Chapter V: Book I: Page 7

CH. 1.

Line 1. =Rōmānum=: note emphatic position.

=Rōmulō=: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.

2. =Vestālis virginis=: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani, _Anc. Rome_, Ch. VI.

=fīlius=: in apposition with _quī_, subject of _putātus est_.

=quantum putātus est=: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the impersonal.

3. =is=: emphatic position.

=cum … latrōcinārētur=: the student should note the different uses of _cum_, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. _cum … compāruisset_, Ch. 2; _cum … habērent_, Ch. 2; _cum … ēgissent_, Ch. 18.

4. =decem et octō annōs nātus= (_nāscor_): ‘having been born eighteen years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the numeral is _duodēvīgintī_. Cf. _annōrum trium et vīgintī_, Bk. II, Ch. 6; _annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis_, Bk. III, Ch. 7.

5. =urbem exiguam=: remains of this city are still found on the Palatine Hill.

=Palātīnō monte=: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian.

=XI Kal. Māiās=: the full expression would be _ante diem ūndecimum Kalendās Māiās_, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”

6. =Olympiadis=: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the date of the founding of the city.

CH. 2.

8. =conditā cīvitāte=: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used. _Civitate_ ＝ _urbe_, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression is _urbe conditā_, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis.

=Rōmam vocāvit=: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from _Rumon_, ‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, ‘the man from the town by the river’ (_Anc. Rome_, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ (Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. I, p. 71).

9. =ferē=: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.

10. =centum ex seniōribus=: ‘a hundred of the elders’; _ex_ or _dē_ with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. 6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.

12. =uxōrēs=: object of _habērent_. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb.

PAGE 8.

1. =eārum=: the antecedent is _nātiōnēs_.

=commōtīs bellīs=: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been aroused’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2.

=propter raptārum iniūriam=: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.’ With _raptārum_ sc. _virginum_.

4. =nōn compāruisset=: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’

5. =ad deōs trānsīsse=: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to have been translated.’

6. =per quīnōs diēs=: ‘through five days each.’

CH. 3.

8. =rēx=: predicate Nominative.

=bellum=: emphatic by position as well as by the use of _quidem_. “The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream.”

11. =cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum=: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’

=iam … putābantur=: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of the Imperfect.

12. =in decem=: Livy I, XIX, says _in duodecim mēnsēs_.

13. =aliquā= ＝ _ūllā_.

=cōnfūsum=: ‘confused’; modifies _annum_ and is modified by _prius_.

14. =morbō=: _i.e._ a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence.

CH. 4.

16. =huic successit=: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor was’; note the emphasis.

=hīc bella reparāvit=: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction.

17. =Albānōs=: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.

=mīliāriō=: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’

18. =aliī … aliī=: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses _alius_ with the meaning of _alter_.

20. =adiectō Caeliō monte=: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ ＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. _conditā cīvitāte_, Ch. 2.

21. =fulmine ictus=: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’

=ārsit=: _ārdeō_.

CH. 5.

22. =ex fīliā=: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of _fīlia_, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, _e_; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, _e_.

PAGE 9.

1. =Iāniculum=: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.

=cīvitātem=: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire.

3. =morbō periit=: cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Ch. 3.

CH. 6.

4. =Prīscus Tarquinius= ＝ _Tarquinius Prīscus_. When only the _nomen_ and the _cognomen_ are written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace.

5. =circum=: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people.

=lūdōs Rōmānōs=: the _Lūdī Rōmānī_, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.

6. =ad nostram memoriam=: ‘to our time.’

7. =vīcit=: emphatic position.

=nōn parum= ＝ _māgnum_: ‘a large part’; cf. _nōn compāruisset_, Ch. 2.

8. =prīmus … intrāvit=: ‘and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (_a_) The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (_b_) He must have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking the auspices. (_c_) The battle must have been decisive and ended the campaign. (_d_) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain.

9. =mūrōs fēcit=: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.

=cloācās=: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.

=Capitōlium=: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors.

10. =per … fīliōs=: Eutropius occasionally substitutes _per_ with the Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. _per eum multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt_, Bk. IV, 10.

11. =rēgis ēius=: apposition with _Ancī_.

=cuī=: cf. _huic successit_, Ch. 4.

CH. 7.

12. =Servius Tullius=: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.

=genitus=: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’

13. =quoque=: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. _Quoque_ must not be confounded with _quōque_, the Ablative of the pronoun _quisque_.

15. =fossās circum mūrum=: portions of the Servian wall still exist.

16. =cēnsum=: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a _lustrum_.

=orbem terrārum=: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’

18. =capita=: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’

19. =in agrīs=: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.

21. =uxōrem=: ‘as his wife.’

CH. 8.

22. =L. Tarquinius Superbus=: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city.

23. =euntibus=; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’

24. =Gabiōs=: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is in apposition with _cīvitātem_.

PAGE 10.

1. =Capitōliō=: here the Capitoline Hill.

2. =oppūgnāns=: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with _cum_ or _dum_ would have been more usual.

4. =ēius=: antecedent is _L. Tarquinius_.

=et ipse Tarquinius iūnior=: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.

5. =Lucrētiam=: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see _The Story of the Romans_, p. 62.

=eandemque=: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. 195, _e_; G. 310; B. 248.

6. =stuprāsset=: ‘had offered violence to.’ _Stuprāsset_ for _stuprāvisset_, cf. _rēgnāsset_, Ch. 4.

7. =questa fuisset=: for _questa esset_. Eutropius generally uses _essem_, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses _fueram_, etc., for _eram_ in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.

8. =parēns et ipse=: ‘a relative likewise,’ _i.e._ as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ _i.e._ ‘the Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. _Parēns_, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.

10. =eum=: refers to the king.

=quī=: antecedent is _exercitus_.

13. =rēgnātum est=: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’

14. =annīs=: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.

15. =ubi plūrimum=: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of the widest extent.

CH. 9.

17. =hinc=: ‘from this time.’

=cōnsulēs=: at first they were called _praetōrēs_, ‘leaders.’ The consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly organized by Servius Tullius.

=coepēre= ＝ _coepērunt_.

18. =alter eum=: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.

20. =annuum=: ‘lasting one year.’

=habērent=: the clause _nē_ … _habērent_ is the Subject of _placuit_.

21. =redderentur=: cf. _coërceret_, above.

=cīvīlēs=: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’

23. =ab expulsīs rēgibus=: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. _post rēgēs exactōs_, Ch. 11.

24. =māximē … pellerētur=: ‘had done the most to drive out Tarquinius.’

25. =Tarquiniō=: cf. _īsdem_, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.

PAGE 11.

1. =manēret=: cf. _habērent_, above.

3. =L. Valerius Pūblicola=: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his popular measures he was called _Pūblicola_, ‘the Partisan of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people.

CH. 10.

7. =in vicem sē=: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1, _inter se_, Bk. II, 10, _alius alium circumspectant_.

8. =tamen=: although both the leaders were slain.

10. =per annum=: cf. _annum lūxērunt_, Ch. 11.

11. =quō morbō mortuō=: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the case of _morbō_, cf. _morbō_, Ch. 3.

12. =iterum=: construe with _sūmpsit_.

CH. 11.

18. =Porsennā=: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome_, _Horatius_.

=Rōmam paene cēpit=: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city.

22. =Tusculum=: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there.

24. =cōnsenuit=: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’

26. =dē hīs=: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy.

PAGE 12.

2. =fātāliter=: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. _morbō dēcessit_, Ch. 3.

3. =nummīs=: ‘money’; particularly small coins.

=sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae=: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ _i.e._ was buried at public expense.

=quem=: note its position.

CH. 12.

5. =gener Tarquinī=: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.

7. =dictātūra=: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. 65.

8. =magister equitum=: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the representative of the dictator.

9. =neque … potestātī=: ‘neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ etc. _Imperium_ was the regular term for the power possessed by the magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.

Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor.

11. =Tranquillitās Vestra=: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were _Aeternitās Tua_, _Clēmentia Tua_, _Serēnitās Tua_, _Māgnitūdō Tua_, _Māiestās Tua_.”

=Vestra=: in Latin of the classical period _tua_ would have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has taken the place of ‘thou.’

13. =sub dictātūrae nōmine=: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual dictator.

CH. 13.

17. =populus= ＝ _plebs_ here. _Populus_ is a collective noun, and so takes a singular verb.

=tamquam=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

18. =tribūnōs plēbis=: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession effective they were declared to be _sacrosancti_, _i.e._ ‘inviolable,’ and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.

19. =per quōs= ＝ _ut per eōs_.

PAGE 13.

CH. 14.

2. =quam habēbant optimam= ＝ _optimam quam habēbant_.

CH. 15.

5. =Q. Mārcius=: called _Coriolānus_ from the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.

8. =oppūgnātūrus=: the Participle ＝ _oppūgnāvisset_.

9. =patriam suam=: ‘his native city.’

12. =secundus=: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point.

CH. 16.

14. =C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus=: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding of the city; cf. _ab urbe conditā_, Ch. 18.

15. =quī … erant=: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. _centum ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2.

16. =prōmittentēs … implendum=: sc. _esse_; ‘promising the senate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’ _Prōmittō_ regularly takes the Future Infinitive.

18. =quī singulī=: ‘each one of whom.’

=dēbērent=: cf. _esset_, Ch. 15.

19. =ūnus omnīnō superfuit=: see Ihne, p. 163.

PAGE 14.

CH. 17.

1. =sequentī tamen annō=: in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chapter.

3. =Quīntius=: generally written _Quīnctius_. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country.

4. =in opere et arāns=: the post-classical writers seem to strive almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it.

5. =togam praetextam=: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married.

CH. 18.

7. =alterō= ＝ _secundō_.

=ab urbe conditā=: ‘from the founding of the city.’

9. =decemvirī=: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.

10. =ex hīs=: cf. _ex seniōribus_, Ch. 2.

11. =Virgīnī … fīliam=: see Macaulay’s _Lays of Ancient Rome_, _Virginia_; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.

13. =quam= ＝ _sed eam_.

CH. 19.

17. =Fīdēnātēs=: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt.

20. =coniūnxērunt sē=: ‘united.’

PAGE 15.

2. =victī … perdidērunt=: ‘they were conquered and also lost their king.’

CH. 20.

4. =Vēientānī=: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.

5. =ipsōs= ＝ _eos_. Eutropius often uses _ipse_ for _is_.

6. =aciē=: note the difference of meaning between _exercitus_, _āgmen_, _aciēs_, and _cōpiae_.

=diū obsidēns=: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.

8. =et Faliscōs=: in classical prose _etiam_ would have been used.

9. =quasi=: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

=dīvīsisset=: cf. _premerētur_, Ch. 13.

11. =Gallī Senonēs=: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; _The Story of the Romans_, p. 104.

12. =apud flūmen Alliam=: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an unlucky day.

=secūtī … occupāvērunt=: cf. _victī … perdidērunt_, Ch. 19.

15. =obsidērent=: cf. _sustinēret_, Ch. 18.

21. =et ipse=: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.