Chapter IX: Magellan’s Discovery (6)

[149] The original is now preserved at Venice, in the Biblioteca Marciana. A large photographic fac-simile of it was issued at Venice, in 1877, by Münster (Ongania); and engraved reproductions can be found in Santarem, Lelewel, and Saint-Martin, besides others in Vincent’s _Commerce and Navigations of the Ancients_, 1797 and 1807; and in Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, 1881. A copy on vellum, made in 1804, is in the British Museum.

[150] Cf. G. Gravier’s _Recherches sur les navigations Européennes faites an moyen-âge_, Paris, 1878.

[151] Navarrete, i. 304, ii. 280; Bandini’s _Amerigo Vespucci_, pp. 66, 83; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 26, iv. 188, 233, 250, 261, v. 182-185; and his preface to Ghillany’s _Behaim_; Harrisse, _Ferdinand Colomb_, pp. 121-127; Major’s _Prince Henry_, p. 420; Stevens’s _Notes_, p. 372. When the natives of Cuba pointed to the interior of their island and said “Cubanacan,” Columbus interpreted it to mean “Kublai Khan;” and the Cuban name of Mangon became to his ear the Mangi of Sir John Mandeville.

[152] Dec. i. c. 8.

[153] Da Gama’s three voyages, translated from the narrative of Gaspar Correa, with other documents, was edited for the Hakluyt Society by H. E. J. Stanley, in 1869. Correa’s account was not printed till 1858, when the Lisbon Academy issued it. Cf. Navarrete, vol. i. p. xli; Ramusio, i. 130; Galvano, p.93; Major, _Prince Henry_, p. 391; Cladera, _Investigaciones históricas_; Saint-Martin, _Histoire de la géographie_, p. 337; Clarke, _Progress of Maritime Discovery_, p. 399; Ruge’s _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_ pp. 109, 135, 188, 189; Lucas Rem’s _Tagebuch_, 1494-1542, Augsburg, 1861; Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 209 (with references), etc.

“Portugal,” says Professor Seeley, “had almost reason to complain of the glorious intrusion of Columbus. She took the right way, and found the Indies; while he took the wrong way, and missed them.... If it be answered in Columbus’s behalf, that it is better to be wrong and find America, than to be right and find India, Portugal might answer that she did both,”—referring to Cabral’s discovery of Brazil (_Expansion of England_, p. 83).

[154] The Bull is printed in Navarrete, ii. 23, 28, 130; and in the app. of Oscar Peschel’s _Die Theilung der Erde unter Papst Alexander VI. und Julius II._, Leipsic, 1871. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, gives the letter of May 17, 1493, which Alexander VI. sent with the Bulls to his nuncio at the court of Spain, found in the archives of the Frari at Venice. Cf. also Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 52; Solorzano’s _Política Indiana_; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vol. i. no. 745; and the illustrative documents in Andres Garcia de Céspedes’ _Reg. de nav._, Madrid, 1606.

[155] There is more or less confusion in the estimates made of the league of this time. D’Avezac, _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, September and October, 1858, pp. 130-164, calls it 5,924 metres. Cf. also Fox, in the _U. S. Coast Survey Report_, 1880, p. 59; and H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 190.

[156] Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 17, 44, 56, etc.

[157] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 54; _Cosmos_, v. 55. Columbus found this point of no-variation, Sept. 13, 1492. In the latter part of the sixteenth century, for a similar reason, St. Michael’s in the Azores was taken for the first meridian, but the no-variation then observable at that point has given place now to a declination of twenty-five degrees.

[158] See the documents in Navarrete, ii. 116, and Peschel’s _Theilung der Erde unter Papst Alexander VI. und Julius II._

[159] Cf., however, Juan y Ulloa’s _Dissertacion sobre el meridiano de demarcation_, Madrid, 1749, in French, 1776. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 910; and “Die Demarcations-linie” in Ruge’s _Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, p. 267.

[160] In 1495 Jaume Ferrer, who was called for advice, sent a manuscript map to the Spanish Monarchs to be used in the negotiations for determining this question. (Navarrete; also Amat, _Diccionario de los escritores Catalanes_.) Jaume’s different treatises are collected by his son in his _Sentencias cathólicas_, 1545. (Leclerc, no. 2,765, 1,000 francs; Harrisse, _Bibl. Am. Vet._, no. 261; _Additions_, no. 154.) This contains Jaime’s letter of Jan. 27, 1495, and the Monarchs’ reply of Feb. 28, 1495; and a letter written at the request of Isabella from Burgos, Aug. 5, 1495, addressed to “Christofol Colō en la gran Isla de Cibau.”

[161] Cf. _North American Review_, nos. 53 and 55.

[162] Cf. portions in German in _Das Ausland_, 1867, p. 1.

[163] It is in Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_.

[164] Brunet, _Supplément_, col. 277.

[165] It appeared in the series _Biblioteca rara_ of G. Daelli.

[166] Cf. _Historical Magazine_, September, 1864.

[167] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Additions_, p. vi., calls this reproduction extremely correct.

[168] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. xii.

[169] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 387; Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 1,380; Sabin, iv. 277; Leclerc, no. 132. It was noticed by Don Pascual de Gayangos in _La America_, April 13, 1867. Cf. another of Varnhagen’s publications, _Carta de Cristóbal Colon enviada de Lisboa á Barcelona en Marzo de 1493_, published at Vienna in 1869. It has a collation of texts and annotations (Leclerc, no. 131). A portion of the edition was issued with the additional imprint, “Paris, Tross, 1870.” Of the 120 copies of this book, 60 were put in the trade. Major, referring to these several Spanish texts, says: “I have carefully collated the three documents, and the result is a certain conclusion that neither one nor the other is a correct transcript of the original letter,”—all having errors which could not have been in the original. Major also translates the views on this point of Varnhagen, and enforces his own opinion that the Spanish and Latin texts are derived from different though similar documents. Varnhagen held the two texts were different forms of one letter. Harrisse dissents from this opinion in _Bibl. Amer. Vet. Additions_, p. vi.

[170] Cf. Irving’s _Columbus_, app. xxix.

[171] Prescott’s _Ferdinand and Isabella_, revised edition, ii. 108; Sabin, vol. ii. no. 4,918; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, no. 7, who reprints the parts in question, with a translation.

[172] _Cosmos_, English translation, ii, 641.

[173] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 32.

[174] He points out how the standard _Chronicles_ and _Annals_ (Ferrebouc, 1521; Regnault, 1532; Galliot du Pré, 1549; Fabian, 1516, 1533, 1542, etc.), down to the middle of the sixteenth century, utterly ignored the acts of Columbus, Cortes, and Magellan (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._ p. ii).

[175] Murr, _Histoire diplomatique de Behaim_, p. 123.

[176] They are mentioned in Senarega’s “De rebus Genuensibus,” printed in Muratori’s _Rerum Italicarum scriptores_, xxiv. 534. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 41.

[177] Harrisse says that when Tross, of Paris, advertised a copy at a high price in 1865, there were seven bidders for it at once. Quaritch advertised a copy in June, 1871. It was priced in London in 1872 at £140.

[178] This view is controverted in _The Bookworm_, 1868, p. 9. Cf. 1867, p. 103. The ships are said to be galleys, while Columbus sailed in caravels.

[179] But compare his _Cooke Catalogue_, no. 575; also, _Pinart-Bourbourg Catalogue_, p. 249.

[180] M. de Rosny was born in 1810, and died in 1871. M. Geslin published a paper on his works in the _Actes de la Société d’Ethnologie_, vii. 115. A paper by Rosny on the “Lettre de Christoph Colombe,” with his version, is found in the _Revue Orientale et Américaine_, Paris, 1876, p. 81.

[181] The earliest English version of this letter followed some one edition of the Cosco-Sanchez text, and appeared in the _Edinburgh Review_ in 1816, and was reprinted in the _Analectic Magazine_, ix. 513. A translation was also appended by Kettell to his edition of the _Personal Narrative_. There is another in the _Historical Magazine_, April, 1865, ix. 114.

[182] It was priced by Rich in 1844 at £6 6s.; and by Robert Clarke, of Cincinnati, in 1876, at $200. There was a copy in the J. J. Cooke sale (1883), vol. iii. no. 574, and another in the Murphy sale, no. 2,602.

[183] Sabin, vol. v. no. 18,656; Major, p. xc, where the poem is reprinted, as also in Harrisse’s _Notes on Columbus_, p. 186; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 8, p. 461. This first edition has sixty-seven octaves; the second, sixty-eight. Stevens’s _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 129, shows a fac-simile of the imperfect first edition.

[184] _Notes on Columbus_, p. 185; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 9; _Additions_, no. 3; Lenox’s _Scyllacius_, p. lii. The last stanza is not in the other edition, and there are other revisions. A fac-simile of the cut on the title of this Oct. 26, 1493, edition is annexed. Other fac-similes are given by Lenox, and Ruge in his _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 247. This edition was reprinted at Bologna, 1873, edited by Gustavo Uzíelli, as no. 136 of _Scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite_, and a reprint of Cosco’s Latin text was included.

[185] Lenox’s _Scyllacius_, p. lv, with fac-similes of the cuts; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 19; _Notes on Columbus_, p. 123; _Huth_, i. 337. The elder Harris made a tracing of this edition, and Stevens had six copies printed from stone; and of these, copies are noted in the C. Fiske-Harris Catalogue, no. 553; Murphy, no. 632; Brinley, no. 14; Stevens’s (1870) _Catalogue_, no. 459; and _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. nos. 130, 131. The text was reprinted in the _Rheinisches Archiv_, xv. 17. It was also included in _Ein schöne newe Zeytung_, printed at Augsburg about 1522, of which there are copies in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. _Scyllacius_, p. lvi; Brunet, _Supplément_, col. 277; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 115. The latest enumeration of these various editions is in the _Studi biog. e bibliog. della Soc. Geog. Ital._, 2d edition, Rome, 1882, p. 191, which describes some of the rare copies.

[186] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 175; _Carter-Brown_, no. 105; Lenox, _Scyllacius_, p. lviii; Stevens, _Hist. Coll._, vol. i. no. 163, and _Bibl. Geog._, no. 2,383; Muller (1872), no. 387; J. J. Cooke, no. 2,183; O’Callaghan, no. 1,836. The letter is on pages 116-121 of the _Bellum_, etc. The next earliest reprint is in Andreas Schott’s _Hispaniæ illustratæ_, Frankfort, 1603-1608, vol. ii. (Sabin, vol. viii. no. 32,005; Muller, 1877, no. 2,914; Stevens, 1870, no. 1,845). Of the later reproductions in other languages than English, mention may be made of those in Amati’s _Ricerche Storico-Critico-Scientifiche_, 1828-1830; Bossi’s _Vita di Colombo_, 1818; Urano’s edition of Bossi, Paris, 1824 and 1825; the Spanish rendering of a collated Latin text made by the royal librarian Gonzalez for Navarrete, and the French version in the Paris edition of Navarrete; G. B. Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, Lyons, 1864; _Cartas y testamento di Colon_, Madrid, 1880. There is in Muratori’s _Rerum Italicarum scriptores_ (iii. 301) an account “De navigatione Columbi,” written in 1499 by Antonio Gallo, of Genoa; but it adds nothing to our knowledge, being written entirely from Columbus’s own letters.

The earliest compiled account from the same sources which appeared in print was issued, while Columbus was absent on his last voyage, in the _Nouissime Hystoriarum omnium repercussiones, que supplementum Supplementi Cronicarum nuncupantur ... usque in annum 1502_, of Jacopo Filippo Foresti (called Bergomenses, Bergomas, or some other form), which was dated at Venice, 1502 (colophon, 1503), and contained a chapter “De insulis in India,” on leaf 441, which had not been included in the earlier editions of 1483, 1484, 1485, 1486, and 1493, but is included in all later editions (Venice, 1506; Nuremberg, 1506; Venice, 1513, 1524; Paris, 1535), except the Spanish translation (Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 42, 138, 204, and _Additions_, nos. 11, 75; Sabin, vol. vi. nos. 25,083, 25,084; Stevens, 1870, no. 175, $11; Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 19, 27; Murphy, no. 226; Quaritch, no. 11,757, £4). There are copies in the Library of Congress, the Carter-Brown and Lenox libraries, and in the National Library in Paris.

[187] _Sull’importanza d’un manoscritto inedito della Biblioteca Imperiale di Vienna per verificare quale fu la prima isola scoperta dal Colombo, ... Con una carta geographica_, Vienna, 1869, sixteen pages. Varnhagen’s paper first appeared in the _Anales de la Universedad de Chile_, vol. xxvi. (January, 1864).

[188] Evora, 1545, and often reprinted. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 45; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 265.

[189] A fac-simile of Irving’s manuscript of his account of this reception is given in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._ xx. 201.

[190] Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 170; Major’s _Select Letters_, p. lxvi; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. ix.

[191] Irving’s _Columbus_, app. xxxii.

[192] Humboldt (_Examen critique_, ii. 279-294) notes the letters referring to Columbus; and Harrisse, (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 129) reprints these letters, with translations. In the 1670 edition the Columbus references are on pp. 72-77, 81, 84, 85, 88-90, 92, 93, 96, 101, 102, 116.

[193] There are eight hundred and sixteen in all (1488 to 1525), and about thirty of them relate to the New World. He died in 1526.

[194] Prescott, _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 76.

[195] _Literature of Europe_, vol. i. cap. 4, § 88.

[196] _Ferdinand and Isabella_ (1873), ii. 507, and p. 77. Referring to Hallam’s conclusion, he says: “I suspect this acute and candid critic would have been slow to adopt it had he perused the correspondence in connection with the history of the times, or weighed the unqualified testimony borne by contemporaries to Martyr’s minute accuracy.”

[197] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 282; Irving, _Columbus_, app. xxvii.; Brevoort’s _Verrazano_, p. 87; H. H. Bancroft’s _Central America_, i. 312. A bibliography of Martyr’s works is given on another page.

[198] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 255; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 135; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 10; Sabin, vol. xiv. no. 57,714.

[199] It is not certain when this discourse was printed, for the publication is without date. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 136; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 11; Sabin, vol. iii. no. 11,175; _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 4. There are copies of this little tract of eight leaves in the Force Collection (Library of Congress), and in the Lenox and Carter-Brown libraries. Others are in the Vatican, Grenville Collection, etc. Cf. Court, no. 255.

[200] It is given in Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, p. 372; and in English in Major’s _Select Letters of Columbus_, repeated in the appendix of Lenox’s reprint of Scyllacius. The “Memorial ... sobre el suceso de su segundo viage á las Indias,” in Navarrete, is also printed, with a translation, by Major, p. 72.

[201] They were all presentation-copies; but one in Leclerc, no. 2,960, is priced 400 francs. The Menzies copy brought $35.

[202] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 16; _Notes on Columbus_, p. 125. Cf. _Intorno ad un rarissimo opusculo di Niccolò Scillacio_, Modena, 1856, by Amadeo Ronchini, of Parma.

[203] Cf. _ante_ a note for the bibliography of Martyr, in Vol. I.

[204] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 36, refers, for curious details about Buell, to Pasqual’s _Descubrimiento de la situacion de la América_, Madrid, 1789, and the letter of the Pope to Boil in Rossi’s _Del discacciamento di Colombo dalla Spagnuola_, Rome, 1851, p. 76.

[205] There are two copies in Harvard College Library. Cf. Rich (1832), no. 159, £2 2_s._; Carter-Brown, ii. no. 252; Quaritch, £6 16_s._ 6_d._; O’Callaghan, no. 1,841; Murphy, no. 1,971; Court, nos. 271, 272.

[206] Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 2.

[207] Carter-Brown, vol. i. nos. 16, 17, 276, 356; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 5, 6.

[208] Folios 11 and 40. Cf. _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 17; Sabin, vol. x. no. 41,067. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 55, says Rich errs in stating that an earlier work of Lilio (1493) has a reference to the discovery.

[209] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 7.

[210] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, no. 126. The _Coronica de Aragon_, of Fabricius de Vagad, which was published in 1499, makes reference to the new discoveries (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 9), as does the _Coronica van Coellen_, published at Cologne, 1499, where, on the verso of folio 339, it speaks of “new lands found, in which men roam like beasts” (Murphy, no. 254; Baer, _Incunabeln_, 1884, no. 172, at 160 marks; London Catalogue (1884), £12 10_s._). In 1498, at Venice, was published Marc. Ant. Sabellicus’ _In rapsodiam historiarum_ (copy in British Museum), which has a brief account of Columbus’ family and his early life. This was enlarged in the second part, published at Venice in 1504 (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 21). An anchor lost by Columbus on this voyage, at Trinidad, is said to have been recovered in 1880 (_Bulletin de la Société Géographique d’Anvers_, v. 515).

[211] _Que escribió D. Cristóbal Colon á los ... Rey y Reina de España._ Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 127. It is given, with an English translation, in Major’s _Select Letters_; also in the _Relazione delle scoperte fatte da C. Colombo, da A. Vespucci, e da altri dal_ 1492 _al_ 1506, _tratta dai manoscritti della Biblioteca di Ferrara e pubblicata per la prima volta ed annotata dal Prof. G. Ferraro_, at Bologna, in 1875, as no. 144 of the _Scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite o rare dal secolo_ xiii _al_ xvii. A French translation is given in Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 174.

[212] It is usually said that Ferdinand Columbus asserts it was printed; but Harrisse says he can find no such statement in Ferdinand’s book.

[213] Vol. i. pp. 277-313.

[214] It is a little quarto of six leaves and an additional blank leaf (Lenox, _Scyllacius_, p. lxi; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 36). There is a copy in the Marciana, which Harrisse compared with the Morelli reprint, and says he found the latter extremely faithful (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 17).

[215] Leclerc, no. 129.

[216] In Italian in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_, p. 396.

[217] This is also in Italian in Torre, p. 401, and in English in Major’s _Select Letters_.

[218] Stevens (_Notes_, etc., p. 31) is said by Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. 35) to be in error in saying that Valentim Fernandez’s early collection of Voyages, in Portuguese, and called _Marco Paulo_, etc., has any reference to Columbus.

[219] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 43, 67, and p. 463; _Additions_, nos. 22, 40; Thomassy, _Les papes géographes_.

[220] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 49. See the chapter on Vespucius.

[221] Ibid., _Additions_, no. 27.

[222] Ibid., no. 28.

[223] Ibid., no. 30.

[224] Sabin, vol. vi. no. 24,395.

[225] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 51, 52; Murphy, no. 2,353; Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 2,609. There are copies in the Library of Congress, Harvard College Library, etc.

[226] Sabin, vol. vii. no. 26,140; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 39; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 34; Graesse, ii. 645; Brunet, ii. 1421. There were later editions in 1518, 1565, 1567, 1578, 1604, 1726, etc.

[227] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 35.

[228] See Vol. III. pp. 16, 199; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, pp. 464, 518; and _Additions_, no. 38.

[229] In the section “inventio novarum insularum,” _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 39.

[230] Brunet, iv. 915; _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 44.

[231] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 57; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 73. There is a copy in the Boston Athenæum.

[232] Carter-Brown, no. 48; Murphy, no. 32.

[233] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 75.

[234] Cf. bibliographical note on Columbus in Charton’s _Voyageurs_, iii. 190.

[235] _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 1,554; _Bibl. Hist._ (1870), no. 1,661; J. J. Cooke, no. 2,092; Murphy, no. 2,042 (bought by Cornell University); Panzer, vii. 63; Graesse, v. 469; Brunet, iv. 919; Rosenthal (1884); Baer, _Incunabeln_ (1884), no. 116. Cf. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 74, for the note and translation; and other versions in _Historical Magazine_, December, 1862, and in the _Christian Examiner_, September, 1858. Also, see _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 88, for a full account; and the reduced fac-simile of title in Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 51. The book is not very rare, though becoming so, since, as the French sale-catalogues say, referring to the note, “Cette particularité fait de ce livre un objet de haute curiosité pour les collectionneurs Américains.” Harrisse says of it: “Although prohibited, confiscated, and otherwise ill-treated by the Court of Rome and the city authorities of Genoa, this work is frequently met with,—owing, perhaps, to the fact that two thousand copies were printed, of which only five hundred found purchasers, while the fifty on vellum were distributed among the sovereigns of Europe and Asia.” (Cf. Van Praet, _Catalogue des livres sur vélin_, i. 8.) Its price is, however, increasing. Forty years ago Rich priced it at eighteen shillings. Recent quotations put it, in London and Paris, at £7, 100 marks, and 110 francs. The Editor has used the copy in the Harvard College Library, and in the Boston Public Library,—which last belonged to George Ticknor, who had used George Livermore’s copy before he himself possessed the book. Ticknor’s _Spanish Literature_, i. 188; _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, x. 431.

[236] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 220; Stevens, _Historical Collections_, vol. i. no. 242. There is a copy in Harvard College Library.

[237] We know that Ferdinand bought a copy of this book in 1537; cf. Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 27.

[238] _Historical Collections_, vol. i, no. 1,554.

[239] On the question of the connection of Columbus with his second companion, Donna Beatrix Enriquez who was of a respectable family in Cordova,—that there was a marriage tie has been claimed by Herrera, Tiraboschi, Bossi, Roselly de Lorgues, Barry, and Cadoret (_Vie de Colomb_, Paris, 1869, appendix); and that there was no such tie, by Napione (_Patria di Colombo_ and Introduction to _Codice Colombo-Americano_), Spotorno, Navarrete, Humboldt, and Irving. Cf. _Historical Magazine_ (August, 1867), p. 225; _Revue des questions historiques_ (1879), XXV. 213; Angelo Sanguinetti’s _Sull’origine di Ferdinando Colombo_ (Genoa, 1876), p. 55; Giuseppe Antonio Dondero’s _L’onestá di Cristoforo Colombo_ (Genoa, 1877), p. 213; Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 2; D’Avezac, in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (1872), p. 19. It may be noted that Ferdinand de Galardi, in dedicating his _Traité politique_ (Leyden, 1660) to Don Pedro Colon, refers to Ferdinand Colon as “Fernando Henriquez.” (Stevens, _Bibl. Geog._, no. 1,147).

The inference from Columbus’ final testamentary language is certainly against the lady’s chastity. In his codicil he enjoins his son Diego to provide for the respectable maintenance of the mother of Ferdinand, “for the discharge of my conscience, for it weighs heavy on my soul.” Irving and others refer to this as the compunction of the last hours of the testator. De Lorgues tries to show that this codicil was made April 1, 1502 (though others claim that the document of this date was another will, not yet found), and only copied at Segovia, Aug. 25, 1505, and deposited in legal form with a notary at Valladolid, May 19, 1506. Columbus dying May 20,—the effect of all which is only to carry back, much to Columbus’ credit, the compunction to an earlier date. The will (1498), but not the codicil, is given in Irving, app. xxxiv. Cancellieri, in his _Dissertazioni_, gives it imperfectly; but it is accurately given in the _Transactions_ of the Genoa Academy. Cf. Harrisse (_Notes on Columbus_) p. 160; Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo; Colon en Quisqueya_, Santo Domingo (1877), pp. 81, 99; _Cartas y testamento_, Madrid, 1880; Navarrete, _Coleccion_; and elsewhere.

[240] De Lorgues, on the authority of Zúñiga (_Anales eclesiásticos_, p. 496), says he was born Aug. 29, 1487, and not Aug. 15, 1488, as Navarrete and Humboldt had said. Harrisse (_Fernand Colomb_, p. 1) alleges the authority of the executor of his will for the date Aug. 15, 1488. The inscription on his supposed grave would make him born Sept. 28, 1488.

[241] Prescott (_Ferdinand and Isabella_, ii. 507) speaks of Ferdinand Columbus’ “experience and opportunities, combined with uncommon literary attainments.” Harrisse calculates his income from the bequest of his father, and from pensions, at about 180,000 francs of the present day. (_Fernand Colomb_, p. 29.)

[242] There has been close scrutiny of the publications of Europe in all tongues for the half century and more following the sketch of Guistiniani in 1516, till the publication of the earliest considerable account of Columbus in the Ulloa version of 1571, to gather some records of the growth or vicissitudes of the fame of the great discoverer, and of the interest felt by the European public in the progress of events in the New World. Harrisse’s _Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima_, and his _Additions_ to the same, give us the completest record down to 1550, coupled with the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ for the whole period.

[243] A copy of the inscription on his tomb in Seville, with a communication by George Sumner, is printed in Major’s _Select Letters of Columbus_, p. lxxxi.

[244] Cf. Edwards, _Memoirs of Libraries_, and a Memoir of Ferdinand, by Eustaquio Fernandez de Navarrete, in _Colec. de doc. inéd._, vol. xvi. A fac-simile of the first page of the manuscript catalogue of the books, made by Ferdinand himself, is given in Harrisse’s _D. Fernando Colon_, of which the annexed is the heading:—

There is a list of the books in B. Gallardo’s _Ensayo de una bibliotheca de libros españoles raros_. Harrisse gives the fullest account of Ferdinand and his migrations, which can be in part traced by the inscriptions in his books of the place of their purchase; for he had the habit of so marking them. Cf. a paper on Ferdinand, by W. M. Wood, in _Once a Week_, xii. 165.

[245] Barcia says that Baliano began printing it simultaneously in Spanish, Italian, and Latin; but only the Italian seems to have been completed, or at least is the only one known to bibliographers. (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 24.) Oettinger (_Bibl. biog._, Leipsic, 1850) is in error in giving an edition at Madrid in 1530. The 1571 Italian edition is very rare; there are copies in Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Lenox libraries. Rich priced it in 1832 at £1 10_s._ Leclerc (no. 138) prices it at 200 francs. The Sobolewski copy (no. 3,756) sold in 1873 for 285 francs, was again sold in 1884 in the Court Sale, no. 77. The _Murphy Catalogue_ (no. 2,881) shows a copy. This Ulloa version has since appeared somewhat altered, with several letters added,—in 1614 (Milan, priced in 1832, by Rich, at £1 10_s._; recently, at 75 francs; Carter-Brown, ii. 165); in 1676 (Venice, Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,141, priced at 35 francs and 45 marks); in 1678 (Venice, Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,181, priced at 50 francs); in 1681 (Paris, Court Sale, no. 79); in 1685 (Venice, Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 1,310, priced at £1 8_s._); and later, in 1709 (Harvard College Library), 1728, etc.; and for the last time in 1867, revised by Giulio Antimaco, published in London, though of Italian manufacture. Cancellieri cites editions of 1618 and 1672. A French translation, _La Vie de Cristofle Colomb_, was made by Cotolendi, and published in 1681 at Paris. There are copies in the Harvard College and Carter-Brown (_Catalogue_, vol. ii. no. 1,215) libraries. It is worth from $6 to $10. A new French version, “traduite et annotée par E. Muller,” appeared in Paris in 1879, the editor calling the 1681 version “tronqué, incorrect, décharné, glacial.” An English version appears in the chief collections of Voyages and Travels,—Churchill (ii. 479), Kerr (iii. 1), and Pinkerton (xii. 1). Barcia gave it a Spanish dress after Ulloa’s, and this was printed in his _Historiadores primitivos de las Indias occidentales_, at Madrid, in 1749, being found in vol. i. pp. 1-128. (Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 893.)

[246] _Historical Collections_ (1881), vol. i. no. 1,379.

[247] The Spanish title of Harrisse’s book is _D. Fernando Colon, historiador de su padre: Ensayo crítico, Sevilla_, 1871. It was not published as originally written till the next year (1872), when it bore the title, _Fernand Colomb: sa vie, ses œuvres; Essai critique_. Paris, Tross, 1872. Cf. Arana, _Bibliog. de obras anónimas_ Santiago de Chile (1882), no. 176.

[248] Le Comte Adolphe de Circourt in the _Revue des questions historiques_, xi. 520; and _Ausland_ (1873). p. 241, etc.

[249] Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 152.

[250] Sabin, vol. vii. no. 27,478. Also in 1558, 1559.

[251] Sabin, vol. v. no. 17,971.

[252] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 293.

[253] Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 340; Leclerc, nos. 226-228; J. J. Cooke, no. 575. There were other editions in 1583 and 1585; they have a map of Columbus’ discoveries. Sabin, vol. vii. no. 26,500.

[254] Sabin, vol. ii. no. 6,161-6,162; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 509. There was a second edition, _Bibliotheca, sive thesaurus virtutis et gloriæ_, in 1628.

[255] Sabin, vol. iii. no. 9,195.

[256] He assumed his mother’s name, but sometimes added his father’s,—Herrera y Tordesillas. Irving (app. xxxi. to his _Life of Columbus_) says he was born in 1565.

[257] _Life of Columbus_, app. xxxi.; Herrera’s account of Columbus is given in Kerr’s _Voyages_, iii. 242.

[258] _Central America_, i. 317; cf. his _Chroniclers_, p. 22.

[259] _Dictionary_; also issued separately with that of Hennepin.

[260] In comparing Rich’s (1832, £4 4_s._) and recent prices, there does not seem to be much appreciation in the value of the book during the last fifty years for ordinary copies; but Quaritch has priced the Beckford (no. 735, copy so high as £52. There are copies in the Library of Congress, Carter-Brown, Harvard College, and Boston Public Library. Cf. _Ticknor Catalogue_; Sabin, no. 31,544; Carter-Brown, ii. 2; Murphy, 1206; Court, 169.

[261] Sabin, no. 31,539. This _Descripcion_ was translated into Latin by Barlæus, and with other tracts joined to it was printed at Amsterdam, in 1622, as _Novus orbis sive descriptio Indiæ occidentalis_ (Carter-Brown) vol. ii., no. 266; Sabin, no. 31,540; it is in our principal libraries, and is worth $10 or $15). It copies the maps of the Madrid edition, and is frequently cited as Colin’s edition. The Latin was used in 1624 in part by De Bry, part xii. of the _Grands voyages_. (Camus, pp. 147, 160; Tiele, pp. 56, 312, who followed other engravings than Herrera’s for the Incas). There was a Dutch version, _Nieuwe Werelt_, by the same publisher, in 1622 (Sabin, no. 31,542; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 264), and a French (Sabin, no. 31,543; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 265; Rich, 1832, £1 10_s._; Quaritch, £2 12_s._ 6_d._).

[262] There are copies in the Boston Athenæum, Boston Public, and Harvard College libraries (Sabin, nos. 31,541, 31,546; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 376, 450; Huth, vol. ii. no. 683; Leclerc, no. 278, one hundred and thirty francs; Field, no. 689; ordinary copies are priced at £3 or £4; large paper at £10 or £12). A rival but inferior edition was issued at Antwerp in 1728, without maps, and with De Bry’s instead of Herrera’s engravings (Sabin, no. 31,545). A French version was begun at Paris in 1659, but was reissued in 1660-1670 in three volumes (Sabin, nos. 31,548-31,550; Field, no. 690; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 875; Leclerc, no. 282, sixty francs), including only three decades. Portions were included in the Dutch collection of Van der Aa (Sabin, nos. 31,551, etc.; Carter-Brown, iii. 111). It is also included in Hulsius, part xviii. (Carter-Brown, i. 496). The English translation of the first three decades, by Captain John Stevens, is in six volumes, London, 1725-1726; but a good many liberties are taken with the text (Sabin, no. 31,557; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. no. 355). New titles were given to the same sheets, in 1740, for what is called a second edition (Sabin, no. 31,558). “How many misstatements are attributed to Herrera which can be traced no nearer that author than Captain John Stevens’s English translation? It is absolutely necessary to study this latter book to see where so many English and American authors have taken incorrect facts” (H. Stevens, _Bibliotheca Hist._, p. xiii.).

[263] Such as the _Anales de Aragon_, 1610; the _Compendio historial de las chrónicas y universal historia de todos los reynos de España_, 1628; Zúñiga’s _Annales eclesiasticos y seculares de Seville_, 1677; _Los reyes de Aragon, por Pedro Abarca_, 1682; and the _Monarquía de España, por Don Pedro Salazar de Mendoza_, 1770. The _Varones ilustres del nuevo mondo_ of Pizarro y Orellana, published at Madrid in 1639, contained a Life of Columbus, as well as notices of Ojeda, Cortes, Pizarro, etc.

[264] Sabin, vol. ii. no. 6,440; Asher, no. 355; Trömel, no. 366; Muller (1872), no. 126.

[265] Sabin, vol. v. no. 21,418. Cf. Arana’s _Bibliografía de obras anónimas_, Santiago de Chile (1882), no. 143.

[266] Sabin, vol. x. no. 38,879. Harrisse (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 190) enumerates some of the earlier and later poems, plays, sonnets, etc., wholly or incidentally illustrating the career of Columbus. Cf. also his _Fernand Colomb_, p. 131, and Larousse’s _Grand dictionnaire universel_, vol. iv. The earliest mention of Columbus in English poetry is in Baptist Goodall’s _Tryall of Trauell_, London, 1630.

[267] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, i. 45; xii. 65.

[268] A French version, by C. M. Urano, was published at Paris in 1824; again in 1825. It is subjected to an examination, particularly as regards the charge of ingratitude against Ferdinand, in the French edition of Navarrete, i. 309 (Sabin, vol. ii. no. 6,464).

[269] There was a Spanish translation, made by José Garcia de Villalta, published in Madrid in 1833.

[270] In vol. iii., “De quelques faits relatifs à Colomb et à Vespuce.” In vol. i. he reviews the state of knowledge on the subject in 1833. The German text, _Kritische Untersuchungen_, was printed in a translation by Jules Louis Ideler, of which the best edition is that of Berlin, 1852, edited by H. Müller. Humboldt never completed this work. The parts on the early maps, which he had intended, were later cursorily touched in his introduction to Ghillany’s _Behaim_. Cf. D’Avezac’s _Waltzemüller_, p. 2, and B. de Xivrey’s _Des premières relations entre l’Amerique et l’Europe d’après les recherches de A. de Humboldt_, Paris, 1835,—taken from the _Revue de Paris_.

[271] _History of Spanish Literature_, i. 190.

[272] Harrisse (_Notes on Columbus_, p. 50) speaks of Prescott as “eloquent but imaginative.”

[273] The work was patronized by the Pope, and was reproduced in great luxury of ornamentation in 1879. An English abridgment and adaptation, by J. J. Barry, was republished in New York in 1869. A Dutch translation, _Leven en reizen van Columbus_, was printed at Utrecht in 1863.

[274] Some of the other contributions of this movement are these: Roselly de Lorgues, _Satan contre Christophe Colomb, ou la prétendue chute du serviteur de Dieu_, Paris, 1876; Tullio Dandolo’s _I secoli di Dante e Colombo_, Milan, 1852, and his _Cristoforo Colombo_, Genovese, 1855; P. Ventura de Raulica’s _Cristoforo Colombo rivendicato alla chiesa_; Eugène Cadoret, _La vie de Christophe Colomb_, Paris, 1869,—in advocacy of canonization; Le Baron van Brocken, _Des vicissitudes posthumes de Christophe Colomb, et de sa béatification possible_, Paris, 1865,—which enumerates most of the publications bearing on the grounds for canonization; Angelo Sanguineti, _La Canonizzazione di Cristoforo Colombo_, Genoa, 1875,—the same author had published a _Vita di Colombo_ in 1846; _Sainteté de Christophe Colomb, résumé des mérites de ce serviteur de Dieu, traduit de l’Italien_, twenty-four pages; _Civiltà cattolica_, vol. vii.; a paper, “De l’influence de la religion dans les découvertes du XV^e siècle et dans la découverte de l’Amérique,” in _Etudes par des Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus_, October, 1876; Baldi, _Cristoforo Colombo glorificato dal voto dell’Episcopato Cattolico_, Genoa, 1881. A popular Catholic Life is Arthur George Knight’s _Christopher Columbus_, London, 1877.

[275] There are various reviews of it indicated in Poole’s _Index_, p. 29; cf. H. H. Bancroft’s _Mexico_, ii. 488.

[276] A somewhat similar view is taken by Maury, in _Harpers’ Monthly_, xlii. 425, 527, in “An Examination of the Claims of Columbus.”

[277] From which the account of Columbus’ early life is translated in Becher’s _Landfall of Columbus_, pp. 1-58.

[278] An English translation, by R. S. H., appeared in Philadelphia in 1878. We regret not being able to have seen a new work by Henry Harrisse now in press: _Christophe Colomb, son origine, sa vie, ses voyages, sa famille, et ses descendants, d’après documents inédits, avec cinq tableaux généalogiques et un appendice documentaire_. [See _Postscript_ following this chapter.]

[279] Fr. Forster, _Columbus, der Entdecker der Neuen Welt_, second edition, 1846.

[280] Oscar Peschel, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, second edition, 1877.

[281] Sophus Ruge, _Die Weltanschauung des Columbus_, 1876; _Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, 1883. Cf. Theodor Schott’s “Columbus und seine Weltanschauung,” in Virchow and Holtzendorff’s _Vorträge_, xiii. 308.

[282] Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 50.

[283] It appeared in the _Revue contemporaine_, xxiv. 484, and was drawn out by a paper on a newly discovered portrait of Columbus, which had been printed by Jomard in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_; by Valentin Carderera’s _Informe sobre los retratos de Cristóbal Colon_, printed by the Royal Academy of History at Madrid, in 1851, in their _Memorias_, vol. viii.; and by an article, by Isidore Löwenstern, of the Academy of Sciences at Turin, in the _Revue Archéologique_, x. 181. The paper by Jomard was the incentive of Carderera. both treatises induced the review of Löwenstern; while Feuillet de Conches fairly summed up the results. There has been no thorough account in English. A brief letter on the subject by Irving (printed in the _Life of Irving_, vol. iv.) was all there was till Professor J. D. Butler recently traced the pedigree of the Yanez picture, a copy of which was lately given by Governor Fairchild to the Historical Society of Wisconsin. Cf. Butler’s paper in the _Collections_ of that Society, vol. ix. p. 76 (also printed separately); and articles in _Lippincott’s Magazine_, March, 1883, and _The Nation_, Nov. 16, 1882.

[284] The vignette is given in colored fac-simile in Major’s _Select Letters of Columbus_, 2d edition. Herrera’s picture was reproduced in the English translation by Stevens, and has been accepted in so late a publication as Gay’s _Popular History of the United States_, i. 99. Cf. also the portrait in the 1727-1730 edition of Herrera, and its equivalent in Montanus, as shown on a later page. There is a vignette portrait on the titlepage of the 1601 edition of Herrera.

[285] The edition of Florence, 1551, has no engravings, but gives the account of Columbus on p. 171.

[286] _Magazine of American History_, June, 1884, p. 554.

[287] Cf. _Boletin de la Sociedad geográfica de Madrid_, vol. vi. A portrait in the collection of the Marquis de Malpica is said closely to resemble it. One belonging to the Duke of Veraguas is also thought to be related to it, and is engraved in the French edition of Navarrete. It is thought Antonio del Rincon, a painter well known in Columbus’ day, may have painted this Yanez canvas, on the discoverer’s return from his second voyage. Carderera believed in it, and Banchero, in his edition of the _Codice Colombo Americano_, adopted it (_Magazine of American History_, i. 511). The picture now in the Wisconsin Historical Society’s Rooms is copied directly from the Yanez portrait.

[288] This Capriolo cut is engraved and accepted in Carderera’s _Informe_. Löwenstern fails to see how it corresponds to the written descriptions of Columbus’ person. It is changed somewhat from the 1575 cut; cf. _Magasin pittoresque_, troisième année, p. 316. The two cuts, one or the other, and a mingling of the two, have given rise apparently to a variety of imitations. The head on panel preserved now, or lately, at Cuccaro, and belonging to Fidele Guglielmo Colombo, is of this type. It was engraved in Napione’s _Della patria di Colombo_, Florence, 1808. The head by Crispin de Pas, in the _Effigies regum ac principum_, of an early year in the seventeenth century, is also traced to these cuts, as well as the engraving by Pieter van Opmeer in his _Opus chronographicum_, 1611. Landon’s _Galerie historique_ (Paris, 1805-1809), also shows an imitation; and another is that on the title of Cancellieri’s _Notizia di Colombo_. Navarrete published a lithograph of the 1575 cut. Cf. Irving’s letter. A likeness of this type is reproduced in colors, in a very pleasing way, in Roselly de Lorgues’ _Christophe Colomb_, 1879, and in woodcut, equally well done, in the same work; also in J. J. Barry’s adaptation of De Lorgues, New York, 1869. Another good woodcut of it is given in _Harpers’ Monthly_ (October, 1882), p. 729. It is also accepted in Torre’s _Scritti di Colombo_.

[289] See 3 Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., vii. 285; _Proc._, vol. ii. pp. 23, 25, 289.

[290] There are two portraits thought to have some relation with this Florentine likeness. One was formerly in the Collection d’Ambras, in the Tyrol, which was formed by a nephew of Charles V., but was in 1805 removed to the museum in Vienna. It is on panel, of small size, and has been engraved in Frankl’s German poem on Columbus. The other is one whose history Isnardi, in his _Sulla patria di Colombo_, 1838, traces back for three centuries. It is now, or was lately, in the common council hall at Cogoleto.

[291] What is known as the Venetian mosaic portrait of Columbus, resembling the De Bry in the head, the hands holding a map, is engraved in _Harpers’ Monthly_, liv. 1.

[292] A proof-copy of this engraving is among the Tosti Engravings in the Boston Public Library.

[293] Engravings from De Bry’s burin also appeared, in 1597, in Boissard’s _Icones quinquaginta virorum ad vivum effictæ_; again, in the _Bibliotheca sive thesaurus virtutis et gloriæ_ (Frankfort, 1628-1634), in four volumes, usually ascribed jointly to De Bry and Boissard; and, finally, in the _Bibliotheca chalcographica_ (Frankfort, 1650-1664), ascribed to Boissard; but the plates are marked Jean Théodore de Bry. The De Bry type was apparent in the print in Isaac Bullart’s _Académie des Sciences et des Arts_, Paris, 1682; and a few years later (1688), an aquaforte engraving by Rosaspina came out in Paul Freherus’ _Théâtre des hommes célèbres_. For the later use made of this De Bry likeness, reference may be made, among others, to the works of Napione and Bossi, Durazzo’s _Eulogium_, the _Historia de Mexico_ by Francisco Carbajal Espinosa, published at Mexico, in 1862, tome i, J. J. Smith’s _American Historical and Literary Curiosities_, sundry editions of Irving’s _Life of Columbus_, and the London (1867) edition of Ferdinand Columbus’ Life of his father. There is a photograph of it in Harrisse’s _Notes on Columbus_. De Bry engraved various other pictures of Columbus, mostly of small size,—a full-length in the corner of a half-globe (part vi.); a full-length on the deck of a caravel (in part iv., re-engraved in Bossi, Charton, etc.); a small vignette portrait, together with one of Vespucius, in the Latin and German edition of part iv. (1594); the well-known picture illustrating the anecdote of the egg (part iv.). Not one of these has any claim to be other than imaginative. His larger likeness he reproduced in a small medallion as the title of the Herrera narrative (part xii., German and Latin, 1623-1624), together with likenesses of Vespucius, Pizarro, and Magellan. Another reminiscence of the apocryphal egg story is found in a painting, representing a man in a fur cap, holding up an egg, the face wearing a grin, which was brought forward a few years ago by Mr. Rinck, of New York, and which is described and engraved in the _Compte rendu_ of the Congrès des Américanistes, 1877, ii. 375.

[294] There was a movement at this time (1845) to erect a monument in Genoa.

[295] _Ticknor Catalogue_, p. 95. The medallion on the tomb in the cathedral at Havana is usually said to have been copied from this picture; but the picture sent to Havana to be used as a model is said, on better authority, to have been one belonging to the Duke of Veraguas,—perhaps the one said to be in the Consistorial Hall at Havana, which has the garb of a familiar of the Inquisition; and this is represented as the gift of that Duke (_Magazine of American History_, i. 510).

[296] It is re-engraved in the English and German translations. Carderera rejects it; but the portrait in the Archives of the Indies at Seville is said to be a copy of it; and a copy is in the Pennsylvania Academy of Arts in Philadelphia. A three-quarters length of Columbus, representing him in ruff and armor, full face, mustache and imperial, right hand on a globe, left hand holding a truncheon, called “Cristoval Colon: copiado de un Quadro origl. que se conserva en la familia,” was engraved, and marked “Bart. Vazque. la Grabo, 1791.”

[297] It is still unaccountably retained in the revised 1873 edition.

[298] Cf. their _Proceedings_, April, 1853.

[299] It was restored in 1850 (_Magazine of American History_, v. 446).

[300] Such are the following: (1) In full dress, with ruff and rings, said to have been painted by Sir Anthony More for Margaret of the Netherlands, and taken to England in 1590,—engraved in one of the English editions of Irving, where also has appeared an engraving of a picture by Juan de Borgoña, painted in 1519 for the Chapter-room of the Cathedral of Toledo. (2) A full-length in mail, with ruff, in the Longa or Exchange at Seville, showing a man of thirty or thirty-five years, which Irving thinks may have been taken for Diego Columbus. (3) An engraving in Fuchsius’ _Metoposcopia et ophthalmoscopia_, Strasburg, 1610 (Sabin’s _Dictionary_, vii. 89). (4) An engraving in N. De Clerck’s _Tooneel der beroemder hertogen_, etc., Delft, 1615,—a collection of portraits, including also Cortes, Pizarro, Magellan, Montezuma, etc. (5) A full-length, engraved in Philoponus, 1621. (6) An old engraving, with pointed beard and ruff, preserved in the National Library at Paris. (7) The engraving in the _Nieuwe en onbekende Weereld_ of Montanus, 1671-1673, repeated in Ogilby’s _America_, and reproduced in Bos’s _Leven en Daden_, and in Herrera, edition 1728. A fac-simile of it is given herewith. Cf. Ruyter’s _See-Helden_, Nuremberg, 1661. (8) A copper plate, showing a man with a beard, with fur trimmings to a close-fitting vestment, one hand holding an astrolabe, the other pointing upward,—which accompanies a translation of Thevet’s account of Columbus in the appendix to the Cambridge, 1676, edition of North’s _Plutarch_. (9) An old woodcut in the _Neueröffnetes Amphitheatrum_, published at Erfurt in 1723-1724 (_Brinley Catalogue_, no. 48). (10) A man with curly hair, mustache and imperial, ruff and armor, with a finger on a globe,—engraved in Cristóbal Cladera’s _Investigaciones históricas, sobre los principales descubrimientos de los Españoles en el mar Oceano en el siglo XV. y principios del XVI._, Madrid, 1794. (11) Columbus and his sons, Diego and Ferdinand, engraved in Bryan Edwards’ _The History, civil and commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies_, 1794; again, 1801. Feuillet de Conches in his essay on the portraits calls it a pure fantasy.

[301] A view of this receptacle of the papers, with the bust and the portfolio, is given in _Harpers’ Monthly_, vol. liv., December, 1876.

[302] It is engraved in the first edition of the _Codice diplomatico Colombo-Americano_, and in the English translation of that book. It is also re-engraved in the Lenox edition of _Scyllacius_. Another bust in Genoa is given in the French edition of Navarrete. Of the bust in the Capitoline Museum at Rome—purely ideal—there is a copy in the New York Historical Society’s Gallery, no. 134. The effigies on the monument at Seville, and the bust at Havana, with their costume of the latter part of the sixteenth century, present no claims for fidelity. Cf. _Magazine of American History_, i. 510.

[303] There is a model of it in the Public Library of Boston, a photograph in Harrisse’s _Notes_, p. 182, and engravings in De Lorgues, Torri, etc. There is also a view of this monument in an article on Genoa, the home of Columbus, by O. M. Spencer, in _Harpers’ Monthly_, vol. liv., December, 1876. The mailed figure on the Capitol steps at Washington, by Persico, is without claim to notice. There is a colossal statue at Lima, erected in 1850 by Salvatore Revelli, a marble one at Nassau (New Providence), and another at Cardeñas, Cuba.

[304] Navarrete, ii. 316.

[305] The _Informe de la Real Academia_ says there is no proof of it; and of the famous inscription.—

“A Castilla y á Leon Nuevo Mundo dió Colon,”—

said to have been put on his tomb, there is no evidence that it ever was actually used, being only proposed in the _Elegías_ of Castellanos, 1588.

[306] They are in the Archives at Madrid. Harrisse found one in the Archives of the Duke of Veraguas (_Los restos_, etc., p. 41). The orders are printed by Roque Cocchia, Prieto, Colmeiro, etc.

[307] Harrisse, _Los restos_, p. 44.

[308] Pricto, _Exámen_, etc., p. 18.

[309] Colmeiro, p. 160.

[310] Quoted in Harrisse, _Les sépultures_, etc., p. 22.

[311] _Synodo Diocesan del Arzobispado di Santo Domingo_, p. 13.

[312] Plans of the chancel, with the disposition of the tombs in 1540 or 1541, as now supposed, are given in Tejera, p. 10; Cocchia, p. 48, etc.

[313] Published both in French and English at Philadelphia in 1796.

[314] Harrisse, _Los restos_, p. 47.

[315] Navarrete, ii. 365; Prieto’s _Exámen_, p. 20; Roque Cocchia, p. 280; Harrisse, _Los restos_, app. 4.

[316] Irving’s account of this transportation is in his _Life of Columbus_, app. i. Cf. letter of Duke of Veraguas (March 30, 1796) in _Magazine of American History_, i. 247. At Havana the reinterment took place with great parade. An oration was delivered by Caballero, the original manuscript of which is now in the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Library (cf. _Proceedings_, ii. 105, 168). Prieto (_Los restos_) prints this oration; Navarrete (vol. ii. pp. 365-381) gives extracts from the official accounts of the transfer of the remains.

[317] The Spanish consul is said to have been satisfied with the precautions. Cf. _Do existen depositadas las cenizas de Colon?_ by Don José de Echeverri (Santander, 1878). There are views of the Cathedral in Hazard’s _Santo Domingo_, p. 224, and elsewhere.

[318] Which some have supposed was received in Columbus’ body in his early piratical days.

[319] This plate was discovered on a later examination.

[320] Both of these inscriptions are given in fac-simile in Cocchia, p. 290; in Tejera, p. 30; and in Armas, who calls it “inscripcion auténtica—escritura gótica-alemana” of the sixteenth century.

[321] Fac-similes of these are given in the _Informe de la Real Academia_, Tejera (pp. 33, 34), Prieto, Cocchia (pp. 170, 171), Shea’s paper, and in Armas, who calls the inscription, “Apócrifas—escritura inglesa de la épocha actual.”

[322] _Descubrimiento de los verdaderos restos de Cristóbal Colon: carta pastoral_, Santo Domingo, 1877,—reprinted in _Informe de la Real Academia_, p. 191, etc.

[323] The Bishop, in his subsequent _Los restos de Colon_ (Santo Domingo, 1879), written after his honesty in the matter was impugned, and with the aim of giving a full exposition, shows, in cap. xviii. how the discovery, as he claimed it, interested the world. Various contemporaneous documents are also given in _Colon en Quisqueya, Coleccion de documentos_, etc., Santo Domingo, 1877. A movement was made to erect a monument in Santo Domingo, and some response was received from the United States. _New Jersey Historical Society’s Proceedings_, v. 134; _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_, iii. 465.

[324] Mr. J. C. Brevoort, in “Where are the Remains of Columbus?” in _Magazine of American History_, ii. 157, suggests that the “D. de la A.” means “Dignidad de la Almirantazgo.”

[325] This was a view advanced by J. I. de Armas in a Caracas newspaper, later set forth in his _Las cenizas de Cristóbal Colon suplantadas en la Catedral de Santo Domingo_, Caracas, 1881. The same view is taken by Sir Travers Twiss, in his _Christopher Columbus: A Monograph on his True Burial-place_ (London, 1879), a paper which originally appeared in the _Nautical Magazine_. M. A. Baguet, in “Où sont ces restes de Colomb?” printed in the _Bulletin de la Société d’Anvers_ (1882), vi. 449, also holds that the remains are those of the grandson, Cristoval Colon. For an adverse view, see the _Informe_ of the Amigos del Pais, published at Santo Domingo, 1882. Cf. also Juan Maria Asensio, _Los restos de Colon_, segunda ed., Sevile, 1881.

[326] Originally in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, October, 1878. Cf. also his paper in the _Revue critique_, Jan. 5, 1878, “Les restes mortels de Colomb.”

[327] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 3.

[328] Pages 1177-1181: “Ueber das Geburtsjahre des Entdeckers von America.”

[329] _Année véritable de la naissance de Christophe Colomb, et revue chronologique des principales époques de sa vie_, in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_, Juillet, 1872; also printed separately in 1873, pp. 64.

[330] Based on a statement in the Italian text of Peter Martyr (1534) which is not in the original Latin.

[331] Also in Prévost’s _Voyages_, and in Tiraboschi’s _Letteratura Italiana_.

[332] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 252.

[333] _Nouvelle biographie générale_, xi. 209.

[334] _Christophe Colomb_, Paris, 1862.

[335] _Christopher Colomb._

[336] _Les marins du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle_, i. 80.

[337] _Patria di Colombo._

[338] _Storia universale._

[339] _Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, p. 97; _Ausland_, 1866, p. 1178.

[340] _Investigaciones históricas_, p. 38.

[341] _Annali di Genova_,1708, p. 26.

[342] _Annotationes ad Tacitum._

[343] These various later arguments are epitomized in Ruge, _Das Zeitalter der Entdeckungen_, p. 219.

[344] Charles Malloy’s _Treatise of Affairs Maritime_, 3d ed., London, 1682; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 69.