Chapter VIII: Book IV: Ch. 1

12. =Macedonicum=: sc. _bellum_.

CH. 2.

13. =Philippum=: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C., was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C. _The Story of the Romans_, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.

15. =rem prōsperē gessit=: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”

19. =quaterna mīlia=: sc. _lībrārum_; note the force of the distributive.

=pondō=: cf. _pondō_, Bk. III, 21.

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2. =Nabidem=: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos.

=quibus voluit condiciōnibus= ＝ _quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus_.

=in fidem accēpit=: cf. _in fidem acceptae_, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.

CH. 3.

6. =Syriacum=: sc. _bellum_. Creighton, p. 48.

7. =Antiochum=: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to sue for peace.

12. =fuisset=: cf. _quia … fēcissent_, Bk. II, 11.

CH. 4.

14. =L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne=: cf. Bk. III, 16.

=Scīpiō Āfricānus=: although Scipio Africanus was the _legatus_ of his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.

17. =nāvālī proeliō=: this battle, fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”

18. =apud Māgnēsiam=: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.

20. =Eumenēs=: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans.

22. =ex parte rēgis=: ‘on the side of the king.’

24. =data est=: sc. _pāx_.

25. =recēderet=: cf. _īnferret_, Ch. 2.

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1. =concitātōrem bellī=: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause.

6. =et ipse=: cf. _et ipse_, Bk. I, 8.

=Asiāgenis=: the more usual title is _Asiāticus_.

CH. 5.

12. =per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum=: cf. _per fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.

13. =trādendus esset=: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.

=venēnum bibit=: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”

CH. 6.

19. =rebellāvit=: on account of the division of the conquered territory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.

20. =Thraciae=: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D.

=Īllyricī=: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia.

21. =Rōmānīs … auxiliō=: cf. _auxiliō … Rōmānīs_, Ch. 4.

24. =utrīsque … praebuit=: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ ‘remained neutral.’

25. =P. Licinius=: sc. _Crassus_. He was utterly incompetent and thoroughly unscrupulous.

26. =gravī proeliō victus=: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.

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1. =mox missus contrā eum=: Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both of which the Romans were unsuccessful.

2. =L. Aemilius Paulus=: he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.

6. =ante … quam=: cf. note on _ante … quam_, Bk. II, 13.

CH. 7.

8. =III Nōnās Septembrēs=: the full expression would be _ante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs_; cf. _XI Kal. Māiās_, Bk. I, 1.

9. =vīcit=: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations.” Mommsen, _History of Rome_, Vol. II, p. 330.

14. =honōrem … habuit=: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’

=victō=: in apposition with _eī_.

15. =sibi=: _sibi_ and _sē_ refer to Paulus.

23. =convīviī apparātū=: ‘in his entertainments.’

CH. 8.

25. =praedam … distribuit=: this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate.

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2. =triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē=: never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.

3. =cum duōbus fīliīs=: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.

9. =Bīthȳniae=: supply _rēx_ from _rēgēs_ above.

CH. 10.

15. =tertium … Karthāginem=: _The Story of the Romans_, p. 139; Creighton, p. 50; _Rome and Carthage_, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the words ‘_Dēlenda est Carthāgō_,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’

16. =L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō=: they were utterly incompetent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio.

19. =Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt=: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable.

21. =Scīpiō=: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the _De Amicitia_ as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.

24. =cōnsultissimus=: ‘most fertile in council.’

=per eum=: cf. _per Ancī fīliōs_, Bk. I, 6.

27. =committere=: sc. _proelium_; the omission is late and rare.

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CH. 11.

1. =per idem tempus=: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.

=Masinissa=: see note on _Syphācem_, Bk. III, 20.

CH. 12.

5. =iuvenis=: see note on _annōrum_, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune only.

6. =cōnsul est factus=: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place.

9. =quae sua recognōscēbant=: ‘which they recognized as their own.’

10. =Karthāgō … dēlēta est=: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.” _Rome and Carthage_, p. 260.

=quam= ＝ _postquam_.

11. =avus ēius=: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.

12. =Āfricānus iūnior=: _etiam ipse_ can, of course, refer only to Africanus, _iunior_ being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. note on _Tarquinius iūnior_, Bk. I, 8.

CH. 13.

14. =Pseudophilippus=: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.

15. =praetorem=: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.

16. =ad interneciōnem=: ‘to the point of destruction.’

CH. 14.

22. =cēpit=: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated.

=dīruit=: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.

27. =pīctae tabulae=: ‘pictures.’

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CH. 15.

3. =habēret=: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, _d_; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

=quaestōre=: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces.

CH. 16.

5. =Metellus=: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23.

8. =Viriāthus=: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.

9. =quō metū= ＝ _cūius metū_: for the case of _metū_, cf. _metū_, Ch. 3.

12. =adsertor=: ‘restorer of liberty.’

CH. 17.

17. =pācem ignōbilem fēcit=: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three years. Creighton, p. 49.

20. =Mancīnum hostibus trādī=: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would.

24. =cōnsul factus=: sc. _est_; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the legal age for the consulship.

25. =mīlitem=: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.

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4. =reliquam … accēpit=: “A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” Mommsen, p. 215.

CH. 18.

6. =Attalus=: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.

CH. 19.

9. =Callaecīs=: generally written _Gallaecī_. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.

=Lūsitānīs=: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.

10. =P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs=: from the capture of the city of Numantia he received the name _Numantīnus_.

12. =dē Āfricā=: _i.e. dē Karthāgine_.

CH. 20.

13. =Aristonīcō=: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success.

15. =P. Licinius Crassus=: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a good orator and jurist.

25. =carcere=: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the darkness, and the stench.”

27. =diem obierat=: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’

CH. 21.

29. =quae nunc manet=: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this.

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2. =dēductī sunt=: the regular term for the founding of a colony.

=eō= ＝ _ad eum locum_.

CH. 22.

5. =Gallīs trānsalpīnīs=: the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were called _trānsalpīnī_, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were called _cisalpīnī_.

=Arvernōrum=: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he refers to them several times in the _Gallic War_.

7. =fluvium=: a late word. The regular term for river is _flūmen_.

8. =torquibus=: cf. _torque_, Bk. II, 5.

9. =dēductus est=: _i.e._ from Gaul.

CH. 23.

12. =Narbōne=: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name of _Narbōnēnsis_ to the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.

13. =L. Caeciliō Metellō=: see note on _Metellus_, Ch. 16.

CH. 24.

17. =Scordiscīs=: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe.

CH. 25.

19. =C. Caeciliō Metellō=: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother.

20. =alterum ex Sardiniā=: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.

22. =Cimbrōs=: see Bk. V, 1, 2.

CH. 26.

23. =P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā=: _i.e._ ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descendants.

24. =Iugurthae … inlātum est=: Jugurtha is an interesting character in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C., reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!

25. =frātrēs suōs=: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers.

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2. =quae … improbāta est=: probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.

CH. 27.

6. =Q. Caecilius Metellus=: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.

12. =successum est eī=: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was succeeded.’

=C. Mariō=: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus.

=Bocchum=: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.

16. =Cornēlium Sullam=: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.