Chapter XLVIII: Appendix: II (5)

The results of these investigations have been summed up by Miss
Elderton in a pamphlet entitled _The Relative Strength of Nature and
Nurture_.

Footnote 1576:

See, for instance, Bridges and Coles, ‘Relation of Intelligence to
Social Status’, _Psychological Review_, vol. xxiv.

Footnote 1577:

Galton, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 236.

Footnote 1578:

McDougall, _Social Psychology_, p. 118.

Footnote 1579:

Here environment clearly means social or traditional environment.

Footnote 1580:

Leiper, ‘Some Inhabitants of Man’, p. 151 (in _Animal Life and Human
Progress_, edited by Dendy).

Footnote 1581:

See Jones, _Malaria and Greek History_.

Footnote 1582:

See Fisher, ‘Genesis of Twins’, _Genetics_, vol. iv.

Footnote 1583:

Galton, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 219. Curiously enough there
was no similarity to be detected in handwriting—an interesting
commentary on the value to be attributed to deductions drawn from
handwriting as to character.

Footnote 1584:

Galton, loc. cit,. p. 226.

Footnote 1585:

Ibid., p. 231.

Footnote 1586:

Ibid.

Footnote 1587:

Ibid., p. 232.

Footnote 1588:

Ibid., p. 233.

Footnote 1589:

Galton, _Inquiries into Human Faculty_, p. 233.

Footnote 1590:

Ibid., p. 235.

Footnote 1591:

Ibid., p. 237. The general results of Galton’s work have been
confirmed in all important respects by Thorndike’s elaborate
investigations (‘Measurements of Twins’ _Archives of Philosophy,
Psychology, and Scientific Methods_, vol. i, 1905).

Footnote 1592:

Ridgeway, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 13.

Footnote 1593:

The ‘Ancestral Law of Heredity’, which attributes on the average half
the germinal constitution to the parents, a quarter to the
grandparents, an eighth to the great-grandparents, and so on, is not
incompatible with Mendelian inheritance as a general statistical
result. The conception of the nature of inheritance involved in this
theory is, however, incompatible with the Mendelian conception of
unit-characters, which conception, it may be said, is the only one
which fits the facts.

Footnote 1594:

The fact that the germinal constitution of any one individual
belonging to a species, in which biparental reproduction is taking
place, differs almost always from that of any other member of the
species is due on the Mendelian hypothesis to the chance mixture of
factors in the zygote.

Footnote 1595:

Adami, ‘Inheritance and Disease’, p. 26 (in _A System of Medicine_,
edited by Osler and McCrae).

Footnote 1596:

Adami, loc. cit., p. 26.

Footnote 1597:

Ibid.

Footnote 1598:

Quoted by Thomson, _Heredity_, p. 275.

Footnote 1599:

Tredgold found that 80 per cent. of the mentally deficient had a bad
nervous inheritance (_Mental Deficiency_, p. 40).

Footnote 1600:

McDougall, _Social Psychology_, ch. iii.

Footnote 1601:

McDougall, _Social Psychology_, ch. iv.

Footnote 1602:

Ibid., ch. iii.

Footnote 1603:

Pearson, ‘Groundwork of Eugenics’, _Eugenics Laboratory Lecture
Series_, 1909, p. 25.

Footnote 1604:

Snow, _Studies in National Deterioration_, No. 7, p. 34. See also
Beeton and Pearson, ‘Inheritance of the Duration of Life’,
_Biometrika_, vol. i, 1901, and Elderton and Pearson, ‘Further
Evidence of Natural Selection in Man’, _Biometrika_, vol. x, 1915.

Footnote 1605:

Pruner-Bey (‘Mémoire sur les Nègres’, _Mém. Soc. Anth._, vol. i, p.
334) has shown in detail how the peculiarities of negro structure are
to be regarded as adaptations to the surrounding conditions.

Footnote 1606:

Keith, _Nature_, vol. civ, p. 302.

Footnote 1607:

Ibid., p. 303.

Footnote 1608:

Keith, _Nature_, vol. civ, p. 303.

Footnote 1609:

Ibid., p. 404.

Footnote 1610:

McGee, loc. cit., p. 157.

Footnote 1611:

For evidence that disease leads to a selective death-rate see Popenoe
and Johnson, loc. cit., pp. 124 ff.

Footnote 1612:

See Popenoe and Johnson, loc. cit., ch. xi.

Footnote 1613:

There has been much discussion as to the effect upon the population of
France owing to the Napoleonic wars. The facts have been summed up by
Havelock Ellis (_Essays in War Time_, pp. 33 ff.), and it appears that
without any question the average physical constitution of the French
was lowered; most kinds of infirmities, for instance, became more
frequent.

Footnote 1614:

Recent research bearing on this problem has been summed up by East and
Jones in their book _Inbreeding and Outbreeding_.

Footnote 1615:

Dublin and Baker, _Amer. Stat. Soc._, vol. xvii, 1920. Nevertheless,
as shown by an important memoir by Hrdlicka, a new variety is not
being produced, at least with any rapidity, under the influence of the
American environment. Hrdlicka studied representatives of the old
white American stock, whose ancestors had been for four generations in
the United States, and concluded that no new sub-type has yet emerged.
In fact the faithful preservation of the traits of the original
immigrants is the outstanding result of the study.

Footnote 1616:

An admirable summing up of what is known as to the effect of alcohol
on the germinal constitution will be found in Popenoe and Johnson,
loc. cit., ch. ii.

Footnote 1617:

Pearson, ‘Problem of Practical Eugenics’, _Eugenics Laboratory Lecture
Series_, No. 5.

Footnote 1618:

Greenwood and Yule, _J. R. S. S._, vol. lxxii, 1914. See Pearson’s
reply ‘On the Handicapping of the First-born’, _Eugenics Laboratory
Lecture Series_, No. 10.

Footnote 1619:

Ridgeway, loc. cit., p. 18.

Footnote 1620:

Punnett, _Mendelism_, p. 208.

Footnote 1621:

Thomas, _Natives of Australia_, p. 25.

Footnote 1622:

Smyth, _Aborigines_, vol. i, p. 22.

Footnote 1623:

Spiller, ‘Mentality of Australian Aborigines’, _Soc. Rev._, vol. vi.

Footnote 1624:

Semon, _Australian Bush_, p. 78.

Footnote 1625:

Smyth, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 22

Footnote 1626:

Mathew, _Eaglehawk and Crow_, p. 78.

Footnote 1627:

Man, _J. A. I._, vol. xii, p. 95.

Footnote 1628:

Baegert, loc. cit., p. 378.

Footnote 1629:

Theal, _Yellow- and Dark-Skinned People_, p. 264.

Footnote 1630:

Theal, loc. cit., p. 265.

Footnote 1631:

Weeks, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxix, p. 131.

Footnote 1632:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 408.

Footnote 1633:

Junod, _South African Tribe_, p. 100.

Footnote 1634:

Ellis, _Ewe-Speaking Peoples_, p. 9.

Footnote 1635:

Torday and Joyce, _J. A. I._, vol. xxxv, p. 268.

Footnote 1636:

Maugham, _Portuguese East Africa_, p. 268.

Footnote 1637:

Weeks, _Among Congo Cannibals_, p. 76.

Footnote 1638:

Bryant, _Eug. Rev._, vol. ix., pp. 47–9.

Footnote 1639:

Olivier, _White Capital and Coloured Labour_, p. 59.

Footnote 1640:

Strong, _Pedagogical Seminary_, vol. xx, p. 501.

Footnote 1641:

Strong, loc. cit., p. 503.

Footnote 1642:

Ibid., p. 501. With regard to the disabilities under which the Negro
labours in America see Booker T. Washington, _Story of the Negro_,
vol. ii, pp. 114 ff.

Footnote 1643:

Popenoe and Johnson, loc. cit., p. 288.

Footnote 1644:

Huntington, _Civilization and Climate_, p. 12.

Footnote 1645:

Huntington, loc. cit., p. 14.

Footnote 1646:

McDougall, _Social Psychology_, p. 284.

Footnote 1647:

Ibid., p. 286.

Footnote 1648:

See McDougall, _Psychology_, p. 171.

Footnote 1649:

Stout, _Manual of Psychology_, p. 597.

Footnote 1650:

Hobhouse, _Development and Purpose_, p. 91.

Footnote 1651:

Hobhouse, _Development and Purpose_, chs. vi, vii, viii, and ix.

Footnote 1652:

Ibid., p. 96.

Footnote 1653:

Frazer, _Golden Bough_, London, 1911, part i, vol. i, p. 175.

Footnote 1654:

Frazer, loc. cit., part i, vol. i, p. 53. Taboo, it may be observed,
is merely a kind of negative magic.

Footnote 1655:

The beginning of writing—for instance the Maya script—dates from the
second period.

Footnote 1656:

McDougall, _Social Psychology_, p. 111.

Footnote 1657:

See on this subject, Rivers, ‘Disappearance of Useful Arts’,
_Festskrift tilleguad Edward Westermarck_, 1912.

Footnote 1658:

There is a tendency to exaggerate the importance of tradition among
animals. Thus it has been said that nest building is ‘largely’
traditional among birds. But the Curator of Birds in the New York
Zoological Park raised a number of wild birds from incubated eggs, and
found that these birds, although they had never had parental care or
example, nevertheless learnt to fly, to build nests, and to perform
all these activities—though they were sometimes slower in so doing
than they would otherwise have been—that are at times said to be
‘largely’ traditional (see Lull, _Organic Evolution_, p. 170).

Footnote 1659:

Joubert, _Pensées_, p. 217.

Footnote 1660:

Marshall, _Principles of Economics_, p. 160.

Footnote 1661:

See Cureau, loc. cit., p. 253.

Footnote 1662:

Statements such as the following are commonplaces of anthropological
literature. ‘These [Brazilians] have found life too easy, as the
latter [Australians] have found it too difficult’ (Herbertson, _Man
and His Work_, p. 3).

Footnote 1663:

Quoted by Fisher, _Soc. Rev._, vol. i, p. 61.

Footnote 1664:

Rivers, ‘Contact of Peoples’, _Essays and Studies presented to W.
Ridgeway_, p. 478.

Footnote 1665:

Boas, _J. A. I._, vol. xl, p. 536.

Footnote 1666:

Semple, _Geographic Environment_, p. 357.

Footnote 1667:

See Durkheim, _Travail Social_, chs. vi and vii.

Footnote 1668:

Sherring, _Hindu Castes and Tribes_, vol. iii, p. 218.

Footnote 1669:

Hobhouse, Wheeler, and Ginsberg, loc. cit., p. 254.

Footnote 1670:

According to Delvaille (_Histoire de l’Idée de Progrès_, p. 405)
Terrasson, writing in the eighteenth century, was the first author to
emphasize the importance of tradition in the modern sense—particularly
in his work _La Philosophie applicable à tous les objets de la
raison_.

Footnote 1671:

See _Am. Anth._, vol. xiv, 1912, for a symposium of the views of
American authorities on this point.

Footnote 1672:

Payne, _History of the New World_, vol. i, p. 311.

Footnote 1673:

Payne, loc. cit., vol. i, p. 289.

Footnote 1674:

The single-humped Arabian camel has never been found wild, but it is
said that the double-humped Bactrian camel has been found wild in
Turkestan. See Flower and Lydekker, _Mammals_, p. 297.

Footnote 1675:

Wild oxen were abundant in Europe in the time of Julius Caesar, and of
them the Chillingham herd may be a remnant. Horses were abundant in
Europe in Neolithic times. But it is probable that both oxen and
horses were first domesticated in Asia. The ovine group was originally
situated in the mountain region of Central Asia, though _Ovis
savigni_, apparently allied to the Argoli, has been found fossil in
the Forest Bed of Norfolk (Flower and Lydekker, loc. cit., pp. 355,
357, 367, and 382).

Footnote 1676:

Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 429.

Footnote 1677:

Elliot Smith, _Presidential Address to the British Association_,
Section H, 1912, p. 577.

Footnote 1678:

Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_, p. 40.

Footnote 1679:

Olivier, _White Capital and Coloured Labour_, p. 57.

Footnote 1680:

McDougall, _Group Mind_, p. 119.

Footnote 1681:

McDougall, _Group Mind_, p. 112.

Footnote 1682:

See McDougall, _Group Mind_, ch. xvii.

Footnote 1683:

Leroy-Beaulieu, _Israël chez les Nations_, p. 77.

Footnote 1684:

Pollard, _Factors in Modern History_, p. 15.

Footnote 1685:

Vacher de Lapouge, _Sélections sociales_, pp. 293 ff.

Footnote 1686:

For a discussion of this problem see Hoernes, _Naturund Urgeschichte
des Menschen_, vol. i, pp. 119 ff.

Footnote 1687:

Smith, _Church and State in the Middle Ages_, p. 83.

Footnote 1688:

Where, as in America, different racial stocks exist, differential
fertility assumes greater importance. See p. 320.

Footnote 1689:

McDougall, _Group Mind_, p. 260.

Footnote 1690:

McDougall, _Group Mind_, p. 247.

Footnote 1691:

Flinders Petrie, _Revolutions of Civilization_.

Footnote 1692:

Galton, _Eug. Rev._, vol. i, p. 75.

Footnote 1693:

Lee, _Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth Century_, p. 28.

Footnote 1694:

A. E., _Imagination and Reveries_, p. 107.

Footnote 1695:

Marett, _Psychology and Folk-Lore_, p. 73.

Footnote 1696:

As, for instance, by Renan in the following passage which contains
nevertheless an element of truth: ‘La guerre est, de la sorte, une des
conditions du progrès, le coup de fouet qui empêche un pays de
s’endormir, en forçant la médiocrité satisfaite d’elle-même à sortir
de son apathie. L’homme n’est soutenu que par l’effort et la lutte....
Le jour où l’humanité deviendrait un grand empire romain pacifié et
n’ayant plus d’ennemis extérieurs serait le jour où la moralité et
l’intelligence courraient les plus grands dangers’ (_Réforme
intellectuelle et morale_, p. 111).

Footnote 1697:

Wallas, _Great Society_, p. 80. ‘In a settled and traditional society
custom is of such overwhelming weight that a law can only act in
accordance with it; a sudden change in the machinery of government
would break down of itself—nay, in such a society laws can hardly be
passed save those that the development of tradition demands’ (Belloc,
_Life of Danton_, p. 142).

Footnote 1698:

McDougall, _Group Mind_, p. 146.

Footnote 1699:

Bridges and Coles, _Psychological Review_, vol. xxiv, p. 29. These
authors do not commit themselves to any view with regard to the
interpretation of their results—a fact which commends the
investigation to students of these matters as indicating that the
investigation was not undertaken with any bias (a condition of things
unfortunately not common in studies of this problem).

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=.