Chapter II: Epilogue: 429

NOTES 439

BIBLIOGRAPHY 473

_The Plates_ 484

INDEX 677

------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Friedrich Weinbrenner: Karlsruhe, 17
Marktplatz, 1804-24, plan

2 J.-N.-L. Durand: ‘Vertical Combinations’ 21
(from _Précis des leçons_, II, plate
3)

3 J.-N.-L. Durand: ‘Galleries’ (from 24
_Précis des leçons_, II, plate 14)

4 Leo von Klenze; Munich, War Office, 26
1824-6, elevation (from Klenze,
_Sammlung_, III, plate x)

5 K. F. von Schinkel: project for Neue 29
Wache, Berlin, 1816 (from Schinkel,
_Sammlung_, I, plate 1)

6 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Altes 31
Museum, 1824-8, section (from
Schinkel, _Sammlung_, I, plate 40)

7 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Feilner 34
house, 1829, elevation (from Schinkel,
_Sammlung_, plate 113)

8 Gottfried Semper: Dresden, Opera House 37
(first), 1837-41, plan (from Semper,
Das _Königliche Hoftheater_, plate 1)

9 J.-I. Hittorff: project for country 47
house for Comte de W., 1830, elevation
(from Normand, _Paris moderne_, I,
plate 71)

10 John Nash: London, Regent Street and 65
Regent’s Park, 1812-27, plan (from
Summerson, _John Nash_)

11 John Haviland: Philadelphia, Eastern 79
Penitentiary, 1823-35, plan (from
Crawford, _Report_, plate 1)

12 Thomas Jefferson: Charlottesville, Va., 83
University of Virginia, 1817-26, plan
(from Kimball, _Thomas Jefferson_)

13 Isaiah Rogers: Boston, Tremont House, 87
1828-9, plan (from Eliot, _A
Description of the Tremont House_)

14 H.-P.-F. Labrouste: Paris, Bibliothèque 125
Sainte-Geneviève, (1839), 1843-50,
section (from _Allgemeine Bauzeitung_,
1851, plate 386)

15 J.-L.-C. Garnier: Paris, Opéra, 1863-74, 139
plan (from Garnier, _Nouvel opéra_, I,
plate 9)

16 Vilhelm Petersen and Ferdinand Jensen: 156
Copenhagen, Søtorvet, 1873-6,
elevation (Kunstakademiets Bibliotek,
Copenhagen)

17 Antoni Gaudí: project for Palau Güell, 203
Barcelona, 1885, elevation (from
Ráfols, _Gaudí_, p. 54)

18 W. Eden Nesfield: Kew Gardens, Lodge, 208
1867, elevation (Courtesy of Victoria
and Albert Museum)

19 R. Norman Shaw: Leyswood, Sussex, 1868, 210
plan (from Muthesius, _Das Englische
Haus_, I, figure 81)

20 D. H. Burnham and F. L. Olmsted: 231
Chicago, World’s Fair, 1893, plan
(from Edgell, _American Architecture
of Today_, figure 36)

21 T. F. Hunt: house-plan, 1827 (from Hunt, 255
_Designs for Parsonage Houses_, plate
IV)

22 A. J. Downing: house-plan, 1842 (from 258
Downing, _Cottage Residences_, figure
50)

23 Philip Webb: Arisaig, Inverness-shire, 260
1863, plan (Courtesy of J.
Brandon-Jones)

24 Nesfield & Shaw: Cloverley Hall, 261
Shropshire, 1865-8, plan (from
_Architectural Review_, 1 (1897), p.
244)

25 Philip Webb: Barnet, Hertfordshire, 262
Trevor Hall, 1868-70, plan (Courtesy
of Victoria and Albert Museum)

26 W. R. Emerson: Mount Desert, Maine, 266
house, 1879, plan (from Scully, _The
Shingle Style_, figure 46)

27 McKim, Mead & White: Newport, R.I., 268
Isaac Bell, Jr, house, 1881-2, plan
(from Sheldon, _Artistic Houses_)

28 Bruce Price: Tuxedo Park, N.Y., Tower 270
House, 1885-6 (from Scully, _The
Shingle Style_, figure 109)

29 Frank Lloyd Wright: Chicago, Isidore 272
Heller house, 1897, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 44)

30 Frank Lloyd Wright: Chicago, J. W. 273
Husser house, 1899, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 46)

31 Frank Lloyd Wright: Kankakee, Ill., 274
Warren Hickox house, 1900, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 54)

32 C. F. A. Voysey: Lake Windermere, 277
Broadleys, 1898-9, plan (Courtesy of
J. Brandon-Jones)

33 M. H. Baillie Scott: Trevista, c. 1905, 278
plan (from Baillie Scott, _Houses and
Gardens_, 1906, p. 155)

34 Victor Horta: Brussels, Aubecq house, 290
1900, plan (Courtesy of J. Delhaye)

35 Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Casa Milá, 304
1905-10, plan of typical floor
(Courtesy of Amics de Gaudí)

36 Auguste Perret: Paris, block of flats, 311
25 bis Rue Franklin, 1902-3, plan
(from _Architecture d’Aujourd’hui_,
October 1932, p. 19)

37 Auguste Perret: Le Raincy, S.-et-O., 313
Notre-Dame, 1922-3, plan (from
Pfammatter, _Betonkirchen_, p. 38)

38 Frank Lloyd Wright: Highland Park, Ill., 322
W. W. Willitts house, 1902, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 74)

39 Frank Lloyd Wright: Glencoe, Ill., W. A. 323
Glasner house, 1905, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 111)

40 Frank Lloyd Wright: Pasadena, Cal., Mrs 327
G. M. Millard house, 1923, plans (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 251)

41 Frank Lloyd Wright: Minneapolis, M. C. 328
Willey house, 1934, plan (from
Hitchcock, _In the Nature of
Materials_, figure 317)

42 Frank Lloyd Wright: Middleton, Wis., 331
Herbert Jacobs house, 1948, plan (from
Hitchcock and Drexler, _Built in
U.S.A._, p. 121)

43 Adolf Loos: Vienna, Gustav Scheu house, 353
1912, plan (Courtesy of Dr Ludwig
Münz)

44 Le Corbusier: First project for Citrohan 368
house, 1919-20, perspective (from Le
Corbusier, _Œuvre complète_, I, p. 31)

45 Le Corbusier: Second project for 369
Citrohan house, 1922, plans and
section (from Le Corbusier, _Œuvre
complète_, I, p. 44)

46 Le Corbusier: Vaucresson, S.-et-O., 371
house, 1923, plans (from Le Corbusier,
_Œuvre complète_, I, p. 51)

47 Le Corbusier: Poissy, S.-et-O., Savoye 372
house, 1929-30, plan (from Hitchcock,
_Modern Architecture_, p. 67)

48 Walter Gropius: Dessau, Bauhaus, 1925-6, 374
plans (from Hitchcock, _Modern
Architecture_, p. 67)

49 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Project for 375
brick country house, 1922, plan (from
Johnson, _Mies van der Rohe_, p. 32)

50 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Brno, 376
Tugendhat house, 1930, plan (from
Hitchcock, _Modern Architecture_, p.
127)

51 Le Corbusier: Marseilles, Unité 386
d’Habitation, 1946-52, section of
three storeys (from Le Corbusier,
_Œuvre complète_, V, p. 211)

52 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Chicago, 389
Illinois Institute of Technology,
1939-41, general plan (from Johnson,
_Mies van der Rohe_, 2nd ed., p. 134)

53 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Plano, Ill., 390
Dr Edith Farnsworth House, 1950, plan
(from Johnson, _Mies van der Rohe_, p.
170)

54 Sir Edwin Lutyens: Hampstead Garden 406
Suburb, London, North and South
Squares, 1908 (from Weaver, _Houses
and Gardens_ (Country Life), 1913,
figure 480)

55 Saarinen & Saarinen: Warren, Mich., 419
General Motors Technical Institute,
1946-55, layout (Courtesy of General
Motors)

56 Osvaldo Arthur Bratke: São Paulo, 425
Morumbí, Bratke house, 1953, plan
(from Hitchcock, _Latin American
Architecture_, p. 174)

57 Philip Johnson: Wayzata, Minn., Richard 426
S. Davis house, 1954 (from
_Architectural Review_, 1955, pp.
236-47)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIST OF PLATES

ABBREVIATION N.B.R. – NATIONAL BUILDINGS RECORD

1 J.-G. Soufflot and others: Paris, Panthéon
(Sainte-Geneviève), 1757-90 (Archives
Photographiques—Paris)

2 (A) C.-N. Ledoux: Paris, Barrière de la Villette,
1784-9 (Archives Photographiques—Paris)

2 (B) C.-N. Ledoux: Project for Coopery, c. 1785 (from
Ledoux, _L’ Architecture_, 1)

2 (C) L.-E. Boullée: Project for City Hall, c. 1785 (H.
Rosenau)

3 Sir John Soane: London, Bank of England, Consols
Office, 1794 (F. R. Yerbury)

4 (A) Sir John Soane: London, Bank of England, Waiting
Room Court, 1804 (F. R. Yerbury)

4 (B) C. F. Hansen: Copenhagen, Vor Frue Kirke, 1811-29
(Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen)

5 Benjamin H. Latrobe: Baltimore, Catholic
Cathedral, 1805-18 (J. H. Schaefer & Son)

6 (A) Sir John Soane: Tyringham, Buckinghamshire,
Entrance Gate, 1792-7 (Soane Museum)

6 (B) Percier and Fontaine: Paris, Rue de Rivoli,
1802-55 (A. Leconte)

7 J.-F.-T. Chalgrin and others: Paris, Arc de
Triomphe de l’Étoile, 1806-35 (Giraudon)

8 (A) Thomas de Thomon: Petersburg, Bourse, 1804-16
(Courtesy of T. J. McCormick)

8 (B) A.-T. Brongniart and others: Paris, Bourse,
1808-15 (R. Viollet)

9 (A) Friedrich Gilly: Project for monument to Frederick
the Great, 1797 (F. Stoedtner)

9 (B) Leo von Klenze: Munich, Glyptothek, 1816-30 (F.
Kaufmann)

10 (A) Friedrich Weinbrenner: Karlsruhe, Marktplatz,
1804-24 (Staatliches Amt für Denkmalpflege,
Karlsruhe)

10 (B) Friedrich von Gärtner: Munich, Ludwigskirche and
Staatsbibliothek, 1829-40 and 1831-40 (from an
engraving by E. Rauch)

11 (A) Heinrich Hübsch: Baden-Baden, Trinkhalle, 1840 (H.
Kuhn)

11 (B) Wimmel & Forsmann: Hamburg, Johanneum, 1836-9 (E.
Gorsten)

12 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Schauspielhaus,
1819-21

13 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Altes Museum, 1824-8

14 (A) K. F. von Schinkel: Potsdam, Court Gardener’s
House, 1829-31

14 (B) G. L. F. Laves: Hanover, Opera House, 1845-52 (H.
Wagner)

15 Ludwig Persius: Potsdam, Friedenskirche, 1845-8

16 (A) Leo von Klenze: Regensburg (nr), Walhalla, 1831-42
(from Klenze, _Walhalla_, plate VI)

16 (B) M. G. B. Bindesbøll: Copenhagen, Thorwaldsen
Museum, Court, 1839-48 (Jonals)

17 (A) Friedrich von Gärtner: Athens, Old Palace, 1837-41
(Tensi)

17 (B) Peter Speeth: Würzburg, Frauenzuchthaus, 1809 (F.
Stoedtner)

18 (A) P.-F.-L. Fontaine: Paris, Chapelle Expiatoire,
1816-24 (Archives Photographiques—Paris)

18 (B) L.-H. Lebas: Paris, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, 1823-36
(Archives Photographiques—Paris)

19 J.-B. Lepère and J.-I. Hittorff: Paris,
Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 1824-44 (from _Paris dans
sa splendeur_)

20 Douillard Frères: Nantes, Hospice Général, 1832-6
(from Gourlier, _Choix d’édifices publics_, III)

21 H.-P.-F. Labrouste: Paris, Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, 1843-50 (Bulloz)

22 (A) É.-H. Godde and J.-B. Lesueur: Paris, extension of
Hôtel de Ville, 1837-49 (from a contemporary
lithograph)

22 (B) F.-A. Duquesney: Paris, Gare de l’Est, 1847-52
(Archives Photographiques—Paris)

23 (A) Giuseppe Jappelli and Antonio Gradenigo: Padua,
Caffè Pedrocchi, 1816-31 (Alinari)

23 (B) Antonio Niccolini: Naples, San Carlo Opera House,
1810-12 (Alinari)

24 Raffaelle Stern: Rome, Vatican Museum, Braccio
Nuovo, 1817-21 (D. Anderson)

25 A. de Simone: Caserta, Royal Palace, Sala di
Marte, 1807 (Alinari)

26 (A) Pietro Bianchi: Naples, San Francesco di Paola,
1816-24 (Alinari)

26 (B) Giuseppe Frizzi and others: Turin, Piazza Vittorio
Veneto, laid out in 1818; with Gran Madre di Dio
by Ferdinando Bonsignore, 1818-31 (G.
Cambursano)

27 (A) A. A. Monferran: Petersburg, St Isaac’s Cathedral,
1817-57 (Mansell)

27 (B) A. A. Monferran: Petersburg, Alexander Column,
1829; and K. I. Rossi: Petersburg, General Staff
Arches, 1819-29 (Courtesy of T. J. McCormick)

27 (C) A.-J. Pellechet: Paris, block of flats, 10 Place
de la Bourse, 1834 (J. R. Johnson)

28 (A) Sir John Soane: London, Royal Hospital, Chelsea,
Stables, 1814-17 (N.B.R.)

28 (B) Sir John Soane: London, Bank of England, Colonial
Office, 1818-23 (F. R. Yerbury)

29 Alexander Thomson: Glasgow, Caledonia Road Free
Church, 1856-7 (T. & R. Annan)

30 John Nash: London, Piccadilly Circus and Lower
Regent Street, 1817-19 (from lithograph by T. S.
Boys)

31 London, Hyde Park Corner: Decimus Burton, Screen,
1825, Arch, 1825; William Wilkins, St George’s
Hospital, 1827-8; Benjamin Dean Wyatt, Apsley
House, 1828 (from lithograph by T. S. Boys)

32 John Nash and James Thomson: London, Regent’s
Park, Cumberland Terrace, 1826-7 (A. F.
Kersting)

33 Sir Robert Smirke: London, British Museum, south
front, completed 1847 (A. F. Kersting)

34 (A) H. L. Elmes: Liverpool, St George’s Hall, 1841-54
(Hulton Picture Library)

34 (B) W. H. Playfair: Edinburgh, Royal Scottish
Institution, National Gallery of Scotland, and
Free Church College, 1822-36, 1850-4, and
1846-50 (F. C. Inglis)

35 (A) Alexander Thomson: Glasgow, Moray Place,
Strathbungo, 1859 (T. & R. Annan)

35 (B) Sir Charles Barry: London, Travellers’ Club and
Reform Club, 1830-2 and 1838-40 (N.B.R.)

36 J. W. Wild: London, Christ Church, Streatham,
1840-2 (J. R. Johnson)

37 (A) Sir Charles Barry: original design for Highclere
Castle, Hampshire, _c._ 1840 (S. W. Newbery)

37 (B) Cuthbert Brodrick: Leeds, Corn Exchange, 1860-3
(N.B.R.)

38 (A) Robert Mills: Washington, Treasury Department,
1836-42 (Horydczak)

38 (B) Thomas Jefferson: Charlottesville, Va. University
of Virginia, 1817-26 (F. Nichols)

39 (A) Thomas U. Walter and others: Columbus, Ohio, State
Capitol, 1839-61 (Ohio Development and Publicity
Commission)

39 (B) James C. Bucklin: Providence, R.I., Washington
Buildings, 1843 (F. Hacker)

40 William Strickland: Philadelphia, Merchants’
Exchange, 1832-4 (Historical Society of
Pennsylvania)

41 Isaiah Rogers: Boston, Tremont House, 1828-9 (from
Eliot, _A Description of the Tremont House_)

42 (A) A. J. Davis: New York, Colonnade Row, 1832 (W.
Andrews)

42 (B) Russell Warren: Newport, R.I., Elmhyrst, _c._ 1833
(from Hitchcock, _Rhode Island Architecture_)

43 (A) Henry A. Sykes: Springfield, Mass., Stebbins
house, 1849 (R.E. Pope)

43 (B) Alexander Parris: Boston, David Sears house, 1816
(Southworth & Hawes)

44 Thomas A. Tefft: Providence, R.I., Union Station,
begun 1848 (R.I. Historical Society)

45 Amherst, Mass., Amherst College, Dormitories,
1821-2, Chapel, 1827 (Courtesy of Amherst
College)

46 William Clarke: Utica, N.Y., Insane Asylum,
1837-43 (Courtesy of Munson-Williams-Proctor
Institute)

47 (A) John Notman: Philadelphia, Atheneum, 1845-7 (W.
Andrews)

47 (B) J. M. J. Rebelo: Rio de Janeiro, Palacio
Itamaratí, 1851-4 (G. E. Kidder Smith)

48 John Nash: Brighton, Royal Pavilion, as remodelled
1815-23 (N.B.R.)

49 C. A. Busby: Gwrych Castle, near Abergele,
completed 1815

50 (A) John Nash: Blaise Hamlet, near Bristol, 1811
(N.B.R.)

50 (B) Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson: Cambridge, St
John’s College, New Court, 1825-31 (A. C.
Barrington Brown)

51 G. M. Kemp: Edinburgh, Sir Walter Scott Monument,
1840-6 (F. C. Inglis)

52 (A) A. W. N. Pugin: Cheadle, Staffordshire, St
Giles’s, 1841-6 (M. Whiffen)

52 (B) Sir G. G. Scott: Hamburg, Nikolaikirche, 1845-63
(Staatliche Landesbildstelle, Hamburg)

53 (A) Richard Upjohn: New York, Trinity Church, _c._
1844-6 (W. Andrews)

53 (B) Richard Upjohn: Utica, N.Y., City Hall, 1852-3 (H.
Lott)

54 Sir Charles Barry: London, Houses of Parliament,
1840-65 (A. F. Kersting)

55 (A) Salem, Mass., First Unitarian (North) Church,
1836-7 (Courtesy of Essex Institute, Salem)

55 (B) F.-C. Gau and Théodore Ballu: Paris,
Sainte-Clotilde, 1846-57 (from _Paris dans sa
splendeur_)

56 E.-E. Viollet-le-Duc: Paris, block of flats, 28
Rue de Liège, 1846-8 (J. R. Johnson)

57 (A) Alexis de Chateauneuf and Fersenfeld: Hamburg,
Petrikirche, 1843-9

57 (B) G. A. Demmler and F. A. Stüler: Schwerin, Schloss,
1844-57 (Institut für Denkmalpflege, Schwerin)

58 (A) John Nash: Brighton, Royal Pavilion, Kitchen,
1818-21 (Brighton Corporation)

58 (B) Thomas Telford: Menai Strait, Menai Bridge,
1819-24 (W. Scott)

59 Thomas Telford: Craigellachie Bridge, 1815 (A.
Reiach)

60 (A) John A. Roebling: Niagara Falls, Suspension
Bridge, 1852 (Courtesy of Eastman House)

60 (B) Thomas Hopper: London, Carlton House,
Conservatory, 1811-12 (from Pyne, _Royal
Residences_, III)

61 Robert Stephenson and Francis Thompson: Menai
Strait, Britannia Bridge, 1845-50 (Hulton
Picture Library)

62 (A) Grisart & Froehlicher: Paris, Galeries du Commerce
et de l’Industrie, section, 1838 (from Normand,
_Paris Moderne_, II)

62 (B) Robert Stephenson and Francis Thompson: Derby,
Trijunct Railway Station, 1839-41 (from Russell,
_Nature on Stone_)

63 J. B. Bunning: London, Coal Exchange, 1846-9 (from
_Builder_, 29 Sept. 1849)

64 Sir Joseph Paxton and Fox & Henderson: London,
Crystal Palace, 1850-1 (from _Builder_, 4 Jan.
1851)

65 I. K. Brunel and Sir M. D. Wyatt: London,
Paddington Station, 1852-4 (from _Illustrated
London News_, 8 July 1854)

66 (A) Lewis Cubitt: London, King’s Cross Station, 1851-2
(British Railways)

66 (B) Karl Etzel: Vienna, Dianabad, 1841-3 (from
_Allgemeine Bauzeitung_, 1843)

67 (A) Decimus Burton and Richard Turner: Kew, Palm
Stove, 1845-7 (N.B.R.)

67 (B) James Bogardus; New York, Laing Stores, 1849 (B.
Abbott)

68 L.-T.-J. Visconti and H.-M. Lefuel: Paris, New
Louvre, 1852-7 (Giraudon)

69 H.-P.-F. Labrouste: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale,
Reading Room, 1862-8 (Chevojon)

70 (A) H.-J. Espérandieu: Marseilles, Palais Longchamps,
1862-9 (R. Viollet)

70 (B) J.-L.-C. Garnier: Paris, Opéra, 1861-74 (Édition
Alfa)

70 (C) Charles Rohault de Fleury and Henri Blondel:
Paris, Place de l’Opéra, 1858-64 (Chevojon)

71 J.-L.-C. Garnier: Paris, Opéra, Foyer, 1861-74
(Bulloz)

72 (A) J.-A.-E. Vaudremer: Paris,
Saint-Pierre-de-Montrouge, 1864-70 (R. Viollet)

72 (B) J.-F. Duban: Paris, École des Beaux-Arts, 1860-2
(Giraudon)

73 (A) Gottfried Semper and Karl von Hasenauer: Vienna,
Burgtheater, 1874-88 (Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek)

73 (B) Theophil von Hansen: Vienna, Heinrichshof, 1861-3
(from a water-colour by Rudolf von Alt)

74 Vienna, Ringstrasse, begun 1858 (from a
water-colour by Rudolf von Alt)

75 (A) A.-F. Mortier: Paris, block of flats, 11 Rue de
Milan, _c._ 1860 (J. R. Johnson)

75 (B) Giuseppe Mengoni: Milan, Galleria Vittorio
Emmanuele, 1865-77 (Alinari)

76 (A) Gaetano Koch: Rome, Esedra, 1885 (Fotorapida
Terni)

76 (B) J.-A.-F.-A. Pellechet: Barnard Castle, Co. Durham,
Bowes Museum, 1869-75 (Copyright Country Life)

77 (A) Friedrich Hitzig: Berlin, Exchange, 1859-63 (F.
Stoedtner)

77 (B) Julius Raschdorf: Cologne, Opera House, 1870-2
(Courtesy of Rheinisches Museum, Cologne)

78 (A) Cuthbert Brodrick: Leeds, Town Hall, 1855-9
(N.B.R.)

78 (B) Sir Charles Barry: Halifax, Town Hall, 1860-2
(N.B.R.)

79 Cuthbert Brodrick: Scarborough, Grand Hotel,
1863-7 (Walkers Studios)

80 (A) John Giles: London, Langham Hotel, 1864-6 (Bedford
Lemere)

80 (B) London, 1-5 Grosvenor Place, begun 1867 (N.B.R.)

81 Joseph Poelaert: Brussels, Palace of Justice,
1866-83 (Archives Centrales Iconographiques,
Brussels)

82 (A) Thomas U. Walter: Washington, Capitol, Wings and
Dome, 1851-65; Central Block by William Thornton
and others, 1792-1828 (from _American
Architect_, 30 Jan. 1904)

82 (B) Arthur B. Mullet; Arthur Gilman consultant:
Washington, State, War and Navy Department
Building, 1871-5 (Horydczak)

83 (A) Sir M. D. Wyatt: London, Alford House, 1872
(Victoria and Albert Museum, Crown Copyright)

83 (B) Francis Fowke: London, Victoria and Albert Museum,
Court, begun 1866 (Victoria and Albert Museum,
Crown Copyright)

84 Georg von Dollmann: Schloss Linderhof, near
Oberammergau, 1870-86 (L. Aufsberg)

85 William Butterfield: London, All Saints’, Margaret
Street, interior, 1849-59 (S.W. Newbery)

86 (A) William Butterfield: London, All Saints’, Margaret
Street, Schools and Clergy House, 1849-59 (S.W.
Newbery)

86 (B) Deane & Woodward: Oxford, University Museum,
1855-9

87 William Butterfield: Baldersby St James,
Yorkshire, St James’s, 1856 (R. Cox)

88 William Burges: Hartford, Conn., project for
Trinity College, 1873 (from Pullan,
_Architectural Designs of William Burges_)

89 (A) Henry Clutton: Leamington, Warwickshire, St
Peter’s, 1861-5 (J. E. Duggins)

89 (B) James Brooks: London, St Saviour’s, Hoxton, 1865-7
(N.B.R.)

90 Sir G. G. Scott: London, Albert Memorial, 1863-72
(A. F. Kersting)

91 (A) J. P. Seddon: Aberystwyth, University College,
begun 1864 (N.B.R.)

91 (B) H. H. Richardson: Medford, Mass., Grace Church,
1867-8 (from _American Architect_, 8 Feb. 1890)

92 (A) E. W. Godwin: Congleton, Cheshire, Town Hall,
1864-7 (N.B.R.)

92 (B) G. F. Bodley: Pendlebury, Lancashire, St
Augustine’s, 1870-4 (N.B.R.)

93 (A) J. L. Pearson: London, St Augustine’s, Kilburn,
1870-80 (N.B.R.)

93 (B) Edmund E. Scott: Brighton, St Bartholomew’s,
completed 1875 (N.B.R.)

94 (A) R. Norman Shaw: Bingley, Yorkshire, Holy Trinity,
1866-7 (N.B.R.)

94 (B) G. E. Street: London, St James the Less, Thorndike
Street, 1858-61 (N.B.R.)

95 (A) Ware & Van Brunt: Cambridge, Mass., Memorial Hall,
1870-8 (J. K. Ufford)

95 (B) Frank Furness: Philadelphia, Provident Life and
Trust Company, 1879 (J. L. Dillon & Co.)

96 (A) Russell Sturgis: New Haven, Conn., Yale College,
Farnam Hall, 1869-70 (C. L. V. Meeks)

96 (B) Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Palau Güell, 1885-9
(Arxiu Mas)

97 (A) Fuller & Jones: Ottawa, Canada, Parliament House,
1859-67 (Courtesy of Public Archives of Canada)

97 (B) William Morris and Philip Webb: London, Victoria
and Albert Museum, Refreshment Room, 1867
(Victoria and Albert Museum, Crown copyright)

98 E.-E. Viollet-le-Duc: St-Denis, Seine,
Saint-Denys-de-l’Estrée, 1864-7 (Archives
Photographiques—Paris)

99 (A) Heinrich von Ferstel: Vienna, Votivkirche, 1856-79
(P. Ledermann)

99 (B) Friedrich von Schmidt: Vienna, Fünfhaus Parish
Church, 1868-75 (Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek)

100 G. E. Street: Rome, St Paul’s American Church,
1873-6 (Alinari)

101 (A) E.-E. Viollet-le-Duc: Paris, block of flats, 15
Rue de Douai, c. 1860 (J. R. Johnson)

101 (B) P. J. H. Cuijpers: Amsterdam, Maria Magdalenakerk,
1887 (Lichtbeelden Instituut)

101 (C) P. J. H. Cuijpers: Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, 1877-85
(J. G. van Agtmaal)

102 (A) Philip Webb: Smeaton Manor, Yorkshire, 1877-9 (O.
H. Wicksteed)

102 (B) R. Norman Shaw: Withyham, Sussex, Glen Andred,
1866-7 (Courtesy of F. Goodwin)

103 R. Norman Shaw: London, Old Swan House, 1876
(Bedford Lemere)

104 (A) R. Norman Shaw: London, Albert Hall Mansions, 1879
(N.B.R.)

104 (B) George & Peto: London, W. S. Gilbert house, 1882
(Bedford Lemere)

105 R. Norman Shaw: London, Fred White house, 1887
(Bedford Lemere)

106 (A) R. Norman Shaw: London, Holy Trinity, Latimer
Road, 1887-9 (N.B.R.)

106 (B) R. Norman Shaw: London, New Scotland Yard, 1887
(Bedford Lemere)

107 R. Norman Shaw: London, Piccadilly Hotel, 1905-8
(Bedford Lemere)

108 (A) H. H. Richardson: Boston, Trinity Church, 1873-7
(from Van Rensselaer, _Henry Hobson Richardson_,
1888)

108 (B) H. H. Richardson: Pittsburgh, Penna., Allegheny
County Jail, 1884-8

109 (A) Charles B. Atwood: Chicago, World’s Fair, Fine
Arts Building, 1892-3 (from _American
Architect_, 22 Oct. 1892)

109 (B) McKim, Mead & White: New York, Villard houses,
1883-5 (from _Monograph_, 1)

110 H. H. Richardson: Quincy, Mass., Crane Library,
1880-3 (W. Andrews)

111 McKim, Mead & White: Boston, Public Library,
1888-92 (W. Andrews)

112 (A) C. R. Cockerell: Liverpool, Bank Chambers, 1849
(J. R. Johnson)

112 (B) Alexander Parris: Boston, North Market Street,
designed 1823 (B. Abbott)

113 E. W. Godwin: Bristol, 104 Stokes Croft, _c._ 1862
(N.B.R.)

114 (A) Peter Ellis: Liverpool, Oriel Chambers, 1864-5
(N.B.R.)

114 (B) Lockwood & Mawson(?): Bradford, Yorkshire,
Kassapian’s Warehouse, _c._ 1862 (N.B.R.)

115 (A) George B. Post: New York, Western Union Building,
1873-5 (Courtesy of Museum of the City of New
York)

115 (B) D. H. Burnham & Co.: Chicago, Reliance Building,
1894 (Chicago Architectural Photographing Co.)

116 (A) H. H. Richardson: Hartford, Conn., Brown-Thompson
Department Store (Cheney Block), 1875-6

116 (B) H. H. Richardson: Chicago, Marshall Field
Wholesale Store, 1885-7 (Chicago Architectural
Photographing Co.)

117 (A) Adler & Sullivan: Chicago, Auditorium Building,
1887-9 (Chicago Architectural Photographing Co.)

117 (B) William Le B. Jenney: Chicago, Sears, Roebuck &
Co. (Leiter) Building, 1889-90 (Chicago
Architectural Photographing Co.)

118 Adler & Sullivan: St Louis, Wainwright Building,
1890-1 (Bill Hedrich, Hedrich-Blessing)

119 Adler & Sullivan: Buffalo, N.Y., Guaranty
Building, 1894-5 (Chicago Architectural
Photographing Co.)

120 Holabird & Roche; Louis H. Sullivan: Chicago,
19-20 South Michigan Avenue; Gage Building,
1898-9 (Chicago Architectural Photographing Co.)

121 Louis H. Sullivan: Chicago, Carson, Pirie & Scott
Department Store, 1899-1901, 1903-4 (Chicago
Architectural Photographing Co.)

122 (A) J. B. Papworth: ‘Cottage Orné’, 1818 (from _Rural
Residences_, plate XIII)

122 (B) William Butterfield: Coalpitheath,
Gloucestershire, St Saviour’s Vicarage, 1844-5
(N.B.R.)

123 R. Norman Shaw: nr Withyham, Sussex, Leyswood,
1868 (from _Building News_, 31 March 1871)

124 (A) Dudley Newton: Middletown, R.I., Sturtevant house,
1872 (W. K. Covell)

124 (B) H. H. Richardson: Cambridge, Mass., Stoughton
house, 1882-3 (from Sheldon, _Artistic Country
Seats_, 1)

125 (A) McKim, Mead & White: Elberon, N.J., H. Victor
Newcomb house, 1880-1 (from _Artistic Houses_,
2, Pt I)

125 (B) Bruce Price: Tuxedo Park, N.Y., Pierre Lorillard
house, 1885-6 (from Sheldon, _Artistic Country
Seats_, II)

126 McKim, Mead & White: Newport R.I., Isaac Bell, Jr,
house, 1881-2

127 McKim, Mead & White: Bristol, R.I., W. G. Low
house, 1887

128 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: River Forest, Ill., W. H.
Winslow house, 1893

128 (B) Frank Lloyd Wright: River Forest, Ill., River
Forest Golf Club, 1898, 1901 (from _Ausgeführte
Bauten und Entwürfe_, 1910, pl. xi)

129 (A) C. F. A. Voysey: Hog’s Back, Surrey, Julian
Sturgis house, elevation, 1896 (Courtesy of
Royal Institute of British Architects)

129 (B) C. F. A. Voysey: Lake Windermere, Broadleys,
1898-9 (Courtesy of J. Brandon-Jones)

130 (A) Gustave Eiffel: Paris, Eiffel Tower, 1887-9 (N. D.
Giraudon)

130 (B) Baron Victor Horta: Brussels, Tassel house, 1892-3

131 (A) Baron Victor Horta: Brussels, Solvay house,
1895-1900 (Archives Centrales Iconographiques,
Brussels)

131 (B) Baron Victor Horta: Brussels, L’Innovation
Department Store, 1901 (F. Stoedtner)

132 (A) C. R. Mackintosh: Glasgow, School of Art, 1897-9
(T. & R. Annan)

132 (B) Baron Victor Horta: Brussels, Maison du Peuple,
interior, 1896-9 (F. Stoedtner)

133 Frantz Jourdain: Paris, Samaritaine Department
Store, 1905 (from _L’Architecte_, II, 1906,
plate X)

134 (A) Auguste Perret: Paris, block of flats, 119 Avenue
Wagram, 1902 (from _L’Architecte_, I, 1906,
plate XIV)

134 (B) C. Harrison Townsend: London, Whitechapel Art
Gallery, 1897-9 (from Muthesius, _Englische
Baukunst der Gegenwart_)

135 (A) C. R. Mackintosh: Glasgow, School of Art, 1907-8
(T. & R. Annan)

135 (B) Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Casa Milá, ground storey,
1905-7 (Arxiu Mas)

136 Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Casa Batlló, front,
1905-7 (Arxiu Mas)

137 (A) Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Casa Milá, 1905-7
(Soberanas Postales)

137 (B) Hector Guimard: Paris, Gare du Métropolitain,
Place Bastille, 1900 (R. Viollet)

138 (A) Otto Wagner: Vienna, Majolika Haus, _c._ 1898
(from _L’Architecte_, I, 1905)

138 (B) H. P. Berlage: London, Holland House, 1914 (from
Gratama, _Dr H. P. Berlage, Bouwmeester_)

139 (A) Auguste Perret: Paris, Garage Ponthieu, 1905-6 (F.
Stoedtner)

139 (B) Place de la Porte de Passy, 1930-2 (Chevojon)

140 (A) Auguste Perret: Le Havre, Place de l’Hôtel de
Ville, 1948-54 (Chevojon)

140 (B) Auguste Perret: Paris, Ministry of Marine, Avenue
Victor, 1929-30 (Chevojon)

141 Auguste Perret: Le Rainey, S.-et-O., Notre-Dame,
1922-3 (Chevojon)

142 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: Kankakee, Ill., Warren Hickox
house, 1900

142 (B) Frank Lloyd Wright: Highland Park, Ill., W. W.
Willitts house, 1902 (Fuermann)

143 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: Delavan Lake, Wis., C. S. Ross
house, 1902

143 (B) Frank Lloyd Wright: Oak Park, Ill., Unity Church,
1906 (Russo)

144 Frank Lloyd Wright: Pasadena, Cal., Mrs G. M.
Millard house, 1923 (W. Albert Martin)

145 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: Falling Water, Pennsylvania,
1936-7 (Hedrich-Blessing Studio)

145 (B) Frank Lloyd Wright: Pleasantville, N.Y., Sol
Friedman house, 1948-9 (Ezra Stoller)

146 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: Racine, Wisconsin, S. C.
Johnson and Sons, Administration Building and
Laboratory Tower, 1936-9 and 1946-9 (Ezra
Stoller)

146 (B) Bernard Maybeck: Berkeley, Cal., Christian Science
Church, 1910 (W. Andrews)

147 (A) Greene & Greene: Pasadena, Cal., D. B. Gamble
house, 1908-9 (W. Andrews)

147 (B) Irving Gill: Los Angeles, Walter Dodge house,
1915-16 (E. McCoy)

148 (A) Peter Behrens: Berlin, A.E.G. Small Motors
Factory, 1910 (F. Stoedtner)

148 (B) Peter Behrens: Hagen-Eppenhausen, Cuno and
Schröder houses, 1909-10 (F. Stoedtner)

149 (A) Peter Behrens: Berlin, A.E.G. Turbine Factory,
1909 (F. Stoedtner)

149 (B) Max Berg: Breslau, Jahrhunderthalle, 1910-12 (F.
Stoedtner)

150 H. P. Berlage: Amsterdam, Diamond Workers’ Union
Building, 1899-1900 (Lichtbeelden Instituut)

151 Adolf Loos: Vienna, Kärntner Bar, 1907 (Gerlach)

152 Bonatz & Scholer: Stuttgart, Railway Station,
1911-14, 1919-27 (Windstosser)

153 (A) Fritz Höger: Hamburg, Chilehaus, 1923 (Staatliche
Landesbildstelle, Hamburg)

153 (B) Erich Mendelsohn: Neubabelsberg, Einstein Tower,
1921 (F. Stoedtner)

154 (A) Josef Hoffmann: Brussels, Stoclet house, 1905-11
(Archives Centrales Iconographiques, Brussels)

154 (B) Otto Wagner: Vienna, Postal Savings Bank, 1904-6
(Österreichische Nationalbibliothek)

155 (A) Adolf Loos: Vienna, Gustav Scheu house, 1912 (from
Glück, _Adolf Loos_)

155 (B) Adolf Loos: Vienna, Leopold Langer flat, 1901
(from Glück, _Adolf Loos_)

156 (A) Piet Kramer: Amsterdam, De Dageraad housing
estate, 1918-23 (Lichtbeelden Instituut)

156 (B) Michael de Klerk: Amsterdam, Eigen Haard housing
estate, 1917 (Lichtbeelden Instituut)

157 (A) W. M. Dudok: Hilversum, Dr Bavinck School, 1921
(C. A. Deul)

157 (B) Saarinen & Saarinen: Minneapolis, Minn., Christ
Lutheran Church, 1949-50 (G. M. Ryan)

158 (A) Walter Gropius with Adolf Meyer: Project for
Chicago Tribune Tower, 1922 (W. Gropius)

158 (B) Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer:
Alfeld-an-der-Leine, Fagus Factory, 1911 (Museum
of Modern Art)

159 Le Corbusier: Poissy, S.-et-O., Savoye house
1929-30 (L. Hervé)

160 (A) Le Corbusier: Second project for Citrohan house,
1922 (from Le Corbusier, _Œuvre complète_, I)

160 (B) Le Corbusier: Garches, S.-et-O., Les Terrasses,
1927 (Museum of Modern Art)

161 (A) Walter Gropius: Dessau, Bauhaus, 1925-6 (Museum of
Modern Art)

161 (B) Walter Gropius: Dessau, City Employment Office,
1927-8 (Museum of Modern Art)

162 (A) Walter Gropius: Berlin, Siemensstadt housing
estate, 1929-30 (Museum of Modern Art)

162 (B) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Stuttgart, block of
flats, Weissenhof 1927 (Museum of Modern Art)

163 (A) Brinkman & van der Vlugt: Rotterdam, van Nelle
Factory, 1927 (E. M. van Ojen)

163 (B) J. J. P. Oud: Hook of Holland, housing estate,
1926-7 (Museum of Modern Art)

164 (A) J. J. P. Oud: Rotterdam, church, Kiefhoek housing
estate, 1928-30 (Museum of Modern Art)

164 (B) Gerrit Rietveld: Utrecht, Schroeder house, 1924
(F. Stoedtner)

165 (A) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Barcelona, German
Exhibition Pavilion, 1929 (F. Stoedtner)

165 (B) Le Corbusier: Paris, Swiss Hostel, Cité
Universitaire, 1931-2 (L. Hervé)

166 Le Corbusier: Marseilles, Unité d’Habitation,
1946-52 (Éditions de France)

167 Le Corbusier: Ronchamp, Hte-Saône,
Notre-Dame-du-Haut, 1950-4 (L. Hervé)

168 (A) Le Corbusier: Éveux-sur-L’Arbresle, Rhône,
Dominican monastery of La Tourette, 1957-61 (C.
Michael Pearson)

168 (B) Eero Saarinen: Warren, Mich., General Motors
Technical Institute, 1951-5 (Ezra Stoller)

169 Howe & Lescaze: Philadelphia, Philadelphia Savings
Fund Society Building, 1932 (Museum of Modern
Art)

170 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Chicago, Ill., blocks of
flats, 845-60 Lake Shore Drive, 1949-51 (Hube
Henry, Hedrich-Blessing)

171 Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, and others (Le
Corbusier consultant): Rio de Janeiro, Ministry
of Education and Health, 1937-43 (G. E. Kidder
Smith)

172 (A) Giuseppe Terragni: Como, Casa del Fascio, 1932-6
(G. E. Kidder Smith)

172 (B) Tecton: London, Regent’s Park Zoo, Penguin Pool,
1933-5 (Museum of Modern Art)

173 (A) Martin Nyrop: Copenhagen, Town Hall, 1893-1902 (F.
R. Yerbury)

173 (B) Alvar Aalto: Säynatsälo, Municipal Buildings,
1951-3 (M. Quantrill)

174 (A) Ragnar Östberg: Stockholm, Town Hall, 1909-23
(Lindquist and Svandesson)

174 (B) Ragnar Östberg: Stockholm, Town Hall, 1909-23
(Lindquist and Svandesson)

175 (A) Sigfrid Ericson: Göteborg, Masthugg Church,
1910-14 (Courtesy of G. Paulsson)

175 (B) P. V. Jensen Klint: Copenhagen, Grundvig Church,
1913, 1921-6 (F. R. Yerbury)

176 (A) E. G. Asplund: Stockholm City Library, 1921-8 (F.
R. Yerbury)

176 (B) Edward Thomsen and G. B. Hagen: Gentofte Komune,
Øregaard School, 1923-4 (F. R. Yerbury)

177 (A) Cram & Ferguson: Princeton, N.J., Graduate
College, completed 1913 (E. Menzies)

177 (B) Reed & Stem and Warren & Wetmore: New York, Grand
Central Station, 1903-13 (New York Central
Railroad)

178 Cass Gilbert: New York, Woolworth Building, 1913
(J. H. Heffren)

179 McKim, Mead & White: New York, University Club,
1899-1900 (from _Monograph_, II)

180 Henry Bacon: Washington, Lincoln Memorial,
completed 1917 (Horydczak)

181 Sir Edwin Lutyens: Delhi, Viceroy’s House, 1920-31
(Copyright Country Life)

182 (A) Alvar Aalto: Muuratsälo, architect’s own house,
1953 (Kolmio)

182 (B) Sir Edwin Lutyens: Sonning, Deanery Gardens, 1901
(Copyright Country Life)

183 (A) Victor Laloux: Paris, Gare d’Orsay, 1898-1900 (F.
Stoedtner)

183 (B) Eugenio Montuori and others: Rome, Termini
Station, completed 1951 (Fototeca Centrale F.S.)

184 Carlos Lazo and others: Mexico City, University
City, begun _c._ 1950 (R. T. McKenna)

185 (A) Kay Fisker and Eske Kristensen: Copenhagen,
Kongegården Estate, 1955-6 (Strüwing)

185 (B) Eero Saarinen: New Haven, Conn., Ezra Stiles and
Samuel F. B. Morse College, 1960-2 (J. W.
Molitor)

186 (A) James Cubitt & Partners: Langleybury,
Hertfordshire, school, 1955-6 (Architectural
Design)

186 (B) London County Council Architect’s Office: London,
Loughborough Road housing estate, 1954-6
(Architectural Review)

187 (A) Kenzo Tange: Totsuka, Country Club, _c._ 1960 (Y.
Futagawa)

187 (B) Kunio Maekawa: Tokyo, Metropolitan Festival Hall,
1961 (Akio Kawasumi)

188 (A) Frank Lloyd Wright: New York, Guggenheim Museum,
and (1943-6), 1956-9 (Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum)
(B)

189 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Gordon Bunshaft): New
York, Lever House, 1950-2 (Ezra Stoller)

190 (A) Philip C. Johnson: New Canaan, Conn., Boissonas
house, 1955-6 (Ezra Stoller)

190 (B) Eero Saarinen: Chantilly, Va., Dulles
International Airport, 1960-3 (B. Korab)

190 (C) Oscar Niemeyer: Pampulha, São Francisco, 1943 (M.
Gautherot)

191 Hentrich & Petschnigg: Düsseldorf, Thyssen Haus,
1958-60 (Arno Wrubel)

192 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson: New
York, Seagram Building, 1956-8 (A. Georges)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

_My_ Modern Architecture: Romanticism and Reintegration _appeared in 1929. It was an early attempt to relate the newest architecture of the nineteen-twenties to that of the preceding century and a half. In the thirty years that followed I have studied, in varying degrees of detail, many aspects of the story of architecture in the last two hundred years, from the ‘Romantic’ gardens of the mid eighteenth century to Latin-American building of the mid twentieth. In the process debts of gratitude have accumulated that can never be discharged, least of all here. Moreover, immediately before writing this book I visited a dozen countries in the New World, and during its composition in London—made possible by a sabbatical leave from Smith College for the academic year 1955-6—I visited another dozen in the Old World. It would be manifestly impossible even to list all those—first of all in England and America, but also all the way from Athens to Bogotá—who assisted me in various ways in the gathering of material. They will, I trust, understand and accept this generalized expression of my thanks._

_Not least of the problems of preparing such a book as this is the finding of photographs. The names of the photographers responsible for the plates (or in a few cases those who obtained photographs for me) are given in the list of plates. The material for the figures, mostly redrawn for this book by P. J. Darvall, came largely from books and drawings in the libraries of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Victoria and Albert Museum, to whose authorities my thanks are due, as also for notable assistance of various other sorts. The co-operation of the National Buildings Record, which was generously ready to add to their so extensive files photographs newly taken for use in this book, deserves specific mention here. In certain other cases I am not quite sure whether photographs were taken especially for me or not, but I must express gratitude in this connexion also to Professor Frederick D. Nichols of the University of Virginia, to the Staatliche Landesbildstelle of Hamburg, to the Institut für Denkmalpflege of Schwerin, and to Professor Donald Egbert of Princeton University._

_The notes indicate a considerable number of the fellow scholars who have assisted me in one way or another. But I would like to mention more particularly the following, who were good enough to read chapters or sections covering matters of which they had expert knowledge: John Summerson, Dorothy Stroud, John Brandon-Jones, Fello Atkinson, Robin Middleton, Turpin Bannister, Winston Weisman, James Grady, William Jordy, and Reyner Banham, not to speak of the Editor of the Pelican History of Art, whose contribution in a field especially his own was naturally of the utmost value. Needless to say these friends bear no responsibility for what appears here, but the importance of their contribution will often be very apparent in the notes. Robert Rosenblum did a very large part of the work of gathering the bibliography, a notable service to the author of a book such as this, as well as checking innumerable note references._

_Finally I must mention Mary Elkington, whose intelligent typing of successive drafts of the manuscript made revision a pleasure._

_H. R. H._
_1958_

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