Chapter XLVI: Appendix: II (3)

Azilian remains are confined to the south of Europe; Tardenoisian
remains are widely distributed in Europe. To this period also belongs
the Maglemose culture from Zeeland. Some grain found in the cave of
Mas d’Azil has been interpreted as showing that agriculture was
practised; in all probability, however, the grain has been introduced
recently—perhaps by rats. Certain curiously marked pebbles are known
from Azilian times and have been taken by some authors to be evidence
of the use of an alphabet. This interpretation cannot be accepted,
though possibly these markings may have been signs intended to assist
the memory—such as were in use in Peru, for example.

Footnote 191:

Palaeolithic man may have kept animals as pets. Many primitive races
have a passion for keeping pets though they derive no economic
advantage from so doing.

Footnote 192:

That agriculture is an art learnt but recently is not yet appreciated
by some men of science. Thus Sir A. D. Hall in a book published in
1919 says that ‘agriculture must be almost coeval with the human race’
(_Fertilizers and Manures_, p. 2).

Footnote 193:

Montelius, _C. I. A._, 1906, vol. ii, p. 32.

Footnote 194:

Pottery from the earliest Neolithic at Cnossus was well made, and
therefore this culture must have originated considerably more than
14,000 years ago.

Footnote 195:

On this subject see Déchelette, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 336.

Footnote 196:

Jade was found in the first city of Hissarlik, which must have come
from the Kuen-lun (Gowland, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, 1912, p. 260).

Footnote 197:

On this subject see Gowland, loc. cit., p. 236.

Footnote 198:

_Handbook of American Indians_: articles on _Copper_ and _Iron_.

Footnote 199:

Reisner, ‘Early Dynastic Cemeteries of Naga-ed-Dêr’, _University of
California Publications_, 1908, p. 117.

Footnote 200:

Reisner, loc. cit., p. 127.

Footnote 201:

Ibid., p. 134.

Footnote 202:

Iron weapons are found in late Mycenean graves (Ridgeway, _Early Age
of Greece_, p. 294).

Footnote 203:

Ridgeway, _Beginnings of Iron_, p. 644.

Footnote 204:

Von Luschan supports this view (_Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xli, 1909, p.
52).

Footnote 205:

Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 254.

Footnote 206:

See on this point Breuil, ‘Les Subdivisions du Paléolithique
Supérieur,’ _C. I. A._, 1912. With regard to the Neolithic period
Déchelette says: ‘Il est permis de placer en Orient le principal
centre de diffusion des accroissements successifs de la civilisation
occidentale’ (loc. cit., vol. i, p. 313).

Footnote 207:

See Hrdlicka, ‘Early Man in South America’ (_S. I. B. E._, No. 52,
1912), ‘Skeletal Remains suggesting or attributed to Early Man in
North America’ (ibid., No. 33, 1907), and ‘Recent Discoveries
attributed to Early Man in America’ (ibid., No. 66, 1917).

Footnote 208:

It is interesting to note the cranial capacity of these races and to
compare them with the figures given above for prehistoric races:
Tasmanians, 1,225 c.c.; Australians, 1,320 c.c.; Bushmen, 1,244 c.c.;
Veddahs, 1,201 to 1,336 c.c.; American Indians, 1,300 to 1,450 c.c.
See Hoernes, _Natur und Urgeschichte der Menschen_, vol. i, p. 60.

Footnote 209:

See J. J. Atkinson, _Primal Law_ (in _Social Origins_, by Lang and
Atkinson).

Footnote 210:

Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_, p. 164.

Footnote 211:

See, for example, Parker, _Euahlayi Tribe_, p. 56, and, for the tribes
of Western Victoria, Brown, _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p. 158.

Footnote 212:

Early betrothal is also common among other races of this group; but,
unless otherwise stated, this should not be taken as meaning that
cohabitation follows until after puberty. The more careful accounts
usually state that it does not; for the Thompson Indians, for
instance, see Teit, _Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i, p. 321.

Footnote 213:

Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, vol. i, p. 267. This author has dealt
at some length with the prevalence of this habit.

Footnote 214:

Nansen, _First Crossing of Greenland_, p. 320.

Footnote 215:

Murdoch, 9th _A. R. B. E._, p. 419.

Footnote 216:

Turner, 11th _A. R. B. E._, p. 188. See, for Behring Strait Eskimos,
Nelson, 18th _A. R. B. E._, p. 292.

Footnote 217:

Ross, _A. R. S. I._, 1860, p. 305.

Footnote 218:

Gibbs, _U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey_, vol. i, p. 199.

Footnote 219:

Powers, ibid., vol. iii, p. 413.

Footnote 220:

Ibid., p. 157.

Footnote 221:

Ten Kate, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. iv, p. 129.

Footnote 222:

Hyades and Deniker, _Mission Scientifique_, p. 188.

Footnote 223:

Ibid., p. 187.

Footnote 224:

Seligman, _Veddahs_, p. 95. It is possible that this may have been
formerly forbidden (ibid., p. 96).

Footnote 225:

Ling Roth, _Aborigines of Tasmania_, p. 168, note.

Footnote 226:

Bonwick, _Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians_, p. 85.

Footnote 227:

Eyre, _Journals_, vol. ii, p. 250. See also Spencer and Gillen,
_Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 51.

Footnote 228:

Grey, _Journals_, vol. ii, p. 250.

Footnote 229:

Eylmann, _Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Südaustralien_, p. 261.

Footnote 230:

Taplin, _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 15.

Footnote 231:

Meyer, _Aborigines of the Encounter Bay Tribe_, p. 187.

Footnote 232:

Curr, _Recollections_, p. 263. See also Smyth, _Aborigines of
Victoria_, vol. i, p. 48.

Footnote 233:

R. Brown, _Geog. Journ._, vol. i, p. 39.

Footnote 234:

Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 415.

Footnote 235:

Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 151.

Footnote 236:

Crantz, _History of Greenland_, vol. i, p. 162.

Footnote 237:

Bessels, _Arch, für Anth._, vol. viii, p. 113.

Footnote 238:

Heriot, _Travels_, p. 339. See also Weld, _Travels_, p. 373.

Footnote 239:

J. Long, _Voyages_, p. 60.

Footnote 240:

Dall, _Alaska_, p. 196.

Footnote 241:

Ross, loc. cit., p. 305.

Footnote 242:

Krause, _Die Thinklit-Indianer_, p. 216. See also Bancroft, _Native
Races_, vol. i, p. 111.

Footnote 243:

Lord, _Naturalist in Vancouver_, vol. ii, p. 233.

Footnote 244:

Sproat, loc. cit., p. 94.

Footnote 245:

Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, vol. iii, p. 212.

Footnote 246:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 197.

Footnote 247:

Ibid., p. 242.

Footnote 248:

Ibid.

Footnote 249:

Gibbs, loc. cit., p. 209.

Footnote 250:

Long, loc. cit., p. 60.

Footnote 251:

Guinnard, _Three Years’ Slavery among the Patagonians_, p. 146.

Footnote 252:

Dobrizhoffer, _Abipones_, vol. ii, p. 195.

Footnote 253:

Hyades and Deniker, loc. cit., vol. vii, p. 195.

Footnote 254:

Man, _J. A. I._, vol. xii, p. 81.

Footnote 255:

Deniker, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. ii, p. 303.

Footnote 256:

For races of North-east Africa see King, _Journal Anthropological
Society of Bombay_, vol. ii, 1890.

Footnote 257:

Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 52.

Footnote 258:

W. E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies_, p. 179.

Footnote 259:

R. H. Mathews, _Ethnological Notes_, p. 177.

Footnote 260:

Curr, _Australian Race_, vol. ii, p. 19.

Footnote 261:

W. E. Roth, loc. cit., p. 179; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of
Central Australia_, p. 264.

Footnote 262:

Semon, _Australian Bush_, p. 234.

Footnote 263:

Westermarck, _Human Marriage_, p. 134.

Footnote 264:

Malinowski, _Family among Australian Aborigines_, p. 134.

Footnote 265:

Smyth, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 77.

Footnote 266:

Taplin, loc. cit., p. 10.

Footnote 267:

Sproat, loc. cit., p. 94.

Footnote 268:

Powers, loc. cit., p. 413.

Footnote 269:

Hill Tout, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxiv, p. 319.

Footnote 270:

Sarasin, _Forschungen aus Ceylon_, vol. iii, p. 469.

Footnote 271:

Crantz, loc. cit., p. 158.

Footnote 272:

Hill Tout, _British North America_, p. 182.

Footnote 273:

Hill Tout, loc. cit., p. 190.

Footnote 274:

Teit, _Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i, p. 190.

Footnote 275:

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 591.

Footnote 276:

Ibid., p. 255.

Footnote 277:

Musters, _Patagonians_, p. 186.

Footnote 278:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 42.

Footnote 279:

See, for instance, as regards the Australians, Malinowski, loc. cit.,
p. 48; Tasmanians, Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 85; Bushmen, Theal, _Yellow-
and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 46; and Chinooks, Bancroft, loc. cit.,
vol. i, p. 241.

Footnote 280:

It is rare that the prohibition for such reasons extends over so long
a period as a year. This is the period of abstinence sometimes
enjoined upon the Thlinkeet Indians (Swanton, 26th _A. R. B. E._, p.
449). On this subject see Crawley, _Mystic Rose_, pp. 187, 215, and
342; Hubert and Mauss, _Histoire des Religions_; Frazer, _Golden
Bough_, vol. i, p. 29; and Westermarck, loc. cit., pp. 150 ff.

Footnote 281:

Cabeça de Vaca, _Narrative_, p. 62.

Footnote 282:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 97.

Footnote 283:

This has, of course, often been remarked upon. See, for instance,
Darwin, _Descent of Man_, vol. i, p. 132.

Footnote 284:

Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 79.

Footnote 285:

Ibid., p. 85.

Footnote 286:

Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 76.

Footnote 287:

Ibid., p. 85. See also Smyth, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 387.

Footnote 288:

Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 39. The interesting estimate of
Curr has been given on p. 99. In another place he says: ‘The number of
children born, on the average, by Bangerang women I estimate at six or
perhaps eight’ (_Recollections_, p. 252).

Footnote 289:

Lumholtz, loc. cit., p. 134.

Footnote 290:

J. Mathew, _Eaglehawk and Crow_, p. 165.

Footnote 291:

Grey, _Journals_, vol. ii, p. 250. He also remarks that, although
girls are mature at twelve, ‘child-bearing does not often commence
before the age of sixteen’ (ibid., p. 323).

Footnote 292:

Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 264.

Footnote 293:

Ibid., p. 52.

Footnote 294:

Eyre, _Journals_, vol. ii, p. 376.

Footnote 295:

Schürmann, _Aboriginal Tribes_, p. 223.

Footnote 296:

Wilhelmi, _Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria_, vol. v, p.
180.

Footnote 297:

Stow, _Native Races_, p. 50.

Footnote 298:

Theal, loc. cit., p. 44.

Footnote 299:

Crantz, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 161.

Footnote 300:

p. 99. Hutton, however, gives a high figure for the birth-rate
(_Eskimos of Labrador_, p. 80).

Footnote 301:

p. 99.

Footnote 302:

Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 39. This author says further that ‘all authors
who have described Eskimos of unmixed descent agree in regard to the
generally small number of their offspring’ (ibid., p. 419).

Footnote 303:

Bessels, loc. cit., p. 112.

Footnote 304:

Turner, loc. cit., p. 189.

Footnote 305:

Armstrong, _Personal Narrative_, p. 195.

Footnote 306:

Ritter, _Zeit, für all. Erd._, vol. xiii, p. 265.

Footnote 307:

Hearne, _Journey_, p. 312.

Footnote 308:

Ross, loc. cit., p. 305.

Footnote 309:

Petroff, ‘Report of the Population of Alaska’, _10th Census of the
U.S.A._, p. 127.

Footnote 310:

p. 99.

Footnote 311:

S. H. Long, loc. cit., p. 19. See also Dorsey, 3rd _A. R. B. E._, p.
264.

Footnote 312:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 218.

Footnote 313:

Ibid., p. 156.

Footnote 314:

Keating, _Narrative_, p. 156.

Footnote 315:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 211.

Footnote 316:

Baegert, _A. R. B. E._, 1863, p. 368.

Footnote 317:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 513.

Footnote 318:

Guinnard, loc. cit., p. 143.

Footnote 319:

Bridges, _A Voice from South America_, vol. xiii, p. 202.

Footnote 320:

Hyades and Deniker, loc. cit., vol. vii, p. 189.

Footnote 321:

Ibid., p. 188.

Footnote 322:

It may be observed that according to Keane the Botocudos form an
exception. ‘Families’, he says, ‘are said to be comparatively large,
four or five children being common enough’ (_J. A. I._, vol. xiii).
This is, however, contradicted by von Tschudi, _Reisen durch
Südamerika_, vol. ii, p. 284.

Footnote 323:

Man, loc. cit., p. 81.

Footnote 324:

Portman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxv, p. 369.

Footnote 325:

Sarasins, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 169.

Footnote 326:

Dall, loc. cit., p. 381.

Footnote 327:

Deniker, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. ii, p. 302.

Footnote 328:

Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 76.

Footnote 329:

See, for example, Klemm, _Allgemeine Kultur-Geschichte der
Menschheit_, vol. i, p. 291.

Footnote 330:

Curr, _Australian Race_, vol. i, p. 76.

Footnote 331:

Quoted by a reviewer in the _Edinburgh Review_, vol. ii, 1803, p. 34.

Footnote 332:

Palmer, _J. A. I._, vol. xiii, p. 280.

Footnote 333:

Roth, loc. cit., p. 183.

Footnote 334:

Wells and Kelly, _U.S.A. Bureau of Education_, 1890, p. 19; Bessels,
loc. cit., p. 112.

Footnote 335:

See Weld, loc. cit., p. 373, and Robertson, _History of America_, vol.
i, p. 297

Footnote 336:

H. Ellis, _Voyage_, p. 198.

Footnote 337:

Mackenzie, _Voyages_, vol. i, p. 148.

Footnote 338:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 169.

Footnote 339:

Ibid., p. 197.

Footnote 340:

Lord, _Naturalist in Vancouver_, vol. ii, p. 231.

Footnote 341:

Sproat, loc. cit., p. 94.

Footnote 342:

Teit, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 305.

Footnote 343:

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 584.

Footnote 344:

Gibbs, loc. cit., p. 199.

Footnote 345:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 242. It also occurred among the Omahas
but was not common (Dorsey, loc. cit., p. 263, and Long, loc. cit., p.
20).

Footnote 346:

Powers, loc. cit., p. 207. For New Mexico see Bancroft, loc. cit.,
vol. i, p. 590.

Footnote 347:

Castelnau, _Expedition_, vol. ii, p. 450. See also Azara, _Voyages_,
p. 146.

Footnote 348:

Rengger, _Reise_, p. 329.

Footnote 349:

Cooper, _S. I. B. E._, Bull. No. 63, 1917, p. 171.

Footnote 350:

Female infanticide was brought into great prominence by MacLennan.
Although he asserted that female infanticide was ‘common among savages
everywhere’ (_Studies in Ancient History_, p. 111), he did not bring
forward any considerable body of evidence.

Footnote 351:

Bonwick, loc. cit., pp. 79 and 85. See also Smyth, loc. cit., vol. ii,
p. 386.

Footnote 352:

Ling Roth, loc. cit., p. 167. This author suggests that infanticide
may have increased owing to the disturbances due to the arrival of the
Europeans. There is no evidence that this was so, and for the reasons
given later it is most improbable that this is ever the result of
European influence.

Footnote 353:

K. L. Parker, loc. cit., p. 23.

Footnote 354:

Lumholtz, loc. cit., p. 134.

Footnote 355:

Dawson, loc. cit., p. 39.

Footnote 356:

Curr, _Recollections_, p. 252.

Footnote 357:

Ibid., p. 263.

Footnote 358:

Wilhelmi, loc. cit., p. 180.

Footnote 359:

P. Beveridge, _Aborigines of Victoria_, p. 26.

Footnote 360:

R. H. Mathews, _Ethnological Notes_, p. 17.

Footnote 361:

Bonney, _J. A. I._, vol. xiii, p. 125.

Footnote 362:

Palmer, loc. cit., p. 280; Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_,
p. 190; Eylmann, loc. cit., p. 261; and Smyth, loc. cit., vol. i, p.
52.

Footnote 363:

Howitt, _Native Tribes_, p. 748.

Footnote 364:

Howitt, loc. cit., p. 749.

Footnote 365:

Ibid., p. 749.

Footnote 366:

Ibid., p. 750.

Footnote 367:

Ibid., p. 750.

Footnote 368:

Taplin, loc. cit., p. 13.

Footnote 369:

Ibid., p. 14.

Footnote 370:

Meyer, loc. cit., p. 186.

Footnote 371:

Schürmann, loc. cit., p. 223.

Footnote 372:

Gason, _Manners and Customs_, p. 258.

Footnote 373:

Mathew, _Two Representative Tribes_, p. 165.

Footnote 374:

Foelsche, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiv, p. 192.

Footnote 375:

Eyre, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 376. See also Spencer and Gillen, _Native
Tribes_, p. 264.

Footnote 376:

Ibid., _Northern Tribes_, p. 608.

Footnote 377:

Grey, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 251.

Footnote 378:

Moffat, _Missionary Labours_, p. 58. See also Stow, _Native Races_, p.
51.

Footnote 379:

Reclus, _Primitive Folk_, p. 34.

Footnote 380:

Nelson, loc. cit., p. 289.

Footnote 381:

Boas, 6th _A. R. B. E._, p. 580.

Footnote 382:

Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 416.

Footnote 383:

Ibid., p. 417.

Footnote 384:

Bessels, loc. cit., p. 112.

Footnote 385:

Nansen, _Greenland_, p. 330. See also Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 151.

Footnote 386:

C. E. Smith, _Edinburgh Medical Journal_, vol. xiii, p. 859.

Footnote 387:

Rink, loc. cit., p. 35.

Footnote 388:

Dall, loc. cit., p. 399.

Footnote 389:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 81.

Footnote 390:

Kirkby, _Church Missionary Intelligencer_, vol. xiv, p. 115; Hardisty,
_A. R. S. I._, 1866, p. 312; S. Jones, ibid., p. 327; MacKenzie,
_Voyages_, vol. i, p. 148.

Footnote 391:

Woldt, _Kapitän Jacobsen’s Reise_, p. 393.

Footnote 392:

Lord, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 231.

Footnote 393:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 242.

Footnote 394:

Teit, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 305.

Footnote 395:

Gibbs, loc. cit., p. 198; Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 169.

Footnote 396:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 169.

Footnote 397:

Keating, loc. cit., p. 160.

Footnote 398:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 81.

Footnote 399:

Powers, loc. cit., p. 416; Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, pp. 390 and
413.

Footnote 400:

Ibid., p. 177.

Footnote 401:

Ibid., p. 222.

Footnote 402:

Ibid., p. 328.

Footnote 403:

Ibid., p. 382.

Footnote 404:

Cabeça de Vaca, loc. cit., p. 62. According to Ten Kate (_Rev.
d’Eth._, vol. iv) the Comanches kill one of two twins. This is not an
uncommon custom; in itself, however, it can have very little effect
upon the quantity of the population. For the Californians see
Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, pp. 390 and 413.

Footnote 405:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 97.

Footnote 406:

Charlevoix, _Histoire_, vol. i, p. 405.

Footnote 407:

Keane, loc. cit., p. 206.

Footnote 408:

Church, loc. cit., p. 248.

Footnote 409:

Guinnard, loc. cit., p. 143.

Footnote 410:

Westermarck, loc. cit., p. 313, quoting a letter from Mr. Bridges who
in another place (loc. cit., p. 181) says that deformed children are
especially likely to be killed.

Footnote 411:

Sarasins, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 469.

Footnote 412:

It should be remembered that elimination through war tells more upon
males than females. Out of sixty-six cases in which there was the
relevant information investigated by Professor Hobhouse and his
collaborators, men only were slain in twenty cases (Hobhouse, Wheeler,
and Ginsberg, _Simpler Peoples_, p. 232).

Footnote 413:

Ling Roth, loc. cit., p. 83.

Footnote 414:

Wheeler, _Tribe in Australia_.

Footnote 415:

Ibid., pp. 116 ff.

Footnote 416:

Curr (_Recollections_, p. 309) says that he never heard of any one
being killed in a regular battle.

Footnote 417:

Wheeler, loc. cit., p. 151.

Footnote 418:

Ibid., p. 154.

Footnote 419:

Stow, loc. cit., p. 38. Letourneau, however, says that war was common
(_La Guerre_, p. 54).

Footnote 420:

Nelson, loc. cit., p. 327.

Footnote 421:

Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 162.

Footnote 422:

Boas, loc. cit., p. 465.

Footnote 423:

Nelson, loc. cit., p. 237.

Footnote 424:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 120.

Footnote 425:

Hall, loc. cit., p. 598.

Footnote 426:

Ellis, loc. cit., p. 182.

Footnote 427:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 91.

Footnote 428:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 57. See also ibid., vol. iii, p.
64.

Footnote 429:

Carver, _Travels_, p. 229. For accounts of early military training see
Domenech, _Seven Years’ Residence_, vol. ii, p. 229, and Dodge,
_Hunting Grounds of the Great West_, p. 256.

Footnote 430:

Harmon, _Journal_, p. 306. He is speaking in particular of the Carrier
tribe; a good account of the methods of fighting is given.

Footnote 431:

Krause, loc. cit., p. 248; Swanton, 26th _A. R. B. E._, p. 449.

Footnote 432:

Niblack, _A. R. S. I._, 1888, p. 340; Swanton, _Jesup North Pacific
Expedition_, vol. v, pp. 55 ff.

Footnote 433:

Sproat, loc. cit., p. 59.

Footnote 434:

Boas, _A. R. B. E._, 1895, p. 425.

Footnote 435:

MacKenzie, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 123–30.

Footnote 436:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 236.

Footnote 437:

Ibid., vol. i, p. 268.

Footnote 438:

Teit, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 540 ff.

Footnote 439:

Ibid., p. 234.

Footnote 440:

Ibid., vol. i, p. 263.

Footnote 441:

Catlin, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 53.

Footnote 442:

MacKenzie, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 171.

Footnote 443:

Gibbs, loc. cit., p. 190.

Footnote 444:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 379.

Footnote 445:

Ibid., vol. i, p. 562.

Footnote 446:

Baegert, loc. cit., p. 359.

Footnote 447:

MacGee, 17th _A. R. B. E._, pp. 157 and 273. He speaks of a ‘frequent
decimation of the warriors’ (p. 273).

Footnote 448:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 499.

Footnote 449:

Cabeça de Vaca, loc. cit., p. 54.

Footnote 450:

Guinnard, loc. cit., p. 125.

Footnote 451:

Azara, vol. ii, p. 146.

Footnote 452:

Ibid., p. 7.

Footnote 453:

King and Fitzroy, _Narrative_, vol. ii, p. 183. See also Featherman,
_Social History_, vol. iii, p. 508.

Footnote 454:

Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 45. To show the length to
which this belief is carried, the following story may be quoted. ‘A
woman, while clearing out a well, was bitten in the thumb by a black
snake. It began to swell immediately, and in the short space of
twenty-four hours the woman was a corpse. Still it was asserted that
it was not an accident, but that the deceased had pointed out a
certain aborigine as her murderer’ (Wilhelmi, loc. cit., p. 191). In
this case no killing actually followed, though it nearly did so.

Footnote 455:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 84.

Footnote 456:

Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, vol. ii, p. 45.

Footnote 457:

Curr, _Australian Race_, vol. i, p. 86.

Footnote 458:

Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes_, p. 477. Wheeler (loc. cit., p.
149) says that ‘warfare only arises as a result of a blood feud, due
to the killing of a member of one local group by a member of another
local group, nearly always by magical means. But even this ground of
offence is most generally settled by one of the methods of regular
procedure above described.’ Since, as we have seen, the regular
procedure seldom ends in the shedding of blood, many deaths thus pass
unavenged.

Footnote 459:

Thomas, _Natives of Australia_, p. 47; Eyre, loc. cit., vol. ii, p.
379.

Footnote 460:

Curr, _Recollections_, p. 317.

Footnote 461:

Boas, 6th _A. R. B. E._, p. 582. Similar accounts are given by other
authors: see Nelson, loc. cit., p. 293; Rink, loc. cit., p. 35;
Klutschak, _Als Eskimo unter den Eskimos_, p. 228.

Footnote 462:

For instance, the Lillooet (Teit, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 236) and the
Shastika (Powers, loc. cit., p. 29).

Footnote 463:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 348.

Footnote 464:

Niblack, loc. cit., p. 348. A somewhat similar account is given of the
Zaporos (Simson, _J. A. I._, vol. vii, p. 506).

Footnote 465:

It is not only among these races that the aged are thought to be in
the way. Bonnard, in an article in the _Figaro_ on the Prince de
Beauvais’ travels in Canada, mentions that the latter saw an
enterprising Canadian township recommended by the announcement that
there were ‘no old inhabitants to hinder progress’ (_Figaro_, March
28, 1914). The evidence for the existence of this custom has been
reviewed by Westermarck, _Moral Ideas_, vol. ii, pp. 386 ff.

Footnote 466:

Ling Roth, loc. cit., p. 73.

Footnote 467:

Sartori, _Globus_, vol. lxvii, p. 108.

Footnote 468:

See, for instance, Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes_, p. 32, and
_Natives Tribes_, p. 51.

Footnote 469:

Theal, loc. cit., p. 19.

Footnote 470:

Turner, loc. cit., p. 186.

Footnote 471:

Boas, 6th _A. R. B. E._, p. 165.

Footnote 472:

Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 151.

Footnote 473:

Woldt, loc. cit., p. 57.

Footnote 474:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 205.

Footnote 475:

Willoughby, _A. R. S. I._, 1886, p. 274.

Footnote 476:

Long, loc. cit., p. 74.

Footnote 477:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 390.

Footnote 478:

MacGee, loc. cit., p. 157. Conditions are similar among the Yguazas:
see Cabeça de Vaca, loc. cit., p. 80.

Footnote 479:

Featherman, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 503.

Footnote 480:

Simson, loc. cit., p. 507.

Footnote 481:

It is impossible to estimate the amount of elimination from this
source. It is, as a rule, no doubt small. In India, although a higher
degree of skill has been reached, elimination from this source is not
inconsiderable owing to the prevalence of poisonous snakes. ‘In 1910,
55 persons were killed by elephants, 25 by hyenas, 109 by bears, 319
by wolves, 853 by tigers, and 688 by other animals, including wild
pigs. No less than 22,478 died from the bite of poisonous snakes. The
grand total of mortality is 24,878’ (Lull, _Organic Evolution_, p.
105). The amount of elimination will vary according to the nature of
the fauna, the geographical surroundings, habits, and other factors.
Thus among the Eskimo the use of the ‘kayak’ is responsible for a
considerable number of deaths. See Crantz, loc. cit., p. 166; Nansen,
loc. cit., p. 55; Boas, 6th _A. R. B. E._, p. 433.

Footnote 482:

Cohen, _Physiological Therapeutics_, vol. v, p. 158.

Footnote 483:

Davidson, _Geographical Pathology_, vol. ii, p. 565.

Footnote 484:

Hrdlicka, _S. I. B. E._, Bull. 42.

Footnote 485:

Hrdlicka, _S. I. B. E._, Bull. 34. See also Adami, _Medical
Contributions_, pp. 15–22.

Footnote 486:

Among many races in this group—especially in tropical
countries—certain non-lethal diseases are prevalent which are of great
importance from another point of view. They will be referred to again
in Chapter XV.

Footnote 487:

Bonwick, loc. cit., p. 87.

Footnote 488:

Curr, _Recollections_, p. 282.

Footnote 489:

Mathew, loc. cit., p. 92. See also Eyre, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 377,
and Curr, _Recollections_, p. 297.

Footnote 490:

Burchell, _Travels_, vol. ii, p. 57.

Footnote 491:

Smith, loc. cit., p. 859.

Footnote 492:

Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 39.

Footnote 493:

Crantz, loc. cit., p. 166.

Footnote 494:

Heriot, loc. cit., p. 350.

Footnote 495:

Harmon, loc. cit., p. 271.

Footnote 496:

Krause, loc. cit., p. 148.

Footnote 497:

Teit, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 618.

Footnote 498:

Hill Tout, _British North America_, p. 252.

Footnote 499:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 284.

Footnote 500:

Powers, loc. cit., p. 416.

Footnote 501:

Baegert, loc. cit., p. 385.

Footnote 502:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 219.

Footnote 503:

Hardt, _Geography of Brazil_, p. 598.

Footnote 504:

King and Fitzroy, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 155.

Footnote 505:

Bonwick, loc. cit., pp. 78 and 85.

Footnote 506:

Turner, loc. cit., p. 189. See also Armstrong, loc. cit., p. 197, and
Hutton, loc. cit., p. 80.

Footnote 507:

Crantz, loc. cit., p. 162; Murdoch, loc. cit., p. 415.

Footnote 508:

_Handbook of American Indians_: Article, _Child Life_.

Footnote 509:

The absence of care and the resulting mortality is emphasized by
Gerland (_Über das Aussterben der Naturvölker_, p. 24 to p. 39).

Footnote 510:

_Handbook of American Indians_: Article, _Child Life_. It may be
noticed that, among the older authors, Robertson (loc. cit., vol. 1,
p. 297) has very similar remarks on the same subject.

Footnote 511:

Heriot, loc. cit. p. 344.

Footnote 512:

Domenech, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 295.

Footnote 513:

Krause, loc. cit., p. 217. Of these people Bancroft (loc. cit., vol.
i, p. 111) says that ‘when the child is able to leave its cradle, it
is bathed in the ocean every day without regard to season’.

Footnote 514:

Ross, loc. cit., p. 305.

Footnote 515:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 121.

Footnote 516:

Ibid., p. 201.

Footnote 517:

Teit, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 178.

Footnote 518:

Baegert, loc. cit., p. 368.

Footnote 519:

Dobrizhoffer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 43.

Footnote 520:

Guinnard, loc. cit., p. 147.

Footnote 521:

Bridges, loc. cit., p. 202.

Footnote 522:

Man, loc. cit., p. 79.

Footnote 523:

Ibid., p. 81.

Footnote 524:

Sarasins, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 469.

Footnote 525:

Deniker, loc. cit., p. 303.

Footnote 526:

Czaplicka, _Aboriginal Siberia_, p. 137. For a general sketch of the
treatment of children by parents see Steinmetz, _Entwicklung der
Strafe_, vol. i, pp. 179 ff.

Footnote 527:

Reference has been made in Chapter V to the use of metals in America.
Mr. Joyce, however, says that in spite of progress in this direction
the Central American races ‘were living at the discovery practically
in an age of stone’ (_Mexican Archaeology_, p. 304).

Footnote 528:

The importance of the plough in agriculture has been emphasized by
many authors. See, for instance, Hahn, _Die Entstehung der
Pflugkultur_.

Footnote 529:

The influence of different phases of Eur-Asiatic culture upon the
races of Africa must be borne in mind. Early Egyptian civilization
exerted great influence and so at a later date did the
Semitic—especially on the east coast; since the time of Mohammed the
influence of Eur-Asiatic culture has been marked among the more
northern of the negroid races. The inhabitants of Bornu were, for
instance, converted to Islam in the eleventh century.

Footnote 530:

They may have had a knowledge of iron before the migration (see
Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 11).

Footnote 531:

The Samoyeds formerly worked iron but have now lost the art—obtaining
what they want from the Russians.

Footnote 532:

Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, vol. i, p. 272.

Footnote 533:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 702.

Footnote 534:

Stephen, _Am. Anth._, vol. vi, p. 356.

Footnote 535:

Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. v, pp. 5 and 38. For the Creeks see
Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. v, p. 272.

Footnote 536:

Pöppig, _Reise in Chile_, vol. ii, p. 128; von Martius, _Ethnographie
Amerikas_, vol. i, p. 112; Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 104.

Footnote 537:

_Handbook of American Indians_, vol. i, p. 265. Heriot (loc. cit., p.
344) mentions six to seven years as not uncommon. Schoolcraft (loc.
cit., vol. v, p. 655) gives eighteen months to two years for the
Oregon Indians.

Footnote 538:

Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 417.

Footnote 539:

Hawtrey, _J. A. I._, vol. xxi, p. 295. Grubb gives three to four years
(_An Unknown People_, p. 142).

Footnote 540:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 633.

Footnote 541:

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 281.

Footnote 542:

im Thurn, _Savages of Guiana_, p. 219; Joest, _Int. Arch. Eth._, vol.
v, p. 94.

Footnote 543:

D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 47.

Footnote 544:

Forbes, _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii (new series), p. 224.

Footnote 545:

Joyce, loc. cit., p. 162.

Footnote 546:

Weld, loc. cit., p. 373.

Footnote 547:

Heriot, loc. cit., p. 339.

Footnote 548:

Le Beau, _Aventures, ou Voyage curieux et nouveau_, vol. ii, p. 200.

Footnote 549:

Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 5. Ashe (_Travels_, p. 276) says
that the Shawnees abstain for nine weeks after birth.

Footnote 550:

Holder, _Am. Journ. Obstet._, vol. xxv, p. 44.

Footnote 551:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 281.

Footnote 552:

D’Orbigny, _L’Homme Américain_, vol. i, p. 47.

Footnote 553:

Hyades and Deniker, loc. cit., vol. vii, p. 195.

Footnote 554:

Ashe, loc. cit., p. 272.

Footnote 555:

Hrdlicka, _S. I. B. E._, Bull. 34, p. 163.

Footnote 556:

Weld, loc. cit., p. 373.

Footnote 557:

Le Beau, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 199.

Footnote 558:

Charlevoix, loc. cit., vol. vi, p. 5.

Footnote 559:

p. 99.

Footnote 560:

p. 99.

Footnote 561:

Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 415.

Footnote 562:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. v, p. 684.

Footnote 563:

Nordenskiöld, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xxxviii, p. 98.

Footnote 564:

Forbes, _Journ. Eth. Soc._, vol. ii, p. 224.

Footnote 565:

Spix and Martius, _Travels_, vol. ii, p. 246.

Footnote 566:

Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 59.

Footnote 567:

Ibid., p. 179.

Footnote 568:

Rengger, loc. cit., p. 133.

Footnote 569:

Ibid., p. 335.

Footnote 570:

von Martius, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 642.

Footnote 571:

D’Orbigny, loc. cit., vol. i, pp. 46 and 47.

Footnote 572:

Pöppig, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 323.

Footnote 573:

Keating, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 394.

Footnote 574:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 243.

Footnote 575:

Holder, loc. cit., p. 44.

Footnote 576:

Hrdlicka, loc. cit., p. 163.

Footnote 577:

Russell, 26th _A. R. B. E._, p. 186.

Footnote 578:

Stevenson, 23rd _A. R. B. E._, p. 296.

Footnote 579:

Grinnell, _Am. Anth._, vol. iv, p. 15.

Footnote 580:

Bancroft, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 183 and 269.

Footnote 581:

Von den Steinen, _Durch Central-Brazilien_, p. 123.

Footnote 582:

Ehrenreich, _Königliches Museum zu Berlin_, vol. i, Heft 2, p. 27;
Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 116.

Footnote 583:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 243.

Footnote 584:

Ibid., vol. ii, p. 272.

Footnote 585:

Yarrow, _A. R. B. E._, vol. i, p. 99.

Footnote 586:

Hrdlicka, loc. cit., p. 165.

Footnote 587:

Azara, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 93.

Footnote 588:

Ibid., p. 116.

Footnote 589:

Hawtrey, _J. A. I._, vol. xxi, p. 295.

Footnote 590:

Grubb, loc. cit., p. 223.

Footnote 591:

Bonaparte, _Suriname_, p. 48.

Footnote 592:

Smythe and Lowe, _Narrative_, p. 240.

Footnote 593:

Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 119.

Footnote 594:

Jones, _Ojebway Indians_, p. 64.

Footnote 595:

Neill, _History of Minnesota_, p. 68.

Footnote 596:

Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 42.

Footnote 597:

Neill, loc. cit., p. 70.

Footnote 598:

Matthews, _U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey_, Misc. Publications, No. 7, p.
61. For the wars of the Iroquois see Perrot, _Mémoires_, pp. 9 ff. and
pp. 78 ff.

Footnote 599:

Long, loc. cit., p. 29.

Footnote 600:

Speck, _Univ. of Pennsylvania Publications_, vol. i. No. 1, p. 84.

Footnote 601:

Russell, loc. cit., p. 200.

Footnote 602:

Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon_, p. 516. See also Church, loc. cit.,
p. 77.

Footnote 603:

Church, _South America_, pp. 78, 99, and 137. See also Von Martius,
loc. cit., vol. i, p. 129.

Footnote 604:

White, _J. A. I._, vol. xiii, p. 244.

Footnote 605:

Grubb, loc. cit., p. 105.

Footnote 606:

Brett, _Indian Tribes_, p. 357.

Footnote 607:

Wallace, loc. cit., p. 500.

Footnote 608:

Catlin, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 228.

Footnote 609:

Le Beau, loc. cit., vol. ii, pp. 93 and 98.

Footnote 610:

Speck, loc. cit., p. 14.

Footnote 611:

Ashe, loc. cit., p. 270.

Footnote 612:

Spix and Martius, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 249.

Footnote 613:

For the North American Indians see _Handbook of American Indians_, p.
238.

Footnote 614:

Schoolcraft, loc. cit., vol. iii, p. 238.

Footnote 615:

Domenech, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 295.

Footnote 616:

Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, vol. ii, p. 90.

Footnote 617:

Heriot, _Travels_, p. 343. Dumarest, speaking of the Cochiti, says
that ‘sometimes, in the midst of winter, the child’s father will take
him out and, after breaking the ice, ... will immerse him in the
river. Formerly when, in winter, children came from bathing in the
river, they were not allowed to approach the fire until their hair was
thawed out’ (_Mem. Am. Anth. Ass._, vol. vi, No. 3, p. 144).
Koch-Grünberg states the mortality is heavy among the children of the
Amazon tribes and that they are dipped in cold water (_Zwei Jahre_,
vol. ii, pp. 59 and 150).

Footnote 618:

Partridge, _Cross River Natives_, p. 254.

Footnote 619:

Thomas, _Ibo-speaking Peoples_, p. 62.

Footnote 620:

Hutereau, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome i, p. 4; Cureau,
_Sociétés Primitives_, p. 109.

Footnote 621:

Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome ii, p. 110.

Footnote 622:

Van Overbergh, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 4, p. 309.

Footnote 623:

Delhaise, ibid., No. 5, p. 157. He thinks, however, that the practice
was introduced by the Arabs.

Footnote 624:

Rochebrune, _Rev. d’Anth._, vol. iv, sér. 2, p. 281.

Footnote 625:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 442.

Footnote 626:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 288.

Footnote 627:

Ibid., vol. xxxv, p. 420.

Footnote 628:

du Chaillu, _Explorations and Adventures_, p. 162.

Footnote 629:

Johnston, _Uganda Protectorate_, vol. ii, pp. 824 and 878.

Footnote 630:

Dundas, K. R., _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p. 60.

Footnote 631:

Velten, _Sitten und Gebräuche der Swaheli_, p. 28.

Footnote 632:

Fabry, _Globus_, vol. xci, p. 221.

Footnote 633:

Weule, _East Africa_, p. 305.

Footnote 634:

Reichard, _Z. G. E._, vol. xxiv, p. 253.

Footnote 635:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 409, note.

Footnote 636:

Stannus, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 309.

Footnote 637:

Maugham, _Zambezia_, p. 333.

Footnote 638:

Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 206.

Footnote 639:

Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.

Footnote 640:

Delacour, _Rev. d’Eth._, 1912, p. 45.

Footnote 641:

Buttikoffer, _Inter. Arch. Eth._, vol. i, p. 82.

Footnote 642:

Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.

Footnote 643:

Tremearne, _Hausa Superstitions and Customs_, p. 93.

Footnote 644:

Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, vol. ii, p. 112.

Footnote 645:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 180.

Footnote 646:

Overbergh, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 3, p. 296.

Footnote 647:

Harris, _Mem. Anth. Soc._, vol. ii, p. 68.

Footnote 648:

Overbergh and Jonghe, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 2, p. 217.

Footnote 649:

Wilson and Felkin, _Uganda_, vol. i, p. 187.

Footnote 650:

Hollis, _Nandi_, p. 65.

Footnote 651:

Plas, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 6, p. 205.

Footnote 652:

Fülleborn, _Nyassa- und Rowuma-Gebiet_, p. 61.

Footnote 653:

Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 55.

Footnote 654:

Gutmann, _Globus_, vol. xcii.

Footnote 655:

Reichard, loc. cit., p. 257.

Footnote 656:

Burton, _Central Africa_, vol. i, p. 117.

Footnote 657:

Junod, _Ba-Ronga_, p. 19.

Footnote 658:

Felkin, _Trans. Edin. Obstet. Soc._, vol. ix, p. 19.

Footnote 659:

Lichtenstein, _Travels_, vol. i, p. 260.

Footnote 660:

Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 19.

Footnote 661:

Denham and Clapperton, _Narrative_, p. 319.

Footnote 662:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 417.

Footnote 663:

Junod, _South African Tribe_, p. 183.

Footnote 664:

Stannus, loc. cit., p. 310.

Footnote 665:

Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 347.

Footnote 666:

Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 206.

Footnote 667:

Ellis, _Yoruba-Speaking Peoples_, p. 185.

Footnote 668:

Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.

Footnote 669:

Ibid., vol. xxxvi, p. 93.

Footnote 670:

Ling Roth, _Great Benin_, p. 39.

Footnote 671:

Granville, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvii, p. 106.

Footnote 672:

Mungo Park, _Travels_, p. 402.

Footnote 673:

Tremearne, _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, p. 239.

Footnote 674:

Harris, loc. cit., p. 36.

Footnote 675:

Desplagnes, _Plateau Central Nigerien_, p. 227.

Footnote 676:

Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_, p. 11.

Footnote 677:

Reade, _South Africa_, p. 45.

Footnote 678:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 378.

Footnote 679:

Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, p. 671.

Footnote 680:

Ward, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiv, p. 289.

Footnote 681:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 418.

Footnote 682:

Overbergh and Jonghe, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 1, p. 199.

Footnote 683:

Ibid., No. 2, p. 219.

Footnote 684:

Halkin, ibid., No. 7, p. 260.

Footnote 685:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 51.

Footnote 686:

Gaud, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 8, p. 154.

Footnote 687:

Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 154.

Footnote 688:

Hutereau, loc. cit., p. 46.

Footnote 689:

Plas, loc. cit., p. 203.

Footnote 690:

Ibid., p. 205.

Footnote 691:

Hollis, _Nandi_, p. 66.

Footnote 692:

Ibid., p. 65.

Footnote 693:

Hobley, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxiii, p. 358.

Footnote 694:

Wilson and Felkin, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 187.

Footnote 695:

Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 55. Ratzel (_History_, vol. iii, p. 16) gives
three years.

Footnote 696:

Thomson, _Geog. Journ._, vol. iv, p. 73.

Footnote 697:

Velten, loc. cit., p. 73.

Footnote 698:

Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 60.

Footnote 699:

Reichard, loc. cit., p. 257.

Footnote 700:

Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 352.

Footnote 701:

Fabry, loc. cit., p. 223.

Footnote 702:

Cole, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 312.

Footnote 703:

Stannus, loc. cit., p. 311.

Footnote 704:

Felkin, loc. cit., p. 31.

Footnote 705:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 415.

Footnote 706:

Junod, _Ba-Ronga_, p. 490.

Footnote 707:

Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 19.

Footnote 708:

Pechuel-Loesche, _Loango-Expedition_, p. 31.

Footnote 709:

Junod, _South African Tribe_, vol. i, p. 488.

Footnote 710:

Junod, ibid. See Macdonald, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 117.

Footnote 711:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 189.

Footnote 712:

Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 552, note.

Footnote 713:

Junod, loc. cit., p. 55.

Footnote 714:

Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 550.

Footnote 715:

Mungo Park, loc. cit., p. 403.

Footnote 716:

Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 174.

Footnote 717:

Talbot, _Shadow of the Bush_, p. 12.

Footnote 718:

Burton, _Abeokuta_, vol. i, p. 207.

Footnote 719:

Mondière, _Rev. d’Anth._, vol. iv, p. 75.

Footnote 720:

Buttikoffer, loc. cit., p. 82.

Footnote 721:

Overbergh and Jonghe, loc. cit., No. 1, p. 201.

Footnote 722:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 420.

Footnote 723:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 138.

Footnote 724:

Plas, loc. cit., p. 208.

Footnote 725:

Schmitz, _Coll. Mon. Eth._, No. 9, p. 595.

Footnote 726:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxv, p. 51.

Footnote 727:

Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 157.

Footnote 728:

Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 297.

Footnote 729:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 51.

Footnote 730:

Velten, loc. cit., p. 28.

Footnote 731:

Routledge, _Prehistoric People_, p. 136. Owing to the fact that the
families are incomplete, there is some uncertainty about these
figures.

Footnote 732:

Roscoe, _Man_, vol. ix, p. 118. See also same author’s _Northern
Bantu_, p. 151.

Footnote 733:

Reichard, loc. cit., p. 255.

Footnote 734:

Stannus, loc. cit., p. 310.

Footnote 735:

Elton, _Journal_, p. 6.

Footnote 736:

Barrow, _Travels_, vol. i, p. 97. See also Theal, _Yellow- and
Dark-Skinned People_, p. 86.

Footnote 737:

Little, _Madagascar_, p. 64.

Footnote 738:

Delacour, loc. cit., p. 45.

Footnote 739:

Tremearne, _J. A. I._, vol. xlii, p. 171.

Footnote 740:

Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, p. 671.

Footnote 741:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 449; Overbergh and Jonghe, loc.
cit., No. 1, p. 201.

Footnote 742:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 228.

Footnote 743:

Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 147.

Footnote 744:

Halkin, loc. cit., p. 259. Hutereau (loc. cit., p. 101) says that it
is not often employed.

Footnote 745:

Rochebrune, loc. cit., p. 283.

Footnote 746:

Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 298.

Footnote 747:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 111.

Footnote 748:

Lübbert, _Mitth. der Forschungsreisenden_, vol. xiv, p. 88.

Footnote 749:

Hobley, _Akamba_, p. 58.

Footnote 750:

Velten, loc. cit., p. 29.

Footnote 751:

Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 352.

Footnote 752:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 417; Angus, _Azimba and
Chipitaland_, p. 324.

Footnote 753:

Maugham, _Zambezia_, p. 339.

Footnote 754:

Maclean, _Kaffir Laws and Customs_, p. 62.

Footnote 755:

Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, vol. i, p. 55.

Footnote 756:

Kolben, _Cape of Good Hope_, vol. i, p. 144.

Footnote 757:

Ellis, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 155; Little, loc. cit., p. 60.

Footnote 758:

Tremearne, _Hausa Superstitions_, p. 93.

Footnote 759:

Ibid., _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, p. 239.

Footnote 760:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 177; Ward, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiv, p. 291. Torday
(_Camp and Tramp_, p. 142), when speaking of the Bayaka, mentions them
as an exception to the general rule that Congo tribes kill misshapen
children.

Footnote 761:

Gaud, loc. cit., p. 257.

Footnote 762:

Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 3, p. 241.

Footnote 763:

Halkin, loc. cit., p. 260.

Footnote 764:

Torday and Joyce, _Ann. Mus. Congo Belge_, sér. 3, tome ii, p. 113.

Footnote 765:

Krapf, _Travels_, p. 193.

Footnote 766:

Hildebrand, _Recht und Sitte_, p. 293.

Footnote 767:

Livingstone, _Labours and Travels_, p. 577.

Footnote 768:

Fülleborn, loc. cit., p. 62.

Footnote 769:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 417.

Footnote 770:

Maugham, _Portuguese East Africa_, p. 270.

Footnote 771:

Barrow, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 157; Kidd, _Essential Kaffir_, p. 202;
Shooter, _Kaffirs of Natal_, p. 88.

Footnote 772:

Theal, _History and Ethnography_, vol. i, p. 48.

Footnote 773:

Harris, loc. cit., p. 27.

Footnote 774:

Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 190; Maclean, _Compendium_, p. 62.

Footnote 775:

F. E. Forbes, _Dahomey_, p. 15.

Footnote 776:

Ling Roth, _Great Benin_, p. 125.

Footnote 777:

See Forbes, loc. cit., p. 23.

Footnote 778:

Tremearne, _Head Hunters of Nigeria_, _passim_.

Footnote 779:

Beecham, _Ashantee_, p. 207.

Footnote 780:

See Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, pp. 117 ff.

Footnote 781:

Cureau, loc. cit., p. 348.

Footnote 782:

Weeks, _Congo Cannibals_, p. 222.

Footnote 783:

Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 161.

Footnote 784:

Ibid., p. 386.

Footnote 785:

Burrows, loc. cit., p. 38. For the Azanda and Abandia see Hutereau,
loc. cit., p. 36 and p. 44.

Footnote 786:

Coquilhat, _Haut-Congo_, p. 287; Overbergh and Jonghe, loc. cit., No.
1, p. 413.

Footnote 787:

Torday, loc. cit., pp. 97 ff.; Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol.
xxxv, p. 416.

Footnote 788:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvi, p. 289.

Footnote 789:

Ibid., vol. xxxv, p. 49.

Footnote 790:

Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 346.

Footnote 791:

Hollis, _Masai_, _passim_.

Footnote 792:

Hobley, _Akamba_, p. 45. See also Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xliii, p.
505.

Footnote 793:

Routledge, _Prehistoric People_, p. 13.

Footnote 794:

Dundas, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 51.

Footnote 795:

Roscoe, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxvii, p. 108.

Footnote 796:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 470.

Footnote 797:

Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 344.

Footnote 798:

Same author, _History_, vol. i, p. 38.

Footnote 799:

Kolben, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 282.

Footnote 800:

Hutchinson, _Western Africa_, p. 150. See also same author’s _Ten
Years’ Wanderings_, p. 54.

Footnote 801:

Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 98.

Footnote 802:

Torday, loc. cit., p. 137.

Footnote 803:

Maugham, _British Central Africa_, p. 276.

Footnote 804:

Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 205.

Footnote 805:

Wilson, _Western Africa_, pp. 115 and 179; Beecham, loc. cit., p. 227.

Footnote 806:

Burrows, loc. cit., p. 43.

Footnote 807:

Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 271.

Footnote 808:

Werner, _Native Races_, p. 168.

Footnote 809:

Macdonald, loc. cit., p. 106.

Footnote 810:

Junod, _South African Tribe_, vol. i, p. 417.

Footnote 811:

Parker, G. W., _J. A. I._, vol. xii, p. 478.

Footnote 812:

Weeks, _Congo Cannibals_, p. 341.

Footnote 813:

On this subject see Davidson, _Geographical Pathology_; Clemow,
_Geography of Disease_; Hirsch, _Geographical and Historical
Pathology_; and Johnston, _Negro in the New World_, pp. 15 ff.

Footnote 814:

Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 174.

Footnote 815:

Roscoe, _Baganda_, p. 174.

Footnote 816:

Ellenberger, _Basuto_, p. 295.

Footnote 817:

Barrow, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 109.

Footnote 818:

Harris, loc. cit., p. 68.

Footnote 819:

Talbot, loc. cit., p. 12.

Footnote 820:

Mungo Park, loc. cit., p. 403.

Footnote 821:

Du Chaillu, loc. cit., p. 163.

Footnote 822:

Johnston, _George Grenfell and the Congo_, vol. ii, p. 672.

Footnote 823:

Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 4, p. 297.

Footnote 824:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 418.

Footnote 825:

Van Overbergh, loc. cit., No. 3, p. 244.

Footnote 826:

Delhaise, loc. cit., p. 157.

Footnote 827:

Gutmann, loc. cit., p. 3.

Footnote 828:

Leslie, _Zulus and Amatongas_, p. 198.

Footnote 829:

Casalis, _Basutos_, p. 193.

Footnote 830:

Holden, loc. cit., p. 172.

Footnote 831:

Best, _Man_, vol. xiv, p. 32.

Footnote 832:

Dieffenbach, _Travels_, vol. ii, p. 16; Angas, _Australia and New
Zealand_, vol. i, p. 314; Tuke, _Edinburgh Medical Journal_, vol. ix,
part 1, p. 224; Tregear, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 101.

Footnote 833:

Dumas, _Collection des Thèses_, p. 18.

Footnote 834:

Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 53. See also same
author, _Ethnographische Beiträge_, p. 148.

Footnote 835:

Brainne, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 250.

Footnote 836:

Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 235.

Footnote 837:

Danks, _J. A. I._, vol. xviii, p. 288.

Footnote 838:

Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 297.

Footnote 839:

Murray, _Papua_, p. 195.

Footnote 840:

Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 302.

Footnote 841:

Epp, _Holländisch-Ostindien_, p. 393.

Footnote 842:

Kreutz, _Zeit. Soc. Wiss._, vol. ii, p. 201.

Footnote 843:

Pritchard, _Polynesian Reminiscences_, p. 141.

Footnote 844:

Ribbe, _Zwei Jahre_, p. 144.

Footnote 845:

Bernard, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 288. See also Glaumont, _Rev.
d’Eth._, vol. vii, p. 80; Lortsch, _Globus_, 1885, p. 107; and
Moncelon, _Bull. Soc. Anth._, vol. ix, p. 361.

Footnote 846:

Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 176.

Footnote 847:

Thurmwald, _Forschungen_, p. 123.

Footnote 848:

Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_, p. 233.

Footnote 849:

Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, p. 100.

Footnote 850:

Jenks, _Ethnological Survey Publications_, vol. i, p. 61.

Footnote 851:

Hitchcock, _A. R. B. E._, 1890, p. 465.

Footnote 852:

Moerenhaut, _Voyages_, p. 62.

Footnote 853:

_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 247.

Footnote 854:

Tregear, loc. cit., p. 103.

Footnote 855:

_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. v, p. 199.

Footnote 856:

Thomson, _Savage Island_, p. 141.

Footnote 857:

Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 54.

Footnote 858:

Krämer, _Samoa-Inseln_, vol. i, p. 38.

Footnote 859:

Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 302. See also Seligman,
_Melanesians_, p. 86.

Footnote 860:

Schellong, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xxviii, p. 19.

Footnote 861:

Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144.

Footnote 862:

Glaumont, loc. cit., p. 80.

Footnote 863:

Lambert, _Néo-Calédoniens_, p. 104.

Footnote 864:

Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 37.

Footnote 865:

Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 176.

Footnote 866:

Ibid., p. 178.

Footnote 867:

Seeman, _Viti_, p. 191.

Footnote 868:

Seligman, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxii, p. 303.

Footnote 869:

Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 165.

Footnote 870:

Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen_, p. 31.

Footnote 871:

Angas, loc. cit., p. 314.

Footnote 872:

Dieffenbach, loc. cit., p. 33.

Footnote 873:

Brown, _New Zealand_, p. 40.

Footnote 874:

Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix. p. 359.

Footnote 875:

_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. iii, p. 108.

Footnote 876:

Krämer, _Die Samoa-Inseln_, p. 335.

Footnote 877:

Turner, _Samoa_, p. 83.

Footnote 878:

Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 194.

Footnote 879:

Kubary, _Journal des Museum Godeffroy_, vol. i, p. 54.

Footnote 880:

Melville, _Narrative_, p. 213.

Footnote 881:

Tautain, _L’Anthropologie_, vol. ix, p. 418.

Footnote 882:

Jenkins, _Voyage_, p. 404.

Footnote 883:

Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 80.

Footnote 884:

Stone, _New Guinea_, p. 93.

Footnote 885:

Krieger, loc. cit., pp. 165, 293, and 390. Neuhaus confirms this
(_Deutsch Neu-Guinea_, vol. i, p. 150).

Footnote 886:

Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 37.

Footnote 887:

Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 32. See also Stephan and Graebner,
_Neu-Mecklenberg_, p. 16.

Footnote 888:

Lortsch, loc. cit., p. 107; De Vaux, ‘Les Canaques’, _Rev. d’Eth._,
vol. ii, p. 330.

Footnote 889:

Blyth, _Glasgow Medical Journal_, vol. xxviii, p. 178.

Footnote 890:

Ling Roth, _Sarawak_, vol. i, p. 106.

Footnote 891:

Brooke, _Sarawak_, vol. ii, p. 335.

Footnote 892:

Wallace, _Malay Archipelago_, vol. i, p. 141.

Footnote 893:

Bock, _Head Hunters_, p. 211.

Footnote 894:

Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_, p. 27.

Footnote 895:

Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 219.

Footnote 896:

Modigliani, _Viaggio_, p. 554.

Footnote 897:

Bickman, _Travels_, p. 278.

Footnote 898:

Kreutz, loc. cit., p. 40.

Footnote 899:

Batchelor, _Ainu_, p. 19.

Footnote 900:

Hitchcock, loc. cit., p. 465.

Footnote 901:

Dieffenbach, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 12; Goldie, _Trans. and Proc. N.
Z. Inst._, vol. xxxvii, p. 110; Tuke, loc. cit., p. 735.

Footnote 902:

Hunt, _J. A. I._, vol. xxviii, p. 9.

Footnote 903:

Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 359.

Footnote 904:

_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 197.

Footnote 905:

Dumas, loc. cit., p. 18.

Footnote 906:

Jenkins, loc. cit., p. 404; Krämer, loc. cit., p. 335; Thomson,
_Fijians_, p. 211.

Footnote 907:

Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 79.

Footnote 908:

Gardiner, _J. A. I._, vol. xxvii, p. 480.

Footnote 909:

Thomson, _Savage Island_, p. 141.

Footnote 910:

Pritchard, _Polynesian Reminiscences_, p. 423; Waterhouse, _King and
People of Fiji_, p. 327; Thomson (_Fijians_, p. 180) thinks that it
has been introduced lately. On the other hand Blyth says that it was
formerly more prevalent than it is now (loc. cit., p. 181).

Footnote 911:

Hagen and Pineau, _Rev. d’Eth._, vol. vii, p. 332.

Footnote 912:

Jamieson, _Aust. Med. Journ._, new series, vol. vii, p. 53.

Footnote 913:

Bernard, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_, p. 288; Rochas, _Nouvelle-Calédonie_,
p. 200.

Footnote 914:

Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 229; Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 144;
Parkinson, _Int. Arch. Eth._, vol. xiii, p. 8; Elton, _J. A. I._, vol.
xvii, p. 93.

Footnote 915:

Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 33; Danks, _J. A. I._, vol. xviii, p. 291;
Pfeil, loc. cit., p. 313; Stephan and Graebner, loc. cit., p. 18.

Footnote 916:

Ribbe, loc. cit., p. 194.

Footnote 917:

Riedel, _Rev. Col. Inter._, vol. ii, p. 71.

Footnote 918:

Krieger, loc. cit., p. 165 (German New Guinea), p. 292 (British New
Guinea), and p. 390 (Dutch New Guinea).

Footnote 919:

Ibid., p. 392.

Footnote 920:

Murray, _Papua_, p. 194.

Footnote 921:

Rosenberg, _Malayische Archipel_, p. 454.

Footnote 922:

Williamson, _Mafulu People_, p. 176.

Footnote 923:

Seligman, _Melanesians_, p. 135.

Footnote 924:

Ibid., p. 568.

Footnote 925:

Modigliani, loc. cit., p. 554.

Footnote 926:

Kreutz, loc. cit., p. 201.

Footnote 927:

Jenks, loc. cit., p. 60.

Footnote 928:

Turner, _Samoa_, p. 280.

Footnote 929:

Angas, _Australia and New Zealand_, vol. i, p. 312.

Footnote 930:

Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui_, p. 338.

Footnote 931:

Tuke, loc. cit., p. 221.

Footnote 932:

Polack, _Manners and Customs_, vol. ii, p. 92. See also Meade, _Ride_,
p. 163, and Dieffenbach, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 16.

Footnote 933:

Brown, _New Zealand_, p. 41; Earle, _Narrative_, p. 243.

Footnote 934:

Haddon, _J. A. I._, vol. xix, p. 359; _Cambridge Anthropological
Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 107.

Footnote 935:

_Cambridge Anthropological Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 107.

Footnote 936:

Tuituila, _Journ. Pol. Soc._, vol. i, p. 267.

Footnote 937:

West, _Ten Years_, p. 270.

Footnote 938:

Turner, _Samoa_, p. 79; Brown, _Melanesians_, p. 47.

Footnote 939:

Krämer, loc. cit., vol. ii, p. 53.

Footnote 940:

Thomson, _Fijians_, p. 141.

Footnote 941:

Rivers, _Melanesian Society_, vol. i, p. 313.

Footnote 942:

Thurmwald, _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. xlii, p. 111.

Footnote 943:

Gill, _Coral Islands_, vol. ii, p. 13.

Footnote 944:

Edgeworth David, _Funafuti_, p. 195.

Footnote 945:

Lutteroth, _Insel Tahiti_, p. 12.

Footnote 946:

Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, vol. i, pp. 249 ff.; same author,
_Tour through Hawaii_, p. 325.

Footnote 947:

Kotzebue, _Voyage_, p. 211.

Footnote 948:

Ellis, _Narrative_, pp. 324 ff.; Angas, _Polynesia_, p. 144; Dumas,
loc. cit., p. 19. The last-named author says that it was undoubtedly
more prevalent before the arrival of Europeans than later.

Footnote 949:

Waterhouse, loc. cit., p. 328.

Footnote 950:

Glaumond, loc. cit., p. 79.

Footnote 951:

Bernard, loc. cit., p. 288.

Footnote 952:

Moncelin, loc. cit., p. 357.

Footnote 953:

Somerville, _J. A. I._, vol. xxiii, p. 4. According to Paton,
‘Infanticide is systematically practised’ (_New Hebrides_, p. 452).

Footnote 954:

Meinecke, _Z. G. E._, vol. ix, p. 340.

Footnote 955:

Codrington, _Melanesians_, p. 229.

Footnote 956:

Kotzebue, loc. cit., p. 173.

Footnote 957:

Turner, _Samoa_, p. 284.

Footnote 958:

Hale, _U.S. Exploring Expedition_, vol. vi, p. 15.

Footnote 959: