

2. _North Plainfield, Union County._—In Rutgers College is a considerably weathered elephant tooth referred to this species. It was found on Greenbrook road, 2 miles east of North Plainfield. There are about 12 ridge-plates present in the specimen. This locality is on the border of the Wisconsin drift moraine, and the elephant tooth was probably buried in outwash from the moraine.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 11.)

1. _Brookfield, Tioga County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 193) is a part of an upper molar of _Elephas primigenius_ sent in 1889 by Mr. Ira Sayles, of Brookfield. It was found along the north fork of Cowanesqua Creek. The hinder 13 plates are present. Mr. Sayles, in a letter to the present writer, stated that originally the tooth had 8 more enamel plates. This would seem to indicate that the tooth is the hindermost molar. Ten of the plates on the side of the tooth are crossed by a line 100 mm. long. The animal probably belonged to the Late Wisconsin stage.

2. _Chadd’s Ford, Chester or Delaware County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, is a fragment of an elephant tooth labeled as found in kaolin deposits owned by W. W. Jeffries and G. B. Dillingham. The specimen was described by Leidy (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1875, p. 121). In this fragment are six ridge-plates, and a line crossing them measures 60 mm. The tooth appears to have belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. Leidy stated that it had been found lying on the kaolin bed, 8 feet below the surface.

In the same collection is a fragment of a tooth to be referred to _E. primigenius_, consisting of three plates, apparently presented by I. McClure. It is said to have been found in Chester County, but no more exact locality was named.

3. _Harvey’s, Greene County._—From Mr. Andrew J. Waychoff, of Waynesburg, the writer has received for examination a lower jaw of a young individual of _Elephas primigenius_ found near the place named. Professor Edwin Linton sent the information that it was discovered in the bed of Gray’s Fork of Ten mile Creek, about 0.25 mile west of Graysville. In the jaw are the second true molars, right and left, slightly worn. The length of each is 165 mm., the width 62 mm.

4. _Lone Pine, Washington County._—From Professor Edwin Linton, of Washington and Jefferson College, the writer received a photograph of an elephant tooth found at Lone Pine. This place is located on Little Ten mile Creek, 7.25 miles southeast of Washington. Professor Linton writes that a 100–mm. line crosses ten of the ridge-plates on the side of the tooth. The photograph shows that there are 20 plates present, of which 12 are worn more or less.

5. _Beaverdam, Erie County._—In 1828 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. 31), Mr. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer described a tooth which must have been that of _Elephas primigenius_. It had been found near Lake Erie, at a place called Beaverdam, near a small rivulet, and at a height of 600 feet above the lake. He stated that there were 13 layers of enamel in a line 4.5 inches long. The tooth was sent to the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, but was probably destroyed in a fire at the old American Museum of Natural History.

OHIO.

(Maps 11, 36.)

1. _Waverly, Pike County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper molar of an elephant said to have been found in a gravel-pit of the Norfolk and Western Railroad, at Waverly. It was sent to the Smithsonian Institution in 1900 by Mr. E. Sehon, who stated that the tooth had been picked up along the railroad mentioned, about 30 miles south of Kenova, West Virginia, but that the gravel had been loaded on the cars at Waverly. The tooth is believed to be the hindermost milk molar. There are 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long. The Pleistocene geological conditions at Waverly may to some extent be learned by consulting Leverett’s paper forming Monograph XLI of the U. S. Geological Survey, pages 101–104. There is a possibility that this tooth was buried in gravels older than the last glacial stage.

2. _Zanesville, Muskingum County._—In 1853 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. XV, pp. 146–147) is found a brief account of the discovery of elephant remains at Zanesville. One tusk and four molars were found. Two of the latter weighed (probably while wet) 20 pounds each and two others 14 pounds each. They had been found on the line of what was then called the Ohio Central Railroad and in the eastern part of the city. At about the same time (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. IV, p. 377) Warren exhibited a tooth of an elephant, one of three received by him from Zanesville (misprinted Lanesville). In the second edition of his monograph on “Mastodon giganteus” Warren figured one of these teeth (his plate XXVIII). It was stated that he had four of the teeth, all belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. These are now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The right upper hindermost molar is a fine large tooth. The large front root is missing, as are quite certainly about 3 plates. There are now 28 present. The length along the nearly straight base is 335 mm. The rear is high and arched. There are 9 plates in a 100–mm. line and the enamel is little festooned. Foster, in 1857 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, p. 156), described the discovery and exhumation of these remains, publishing a geological section illustrated by a figure. The elephant bed is 37 feet above the river and over 20 feet from the surface. In the collection of the State University at Columbus (No. 5296) is a fine upper hindermost molar of _Elephas primigenius_ credited to T. W. Lewis and said to have been found at Zanesville. There are nine or ten plates in a 100–mm. line. Zanesville is situated in the unglaciated part of the State; but outwash from both the Illinoian and the Wisconsin glaciers has been deposited along the river. For a knowledge of the Pleistocene epoch in that region, Leverett’s work may be consulted (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, p. 158, plate II).

3. _Duncan Falls, Muskingum County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 308) is a tooth, apparently the first true molar, of _Elephas primigenius_ labeled as having been found on Salt Creek, in the county named. Salt Creek is situated in the eastern part of the county, flows southward, and empties into Muskingum River at Duncan Falls. This tooth is probably the one mentioned by J. W. Foster in 1857 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, 1856, p. 158) as having been found near the mouth of Salt Creek and then owned by Mr. A. C. Ross.

4. _Millport, Columbiana County._—From Professor Edwin Linton, of Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania, the writer received a letter stating that there is in that institution a tooth of an elephant found in section 7 of Franklin Township (17 north, range 3 west), apparently about 2 miles northeast of Millport and on or near the stream Nancy Run. The locality is outside of the glaciated area. Probably the animal had lived during the Wisconsin stage, but there is a chance that it belonged to an earlier time.

5. _Mount Healthy, Hamilton County._—In 1914, the writer received the photograph of a skull of _Elephas primigenius_ which was found some years before at Mount Healthy. Professor N. M. Fenneman informed the writer that it was discovered on the farm of Barney Miller, in the bank of Whisky Run. Professor C. A. Hunt, of Mount Healthy, has sent the information that it was found in the bed of Taylor Creek, a branch of West Fork of Mill Creek, in the northeast quarter of section 28, township 3, range 1, of the Miami purchase. Taylor Creek is probably another name for Whisky Run. The skull was met with in deep alluvial sediment. At the time of Professor Hunt’s writing it was in the possession of Mr. Jacob Kismer, North Side, Cincinnati. In 1920 it was purchased for the U. S. National Museum (No. 10261).

The front of the skull is preserved from the vertex to the front of the premaxilla. A part of one tusk, about 4 inches in diameter, is present. An upper molar was detached and later lost or otherwise disposed of. The one present has 10 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. Leverett (Monogr. XLI, p. 283), in speaking of drift deposits in Mill Creek Valley, stated that the greater part of the drift is Illinoian. Professor Fenneman (Bull. 19, Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 158) refers the deposit to the Wisconsin stage.

15. _Butler County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia is an elephant tooth which is accredited to W. S. Vaux and labeled as having been found in Butler County. The tooth has now a length of 230 mm., but is worn down to the base in front and the large anterior root is missing. The width is 105 mm. It appears to be a large hindermost upper molar of _E. primigenius_. Nothing more definite is known about the locality. The whole country is covered with Wisconsin drift.

6. _Dayton, Montgomery County._—In the collection of the Society of Archæology and History at the University of Ohio is a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ which, as reported by Professor W. C. Mills, was found near the middle of the eastern boundary of Montgomery County. This would not be far from Dayton. The locality is within the area covered by Wisconsin drift and the animal lived probably not far away from the foot of the retiring glacier.

7. _Selma, Clark County._—In Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, are two upper last molars, right and left, said to have been collected at Selma. There are nine ridge-plates in a line 100 mm. long. Nothing is known regarding the geological conditions connected with the discovery, except that the locality is within the Wisconsin area.

8. _Versailles, Darke County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper hindermost molar of _Elephas primigenius_ (No. 4761), recorded as found in Wayne Township, on the farm of Foster Compton, in the northeast corner of the township. This would be probably about 4 miles north of east of Versailles. The country is level and was doubtless originally swampy. This tooth is apparently the one mentioned by A. C. Lindemuth in 1878 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. III, pt. 1, p. 509). He stated that it had been picked up in the creek bottom just north of Versailles.

Under this number may be recorded a tooth of _E. primigenius_ found many years ago by George H. Teaford, about 2 miles southeast of Palestine, in Darke County, and now in the collection in the public library at Greenville. It is a lower left hindermost molar. There are 20 plates present and evidently a few are missing from the front.

9. _Jersey, Licking County._—In the collection of the Ohio State University, Columbus, are two large teeth of _Elephas primigenius_ labeled as sent from this place and credited to D. D. Condit. The length along the base of one of the teeth is 286 mm. There are nine plates in a 100–mm. line and the enamel is unusually thin. This locality is on the western border of the Wisconsin terminal moraine and the animal belongs therefore to the Late Wisconsin stage.

10. _Chicago, Huron County._—In the collection of the Society of Archæology and History, at the University of Ohio, the writer has seen a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, labeled as having been found at this place, which is located on or close to the Defiance moraine.

11. _Kamms, Cuyahoga County._—About May 1, 1911, Mr. F. W. Glenn, of Kamms, sent to the U. S. National Museum a photograph of a tooth which the present writer identified as belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. This town is about 4 miles from the shore of Lake Erie.

12. _Cleveland, Cuyahoga County._—In the collection of Adelbert College, Cleveland, is a lower jaw of _Elephas primigenius_ which was obtained here. Professor H. P. Cushing has furnished the writer photographs of this jaw, which belonged to a young animal, inasmuch as the hindermost milk molar had not wholly appeared above the bone. Of this tooth, six ridge-plates were crossed by a line 50 mm. in length.

This jaw was found in 1909, in making a sewer, in hitherto undisturbed materials, 22 feet from the surface. In the section at that point is found 22 feet of sand resting on till, the latter being the upper part of the glacial filling of the preglacial Cuyahoga Valley, 300 feet down to the rock. The jaw was at the base of the sands. Professor Cushing regarded the jaw as older than old Lake Warren and presumably as belonging to the time of Lake Whittlesey.

13. _New Berlin, Stark County._—At Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer has seen a well-preserved specimen of an upper second true molar of _Elephas primigenius_ found near New Berlin. There were counted 16 ridge-plates, of which 11 are in a 100–mm. line.

From Rev. J. P. Stahl, Alliance, Ohio, the writer has learned that this tooth was found about a mile south of New Berlin, in a small gravel hill along the Canton and New Berlin highway. The gravel was being removed to make a road-bed. New Berlin is on the Grand River moraine and the elephant belongs therefore to the Late Wisconsin stage.

14. _Amboy, Ashtabula County._—In the Buffalo, New York, Natural History Society, the writer examined a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, discovered at this place. It is the front half of the right upper hindermost molar. There are nine ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. At the same place, and probably under the same geological conditions, were found teeth of _Elephas columbi_. These conditions will be described on page 329.

15. See page 135.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 11.)

1. _Three Oaks, Berrien County._—Mr. C. K. Warren, of Three Oaks, has in his possession the upper and lower last molars, right and left, of an elephant which appears to have been found somewhere in the neighborhood of Three Oaks. These are large teeth and seem to the writer to belong to _E. primigenius_. The left upper tooth is 300 mm. long and 100 mm. wide. There are 22 plates. The tooth is worn back to the fourteenth plate, 170 mm. high. There are only seven plates in a 100–mm. line, but it must be taken into account that the tooth is a large one for the species. The plates are parallel with one another and the base of the tooth is straight. The enamel is thin.

One of the lower teeth has a length of 342 mm. The height at the first unworn plate, about the fourteenth, is 135 mm. On the outer face there are six plates in a 100–mm. line.

Not knowing exactly where these teeth were found or at what depth, not much can be said regarding them. However, the region about Three Oaks is occupied by Wisconsin drift and the animal quite certainly lived during the Late Wisconsin stage.

As shown by the map of mastodons in Michigan (map 8), at least three specimens of the American mastodon have been found in this county. It is extremely probable that the two species lived together.

2. _Eaton Rapids, Eaton County._—In the Michigan Agricultural School, at East Lansing, is a lower jaw (No. 8260) of _Elephas primigenius_, found at Eaton Rapids, on the Grand River. Dr. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1905, p. 553) says that it was found 2 miles below the town. It was found in 1904 by Charles H. Fry. The jaw contains a tooth on each side, and in front of each is a socket for a missing tooth. Behind the tooth is a cavity in the jaw for a succeeding tooth. The one present is taken to be the first true molar. There are present 13, possibly 14, plates. The length of the tooth is 123 mm., its width 51 mm. The enamel is thin and little crinkled. The jaw is 100 mm. high at the rear of the tooth present.

Eaton Rapids is situated on the Grand River, where the latter breaks through the Charlotte morainic system. In this county there have been found two mastodons, one about Belleview, the other in the vicinity of Olivet.

INDIANA.

(Map 11.)

IN AREA COVERED BY ILLINOIAN DRIFT.

1. _Otter Creek Township, Vigo County._—In Ward’s Natural History Establishment, Rochester, New York, the writer saw a pair of upper second molars which, in 1885, were found in Otter Creek Township. They were dug up on the farm of W. H. Stewart, while making a ditch in low ground. From information received from Mr. S. D. Humphrey, North Terre Haute, it appears that the locality is not far from the common meeting-point of sections 8, 9, 16, 17 of township 13 north, range 8 west. The complete tooth, the one of the left side, had 22 plates and a front and a rear talon. The length was 248 mm., the width 96 mm. There were 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long. This thinness of the plates is evidence as to the specific identity of the animal.

2. _Madison, Jefferson County._—The collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, contains a large lower last molar of the right side, presented by Dr. Hallowell in 1840, and labeled as coming from Madison. The length is 245 mm., and there are 9 plates in 100 mm. This tooth was mentioned by Dr. Leidy in 1869. From the information furnished one can conclude only that _Elephas primigenius_ once lived in southern Indiana.

3. _Vevay, Switzerland County._—Professor E. Danglade, of the U. S. Fish Commission, presented the U. S. National Museum a tooth (No. 7913), apparently a second true molar, possibly the first, of _E. primigenius_. There are 10 plates present. The tooth was found on the shore of Ohio River about 1.5 miles below Vevay, having been washed out of a gravel bank, and is much weathered. No exact conclusions about the age of the tooth can be drawn from the known facts.

IN AREA BETWEEN THE SHELBYVILLE AND THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINES.

10. _Webster, Wayne County._—In the collection of Earlham College are 2 elephant teeth, credited to Jehiel Bond and found on Nolands Fork, near Webster, Wayne County. One is the second molar of the right side of the upper jaw and is much worn; the other is the third upper molar of apparently the same side and is but little worn. These teeth were mentioned by the author in his report on the “Pleistocene Vertebrata of Indiana” (33d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 750), but he had not then determined to what species they belonged. A renewed study shows that they certainly belong to _Elephas primigenius_. With these teeth is a tusk which measures 1,800 mm. along the convex curve.

Webster is situated south of the Bloomington moraine, in a tract of country indicated by Leverett as covered by undulating drift, in part morainic.

The greater part of this political township, made up apparently of parts of townships numbered 13 north and ranges 8 and 9 west, is occupied by outwash deposits laid down by the Wabash River and brought from further north during the Wisconsin stage; but at present, at least, it is impossible to assign the animal to any particular division of that stage.

IN AREA NORTH OF BLOOMINGTON MORAINE AND SOUTH OF THE MISSISSINAWA
MORAINE AND THE WABASH RIVER.

4. _Windsor, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, is a part of a tooth referred to this species. It is either the last milk molar or the first true molar of the right side of the lower jaw. There are present eleven plates and one or more is missing from the rear. The length along the base is 100 mm., the width is 55 mm. There are six plates in a line 50 mm. long. This tooth was found August 20, 1893, in the bed of Stony Creek, near Windsor. According to Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana, this is just south of the Union City moraine near its junction with the Bloomington moraine. By what is known of the habits of this species it may have lived even when the glacial sheet was forming the Union City moraine.

5. _Winchester, Randolph County._—In the collection of Earlham College is a lower molar of the right side, apparently the first, labeled as found at Winchester. No details are furnished. Winchester lies on the border of the Union City moraine and all the country about is occupied by Wisconsin drift. It is quite certain, therefore, that this mammoth lived at some time between the formation of the moraine mentioned and the end of the Pleistocene epoch.

6. _Fairmount, Grant County._—Here was found, in 1904, the nearly complete skeleton of the mammoth mounted in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It has been described and figured by the writer (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 718, figs. 63, 64; Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 396, fig. 133). It was found on the farm of Mrs. Dora C. Gift, about 4 miles east of Fairmount. The location is in the southeast quarter of section 23, township 23 north, range 8 east. This information has been furnished by Mr. George Swisher, surveyor of Grant County.

This whole region is mapped by Leverett as being occupied by ground moraine of till plains, and the animal must have lived after the Wisconsin ice cleared away. A tract more or less morainic, an extension of the Union City moraine, is indicated by Leverett on his latest map as passing further south than Fairmount. At the earliest it must have been after the withdrawal of the ice from the Union City moraine that the animal lived. Considering the character of the surrounding country, the nature of the deposit inclosing the skeleton, and the depth at which it was buried, it might be supposed that it was not long after the formation of the Union City moraine that this elephant existed.

9. _North Liberty, St. Joseph County._—From Professor A. M. Kirsch, of Notre Dame University, the writer received a photograph of an upper molar of _Elephas primigenius_ found at New Liberty about 1905. This tooth is worn to the base in front and to the fourth plate from the rear. Evidently several plates are gone from the front. Apparently 18 remain. The extreme length is 215 mm. The edges of the plates, as seen on the side of the tooth present a sigmoid curve. The enamel was evidently thin.

IN AREA NORTH OF KANKAKEE RIVER.

8. _Crown Point, Lake County._—Mr. G. W. Stose, of the U. S. Geological Survey, informed the writer that about 1888 he helped in exhuming some bones of an elephant near Crown Point, discovered in the construction of a large ditch in township 34 north, range 8 west. The bones lay in a swamp clay at a depth of 8 to 10 feet. A part of a tusk, one tooth, and one large bone were put in Guenther’s Museum, Chicago. Another tooth (M^3) owned by Mr. Stose (No. 8067) was presented to the U. S. National Museum in 1914. It is worn to the base in front; 22 plates remain. The length of the tooth is 285 mm., and the width 100 mm. There are 8 plates in a 100 mm. line. The enamel is thin and little folded.

IN AREA BETWEEN THE WABASH AND KANKAKEE RIVERS.

7. _Near Francisville, Pulaski County._—The writer has received from Mr. W. D. Pattison, of Winamac, Indiana, two photographs of a tooth of an elephant which quite certainly belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. The locality is in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section 20, township 30 north, range 4 west. According to Leverett’s map, this is in a tract covered by Wisconsin ground moraine and but little above the level of the Kankakee marshes, the 700–foot contour-line being not far away. Just west of the place is a part of the Marseilles moraine. The spot must be very near Metamonong Creek.

11. _Rochester, Fulton County._—The American Museum of Natural History, New York, has a well-preserved skull of _Elephas primigenius_ which had been exhumed in the vicinity of Rochester. The exact locality is not known to the writer.

The specimen is supposed to have been a female. The tusks are slender and only 700 mm. long. The hindermost upper molar is present. It is 245 mm. long and 75 mm. wide. There are 10 plates in a 100–mm. line. There appear to be 25 or 26 plates present. The second molar was still in use and about 130 mm. long. This was a large elephant, the measurements falling only slightly below the specimen in that museum which was obtained near Fairmount, Grant County.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 11, 38.)

1. _Cairo, Alexander County._—The collection of the Buffalo Society of Natural History contains a tooth of an elephant, an upper left second true molar, apparently belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. It is reported to have been found at Cairo, at a depth of 95 feet below the bed of Ohio River. It was probably discovered in preparing the foundations of a railroad bridge. It has 15 ridge-plates, besides the front and rear talons. The length of the base, in a straight line, is 156 mm. There are 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long, a number too great for _E. columbi_. The tooth is unworn. It has suffered no injury, as from being rolled along the river bed; hence the animal probably died near where the tooth was found. It is impossible to assign the tooth with certainty to any particular stage of Pleistocene times. It seems most probable that the animal lived at the time the Illinoian ice-sheet was only a few miles away; the depth at which it was buried in the filling of the river channel appears to lend confirmation to this view.

2. _Ashland, Cass County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 2195) are some remains of an elephant, referred to _Elephas primigenius_, found at Ashland in the spring of 1901. The remains consist of pieces of one tusk, the symphysis of the lower jaw, the right and left upper hindermost molars, the right lower last molar, a fragment of the rear of a much-worn upper second molar, and another of a correspondingly worn lower second molar. They were found in tilling a farm near Ashland by Mr. J. W. Arnold, of Jacksonville, Illinois.

The upper teeth resemble greatly those figured by the writer in his report on the Pleistocene Mammalia of Iowa (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, plate LIX); but the teeth from Ashland are more worn than those found in Milwaukee. The last molars from Ashland are worn back to about the eleventh ridge-plate, and the second molar is worn so that only its rear portion remained. The length of the upper molars is about 275 mm. The height of the eleventh plate is 185 mm.; the breadth of the grinding-surface is 90 mm. One or two of the hinder plates are missing, but evidently there were at least 24. There are 9 or 10 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line on the worn surface; farther towards the base 8 plates in the same space. The ridge-plates are little bent; the enamel is thin and little sinuous in its way across the worn surface of the tooth.

The lower last molar is 315 mm. long, 152 mm. high, and 85 mm. wide. It is thus longer than the upper molars, slightly narrower, and not so high.

A fragment of the hinder end of what appears to be the lower left second molar shows 7 ridge-plates remaining. These form two series, an inner and an outer, entirely separate from each other. This condition is sometimes seen in little-worn teeth.

The geology of this region may be studied on the Tallula-Springfield Folio, No. 188 of the U. S. Geological Survey. The Tallula Quadrangle includes a narrow strip of the eastern border of Cass County. Here the surface forms a nearly level prairie. According to the geologists Shaw and Savage, the surface in the region next to Cass County and much of the rest of the quadrangle is covered by a blanket of loess. Its thickness varies from 4 to 20 feet; under this, sometimes, in wells, is to be found a dark-colored ill-smelling deposit, of no great thickness, which is believed to represent the Sangamon stage. Underlying the loess everywhere is the Illinoian drift.

As regards the geological age of the elephant described above, it is quite certain that it lived after the Illinoian stage. It is quite probable, too, that its teeth and bones were found in the loess which overlies the Sangamon soil in some places in the quadrangle. This loess may have accumulated during the Iowan glacial stage or during the succeeding Peorian interglacial. Considering what we know about the habits of _Elephas primigenius_, it appears most probable that the animal in question passed its life during some part of the Iowan.

3. _Kewanee, Henry County._—In the collection of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, is a fragment of an upper molar of _Elephas primigenius_, found at Kewanee. It was discovered in 1910, in making an excavation for the National Tube Company, and was presented to the university by Mr. J. E. Kemp, at that time engineer in charge of the work of excavation. This gentleman has furnished very exact information regarding the discovery of the tooth and the nature of the deposits passed through.

Mr. Kemp himself saw the tooth taken out and states that it was found at a depth of about 12 feet. As to the materials passed through, Mr. Kemp writes:

“After the first 2 feet of soil carrying organic matter we have 5
feet of yellow clay above the ground-water level, and below this
approximately 3 feet of yellow clay which becomes very soft unless
carefully drained before working. This yellow clay then merges into
bluish clay, hard and better packed, going to a depth of
approximately 20 to 21 feet. At this level we meet with that black
soil which is known locally as ‘the chip yard’ and which contains
vegetation and pieces of wood, as you describe. This ‘chip yard’ is
a softer stratum than the overlying blue clay and caused difficulty
in the excavation of a hole approximately 20 feet by 30 feet and 20
feet deep, as the vibration of the reciprocating engines in the
building caused the bottom to rise in little hillocks over night,
and the last 2 feet of excavation had to be dug out and 24 inches of
concrete placed in the bottom, in order to preserve the excavation.”