Chapter 24: (p. 609) (2)

Finally, included in the files of the Center of Military History is a collection of notes taken by Lee Nichols, Martin Blumenson, and the author during their interviews with leading figures in the integration story. The Nichols notes, covering the series of interviews conducted by that veteran reporter in 1953-54, include such items as summaries of conversations with Harry S. Truman, Truman K. Gibson, Jr., and Emmett J. Scott.

_Printed Materials_ (p. 631)

Many of the secondary materials found particularly helpful by the author have been cited throughout the volume, but special attention should be drawn to certain key works in several categories. In the area of official works, Ulysses Lee's _The Employment of Negro Troops_ in the United States Army in World War II series (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1966) remains the definitive account of the Negro in the World War II Army. The Bureau of Naval Personnel's "The Negro in the Navy," Bureau of Naval Personnel History of World War II (mimeographed, 1946, of which there is a copy in the bureau's Technical Library in Washington), is a rare item that has assumed even greater significance with the loss of so much of the bureau's records. Presented without attribution, the text paraphrases many important documents accurately. Margaret L. Geis's "Negro Personnel in the European Command, 1 January 1946-30 June 1950," part of the Occupation Forces in Europe series (Historical Division, European Command, 1952), Ronald Sher's "Integration of Negro and White Troops in the U.S. Army, Europe, 1952-1954" (Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Army, Europe, 1956), and Charles G. Cleaver, "Personnel Problems," vol. III, pt. 2, of the "History of the Korean War" (Military History Section, Headquarters, Far East Command, 1952), are important secondary sources for guiding the student through a bewildering mass of materials. Alan M. Osur's _Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II: The Problem of Race Relations_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1977) and Alan Gropman's _The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), both published by the Office of Air Force History, and Henry I. Shaw, Jr., and Ralph W. Donnelly's _Blacks in the Marine Corps_ (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975) provided official, comprehensive surveys of their subjects. Finally, there is in the files of the Center of Military History a copy of the transcripts of the National Defense Conference on Negro Affairs (26 April 1948). Second only to the transcripts of the Fahy Committee hearings in comprehensiveness on the subject of postwar racial policies, this document also provides a rare look at the attitudes of the traditional black leadership at a crucial period.

As the footnotes indicate, congressional documents and newspapers were also important resources mined in the preparation of this volume. Of particular interest, the Center of Military History has on file a special guide to some of these sources prepared by Lt. Col. Reinhold S. Schumann (USAR). This guide analyzes the congressional and press reaction to the 1940 and 1948 draft laws and to the Fahy and Gesell Committee reports.

In his _Blacks and the Military in American History: A New Perspective_ (New York: Praeger, 1974), Jack D. Foner provides a fine general survey of the Negro in the armed forces, including an accurate summary of the integration period. Among the many specialized studies on the integration period itself, cited throughout the text, several might provide a helpful entree to a complicated subject. The standard account is Richard M. Dalfiume's _Desegregation of the_ _United (p. 632) States Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953_ (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1969). Carefully documented and containing a very helpful bibliography, this work tends to emphasize the influence of the civil rights advocates and Harry Truman on the integration process. The reader will also benefit from consulting Lee Nichols's pioneer work, _Breakthrough on the Color Front_ (New York: Random House, 1954). Although lacking documentation, Nichols's journalistic account was devised with the help of many of the participants and is still of considerable value to the student. The reader may also want to consult Richard J. Stillman II's short survey, _Integration of the Negro in the U.S. Armed Forces_ (New York: Praeger, 1968), principally for its statistical information on the post-Korean period.

The role of President Truman and the Fahy Committee in the integration of the armed forces has been treated in detail by Dalfiume and by Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten in _Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration_ (Lawrence, Kansas: The University of Kansas Press, 1973). A valuable critical appraisal of the short-range response of the Army to the Fahy Committee's work appeared in Edwin W. Kenworthy's "The Case Against Army Segregation," _Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science_ 275 (May 1951):27-33. In addition, the reader may want to consult William C. Berman's _The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration_ (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970) for a general survey of civil rights in the Truman years.

The expansion of the Defense Department's equal treatment and opportunity policy in the 1960's is explained by Adam Yarmolinsky in _The Military Establishment: Its Impacts on American Society_ (New York: Harper & Row, 1971). This book is the work of a number of informed specialists sponsored by the 20th Century Fund. A general survey of President Kennedy's civil rights program is presented by Carl M. Brauer in his _John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977). The McNamara era is treated in Fred Richard Bahr's "The Expanding Role of the Department of Defense as an Instrument of Social Change" (Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 1970).

Concerning the rise of the civil rights movement itself, the reader would be advised to consult C. Vann Woodward's masterful _The Strange Career of Jim Crow_, 3d ed. rev. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), and the two volumes composed by Gesell Committee member Benjamin Muse, _Ten Years of Prelude: The Story of Integration Since the Supreme Court's 1954 Decision_ (New York: The Viking Press, 1964), and _The American Negro Revolution: From Nonviolence to Black Power, 1963-1967_ (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1968). Important aspects of the civil rights movement and its influence on American servicemen are discussed by Jack Greenberg in _Race Relations and American Law_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959) and Eli Ginzberg, _The Negro Potential_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956).

Finally, many of the documents supporting the history of the integration of the armed forces, including complete transcripts of the Fahy Committee hearings and the Conference on Negro Affairs, have (p. 633) been compiled by the author and Bernard C. Nalty in the multivolumed _Blacks in the United States Armed Forces: Basic Documents_ (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1977).

Index (p. 635)

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., 605.

Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in the Suburbs
(ACCESS), 601, 601_n_.

Adler, Julius Ochs, 314.

Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies (McCloy Committee),
34-35, 39, 41-43, 45, 56, 123.

Advisory Commission on Universal Training (Compton Commission), 303.

Ailes, Stephen, 574.

_Air Force Times_, 411.

Air forces
Second, 273;
Third, 273;
Fourth, 273;
Ninth, 282.

Air Training Command, 402, 405.

Air Transport Command, 273.

Air Transport Wing, 1701st, 411.

Airborne Division, 82d, 190-92, 200.

Alaskan Command, integration of, 452.

Alaskan Department, 190, 197.

Alexander, Sadie T. M., 294, 302_n_.

Almond, Lt. Gen. Edward M., 134, 135, 440-41.

American Civil Liberties Union, 246, 418.

American Legion, 225.

American Veterans Committee, 321, 503, 518, 521.

Anderson, Robert B., 421-23, 484-86.

Andrews Air Force Base, Md., 604-05.

Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 492, 521.

Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, 3d (USMC), 269.

Antilles Department, 190.

Arkansas A&M Normal College, 571.

Armed forces, Negroes in before 1940, 3-8.

Armed Forces Qualification Test, 394-95, 523, 573,
_See also_ Intelligence levels and test scores.

Armies
First, 53;
Sixth, 453;
Seventh, 53, 210-11, 390, 452;
Eighth, 208-10, 430, 433-34, 436-39, 442-47.

Armored Division, 2d, 200.

Armored Field Artillery Battalion, 58th, 445.

Armstrong, Lt. Comdr. Daniel, 67.

Army Air Forces
efficiency, military, and segregation in, 26-30, 271-79;
enlistment practices, 276;
manpower shortages, black, 271-72;
morale in, 273-74;
officer training schools, integration of, 275;
officers, black, 27-30, 272-73;
postwar assignments, 140-41, 159-60, 195, 197, 272;
quotas, 180-81, 183;
racial policies, 1940-1947, 27-30, 271-79;
training in, 271, 274-76.

Army Forces, Pacific, 179.

Army General Classification Test (AGCT), 24-25, 31, 55_n_, 137-38,
203-04, 215-16, 617-18;
_See also_ Intelligence levels and test scores.

Army Ground Forces, 180, 189;
and assignments, 194-95, 197;
and postwar location of training camps, 223-24;
and postwar use of black troops, 139-40, 160.

Army Groups, 6th and 12th, 52-53.

Army Service Forces, 42;
and postwar quotas, 181, 190;
and postwar use of black troops, 138-39, 160-61.

_Army Talk_, 170, 226.

Arnold, Maj. Gen. Henry H., 27, 271, 274.

Assignments, Air Force postwar, 277-79;
and reassignments during integration, 402-04, 410.

Assignments, armed forces
and civilian community attitudes, 37, 223-24, 262-65, 467-68;
and embassy and special mission, 467, 577-78;
and occupational distribution, 523-26, 572-73;
and overseas restrictions, 38, 179, 385-89.

Assignments, Army
and Fahy Committee, 368-71;
and Korean War, 433-34;
postwar, 194-98;
in World War II, 33-34, 37-38, 43-44, 51-54.

Assignments, Coast Guard, 114-17.

Assignments, Marine Corps
and 1951 integration order, 466-68;
postwar, 173, 253-57, 261-66, 335-38;
in World War II, 104, 106-10.

Assignments, Navy
postwar, 244-45;
in World War II, 72-75, 77-78, 84-86, 96.

Attitudes, change in toward Negroes, 229-30, 447, 614.

Attorney General, 587, 589.

Availability of Facilities to Military Personnel, The, 512-15.

Bainbridge Naval Training Center, Md., 73, 77, 92, 243.

Baker, Newton D., 46-47.

Baldwin, Hanson W., 164, 317.

Bard, Ralph A., 59, 62-63, 144.

Bare, Maj. Gen. Robert O., 467-68.

Barr, Col. John E., 280-81.

Base Service Squadron, 3817th, 404.

Battle Mountain, Korea, 436.

Bayonne, N.J. (naval shipyard), 263-64.

Bennett, L. Howard, 559_n_, 603.

Benton, William, 392_n_.

Berthoud, 2d Lt. Kenneth H., Jr., 472.

Bethune, Mary McLeod, 302_n_.

Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, 494.

Billikopf, Jacob, 314.

Blood banks, segregated, 36.

Blytheville, Ark., 498.

Bolte, Maj. Gen. Charles L., 194.

Bombardment Group, 477th, 29-30, 271, 275.

Bradley, General Omar N., 55, 188;
and Fahy Committee, 350-51, 410;
and a segregated Army, 228-29, 317-18, 321, 326.

Branch, 2d Lt. Frederick, 266.

Bremerhaven, Germany, 129.

Broad, Stuart, 559_n_.

Brookley Air Force Base, Ala., 512.

Brooks, Lt. Gen. Edward H., 432.

Brown, Edgar G., 49.

Brown, Ens. Jessie, 246.

Brown, John Nicholas, 242, 249, 329-30, 331.

Brown, Ens. Wesley A., 246, 414.

_Brown_ v. _Board of Education_, 323, 476, 586.

Brownell, Herbert, Jr., 480.

Browning, Charles, 302_n_.

Bull, Maj. Gen. Harold R., 326, 331.

Buress, Maj. Gen. Withers A., 429_n_.

Burgess, Carter L., 494.

Burley, Dan, 302_n_.

Burns, Maj. Gen. James H., 387.

Byrd, Robert C., 551.

Caffey, Brig. Gen. Benjamin F., 194.

_Calypso_, 114.

Camp Barry, Ill., 67.

Camp Campbell, Ky., 327.

Camp Geiger, N.C., 269.

Camp Hanford, Wash., 481.

Camp Lejeune, N.C., 255, 259.

Camp Perry, Va., 148.

Camp Robert Smalls, Ill., 67, 68, 77.

_Campbell_, 116.

Career Guidance Program (War Department), 198-99.

Carey, James B., 295_n_.

Caribbean Defense Command, 190.

Carlton, Sgt. Cornelius H., 440.

Cates, General Clifton B., 334-36, 461-62.

Cavalry Division, 2d, 31-33, 135_n_, 192, 439.

Cavalry regiments, 9th and 10th, 4, 30-31, 33, 192, 454.

Cemeteries, national, 224-25.

Chamberlain, Col. Edwin W., 31-32.

Chamberlin, Lt. Gen. Stephen J., 429.

Chamberlin Board, 429-30, 432, 440.

Charleston, S.C. (shipyard), 485, 486.

Charyk, Joseph V., 563.

_Chemung_, 86.

Cherokee, Charlie, 316.

Chicago _Defender_, 316, 408.

Chicago _Tribune_, 41.

Chief of Staff. _See_ Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D.

Chile, 38.

China, 179, 385.

Ch'ongch'on River line, 434.

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 554, 587-88, 590, 595.

Civil rights demonstrations, participation of servicemen in, 514-16,
541.

Civil rights legislation (1964-1966), 477, 554, 586-90, 595, 610-12.

Civil rights movement, 608;
and armed forces before World War II, 13-16;
and armed forces during World War II, 18-19, 23, 56, 123-30;
and Department of Defense, 299-309, 510-17;
and Eisenhower, 474-79, 485;
and Johnson, 586-90, 602;
and Kennedy, 473, 477, 504-07, 508-10, 535, 537, 546, 586;
and off-base discrimination, 473, 479-83, 500-04;
post-World War II, 474-79;
and postwar use of Negroes in armed forces, 129-30, 152;
prior to World War II, 8-13;
and Roosevelt, 8, 18-19;
and Truman, 124, 130, 292-97, 309-10, 483_n_, 488.

Civil Rights Subcabinet Group (1961), 506-07.

Civilian Aide to Secretary of War for Negro Affairs.
_See_ Gibson, Truman K., Jr., Hastie, William H.; Ray, Marcus H.;
Scott, Emmett J.

Civilian communities. _See also_ Committee on Equality of Opportunity
in the Armed Forces (Gesell Committee).
and assignment of black personnel, 37, 223-24, 262-65, 467-68;
and off-base discrimination, 129, 473, 479-83, 500, 606-08, 619-21;
and off-base discrimination overseas, 214-15, 578;
and racial incidents, 38, 39, 393-94, 412.

Clark, General Mark W., 133, 432-33, 443.

Clay, Lt. Gen. Lucius D., 212.

Clifford, Clark M., 308-11, 374, 605.

Colley, Nathaniel S., 537, 552.

Collins, General J. Lawton
and the Fahy Committee, 369-70;
and integration of the Army, 428-30, 431, 442, 443, 449-51, 454,
610_n_.

Combat Service Group, 2d, 269.

_Command of Negro Troops_, 44-45.

Commerce, Department of, 587.

Commission of Inquiry (1948), 306-07.

Committee Against Jim Crow in Military Service and Training, 300, 302,
390.

Committee on Civil Rights (1946), 294-95.

Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (1961), 506.

Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Gesell
Committee), 535-37;
conclusions of, 538-42, 566, 577-78;
congressional opposition to, 550-51;
and DOD Directive 5120.36 issued, 548;
and final report, 552-55;
and local commanders' responsibilities, 540, 542-55, 561, 621;
and off-limits sanctions, 543-44, 546-47, 555, 581;
operations of, 537-38;
reactions to, 545-48;
recommendations of, 542-45, 599.

Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed
Forces (Fahy Committee), 312-14, 342, 616-17;
and the Air Force, 352, 356-57, 398, 407-08, 411-12;
and Army assignments, 368-71;
and Army opposition to recommendations, 359-62;
and Army proposals and counterproposals, 360-68;
and Army quotas, 356, 371-75, 429-30;
assessment of, 375-78;
and Department of Defense racial policy, 343-48;
and enlistment standards, 357-59;
and initial recommendations, 357-58;
and military efficiency in the Army, 350-56, 428, 613;
and the Navy, 352, 357-58, 412, 425-26;
purpose of, 348-50.

Committee for Negro Participation in the National Defense Program
(1938), 10.

Committee on Negro Personnel (Navy), 144-46, 151.

Community facilities, integrated, availability of for servicemen, 512-14.

Composite Group, 477th, 275, 278.

Composite units
in the Army, 189-93;
in the Marine Corps, 268-69, 335.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 126, 478, 504.

Construction Battalion, 80th, 75.

Contract compliance program, 510_n_.

Cooke, Brig. Gen. Elliot D., 212.

Crabb, Brig. Gen. Jarred V., 283.

Craig, Maj. Gen. Lewis A., 431-32.

Craig Air Force Base, Ala., 480, 493.

Crime and disease rates, 206-09, 219, 273.

_Crisis, The_, 9, 14, 66, 133.

Daniels, Jonathan, 294, 313.

Darden, Colgate, 313.

Darden, Capt. Thomas F., 76.

Davenport, Roy K., 199, 204, 352-56, 358, 370-72, 380, 394-95,
535_n_, 576.

Davis, Col. Benjamin O., Jr., 275, 283-84, 286, 341, 400, 402.

Davis, Brig. Gen. Benjamin O., Sr., 19, 37, 39, 48, 53, 231.

Davis, Dowdal H., 302_n_, 408.

Davis, John W., 302_n_.

Dawson, Donald S., 313-14, 316.

Dawson William L., 314.

Defense, Department of, 297-99;
and basic regulations on equal opportunity, 564, 566;
and civil rights, 298-308, 510-17;
and civilian communities, 473, 479-83, 500, 607-08, 620-21;
and discrimination in the services, 1950's, 473-74, 482-83, 500;
and discrimination within the services, 1960's, 566-80;
and equal opportunity directive, 1963, 547-51, 556-57, 581, 619-21;
and field of community race relations, 531-35;
and integration of dependents' schools, 489-97, 596-99, 620;
and off-base discrimination, 500-03, 510-16, 583-85;
and off-base housing, 515-16, 584-85, 589, 598-606, 621;
and off-limits sanctions, 531-34, 543-44, 547-48, 556-57, 581, 604-05,
608, 621;
and organization of a civil rights office, 558-66;
and overseas assignments, 385-89;
and racial designations, 380-85, 574-77;
and voluntary compliance programs, 581-86, 592-93, 602-03, 607-08,
621. _See also_ Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed
Forces (Gesell Committee); Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Fahy Committee).

Defense Appropriations Act, 315.

Defense battalions
51st (Composite), 101, 108-10;
52d, 109-10, 262.

Denfeld, Admiral Louis E., 167-68.

Depot companies
2d Medium 269;
7th and 8th, 111.

Dern, George H., 225.

Desegregation. _See_ Integration _of the four services_.

Detroit _Free Press_, 421-22.

Devers, General Jacob L., 134, 165, 190-92.

DeVoe, Lt. (jg.) Edith, 246.

DeVoto, Bernard, 126-27.

Dewey, Thomas E., 87, 309.

Dickey, John S., 295_n_.

Diggs, Charles C., Jr., 503, 520-22, 535, 537.

Dillon, Lt. Comdr. Charles E., 76.

Dillon, Douglas, 508.

Discipline. _See_ Crime and disease rates.

Discrimination, racial. _See also_ Civilian communities; Committee
on Equality of Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Gesell Committee);
Integration _of the four services_; Racial policies _of the four
services_.
and complaints of in the 1960's, 501-04, 510, 520-21, 557, 571, 584-86;
and U.S. Commission on Civil Rights study of (1963), 521-22.

Disease rates. _See_ Crime and disease rates.

_District of Columbia_ v. _John R. Thompson Co._, 476.

Divine, Maj. Gen. John M., 429_n_.

Divisions. _See_ Airborne Division, 82d; Armored Division, 2d; Cavalry
Division, 2d; Infantry divisions; Marine divisions; National Guard
divisions, 40th and 45th.

DOD Directive 5120.36, 547-51, 556-57, 581, 619-20.

Donahue, Alphonsus J., 314.

Double V campaign, 9, 17, 56.

Draper, William H., Jr., 193.

Drew, Charles R., 36.

DuBois, William E. B., 14, 124.

Dutton, Frederick G., 506, 508, 512.

Eaker, Lt. Gen. Ira C., 159-60, 196.

Earle Naval Ammunition Depot, N.J., 254, 263-65.

Early, Stephen, 15.

Eberstadt, Ferdinand, 298.

_Ebony_, 408, 412.

Eddy, Lt. Gen. Manton S., 451.

Edgewood Arsenal, Md., 605.

Education program, EUCOM, 216-19.

Educational backgrounds, 24-25, 67, 75, 137, 171-72, 617-18.

Edwards, Daniel K., 394.

Edwards, Lt. Gen. Idwal H.
and continued segregation in the Air Force, 285-89;
and integration plan of 1949, 338-42, 352, 399-401, 616;
and overseas restrictions, 387;
and Army postwar racial policy, 159, 176.

Efficiency, military, and segregation, 3, 152, 499, 612-13;
in the Air Force, 270, 276-77, 280-81;
in the Army, 18, 20, 24-26, 30-34, 43, 56-57, 350-56, 428;
in the Marine Corps, 256, 261-66, 334-36;
in the Navy, 62-63, 76-77, 235-37.

Eisenhower, General of the Army Dwight D., 192, 392, 451;
and the Army's racial policy, 227-29, 307, 618;
and civil rights movement, 476-78, 485;
and federal intervention, 473, 482, 487;
and Gillem Board Report, 162;
and integration of dependents' schools, 489-92, 495, 497-98;
and Negro infantry training, 51-52.

Ellender, Allen J., 11.

Engineer Battalion, 94th, 452, 455.

Engineer Combat Company, 77th, 445.

Engineers, Chief of, 222-23.

Eniwetok, 110.

Enlistment in armed forces, 1960's, and black indifference, 567-69.

Enlistment practices
in the Air Force, 276, 280, 618-19;
in the Army, 25-26, 32, 178, 182-84, 187-89, 203, 430, 618-19;
in the Coast Guard, 112, 114-15;
in the Marine Corps, 101-04, 107, 257-61;
in the Navy, 66-67, 69-71, 167, 236, 237-249, 421-24, 618-19.

Enlistment standards
and the Fahy Committee, 356-59;
and interservice controversy over in 1948, 324-26;
and qualitative distribution program, 394-95, 415-16.

Equal opportunity in the 1960's. _See also_ Executive Order 9981.
in the Air Force, 561, 563;
in the armed forces;
assessments of, 578-80, 618-22;
and DOD Directive 5120.36, 546-50, 555-56, 580, 619-20;
in the Army, 560-61;
and Executive Order 10925, 505-06, 512;
in the Marine Corps, 561;
in the Navy, 560-63.

Ernst, Morris L., 295_n_.

Ethiopia and the Assignment of American servicemen, 388-89.

Ethridge, Mark, 62-63.

European Command, 190, 197, 209, 448_n_;
and education program, 216-19;
and integration of, 450-53.

Evans, James C.
and DOD racial policies, 286, 299, 306-07, 435, 457, 506_n_;
and foreign assignment of Negroes, 387;
and integration of naval shipyards, 483, 486;
and new civil rights office, 558;
and off-base discrimination, 479-80, 502, 532-33;
and racial designations, 382, 574-75.

Evans, Joseph, 419.

Ewing, Oscar, 309-11, 313.

Executive Order 9980, 483.

Executive Order 9981, 291, 309-14, 616;
and immediate effect on the Air Force, 338-42;
and immediate effect on the Army, 318-31;
and immediate effect on the Marine Corps, 334-38;
and immediate effect on the Navy, 331-34;
limitations on, 479-483;
public reactions to, 315-18.

Executive Order 10925, 505-06, 512.

Executive Order 11063, 506, 517.

Fahy, Charles, 314, 348-51, 352-56, 360-66, 368-71, 376, 378_n_, 410.

Fahy Committee. _See_ Committee on Equality of Treatment and
Opportunity in the Armed Forces (Fahy Committee).

Fair Employment Practices Commission, 16, 62-63, 293.

Fairchild, General Muir S., 339.

Faix, Capt. Thomas L., 465.

Falgout, 426.

Far East Command, 197, 208, 210, 216, 443-45.

Farmer, James, 478.

Fay, Paul B., Jr., 538, 541-42, 560-62.

Fechteler, Rear Adm. William M., 245.

Federal Housing Authority, 476-77, 479, 601.

Ferguson, Homer, 479.

Fighter Group, 332d, 29, 275.

Fighter Squadron, 99th, 29, 428.

Fighter Wing, 332d, 282-84, 398-99, 408.

Finkle, Lee, 9.

Finletter, Thomas K., 384-85.

Finucane, Charles C., 497.

Fish, Hamilton, 11-12.

Fitt, Alfred B.
and assignments, 577-78;
and dependents' schools, 596-98;
and effort to attract black officer candidates, 569-70;
as first civil rights deputy, 536_n_, 551, 559-60, 563-64, 571_n_,
579, 601;
and Gesell Committee, 546-47;
and racial designations, 576-77;
and voluntary action programs, 582-83, 585-86, 592.

Foner, Jack, 7.

Forrestal, James V., 57, 59, 345, 609;
and changes in Navy's policy, 84-85, 87-89, 94-96, 98, 128-29, 235,
244-45, 248, 614-15;
and Executive Order 9981, 311, 314;
and Fahy Committee, 343-44, 356, 376;
and integration approach as Secretary of Defense, 292, 297-99,
301-02, 305, 307-09, 324-25, 327, 330;
and postwar policy aims, 144-45, 147, 151, 166-70.

Fort Belvoir, Va., 493, 597.

Fort Benning, Ga., 50, 216, 490.

Fort Bliss, Tex., 494.

Fort Bragg, N. C., 223.

Fort Dix, N. J., 201, 223-24, 435-36.

Fort George G. Meade, Md., 494, 605.

Fort Holabird, Md., 605.

Fort Hood, Tex., 514-15.

Fort Jackson, S. C., 223-24, 435.

Fort Knox, Ky., 201, 223, 303, 436.

Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 209-10.

Fort Lee, Va., 434, 596.

Fort Lewis, Wash., 223.

Fort Mifflin, Pa., 264, 265.

Fort Ord, Calif., 223-24, 435.

Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Minn., 225.

Fortas, Abe, 537.

Fowler, Maj. James D., 201-02, 354.

Francis, H. Minton, 559_n_.

_Freedom to Serve_, 375, 408.

Freeman, Douglas Southall, 313.

Freeman, General Paul, 578.

Freeman Field, Ind., 45, 128, 273.

Fulbright, J. William, 551.

Garrison, Lloyd K., 314.

Garvey, Marcus, 16.

German Army and segregated units, 23_n_.

Gesell, Gerhard A., 535-39, 542-44, 547, 552-54, 561, 604.

Gesell Committee. _See_ Committee on Equality of Opportunity in the
Armed Forces (Gesell Committee).

Gibson, Truman K., Jr., 21, 41, 132, 137-38, 141-42, 157-58, 163, 165,
299-300, 302_n_, 304, 310, 558_n_.

Gillem, Lt. Gen. Alvan C., Jr., 153-55, 165.

Gillem Board, 153-54, 165-66, 232-33, 275, 278, 614;
and attitudes toward new policy, 163-65;
conclusions and recommendations of, 154-57, 161-62, 430-31, 437, 459;
and reactions to recommendations, 157-61.

Gilliam, Jerry, 483.

Gillmor, Reginald E., 314.

Gilpatric, Roswell L., 510, 512-13, 520, 532, 534, 536_n_.

Ginzberg, Eli, 450-51.

Gittelsohn, Roland B., 295_n_.

Godman Field, Ky., 30, 272.

Goldwater, Barry M., 551.

Goode, James P., 498, 565.

Grafenwohr Training Center, Germany, 217.

Graham, Annie N., 267.

Graham, Frank P., 295_n_, 313.

Granger, Lester B., 88, 92, 124, 169, 249-50, 252;
and Fahy Committee, 313-14, 371;
and inspection of black units, 147-51;
and racial problems of Department of Defense, 301-02, 305, 307, 324,
326, 484-85;
and recommendations to Navy Department, 95-98, 144-46, 150-51,
166-68, 614;
and reforms in Steward's Branch, 242, 421-22, 426;
and shortage of black officers, 245, 247.

Gravely, Lt. Comdr. Samuel L., Jr., 77, 80_n_, 426.

Gray, Gordon
and Fahy Committee, 360, 362-64, 367-70, 373-74;
and integration of the Army, 428-30.

Great Britain, 37-39.

Great Falls Air Force Base, Mont., 411.

Great Lakes Training Center, Ill., 67, 77, 79, 82, 244.

Greenland, 38, 386.

Gregg, Bishop J. W., 302_n_.

Gross, H. R., 550.

Gruenther, General Alfred M., 452.

Guam
and black Marines at, 110, 150, 254-55, 258;
and race riot at, 92-93.

_Guide to the Command of Negro Naval Personnel_, 83-84.

Haas, Francis J., 295_n_.

Hague, Rear Adm. W. McL., 483.

Haislip, General Wade H., 228-29, 364, 440.

Halaby, Najeeb, 386-87.

Hall, Lt. Gen. Charles P., 189-92, 195.

Hall, Durward G., 550.

Hampton Institute, Va., 67-68.

Handy, General Thomas T., 226, 450-51.

Hannah, John A., 454-56, 486, 489, 499.

Harper, Robert, 398.

_Harper_ v. _Virginia Board of Elections_, 589.

Hastie, William H., 19-20, 23, 30, 36, 40-42, 49, 51, 56, 558_n_.

Havenner, Franck R., 393.

Hawaii, 149, 265.

Hayes, Arthur Garfield, 306.

Healey, Capt. Michael, 113_n_.

Health, Education, and Welfare, Department of, 492, 596, 598-99.

Hebert, F. Edward, 550.

Hector, Louis, 537.

Heinz, Comdr. Luther C., 414.

Hershey, Maj. Gen. Lewis B., 70, 103, 384.

Hesburgh, Father Theodore, 505.

Hewes, Laurence I., III, 537, 543.

Hill, Maj. Gen. Jim Dan, 321-22.

Hill, Lister, 11, 511.

Hill, T. Arnold, 9, 15.

Hillenkoetter, Capt. Roscoe H., 145.

Hingham, Mass., 264-65.

Hobby, Oveta Culp, 491-92.

Hodes, Maj. Gen. Henry I., 196-97.

Holcomb, Maj. Gen. Thomas, 64, 100-101, 105-06.

Holifield, Chet, 381.

Holloway, Vice Adm. James L., Jr., 421-23.

Holloway program, 246.

Holmes, John Haynes, 187.

Hope, Lt. Comdr. Edward, 250.

_Hoquim_, 120-21.

Housing, off-base, 476-77, 479, 502, 506, 584;
and Department of Defense, 516-17, 581, 585-86, 590, 599-608, 621;
in Washington, D.C. area, 601-04.

Houston, Charles H., 14, 302_n_.

Huebner, Lt. Gen. Clarence R., 216-17, 219, 330-31.

Huff, Sgt. Maj. Edgar R., 472.

Hull, Lt. Gen. John E., 159.

Humphrey, Hubert H., 309, 392, 488.

Hunter College Naval Training School, N.Y., 88.

Iceland, 38, 179, 385-87.

Infantry battalions
3d of 9th Infantry, 193;
3d of 188th Infantry, 193;
9th, 462;
370th and 371st (Separate), 217_n_.

Infantry divisions
1st, 190, 217;
2d, 200;
3d, 327;
9th, 435;
25th, 445;
34th, 134;
69th, 53;
88th, 193;
92d, 7, 18, 30, 32, 43, 132, 136-37, 351-52, 440;
93d, 7, 32, 43, 135-37, 352.

Infantry regiments
9th, 433;
14th, 444;
24th, 4, 7, 135, 192, 436-40, 442-45, 459;
25th, 4, 7, 136, 192;
27th, 437;
34th, 444;
35th, 437;
313th, 319;
364th, 436;
365th, 436.

Installation Group, 3202d, 410.

Integration of the Air Force
directive for (1949), 401-02;
and the Fahy Committee, 352, 357;
and local commanders' responsibilities, 400-401;
plan for in 1949, 338-42, 376, 397-400;
and reassignment of black airmen, 402-04, 410;
and screening at Lockbourne Field, 402-03;
and social situations, 409-11;
success of, 405-12, 615-16.

Integration of the Army
and continental Army commands, 453-54;
in the Eighth Army, 442-47;
and the European Command, 450-53;
and military efficiency, 428-34;
in officer training schools, 47-51, 275;
and performance of 24th Infantry Regiment, 436-40;
in platoons, 51-56;
and review of racial policy (1951), 440-42;
and social situations, 447, 449, 456;
success of, 455-59, 616-17;
and training units, 434-36.

Integration of the Coast Guard, 118-22.

Integration of the Marine Corps
and assignments of Negroes, 466-68;
and black reservists, 267-69;
and the Korean War, 462-66, 617;
new racial policy for (1949), 461-62;
and recruit training, 334-35;
and the Steward's Branch, 468-71.

Integration of the Navy
in the fleet, 77-78, 84-86, 167-68, 614-15;
new plan for in 1949, 412-13;
and recruitment of Negroes, 413-18;
and shipyards, 483-87;
and the Steward's Branch, 418-25.

Intelligence levels and test scores, 24, 104, 137-38, 140, 198-99,
204, 271, 324-25, 372-73, 521-24, 527, 571-73.

Interstate Commerce Commission, 476, 506, 531.

Investigations on conduct of black soldiers, 210-13.

Jackson, Stephen S., 497, 517.

Jacobs, Rear Adm. Randall, 68-70, 72, 84, 89.

James, Lt. Gen. Daniel (Chappie), Jr., 401.

James Connally Air Force Base, Tex., 405.

Javits, Jacob K., 391-92, 435.

Jenkins, Ens. Joseph C., 121.

Johnson, Col. Campbell C., 19, 103.

Johnson, Earl D., 395, 432, 436, 449-50.

Johnson, John H., 302_n_.

Johnson, Louis A.
and Fahy Committee, 343, 345-48, 358-62, 364-67, 371, 374;
as Secretary of Defense, 380-81, 386-87, 390-92, 396.

Johnson, Lyndon B.,
and civil rights legislation, 587-91, 602;
and Gesell Committee, 536, 552.

Johnson, Mordecai, 247, 285, 302_n_.

Jones, Col. Richard L., 316.

_Jones_ v. _Mayer_, 605.

Jordan, Robert E., III, 592.

Justice, Department of, 497, 505, 610.

Katzenbach, Nicholas B., 513.

Kean, Maj. Gen. William B., 436-37.

Keeler, Leonard, 211.

Kelly Field, Tex., 128.

Kennedy, John F.
and civil rights, 473, 477, 504-06, 508-10, 586, 620;
and Gesell Committee, 535, 537, 546;
and training programs, 574.

Kennedy, Robert F., 504, 506, 531-32, 553, 596.

Kenworthy, Edwin W., 350-53, 356, 360, 362, 365-70, 377-78, 408, 430.

Kerner Commission, 623.

Key West, Fla., 291, 479, 498.

Kilgore, Harley M., 212, 392_n_.

Kimball Dan A., 240, 336, 359, 413, 418-20, 484.

King, Admiral Ernest J., 59_n_, 77, 82, 85-86, 88-90, 91, 94, 166.

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 478-79, 588.

Kitzingen Air Base, Germany, 217-19, 450.

Knowland, William F., 224.

Knox, Frank, 20_n_, 100;
and early views on integration, 59-61, 63-64, 101;
and induction of Negroes into the Navy, 66-67, 70-71, 81-82, 86-87;
and the Marine Corps, 106-07.

Korean War, 431-34, 460, 462-65, 613, 617.

Korth, Fred, 452-53, 488, 562-63.

Krock, Arthur, 316.

Kuter, Maj. Gen. Laurence S., 401.

Labrador, 38.

LaFollette, Robert M., Jr., 187.

Lamb, Ann E., 267.

Langer, William, 308.

Lanham, Brig. Gen. Charles T., 344-46, 361.

Lautier, Louis R., 210, 302_n_.

Lee, Ens. John, 246.

Lee, Lt. Gen. John C. H., 51-52, 228.

Lee, Ulysses, 39, 137.

Legal assistance, 581, 587, 591, 598.

LeGette, Col. Curtis W., 171.

LeHavre, France, 128.

Lehman, Herbert H., 392_n_, 393.

Leva, Marx, 234, 301, 308, 311, 313, 327, 343-44.

Lewis, Anthony, 499.

Lewis, Fulton, Jr., 49.

Lewis, Ira F., 302.

Lightship No. 115, 122.

Little Rock, Ark., 476, 477.

Little Rock, Air Force Base, Ark., 496-98.

Local commanders, Air Force, 400-401, 408.

Local commanders, armed forces
and equal opportunity matters, 556, 561-64, 582-85, 592-93, 608, 621;
and Gesell Committee's recommendations, 539-44, 554, 560, 620;
and integration of off-base schools, 597-99;
and local community attitudes, 502-03;
and off-base housing, 600-601.

Local commanders, Army
and discipline, 207;
and off-base discrimination, 39;
and on-base discrimination, 36, 42, 44-45.

Local commanders, Navy, 83.

Lockbourne Field, Ohio, 275, 277, 281-82, 286, 341, 398-99, 402-03.

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 307.

Logan, Rayford W., 11.

Long, John D., 235_n_.

Long Island National Cemetery, 224.

Louis, Joe, 66, 300.

Lovett, Robert A., 30, 489.

Luckman, Charles, 295_n_, 314, 314_n_.

McAfee, Capt. Mildred H., 86-88.

McAlester Naval Ammunition Depot, Okla., 109, 254, 263.

MacArthur, General Douglas, 14, 197, 439, 444, 463.

McAuliffe, Maj. Gen. Anthony C., 432-33, 441, 443, 449-51, 453-54, 457.

McCloy, John J., 21, 23, 128, 188
and Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies, 34-35, 42-43, 46,
56-57;
and postwar use of black troops, 130-31, 135, 143, 153, 154_n_,
157-58, 165, 558.

McConnaughy, James L., 319, 320.

McCrea, Vice Adm. John L., 383.

MacDill Airfield, Fla., 209, 277.

McFayden, Brig. Gen. B. M., 392.

McGill, Ralph, 313.

McGowan, Maj. Gen. D. W., 594.

McGrath, Earl J., 489.

McGrath, Howard J., 314.

MacKay, Cliff W., 302_n_.

McMahon, Brian, 314.

McNair, Lt. Gen. Lesley J., 43.

McNamara, Robert S., 502, 504, 509, 609;
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 590-91;
and equal opportunity directive (1963), 547-48, 556, 619-21;
and equal treatment and opportunity, 530, 578-79;
and Gesell Committee, 536, 546-49;
and the National Guard, 519, 593;
and off-base housing, 517, 600, 602-08;
and off-limits sanctions, 547-48, 556, 581, 604-05;
and organization of civil rights apparatus, 558-59, 563, 566;
and racial reform directives, 511, 513, 516-17;
and voluntary action programs, 582, 586.

McNarney, General Joseph T., 210.

McNutt, Paul V., 32, 70-71.

Macy, John W., Jr., 575.

Manhattan Beach Training Station, N. Y., 114-15, 121-22.

Manpower shortages, black
in the Air Force, 280, 282-83;
in the Army, 32-33, 178, 219-22;
in the Navy, 74, 414-15, 426.

March, General Peyton C., 235.

March on Washington Movement, 16.

Mare Island, Calif., 92.

Marine Air Group, 33, 463.

Marine Air Wing, 1st, 463.

Marine Barracks, Dahlgren, Va., 467.

Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., 467.

Marine divisions
1st, 463-64;
2d, 269.

Marine regiments
5th, 463;
7th, 463-64.

Maris, Maj. Gen. Ward S., 441.

Marr, Lt. Col. Jack F., 287-88, 288_n_, 342, 616.

Marshall, Burke, 513, 537, 547.

Marshall, General George C., 43, 49, 55;
and integration, 20-22, 31, 42, 131, 153;
as Secretary of Defense, 380, 392-93, 435, 443, 449, 619.

Marshall, S. L. A., 434.

Marshall, Thurgood, 15, 92, 124, 438-39, 533.

Martin, Louis, 302_n_.

_Mason_, 77-78, 86.

Matthews, Francis P., 295_n_, 387, 412-13.

Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala., 404, 493, 511.

Maxwell Field, Ala., 28.

Mays, Benjamin E., 302_n_.

Meader, George, 212.

Medals of Honor, 440.

Mediterranean theater, 190, 197.

Meetings, segregated, 564-66.

Miami Beach, Fla., 30, 50, 244.

_Midway_, 481.

Miller, Donald L., 559_n_.

Miller, Dorie (Doris), 58, 58_n_.

Miller, Lt. Col. Francis P., 212.

Miller, Loren, 302_n_.

Minneapolis _Spokesman_, 408.

Mississippi Summer Project, 588-89.

Mitchell, Clarence, 384, 393-94, 474, 478-79, 484.

Mobilization plans, 10-13, 18-19, 24, 28.

Montford Point, N. C., 101, 108-09, 253-55, 258, 269, 335.

Montgomery, Ala., 503.

Morale
in the Air Force, 282, 398-99;
in the armed forces, 528, 531, 542;
in the Army, 20, 34-39, 350-51, 442;
in the Marine Corps, 105, 110, 469-71;
in the Navy, 75, 148-49.

_Morgan_ v. _Virginia_, 475.

Morris, Thomas D., 586, 603.

Morse, Wayne, 303, 390.

Morse, Brig. Gen. Winslow C., 154.

Moskowitz, Jack, 559_n_.

Multer, Abraham J., 393, 595.

Muse, Benjamin, 537, 542, 552, 621.

Myrdal, Gunnar, 3, 9, 14.

Nash, Philleo, 310-11, 313, 366, 369.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
and the Army, 31, 49, 293, 438, 518;
and enlistment quotas, 186;
and integration in the armed forces, 8, 14-16, 126, 304, 500;
and the Marine Corps, 462;
and the Navy, 62, 66;
and off-limits sanctions, 557;
and racial violence, 393;
and segregated dependents' schools, 498;
and segregated national cemeteries, 225.

National Defense Act of 1945, 320, 322.

National Defense Conference on Negro Affairs (1948), 243, 285, 304-05,
324.

National Emergency Committee Against Mob Violence (1946), 294.

National Guard
continued segregation in, 518-20, 553-54;
and Executive Order 9981, 318-22;
integration of, 593-95.

National Guard divisions, 40th and 45th, 443, 445-46.

National Negro Congress, 8, 66.

National Negro Publishers Association, 302.

National Security Act of 1947, 297-98.

National Urban League, 8, 95, 126, 241, 414, 615.

Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps, 246-47, 414-15.

Navy Circular Letter 48-46, 168-70.

Nelson, Lt. Dennis D., 244, 246, 250, 305, 484;
and recruitment of officer candidates, 247, 414, 417;
and reform of Steward's Branch, 242-43, 419.

New Orleans, La., 476.

New Orleans Naval Air Station, La., 495.

New York _Times_, 304, 324, 363.

Newspapers. _See_ Press, Negro; _publications by name_.

Nichols, Lee, 426-27, 493-94.

Niles, David K., 294-95, 314, 365-66, 373-74.

Nimitz, Admiral Chester W., 94, 166-67.

Nkrumah, Kwame, 509.

Noble, Maj. Gen. Alfred H., 334.

Norfolk, Va., 73, 77, 483, 485, 498.

Norfolk _Journal and Guide_, 163, 258.

_Northland_, 118.

Nugent, Maj. Gen. Richard E., 287-88, 405.

Nunn, William G., 302_n_.

Nurse Corps, U.S. Navy, 72, 74-75, 96, 247-48.

Occupational distribution of assignments, 523-27, 572-73.

Occupational specialties, 177, 194-95, 201, 354-55, 377, 524-27, 572-73.

Off-base equal opportunity inventories, 583-85, 592.

Off-limits sanctions by Department of Defense
and housing, 580, 604-05, 608, 621;
and question of using, 532-33;
recommended by Gesell Committee, 543-44, 547-48, 556, 581;
and requested by NAACP, 556.

Office of War Information, 40.

Officer training schools, integration of
in the Air Force, 286;
in the Army, 30, 47-51;
in the Marine Corps, 266;
in the Navy, 82, 87.

Officers, black
in the Air Force, 278, 282-83, 398, 406;
in the armed forces, 568-71;
in the Army, 30, 36-37, 47-51, 194, 219-23, 226;
in the Coast Guard, 119, 121-22;
in the Marine Corps, 111, 266-67, 461, 471-72;
in the Navy, 79-82, 86-87, 243-48, 332, 414-15, 417-18, 426.

Officers, white, attitudes of
in the Army, 37, 133-34;
in the Navy, 82-84, 89-90.

Ohly, John H., 299, 327.

OIR Notice CP75 (1952), 483-84.

Okinawa Base Command, 190.

Old, Maj. Gen. William D., 282, 284.

O'Meara, Joseph, 537.

Operations Research Office, 441-42.

_Opportunity_, 67.

Osthagen, Clarence H., 398.

Overhead spaces
in the Air Force, 279;
in the Army, 177, 195-97.

Overseas employment of black servicemen
by the Army, 37-38;
and the Gesell Committee, 552-53;
by the Marine Corps, 109-11;
restrictions on, 38, 179, 385-89.

Overton, John H., 11.

Oxford, Miss., 476, 505.

Pace, Frank, Jr., 224, 376, 377_n_, 395, 443-44, 447.

Padover, Saul K., 294.

Palmer, Dwight, 314.

Panama Canal Zone, 38, 179, 386.

Parachute Battalion, 555th, 190-92.

Parks, Maj. Gen. Floyd L., 186-87.

Parks, Rosa, 124, 478.

Parris Island, S. C., 334.

Parrish, Col. Noel F., 273, 279.

Passman, Otto E., 550.

Pastore, John, 392_n_.

Patch, Lt. Gen. Alexander M., 53.

Patterson, Robert P., 21-22, 28, 46, 225;
and conduct of black troops in Europe, 212-13;
and Gillem Board, 153, 162-63, 215, 232;
and quotas, 176, 183-84, 187-88;
sued for violation of Selective Service Act, 182, 186.

Patuxent River Naval Air Station, Md., 494.

Paul, Norman S.
and civil rights legislation, 591, 597-98;
and off-base discrimination, 582, 585-86;
and organization of civil rights apparatus, 558-59, 564, 566.

Paul, Maj. Gen. Willard S., 158-59, 217, 225;
and assignment of black personnel, 194-96, 202, 213-14;
and composite units, 192-93;
and continued segregation, 231, 322;
and expansion of school quotas, 198-201;
and National Guard integration, 318;
and postwar quotas, 176-79, 181, 185-86, 188-89;
and shortage of black officers, 219-22.

Paxton, Brig. Gen. Alexander G., 322.

PC 1264, 77.

Pea Island Station, N.C., 112, 115.

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 148.

Pensacola Naval Air Station, Fla., 493, 542-43.

Personnel Policy Board, DOD, 398, 402;
and Fahy Committee, 344-48, 358, 360;
and facial designations, 381-84, 574.

Petsons, Wilton B., 485.

Petersen, 2d Lt. Frank E., Jr., 472.

Petersen, Howard C., 163-64, 232;
and postwar quotas, 177, 187;
and postwar racial reforms, 223-24, 279.

Philadelphia, Miss., 588.

Philadelphia Depot of Supplies, Pa., 109.

Pick, Maj. Gen. Lewis A., 154.

Pinchot, Gifford, 63.

Pine Bluff Arsenal, Ark., 494.

Pittsburgh _Courier_, 10, 126, 164, 285, 316, 367, 399, 408.

Platoons, integration of, 51-56.

_Plessy_ v. _Ferguson_, 6.

Poletti, Charles, 59.

Port Chicago, Calif., 263.

Port Hueneme, Calif., 93.

Powell, Adam Clayton, and discrimination in the services, 248, 304,
388-89, 423, 425, 468, 482, 485, 532.

Prairie View A&M, Tex., 571.

Press, Negro. _See also by name of publication._
and equal treatment in the armed forces, 10, 42-43, 126, 132-33,
169, 258, 284-85, 302, 304;
and Executive Order 9981, 316, 324, 365.

Price, Maj. Gen. Charles F. B., 110-11.

Project CLEAR, 442, 449, 457.

Promotions
in the Air Force, 284;
in the armed forces, 571-72;
in the Army, 133, 322;
in the Coast Guard, 121;
in the Marine Corps, 150, 471-72;
in the Navy, 75, 79, 417-18.

Provisional Marine Brigade, 1st, 463.

Public Laws 815 and 874, 487-88.

Puner, Morton, 499.

Pursuit Squadron, 99th. _See_ Fighter Squadron, 99th.

Qualitative Distribution of Military Manpower Program, 394-95, 416-17.

Quartermaster General, 222, 225.

Quesada, Lt. Gen. Elwood R., 282.

Quotas, Air Force, 615-16.

Quotas, Army, 25-26, 32, 156_n_, 158, 166, 615-16;
assessments of, 202-05, 458-59;
and enlistment practices, 182-84, 187-89, 203;
and expansion of for schools, 198-202;
and the Fahy Committee, 356, 371-75, 429-30;
and postwar opposition to, 176-81, 187;
and qualitative balance, 184-86.

Quotas, Coast Guard, 115.

Quotas, Marine Corps
postwar, 172, 174, 255-56;
and postwar recruitment efforts, 257-61;
in World War II, 103.

Quotas, Navy, 69-71.

Rabb, Maxwell, M., 482, 485, 492.

Racial designations, 224, 380-85, 574-77.

Racial incidents, 126, 393;
in the Air Force, 409;
in the Army, 38-39, 45, 128, 209-10;
in the Marine Corps, 92-93, 111;
in the Navy, 75, 92-94, 128-29.

Racial policies, Air Force
1940-1947, 271-80;
and immediate effect of Executive Order 9981, 338-42;
and military traditions, 270;
and need for change of, 280-90.

Racial policies, Army
and arguments for continued segregation, 227-29;
and an assessment of segregation in 1948, 231-33;
and enlisted opinions on integration, 229-30;
and immediate effect of Executive Order 9981, 318-31;
and immediate postwar. _See_ Gillem Board;
and military traditions, 20, 234-35;
postwar, 213-15;
and postwar opposition to quotas, 176-81, 187;
and postwar performance evaluation of black troops, 132-43;
and reforms in 1947, 223-26;
and search for a new postwar policy, 130-32, 141-43, 151;
in World War II, 17-24, 34, 39-46.

Racial policies, Coast Guard
and limited integration, 118-22;
pre-World War II experience, 112-13;
in World War II, 114-17.

Racial policies, Marine Corps
and immediate effect of Executive Order 9981, 334-38;
immediate postwar, 170-74, 253-54, 266-67;
and military traditions, 100, 103, 170, 174, 269;
and search for a postwar policy, 149-50;
and steps toward integration, 266-69;
in World War II, 100-12.

Racial policies, Navy
between world wars, 58;
and blood processing, 36_n_;
and commissioning of black officers, 79-82;
and development of a wartime policy, 59-67;
and employment of black recruits, 67-75;
and failure to attract Negroes, 68-69, 248-52, 415-18, 426, 562-63;
and immediate effect of Executive Order 9981, 331-34;
and immediate postwar, 166-70;
and military traditions, 234-35, 237, 252;
and reforms under Forrestal, 84-92, 94-98;
and search for a postwar policy, 143-46, 150-51;
and Special Programs Unit reforms, 75-79, 82-83, 87-88.

Racial policies, and social change
in the armed forces, 21-22, 39, 227, 229, 232, 317, 610, 612;
and Congress, 379-80, 389-90, 550-51.

Randolph, A. Philip
and civil rights movement, 478;
and Executive Order 9981, 311, 316;
and integration of the armed forces, 15-16, 66-67, 124, 267, 390;
and proposed draft bill, 300, 302-06, 616.

Randolph Field, Tex., 275, 286.

Ray, (Lt. Col.) Marcus H., 133, 163, 211, 319, 558_n_;
and EUCOM education program, 216, 219;
and postwar manpower needs, 177-78, 184;
and postwar racial reforms, 223-24, 279, 330;
and survey of black soldiers in Europe, 212-15.

Recreational facilities, 37-38, 45-46, 411, 511-12.

Recruitment. _See_ Enlistment practices.

Red Cross, 36.

Reddick, L. D., 163, 300.

Reeb, James, 589.

Reenlistment. _See_ Enlistment practices.

Reese Air Force Base, Tex., 493.

Reeves, Frank D., 508.

Regimental Combat Team, 25th, 135, 189, 216.

Reid, Thomas R., 344-48, 358-60.

Render, Frank W., II, 559_n_.

Reserve Officers' Training Corps, 221, 570-71.

Reserves, Army, integration of, 519-20.

Reuther, Walter P., 187, 478.

Reynolds, Grant, 300, 306, 390.

Reynolds, Hobson, E., 302_n_.

Ribicoff, Abraham, 596.

Richardson, Elliot, C., 496.

Ridgway, General Matthew B., 439, 442-48, 617.

Riley, Capt. Herbert D., 330.

Rivers, L. Mendel, 550, 605.

Robinson, Brig. Gen. Ray A., 260, 266, 268.

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 8, 20, 74, 75_n_, 103.

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 59, 235;
and civil rights, 8;
and integration in the Army, 15-16, 18-19;
and integration in the Navy, 60-65, 69-73, 87, 97, 101, 609.

Roosevelt, Franklin D., Jr., 295_n_.

Roosevelt, James, 479.

Rosenberg, Anna M., 392-93, 436, 443-44, 483, 488-89, 619.

Rowan, Carl T., 80_n_.

Royall, Kenneth C., 188, 212, 232;
and enlistment standards, 324;
and Executive Order 9981, 311-13;
and the Fahy Committee, 347-48, 351;
and further integration in the Army, 322-24;
and integration experiments, 326-29;
and integration of reserve components, 320-21;
and shortage of black officers, 221-22.

Rudder, 2d Lt. John E., 266-67.

Runge, Carlisle P.
and the National Guard, 518-19;
and off-base discrimination, 502, 506_n_, 532, 534-35;
and racial reform directives, 511-13, 515.

Rusk, Dean, 184, 387.

Russell, Ens. Harvey C., 122.

Russell, Richard B., 308, 389-90, 456-57.

Sabath, Adolph J., 391.

St. Julien's Creek, Va., 75.

Saipan, 254-55, 258.

Saltonstall, Leverett, 390.

Samoa, 111.

Samuels, Lt. (jg.) Clarence, 121.

San Antonio, Tex., 277.

Sargent, Lt. Comdr. Christopher S., 76, 242.

Schmidt, Maj. Gen. Harry, 104-05.

Schneider, J. Thomas, 383.

Schools, Army, and quotas, 198-202.

Schools, dependents'
and impact aid legislation, 487-89;
off-base, 476, 496-98, 596-99, 621;
on-post, 489.

Schuyler, George S., 9, 300.

Scotia, N. Y., 265.

Scott, Emmett, J., 19, 558.

_Sea Cloud_, 119-22.

Secretary of the Air Force. _See_ Finletter, Thomas K.;
Symington, W. Stuart.

Secretary of the Army. _See_ Gray, Gordon; Pace, Frank, Jr.;
Royall, Kenneth C.; Stevens, Robert T.

Secretary of Defense. _See_ Clifford, Clark M.; Forrestal, James V.;
Johnson, Louis A.; Lovett, Robert A.; McNamara, Robert S.;
Marshall, General George C.; Wilson, Charles E.

Secretary of the Navy. _See_ Anderson, Robert B.; Forrestal, James V.;
Kimball Dan A.; Knox, Frank; Matthews, Francis P.; Sullivan, John L.

Secretary of War. _See_ Patterson, Robert P.; Royall, Kenneth C.;
Stimson, Henry L.

Segregation. _See_ Discrimination, racial.

Selective Service Act of 1940, 10-13, 32, 70, 612, 614.

Selective Service Act of 1948, 299-300, 303-04, 308, 315, 612.

Selective Service System, 69, 435;
and quotas, 25-26, 182;
and racial designations, 381, 383-84.

Selfridge Field, Mich., 128.

Selma, Ala., 503, 588-89.

Sengstacke, John H., 314, 537.

"Services and Their Relations with the Community, The," 507.

Sexton, Vice Adm. Walton R., 114-15.

Shaw, Bernard, 338.

Shaw Air Force Base, S. C., 281.

Sherrill, Henry Knox, 295_n_.

Shipyards, naval, integration of, 483-87.

Shishkin, Boris, 295_n_.

Shulman, Stephen N., 559_n_, 570-72.

Signal Construction Detachment, 449th, 210.

Skinner, Lt. Comdr. Carlton, 118-21.

Smedberg, Vice Adm. William R., 508.

Smith, Lt. Gen. Oliver P., 462, 464.

Smith, Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell, 52.

Smith College, Mass., 87.

Smothers, Curtis R., 559_n_.

Snyder, Rear Adm. Charles P., 63-64.

Sollat, Ralph P., 393.

Somervell, General Brehon B., 54-55.

Sommers, Lt. Col. Davidson, 142.

South Boston, Mass., 77.

Southern Christian Leadership Council, 478.

Spaatz, General Carl
and assignments, 195-96, 285;
and postwar quotas, 176, 180-81.

SPARS, 74, 122.

Special Training and Enlistment Program (STEP), 568.

_Spencer_, 121.

Spencer, Comdr. Lyndon, 114.

Sprague, Rear Adm. Thomas L., 414-15, 419-20.

Stanley, Frank L., 302_n_.

State, Department of, 386-87, 389.

Stennis, John, 550-51.

Stevens, Robert T., 490.

Stevenson, Adlai E., 59, 80-81.

Stevenson, William E., 314.

Steward's Branch
Coast Guard, 113, 116-17;
Marine Corps, 107-08, 255-57, 259-61, 460, 468-71;
Navy, 58, 145, 151, 236, 238-43, 332-33, 418-25.

Stewart, Tenn., 498.

Stickney, Capt. Fred, 359.

Stimson, Henry L., 20-21, 32-34, 38, 43, 49, 69, 128, 131, 135.

Strategic Air Command, 284.

Strength ratios, Air Force, 276, 280_n_, 397, 405.

Strength ratios, armed forces, 1962-1968, 568.

Strength ratios, Army, 24, 33;
1946-1948, 181-82, 185-86, 326;
in Korean War, 430, 450, 457-58;
postwar overseas, 208.

Strength ratios, Coast Guard, 116-17, 122.

Strength ratios, Marine Corps
postwar, 256, 326, 336, 472;
in World War II, 102-03, 111.

Strength ratios, Navy
in 1941, 58;
1945-1948, 98, 236, 238, 250, 326, 332;
1949-1960, 412, 415-16.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 478.

Sullivan, John L., 237, 242, 311, 335, 352.

Surveys
on Army segregation (1942-1943), 40;
and enlisted opinion on segregation, 229-30;
and Harris on open housing, 590;
and Hodes on overhead spaces, 196-98;
on integration of platoons, 54-55;
by U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 521-22;
of Washington, D. C. housing, 601.

_Sweetgum_, 122.

Swing, Lt. Gen. Joseph M., 453.

Symington, W. Stuart, 286-87, 311, 320, 329, 387;
and Executive Order 9981, 338-39, 341;
and the Fahy Committee, 347, 352;
and integration plan of 1949, 397-98, 407, 409, 615.

Tactical Air Command, 275, 277, 280-84.

Taft, Robert A., 308.

Talbott, Harold E., 480, 493.

"Talented tenth," 75, 123.

Talmadge, Herman E., 550.

Tank battalions
64th, 445;
509th and 510th, 454.

Taylor, Maj. Gen. Maxwell D., 432, 441, 443.

Thomas, Charles S., 486.

Thomas, Lt. Gen. Gerald C., 172-74, 254-55, 258-59, 268, 466.

Thompson, Pfc. William, 440.

Thurmond, Strom, 310.

Tiana Beach, N.Y., 116.

Tilly, Dorothy, 295_n_.

Tobias, Channing H., 295, 300, 302_n_.

Townsend, Willard, 302_n_.

Training
in the Air Force, 274-76, 278-79, 403;
in the armed forces, 572-74;
in the Army, 25, 28-30, 47-52, 434-36;
in the Coast Guard, 114-15;
in the Marine Corps, 102, 108-09;
in the Navy, 67-68, 73, 77, 82, 87-88, 91, 243.

Training camps, postwar location of, 223-24.

Transportation, Chief of, 222.

Transportation facilities, 38, 45, 148.

Trieste, 387.

Trinidad Base Command, 38, 190.

Troop Carrier Command, I, 273.

Truman, Harry S.
and civil rights, 124, 130, 291-96, 308-09, 483_n_, 488;
and Executive Order 9981, 291, 310-12, 315, 317, 473, 609, 612;
and the Fahy Committee, 365-66, 369, 374-76, 379;
and segregation in the services, 304, 308.

Truscott, Lt. Gen. Lucian K., Jr., 134.

Turkey, 388.

Tuskegee, Ala., 28-30, 271-73, 275.

United Services Organization, 539-40.

Units, attached v. assigned, 190-93.

Universal military training, 142.

U.S. Coast Guard Academy, 508.

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 477, 502, 507, 511, 514, 518;
and Civil Rights Act of 1964, 587, 599;
and study of racial discrimination (1963), 521-22, 538, 541, 566.

U.S. Commissioner of Education, 489-90, 492.

U.S. Congress
and the armed forces, 142, 379-80, 389-94, 398, 456-57, 550-52,
568, 579, 582, 600;
and civil rights legislation, 477, 554, 586-90, 595;
and Senate Special Investigations Committee, 211-12.

U.S. Military Academy, 221.

U.S. Office of Education, 487-88.

U.S. Supreme Court, 6, 292, 323, 475-77, 586, 605.

_Utilization of Negro Manpower in the Army_, 371.

V-12 program, 80-81, 243, 247.

Vance, Cyrus R., 513, 536_n_, 565, 595, 601-04.

Vandegrift, General Alexander, 171, 173-74, 255, 259, 265-66.

Vandenberg, General Hoyt S., 283, 340, 399, 401, 405, 409.

VanNess, Lt. Comdr. Donald O., 76.

VanVoorst, Col. M., 429_n_.

Venereal disease rates, 208-09, 219.

Vinson, Carl, 339, 398, 551.

Voluntary compliance programs, 581-86, 592-93, 602-03, 608, 621.

Votes, black, 8, 475;
and 1948 election, 307, 309, 316, 379;
legislation for, 475, 588-89.

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 475.

WAAC's, 33, 51, 434.

Waesche, Rear Adm. Russell R., 114, 119.

Wagner, Robert F., 11.

Walker, Addison, 61-63.

Walker, Lt. Gen. Walton H., 437.

Wallace, Henry A., 307, 309.

War Department Circular No. 105, 177.

War Department Circular No. 124;
and Gillem Board Report, 162, 206, 215, 223, 233, 322;
and provisions of, 189, 192, 220-21, 231.

War Department Pamphlet No. 20-6, 45.

War Manpower Commission, 69.

Warnock, Brig. Gen. Aln D., 154.

Washington, Booker T., 13.

Washington, D. C., and off-base housing, 601-04, 606.

Washington _Post_, 304, 367.

Watson, Col. Edwin M., 14.

Watts, Calif., 589.

WAVES, 72, 74, 86-88, 247-48, 332.

Weaver, George L. P., 302_n_.

Webb, James E., 386.

Wesley, Carter, 302_n_.

White, Lee C., 537-38, 552, 565, 574.

White, Walter F., 224, 384, 393;
and civil rights movement, 294, 302_n_, 375, 484-85, 492;
and EUCOM's training program, 217_n_;
and integration of the armed forces, 9, 14-15, 31, 49, 93, 124,
300, 311, 439, 471.

Whiting, Capt. Kenneth, 64.

Wilkins, Roy, 16, 247, 302_n_, 315, 590.

Willkie, Wendell L., 19, 66.

Wilson, Charles E. (Secretary of Defense), 480, 490-91, 496, 499-500.

Wilson, Charles E., 295, 313.

Wilson, Maj. Gen. Winston P., 554.

Winstead, Arthur A., 390, 398, 492.

Wofford, Harris L., 506-08, 529, 587, 599-600.

Women, black
in the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, 74, 267;
in the Nurse Corps, U.S. Navy, 72, 74-75, 96, 247-48;
in the WAAC's, 33, 51, 434;
in the WAVES, 72, 74, 86-88, 247-48, 332-33.

Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC). _See_ WAAC's.

Women's Army Corps (WAC). _See_ WAAC's.

Women's Reserve, U.S. Marine Corps, 74, 267.

Wood, Capt. Hunter, Jr., 167.

Woodard, Sgt. Issac, Jr., 129.

Woods, Col. Samuel A., Jr., 101.

Woodward, C. Vann, 474-76.

Wright Field, Ohio, 279.

Yarmolinsky, Adam
and civil rights, 424, 506_n_, 508, 510, 512;
and Gesell Committee, 535-36, 613, 620-21;
and need for a new DOD racial policy, 531, 534-35.

Yokohama Base Command, 190.

Young, P. B., Jr., 302_n_.

Young, Thomas W., 302_n_.

Young, Whitney M., Jr., 537, 541, 554.

Youngdahl, Luther W., 320.

Zuckert, Eugene M., 285, 290, 386;
and Air Force integration plans, 338-41, 398, 401-02, 406;
and civilian communities, 479, 531;
and the Fahy Committee, 345, 350, 352;
and local commanders, 534, 563.

Zundel, Brig. Gen. Edwin A., 437.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981 0-305-168