Chapter IX: Magellan’s Discovery (8)

[501] His publications on the subject of Vespucius are as follows: (1) _Vespuce et son premier voyage, ou notice d’une découverte et exploration du Golfe du Méxique et des côtes des États-Unis en 1497 et 1498, avec le texte de trois notes de la main de Colomb_, Paris, 1858. This had originally appeared from the same type in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, January and February, 1858; and a summary of it in English will be found in the _Historical Magazine_, iv. 98, together with a letter from Varnhagen to Buckingham Smith. (2) _Examen de quelques points de l’Histoire géographique du Brésil,—second voyage de Vespuce_, Paris, 1858. (3) _Amerigo Vespucci, son caractère, ses écrits, sa vie, et ses navigations_, Lima, 1865. (4) _Le premier voyage de Amerigo Vespucci définitivement expliqué dans ses détails_, Vienna, 1869. (5) _Nouvelles recherches sur les derniers voyages du navigateur florentin, et le reste des documents et éclaircissements sur lui_, Vienna, 1869. (6) _Postface auxt rois livraisons sur Amerigo Vespucci_, Vienna, 1870. This is also given as pages 55-57 of the _Nouvelles recherches_, though it is not included in its contents table. (7) _Ainda Amerigo Vespucci, novos estudos e achegas, especialmente em favor da interpretaçāo dada à sua 1ª viagem, em 1497-1498, ás Costas do Yucatan_, Vienna, 1874, eight pages, with fac-similes of part of Ruysch’s map. Cf. _Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. nac. do R. de Janeiro_, no. 839. (8) _Cartas de Amerigo Vespucci_, in the _Rev. do Inst. Hist._, i. 5.

[502] Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 61.

[503] It is reprinted in Varnhagen, _Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 78. The manuscript is not in Vespucius’ hand (_Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, April, 1858). Varnhagen is not satisfied of its genuineness.

[504] Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, v. 1, 34; Major, _Prince Henry_, p. 375; Navarrete, iii. 46, 262; Ramusio, i. 139; Grynæus, p. 122; Galvano, p. 98. Santarem, in his iconoclastic spirit, will not allow that Vespucius went on this voyage, or on that with Coelho in 1503,—holding that the one with Ojeda and La Cosa is the only indisputable voyage which Vespucius made (Childe’s translation, p. 145), though, as Navarrete also admits, he may have been on these or other voyages in a subordinate capacity. Santarem cites Lafitau, Barros, and Osorius as ignoring any such voyage by Vespucius. Vespucius says he could still see the Great Bear constellation when at 32° south; but Humboldt points out that it is not visible beyond 26° south latitude.

[505] This was a cousin of Lorenzo the Magnificent; he was born in 1463, and died in 1503. Cf. Ranke’s letter in Humboldt’s _Examen critique_, and translated in Lester’s _Life and Voyages of Vespucius_, p. 401. Varnhagen has an “Étude bibliographique” on this 1503 letter in his _Amerigo Vespucci, son caractère_, etc., p. 9.

[506] Varnhagen is confident (_Postface_ in _Nouvelles recherches_, p. 56) that Vespucius was aware that he had found a new continent, and thought it no longer Asia, and that the letter of Vespucius, on which Humboldt based the statement of Vespucius’ dying in the belief that only Asia had been found, is a forgery.

[507] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 26; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 74; Carter-Brown, i. 26; Sunderland, vol. v. no. 12,919; Brunet, vol. v. col. 1,155; _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_, p. 766.

[508] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 31; Carter-Brown, i. 21; Ternaux, no. 6; _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_, p. 766; Brunet, vol. v. col. 1,154; Huth, p. 1525. A copy was sold in the Hamilton sale (1884) for £47, and subsequently held by Quaritch at £55. The _Court Catalogue_ (no. 369) shows a duplicate from the Munich Library. Harrassowitz, _Rarissima Americana_ (91 in 1882), no. 1, priced a copy at 1,250 marks.

[509] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 22.

[510] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 23; Carter-Brown, i. 22; _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_, p. 766; Court, no. 368; Quaritch (no. 321, title 12,489) held a copy at £100.

[511] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 24.

[512] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 25; _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_, ii. 766; Huth, v. 1525.

[513] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 27.

[514] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 28.

[515] Cf. also Libri (_Catalogue_ of 1859); Brunet, vol. v. col. 1, 155; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 30. “La petite édition de la lettre de Vespuce à Médicis sur son troisième voyage, imprimée à Paris chez Gilles de Gourmont, vendue à Londres en 1859 au prix de £32 10s., et placée dans la riche collection de M. James Lenox de New York, n’existe plus dans le volume à la fin duquel elle était reliée à la Bibliothèque Mazarine.” D’Avezac: _Waltzemüller_, p. 5.

[516] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 29; Huth, v. 1525; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, v. 7, describing a copy in the Göttingen Library; _Bibliophile Belge_, v. 302.

[517] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 30; Carter-Brown, i. 23. A copy was (no. 233) in a sale at Sotheby’s, London, Feb. 22, 1883. It seems probable that no. 14 of Harrisse’s _Additions_, corresponding to copies in the Lenox, Trivulziana, and Marciana libraries, is identical with this.

[518] Harrisse, _Additions_, p. 12, where its first page is said to have thirty-three lines; but the _Court Catalogue_ (no. 367), describing what seems to be the same, says it has forty-two lines, and suggests that it was printed at Cologne about 1503.

[519] _Additions_, p. 13, describing a copy in the British Museum. Varnhagen (_Amerigo Vespucci_, Lima, 1865, p. 9) describes another copy which he had seen.

[520] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 39; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 24; Brunet, vol. v. col. 1,155; Court, no. 370; Huth, v. 1526; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_; p. 91. Tross, of Paris, in 1872, issued a vellum fac-simile reprint in ten copies. Murphy, no. 2,615; Court, no. 371.

[521] _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. 36.

[522] This title is followed on the same page by a large cut of the King of Portugal with sceptre and shield. The little plaquette has six folios, small quarto (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 33). A fac-simile edition was made by Pilinski at Paris (twenty-five copies), in 1861. Cf. Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 25, with fac-simile of title; Murphy, no. 2,616; Huth, v. 1525; O’Callaghan, no. 2,328; Cooke, no. 2,519. There is a copy of this fac-simile, which brings about $5 or $6, in the Boston Public Library. Cf. also Panzer, _Annalen, Suppl._, no. 561 _bis_, and Weller, _Repertorium_, no. 335.

[523] There is a copy in the Carter-Brown Collection (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 586). It seems to be Harrisse’s no. 37, where a copy in the British Museum is described.

[524] Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._) says he describes his no. 38 from the Carter-Brown and Lenox copies; but the colophon as he gives it does not correspond with the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, nor with the Dresden copy as described by Ruge. Cf. also Panzer, _Annalen_, vol. i. p. 271, no. 561; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, v. 6.

[525] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 34.

[526] _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 21.

[527] _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 20, following Weller’s _Repertorium_, no. 320.

[528] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 40; there is a copy in the Lenox Library.

[529] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 41; Heber, vol. vi. no. 3,846; Rich, no. 1; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 160.

[530] Vol. v. col. 1156; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 50.

[531] _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie d’Anvers_, 1877, p. 349.

[532] There is a copy of this fac-simile in the Boston Public Library [G. 302, 22]. Cf. _Historical Magazine_, xxi. 111.

[533] _Ricerche istorico-critiche circa alle scoperte d’Amerigo Vespucci con l’aggiunta di una relazione del medesimo fin ora inedita_ (Florence, 1789), p. 168. He followed, not an original, but a copy found in the Biblioteca Strozziana. This text is reprinted in Varnhagen’s _Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 83.

[534] Cf. the _Relazione delle scoperte fatte da C. Colombo, da A. Vespucci_, etc., following a manuscript in the Ferrara Library, edited by Professor Ferraro, and published at Bologna in 1875 as no. 144 of the series _Scelta di curiosità letterarie inedite e rare dal secolo XIII al XVII_.

[535] Lucas Rem’s _Tagebuch aus den Jahren 1494-1542_. _Beitrag zur Handelsgeschichte der Stadt Augsburg. Mitgetheilt mit Bemerkungen und einem Anhange von noch ungedruckten Briefen und Berichten über die Entdeckung des newen Seeweges nach Amerika und Ost-Indien, von B. Greiff._ Augsburg, 1861. This privately printed book in a “kurtzer Bericht aus der neuen Welt, 1501,” is said to contain an account of a voyage of Vespucius, probably this one (Muller, _Books on America_, 1877, no. 2,727).

[536] _Hist. geral do Brazil_ (1854), p. 427. Cf. Navarrete, iii. 281, 294; Bandini, p. 57; Peschel, _Erdkunde_ (1877), p. 275; Callender’s _Voyages to Terra Australis_ (1866), vol. i.; Ramusio, i. 130, 141.

[537] That portion of it relating to this voyage is given in English in Lester, p. 238.

[538] N. F. Gravier in his _Histoire de Saint-Dié_, published at Épinal in 1836, p. 202, depicts the character of Lud and the influence of his press. Lud died at St.-Dié in 1527, at the age of seventy-nine.

[539] Cf. his _Notes_, etc., p. 35.

[540] Varnhagen’s _Le premier voyage_, p. 1.

[541] Varnhagen, _Amerigo Vespucci, son caractère_, etc., p. 28; D’Avezac’s _Waltzemüller_, p. 46; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. xxiv.

[542] Napione puts it in this year in his _Del primo scopritore_, Florence, 1809.

[543] Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 87) describes it from a copy in the British Museum which is noted in the _Grenville Catalogue_, p. 764, no. 6,535. D’Avezac, in 1867, noted, besides the Grenville copy, one belonging to the Marquis Gino Capponi at Florence, and Varnhagen’s (_Waltzemüller_, p. 45; Peignot, _Répertoire_, p. 139; Heber, vol. vi. no. 3,848; Napione, _Del primo scopritore del nuovo mondo_, 1809, p. 107; Ebert, _Dictionary_, no. 27,542; Ternaux, no. 5). Harrisse in 1872 (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, p. xxiv), added a fourth copy, belonging to the Palatina in Florence (Biblioteca Nazionale), and thinks there may have been formerly a duplicate in that collection, which Napione describes. The copy described by Peignot may have been the same with the Heber and Grenville copies; and the Florence copy mentioned by Harrisse in his _Ferdinand Colomb_, p. 11, may also be one of those already mentioned. The copy which Brunet later described in his _Supplément_ passed into the Court Collection (no. 366); and when that splendid library was sold, in 1884, this copy was considered its gem, and was bought by Quaritch for £524, but is now owned by Mr. Chas. H. Kalbfleisch, of New York. The copies known to Varnhagen in 1865 were—one which had belonged to Baccio Valori, used by Bandini; one which belonged to Gaetano Poggiale, described by Napione; the Grenville copy; and his own, which had formerly belonged to the Libreria de Nuestra Señora de las Cuevas de la Cartuja in Seville. The same text was printed in 1745 in Bandini’s _Vita e lettere di Amerigo Vespucci_, and in 1817 in Canovai’s _Viaggi d’Americo Vespucci_, where it is interjected among other matter, voyage by voyage.

[544] There was also a French edition at Antwerp the same year, and it was reprinted in Paris in 1830. There were editions in Latin at Antwerp in 1556, at Tiguri in 1559, and an Elzevir edition in 1632 (Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 211).

[545] Cf. Varnhagen, _Le premier voyage_, p. 1.

[546] Bandini, p. xxv; Bartolozzi, _Recherche_, p. 67.

[547] Santarem dismisses the claim that Vespucius was the intimate of either the first or second Duke René. Cf. Childe’s translation, p. 57, and H. Lepage’s _Le Duc René II. et Améric Vespuce_, Nancy, 1875. Irving (_Columbus_, app. ix.) doubts the view which Major has contended for.

[548] Varnhagen, ignorant of Lud, labors to make it clear that Ringmann must have been the translator (_Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 30); he learned his error later.

[549] See the chapters of Bunbury in his _History of Ancient Geography_, vol. ii., and the articles by De Morgan in Smith’s _Dictionary of Ancient Biography_, and by Malte-Brun in the _Biographie universelle_.

[550] See Vol. IV. p. 35, and this volume, p. 112.

[551] Cf. D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 8; Lelewel, Moyen-âge, p. 142; N. F. Gravier, _Histoire de la ville de Saint-Dié_, Épinal, 1836. The full title of D’Avezac’s work is _Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs_. _Voyage d’exploration et de découvertes à travers quelques épîtres dédicatoires, préfaces, et opuscules du commencement du XVI^e siècle: notes, causeries, et digressions bibliographiques et autres par un Géographe Bibliophile_ (_Extrait des Annales des Voyages_, 1866). Paris, 1867, pp. x. 176, 8vo. D’Avezac, as a learned writer in historical geography, has put his successors under obligations. See an enumeration of his writings in Sabin, vol. i. nos. 2,492, etc., and in Leclerc, no. 164, etc., and the notice in the _Proceedings_ of the American Antiquarian Society, April, 1876. He published in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, 1858, and also separately, a valuable paper, _Les voyages de Améric Vespuce au compte de l’Espagne et les mesures itinéraires employées par les marins Espagnols et Portugais des XV^e et XVI^e siècles_ (188 pp.).

[552] They bear the press-mark of the St.-Dié Association, which is given in fac-simile in Brunet, vol. ii. no. 316. It is also in the _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 33, and in the _Murphy Catalogue_, p. 94.

[553] _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 35; Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 24.

[554] D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 28.

[555] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 44; _Additions_, no. 24; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 31. It is said that an imperfect copy in the Mazarine Library corresponds as far as it goes. D’Avezac says the Vatican copy, mentioned by Napione and Foscarini, cannot be found.

[556] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 45.

[557] _Catalogue_, no. 679, bought (1884) by President White of Cornell University.

[558] _Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 28.

[559] _Cat. Hist. Brazil, Bibl. Nac. do Rio de Janeiro_, no. 825.

[560] Described by Humboldt.

[561] _Catalogue_, i. 356.

[562] _Waltzemüller_, p. 52, etc.

[563] Cf. Brunet, ii. 317; Ternaux, no. 10.

[564] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 46; _Additions_, no. 24.

[565] _Catalogue_, i. 29. It was Ternaux’s copy, no. 10.

[566] _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 25; Leclerc, no. 600 (100 francs); D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 58.

[567] Cf. D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 111, and Orozco y Berra’s _Cartografia Mexicana_ (Mexico, 1871), p. 19.

[568] How Europe, which on a modern map would seem to be but one continent with Asia, became one of three great continents known to the ancients, is manifest from the world as it was conceived by Eratosthenes in the third century. In his map the Caspian Sea was a gulf indented from the Northern Ocean, so that only a small land-connection existed between Asia and Europe, spanned by the Caucasus Mountains, with the Euxine on the west and the Caspian on the east; just as the isthmus at the head of the Arabian Gulf also joined Libya, or Africa, to Asia. Cf. Bunbury’s _History of Ancient Geography_, i. 660.

[569] Humboldt, _Examen critique_, v. 182; but Varnhagen thinks Humboldt was mistaken so far as Vespucius was concerned.

[570] As early as 1519, for instance, by Enciso in his _Suma de geographia_.

[571] _Examen critique_, i. 181; v. 182.

[572] Suggested by Pizarro y Orellano in 1639; cf. Navarrete, French tr., ii. 282.

[573] _Pilgrimes_, iv. 1433.

[574] Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 291.

[575] See p. 122.

[576] Humboldt (_Cosmos_, Eng. tr., ii. 420) particularly instances his descriptions of the coast of Brazil. For fifteen hundred years, as Humboldt points out (p. 660), naturalists had known no mention, except that of Adulis, of snow in the tropical regions, when Vespucius in 1500 saw the snowy mountains of Santa Marta. Humboldt (again in his _Cosmos_, Eng. tr., ii. 664, 667), according Vespucius higher literary acquirements than the other early navigators had possessed, speaks of his extolling not ungracefully the glowing richness of the light and picturesque grouping and strange aspect of the constellations that circle the Southern Pole, which is surrounded by so few stars,—and tells how effectively he quoted Dante at the sight of the four stars, which were not yet for several years to be called the Southern Cross. Irving speaks of Vespucius’ narrative as “spirited.”

[577] Harrisse, no. 60; Brunet, ii. 319.

[578] Harrisse, _Fernand Colomb_, p. 145.

[579] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 62; _Additions_, no. 31; Huth, v. 1,526; Varnhagen, _Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 31. Cf. Navarrete, _Opúsculos_, i. 94.

[580] Equally intended, as Varnhagen (_Le premier voyage_, p. 36), thinks to be accompanied by the Latin of the _Quattuor navigationes_.

[581] This little black-letter quarto contains fourteen unnumbered leaves, and the woodcut on the title is repeated on Bii, _verso_, E, _recto_, and Eiiii, _verso_. There are five other woodcuts, one of which is repeated three times. Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 61; also p. 462) reports only the Harvard College copy, which was received from Obadiah Rich in 1830. There are other entries of this tract in Panzer, vi. 44, no. 149, under Argentorati (Strasburg), referring to the _Crevenna Catalogue_, ii. 117; Sabin, vii. 286; _Grenville Catalogue_, p. 480; Graesse, iii. 94; Henry Stevens’s _Historical Nuggets_, no. 1,252, pricing a copy in 1862 at £10 10_s._; Harrassowitz (81, no. 48), pricing one at 1,000 marks; Huth, ii. 602; Court, no. 145; _Bibliotheca Thottiana_, v. 219; and Humboldt refers to it in his _Examen critique_, vi. 142, and in his introduction to Ghillany’s _Behaim_, p. 8, note. Cf. also D’Avezac’s _Waltzemüller_, p. 114; Major’s _Prince Henry the Navigator_, p. 387, and his paper in the _Archæologia_, vol. xl.; Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 173. D’Avezac used a copy in the Mazarine Library. A German translation, printed also by Grüninger at Strasburg, appeared under the title, _Der Welt Kugel_, etc. (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 32.) Varnhagen (_Le premier voyage_, p. 36) thinks this German text the original one.

[582] Cf. Harrisse, _Cabots_, 182; D’Avezac, _Allocution à la Société de Geographie de Paris_, Oct. 20, 1871, p. 16; and his _Waltzemüller_, p. 116.

[583] See this Vol. p. 120.

[584] No. 4,924 of his _Catalogue_, no. xiv. of that year.

[585] This Latin text of Bassin was also printed at Venice in 1537 (_Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 156; Leclerc, no. 2,517). Humboldt (_Examen critique_, iv. 102, 114) and others have been misled by a similarity of title in supposing that there were other editions of the _Cosmographiæ introductio_ published at Ingoldstadt in 1529, 1532, and at Venice in 1535, 1541, 1551, and 1554. This book, however, is only an abridgment of Apian’s _Cosmographia_, which was originally printed at Landshut in 1524. Cf. Huth, i. 357; Leclerc, no. 156; D’Avezac, _Waltzemüller_, p. 124. The Bassin version of the voyages was later the basis of the accounts, either at length or abridged, or in versions in other languages, in the _Paesi novamente_ and its translations; in the _Novus orbis_ of 1532 (it is here given as addressed to René, King of Sicily and Jerusalem), and later, in Ramusio’s _Viaggi_, vol. i. (1550); in Eden’s _Treatyse of the Newe India_ (1553); in the _Historiale description de l’Afrique_ of Leo Africanus (1556),—cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, i. 211, 229; in De Bry, first and second parts of the Grands voyages, and third and fourth of the _Petits voyages_, not to name other of the older collections; and among later ones in Bandini, _Vita e lettere di Vespucci_ (pp. 1, 33, 46, 57), and in the _Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas_ (1812), published by the Royal Academy of Lisbon. Varnhagen reprints the Latin text in his _Amerigo Vespucci_, p. 34.

[586] Depicted on p. 118. Cf. Wieser, _Magalhaês-Strasse_, pp. 26, 27.

[587] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 142.

[588] The original edition appeared at Vienna in 1514; but it was reprinted at Strasburg in 1515. Cf. Sabin, vol. i. no. 671; _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 76, 77, 78; Stevens, _Bibliotheca geographica_, 70; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 48.

[589] See the following section of the present chapter.

[590] See a fac-simile of this part of the map in the chapter on Magellan.

[591] Stevens, _Bibliotheca historica_ (1870), no. 1,272; _Bibliotheca geographica_, no. 1,824.

[592] See p. 112.

[593] See chapter on Magellan.

[594] Helps, however, cannot trace him at work upon it before 1552, and he had not finished it in 1561; and for three centuries yet to come it was to remain in manuscript.

[595] Book i. cap. 140.

[596] Harrisse (_Fernand Colomb_, p. 30), says: “The absence of nautical charts and planispheres, not only in the Colombina, but in all the muniment offices of Spain, is a signal disappointment. There is one chart which above all we need,—made by Vespucius, and which, in 1518, was in the collection of the Infanta Ferdinand, brother of Charles V.” A copy of Valsequa’s chart of 1439 which belonged to Vespucius, being marked “Questa ampla pelle di geographia fù pagata da Amerigo Vespucci cxxx ducati di oro di marco,” was, according to Harrisse (_Bibl. Amer. Vet. Add._, p. xxiii), in existence in Majorca as late as 1838.

[597] The letters AM appear upon the representation of the New World contained in it.

[598] Cf. on Gemma Frisius’ additions to Apianus’ _Cosmographia_, published in Spanish from the Latin in 1548, what Navarrete says in his _Opúsculos_, ii. 76.

[599] Antwerp, 1544, cap. xxx. “America ab inventore Amerio [_sic_] Vesputio nomen habet;” Antwerp, 1548, adds “alii Bresiliam vocât;” Paris, 1548, cap. xxx., “de America,” and cap. xxxi. “de insulis apud Americam;” Paris, 1556, etc. Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 156, 252, 279; _Additions_, nos. 92, 168.

[600] “Quam ab Americo primo inventore Americam vocant.”

[601] “Insularum America cognominata obtenditur.”

[602] Sir Thomas More in his _Utopia_ (which it will he remembered was an island on which Vespucius is represented as leaving one of his companions), as published in the 1551 edition at London, speaks of the general repute of Vespucius’ account,—“Those iiii voyages that be nowe in printe and abrode in euery mannes handes.” Cf. _Carter-Brown Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 162. William Cuningham, in his _Cosmographical Glasse_ (London, 1559), ignores Columbus, and gives Vespucius the credit of finding “America” in June, 1497 (Ibid., no. 228).

[603] See p. 119.

[604] _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 178; Carter-Brown, vol. i. no. 106; Charles Deane’s paper on Schöner in the _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, October, 1883.

[605] _Examen critique_, v. 174. Here is a contemporary’s evidence that Vespucius supposed the new coasts to be Asia.

[606] “Tota itaque quod aiunt aberrant cœlo qui hanc continentem Americâ nuncupari contendunt, cum Americus multo post Columbû eandê terram adieret, nec cum Hispanis ille, sed cum Portugallensibus, ut suas merces commutaret, èo se contulito.” It was repeated in the edition of 1541.

[607] Pedro de Ledesma, Columbus’ pilot in his third voyage, deposed in 1513 that he considered Paria a part of Asia (Navarrete, iii. 539).

[608] _Cosmos_, Eng. tr., ii. 676.

[609] Wieser, _Der Portulan des Königs Philipp_, vol. ii. Vienna, 1876.

[610] See instances cited by Prof. J. D. Butler, _Transactions_ of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, vol. ii. (1873, 1874). There was an attempt made in 1845, by some within the New York Historical Society, to render tardy justice to the memory of Columbus by taking his name, in the form of Columbia, as a national designation of the United States; but it necessarily failed (_Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, ii. 315). “Allegania” was an alternative suggestion made at the same time.

[611] This letter is preserved in the Archives of the Duke of Veraguas. It has been often printed. Harrisse, _Notes on Columbus_, p. 149.

[612] Vizconde de Santarem (Manoel Francisco de Barros y Sousa), _Researches respecting Americus Vespucius and his Voyages_. Translated by E.V. Childe (Boston, 1850), 221 pp. 16mo. This is a translation of the _Recherches historiques, critiques et bibliographiques sur Améric Vespuce et ses voyages_, which was published in Paris in 1842. Santarem had before this sought to discredit the voyages claimed for Vespucius in 1501 and 1503, and had communicated a memoir on the subject to Navarrete’s _Coleccion_. He also published a paper in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_ in October, 1833, and added to his statements in subsequent numbers (October, 1835; September, 1836; February and September, 1837). These various contributions were combined and annotated in the _Recherches_, etc., already mentioned. Cf. his _Memoria e investigaciones históricas sobre los viajes de Américo Vespucio_, in the _Recueil complet de traités_, vi. 304. There is a biography of Vespucius, with an appendix of “Pruebas é ilustraciones” in the _Coleccion de Opúsculos_ of Navarrete, published (1848) at Madrid, after his death.

[613] Such, for instance, was Caleb Cushing’s opinion in his _Reminiscences of Spain_, ii. 234.

[614] Eng. tr., ii. 680.

[615] These chapters are reprinted in Sabin’s _American Bibliopolist_, 1870-1871.

[616] His theory was advanced in a paper on “The Origin of the Name America” in the _Atlantic Monthly_ (March, 1875), xxxv. 291, and in “Sur l’origine du nom d’Amérique,” in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_, June, 1875. He again advanced his theory in the _New York Nation_, April 10, 1884, to which the editors replied that it was “fatally ingenious,”—a courteous rejoinder, quite in contrast with that of H. H. Bancroft in his _Central America_ (i. 291), who charges the Professor with “seeking fame through foolishness” and his theory. Marcou’s argument in part depends upon the fact, as he claims, that Vespucius’ name was properly Albericus or Alberico, and he disputes the genuineness of autographs which make it Amerigo; but nothing was more common in those days than variety, for one cause or another, in the fashioning of names. We find the Florentine’s name variously written,—Amerigo, Merigo, Almerico, Alberico, Alberigo; and Vespucci, Vespucy, Vespuchi, Vespuchy, Vesputio, Vespulsius, Despuchi, Espuchi; or in Latin Vespucius, Vespuccius, and Vesputius.

[617] The Germans have written more or less to connect themselves with the name as with the naming,—deducing Amerigo or Americus from the Old German Emmerich. Cf. Von der Hagen, _Jahrbuch der Berliner Gesellschaft für Deutsche Sprache_, 1835; _Notes and Queries_, 1856; _Historical Magazine_, January, 1857, p. 24; Dr. Theodor Vetter in _New York Nation_, March 20, 1884; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 52.

[618] Bunbury, _History of Ancient Geography_, ii. 352-368.

[619] [Cf. the section on the “Historical chorography of South America” in which the gradual development of the outline of that continent is traced.—ED.]

[620] It should be remembered that Columbus on his fourth voyage had sailed along the coast from Cape Honduras to Nombre de Dios, and that Vicente Yañez Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis, coasting the shores of the Gulf of Honduras, had sailed within sight of Yucatan in 1506; and therefore that in 1508 the coast-line was well known from the Cabo de S. Augustin to Honduras.

[621] [This name in the early narratives and maps appears as Tarena, Tariene, or Darien, with a great variety of the latter form. Cf. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 326.—ED.]

[622] This Vasco Nuñez was a bankrupt farmer of Española who went with Bastidas on his voyage to the Gulf of Urabá and had been so carefully concealed aboard Enciso’s ship that the officers sent to apprehend absconding debtors had failed to discover him.

[623] [See the chapter on Peru.—ED.]

[624] [Cf. the chapter on Cortés.—ED.]

[625] Not the Córdoba of Nicaragua.

[626] [From this point the story is continued in the chapter on Cortés.—ED.]

[627] _Coleccion de los viages y déscubrimientos, que hicieron por mar los Españoles desde fines del siglio XV._, por Don Martin Fernandez de Navarrete. The third volume of this series constitutes the _Viages menores, y los de Vespucio; Poblaciones en el Darien, suplemento al tomo II_, Madrid, 1829. [Cf. the Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[628] Cf. _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 436-438; H. H. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 198. [Cf. Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[629] [Cf. the chapters on Columbus, Las Casas, and Pizarro.—ED.]

[630] Navarrete, iii. 5, _note_ 1, and 539, 544; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 88, _note_.

[631] _Coleccion_, iii. 538-615.

[632] Besides this original material, something concerning this first voyage of Ojeda is contained in Oviedo, i. 76, and ii. 132; Las Casas, ii. 389-434 (all references to Oviedo and Las Casas in this chapter are to the editions issued by the _Real Academia_); Herrera, dec. i. lib. 4, chaps. i.-iv.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 4-11, 167, 543-545; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 313, and iv. 195, 220; Helps, _Spanish Conquest_, i. 263, 280, ii. 106; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 9-27; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 111, 118, 308; Ruge, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 322. There is also a notice of Ojeda by Navarrete in his _Opúsculos_, i. 113.

[633] [On this see note on p. 7 of the present volume.—ED.]

[634] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 12, _note_ 1.

[635] _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 525.

[636] Page 117, ed. 1532. For other references to this voyage, see Peter Martyr (dec. i. chap. viii.), whose account is based on the above; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 4, chap. v.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 11-18, 540-542; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 220; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 111; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 28-32.

[637] Chapters cxii. and cxiii. In Latin in Grynæus, p. 119, edition of 1532.

[638] Varnhagen, _Examen de quelques points de l’histoire géographique du Brésil_, pp. 19-24; Varnhagen, _Historia geral do Brazil_ (2d ed.), i. 78-80.

[639] Cf. Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 19, _note_. Humboldt (_Examen critique_, i. 313) says that Vicente Yañez saw the coast forty-eight days before Cabral left Lisbon. As to the exact date of Vicente Yañez’ landfall, the _Paesi novamente_ (chap. cxii.) gives it as January 20, while Peter Martyr (dec. i. chap. ix.), who usually follows the _Paesi novamente_, in his description of this and of the Guerra and Niño voyages gives it as “Septimo kalendas Februarii,” or January 26. But the difference is unimportant. [Cf. further the section on the “Historical Chorography of South America,” in which the question is further examined.—ED.]

[640] Navarrete, iii. 547 _et seq._

[641] See also Navarrete, _Notice chronologique_, in _Quatre voyages_, i. 349, and Humboldt, Introduction to Ghillany’s _Behaim_, p. 2, where he says, in the description of the La Cosa map, that Cabo de S. Augustin, whose position is very accurately laid down on that map, was first called Rostro Hermoso, Cabo Sta. Maria de la Consolacion, and Cabo Sta. Cruz. In this he is probably correct; for if Vicente Yañez or Lepe did not discover it, how did La Cosa know where to place it?—unless he revised his map after 1500. This is not likely, as the map contains no hint of the discoveries made during his third voyage undertaken with Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1500-1502. Cf. Stevens, _Notes_, p. 33, note.

[642] Cf. two _Real provisions_ of date Dec. 5. 1500, in Navarrete, iii. 82, 83; and see also a _Capitulacion_ and _Asiento_ of date Sept. 5, 1501, in _Documentos inéditos_, xxx. 535. Other references to this voyage are,—Herrera, dec. i. lib. 4, chap. vi.; Navarrete, iii. 18-23; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 221; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 112; and Irving, _Companions_, pp. 33-41.

[643] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 552-555.

[644] Ibid., iii. 552.

[645] Ibid., iii. 80, 81.

[646] _Capitulacion_, etc., Sept. 14, 1501 (_Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 5); _Cédulas_, November, 1501 (_Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 100, 102); another cédula of January, 1502 (_Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 119). See also Herrera, dec. i. lib. 4, chap. vii.; Navarrete, iii. 23, 594; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 314, iv. 221; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 113; and Irving, _Companions_, p. 42.

[647] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 5, and _note_, and p. 539; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 88, and _note_. [Cf. the section in the present volume on “The Early Maps of the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries,” _ante_, p. 106.—ED.]

[648] Cf. _Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et A. Bonpland, rédigé par Alexandre de Humboldt, avec un atlas géographique et physique_ (8 vols.), Paris, 1816-1832. Translated into English by Helen Maria Williams, and published as _Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions_, etc. (7 vols.), London, 1818-1829. There is another translation, with the same title, by Thomassina Ross (7 vols.), London, 1818-1829, of which a three-volume edition was brought out in 1852.

[649] _Examen critique de l’histoire de la géographie du nouveau continent_, etc., par A. de Humboldt, Paris, 1836-1839. This was first published in _Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland_. Cf. _Bibliography of Humboldt_, vol. iii.

[650] (1) With Columbus—September, 1493 to June, 1496. (2) With Ojeda—May, 1499 to June, 1500. (3) With Bastidas—October, 1500 to September, 1502. (4) In command—1504 to 1506. (5) In command—1507 to 1508. (6) With Ojeda—1509. Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, v. 163; also Navarrete, _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 208.

[651] [See further on the La Cosa map, Vol. III. of the present _History_, p. 8, and the present volume, p. 106, where fac-similes and sketches are given.—ED.]

[652] Answers to the sixth question (_Coleccion_, iii. 545), reviewed by the editor on pp. 591 and 592 of the same volume.

[653] _Documentos inéditos_, ii. 362. It was partially translated in Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 186, _note_.

[654] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, ii. 416.

[655] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 230.

[656] _Título_ (1502, April 3), _Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 129.

[657] _Documentos inéditos_, ii. 366.

[658] Ibid., xxxvii. 459.

[659] Oviedo, i. 76, and ii. 334; Las Casas, iii. 10. Something may also be found in Herrera, dec. i. lib. 4, chap. xiv., and in Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 25; Quintana, _Obras completas_ in _Biblioteca de autores Españoles_, xix. 281; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 360, iv. 224; Helps, i. 281; and Irving, _Companions_, p. 43-45.

[660] Vol. i. pp. 114, 183-194.

[661] Cf. _Early American Chroniclers_, p. 44.

[662] _Chroniclers_, p. 44.

[663] [There is a further estimate in another part of the present work.—ED.]

[664] _Coleccion_, pp. 28, 168, 591; see also Humboldt, _Examen critique_, i. 360, and iv. 226; and Irving, _Companions_, pp. 46-53.

[665] _Coleccion_, iii. 85.

[666] Ibid., iii. 89.

[667] Ibid., iii. 91.

[668] Ibid., iii. 103, 105-107.

[669] Ibid., ii. 420-436.

[670] _Tierra de riego_, Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 32.

[671] Navarrete, iii. 32, _note_ 3. In this note he mentions Enciso’s _Suma de geografía_ as an authority.

[672] _Central America_, i. 339, _note_.

[673] Navarrete, _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 432; but see also Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 192, _note_.

[674] Irving, _Companions_, pp. 126-129. See _Memorial que dió el bachiller Enciso de lo ejecutado por el en defensa de los Reales derechos en la materia de los indios, in Documentos inéditos_, i. 441. This document contains, pp. 442-444, the celebrated _requerimiento_ which Pedrárias was ordered to read to the natives before he seized their lands. A translation is in Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 397, _note_. It may also be found in Oviedo, iii. 28. Bancroft in the above note also indicates the depositary of the _requerimiento_ drawn up for the use of Ojeda and Nicuesa. With regard to this Cenú expedition, see also Enciso, _Suma de geografía_, p. 56.

[675] Cited in this chapter as _Documentos inéditos_. [See further on this collection in the Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[676] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 109; and see also _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 210, 211.

[677] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 220.

[678] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 161.

[679] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 360.

[680] Ibid., xxxi. 250.

[681] _Coleccion_, iii. 169.

[682] _Coleccion_, iii. 162.

[683] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 46; Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iv. 228; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 6, chap. xvii. But this discovery is denied by Harrisse.

[684] “Collector of penalties.” Cf. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 473.

[685] [The bibliographical history of Oviedo’s writings is given in the note following the chapter on Las Casas. Harrisse, who gives a chapter on Oviedo in his _Christophe Colomb_, p. 97, points out how rarely he refers to original documents.—ED.]

[686] _Real cédula por la cual, con referencia á lo capitulado con Diego de Nicuesa y Alonso de Hojeda, y al nombramiento de ámbos por cuatro años para gobernadores de Veragua el primero y de Urabá et segundo, debiendo ser Teniente suyo Juan de la Cosa, se ratifica el nombramiento á Hojeda_ (June 9, 1508), Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 116; in the original spelling, and bearing date May 9, 1508, in _Documentos inéditos_, xxxii. 25. The “_capitulado_” mentioned in the above title is in _Documentos inéditos_, xxxii. 29-43, and is followed by the _Real cédula para Xoan de la Cossa sea capitan e gobernador por Alhonso Doxeda; e en las partes donde esthobiere el dicho Doxeda su Lugar Thiniente_ (June 9, 1508); and see also _Capitulacion que se toma con Diego de Nicuesa y Alonso de Ojeda_ (June 9, 1508), _Documentos inéditos_, xxii. 13.

[687] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 118; _Documentos inéditos_, xxxii. 46; and see also Ibid., p. 52.

[688] _Cédula_, _Documentos inéditos_, xxxii. 51.

[689] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 386 and note; probably presented in 1516. Cf. _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 666.

[690] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxi. 529, 533.

[691] Ibid., xxxii. 101.

[692] Ibid., xxxii. 103.

[693] Ibid., xxxii. 231, 236, 240, 257.

[694] See document of October 5, 1511, in Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 120, and of Oct. 6, 1511, in _Documentos inéditos_, xxxii. 284.

[695] Other references are Oviedo, ii. 421; Las Casas, iii. 289-311; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chap. i.; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 7, chaps. vii., xi., xiv.-xvi., and lib. 8, iii.-v.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 170; Quintana, _U. S._, pp. 281, 301; Helps, i. 287-296; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 289-301; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 54-102.

[696] See, however, on the career of Nicuesa after leaving Cartagena the following authorities: Oviedo, ii. 465-477; Las Casas, iii. 329-347; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chaps. ii.-iii.; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 7, chap. xvi., and lib. 8, chaps. i.-iii. and viii.; _Vidas de Españoles célebres_ in vol. xix. of _Biblioteca de autores Españoles, obras completas del Excímo Sr. D. Manuel José Quintana_, p. 283; Helps, i. 303-317; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 289-308, and 336, _note_; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 103-117, 138-146.

[697] Cf. Navarrete, _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 409.

[698] Quintana, _U. S._, pp. 281-300.

[699] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 358-375.

[700] _Narrative ... of Pascual de Andagoya_, translated by C. R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society, 1865, Introduction, pp. iii, xix.

[701] Oviedo, iii. 4-21; Las Casas, iii. 312-328, iv. 66-134; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chaps. iii.-vi., dec. iii. chap. i.; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 9 and 10, with the exception of chap. vii. of book 10, which relates to Pedrárias, and of a few other chapters with regard to the affairs of Velasquez, etc.; Galvano, Hakluyt Society ed., p. 124; Helps, i. 321-352, and chap. iv. of his _Pizarro_; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 129, 133, 330-385, 438; and _Mexico_, iii. 558; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 136-212 and 254-276; Ruge, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_, p. 347.

[702] Cf. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 364, _note_. Irving unluckily followed Peter Martyr, as Bancroft shows. [Humboldt is inclined to magnify the significance of the information which Columbus in his third voyage got, as looking to a knowledge, by the Spaniards, of the south sea as early as 1503. Cf. his _Relation historique du voyage aux régions équinoxiales_, iii. 703, 705, 713; _Cosmos_, Eng. tr. (Bohn), ii. 642; _Views of Nature_ (Bohn), p. 432.—ED.]

[703] _Coleccion_, iii. 337-342.

[704] Ibid., iii. 342-355.

[705] Ibid., iii. 355.

[706] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxvii. 282.

[707] Ibid., ii. 526; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 375. Cf. Navarrete’s _nota_ on the credibility of Vasco Nuñez in Ibid., p. 385. Portions of this letter have been translated by Markham in the notes to pages 1 and 10 of Andagoya’s _Narrative_, published by the Hakluyt Society.

[708] Cf. Sabin, _Dictionary_, vol. xiii. no. 56,338; also vol. x. no. 41,604.

[709] Letter from the King to Pedrárias, Sept. 23, 1514 (_Documentos inéditos_, xxxvii. 285); to Alonso de la Fuente, nuestro Thesoréro de Castilla del Oro, same date (_Doc. in._, p. 287); to other officials (_Doc. in._, p. 289); to Vasco Nuñez (_Doc. in._, p. 290). See also some extracts printed in the same volume, pp. 193-197.

[710] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxvii. 5-75.

[711] Ibid., xx. 5-119.

[712] _Carta de Alonso de la Puente_ [_thesoréro_ of Tierra-Firme] _y Diego Marquez_, 1516 (_Documentos inéditos_, ii. 538); _Carta al Mr. de Zevres el lycenciado Çuaço_, 1518 (_Documentos inéditos_, i. 304). _Alonso do Çuaço_, or _Zuazo_, was j_uez de Residencia en Santo Domingo_. Cf. _Documentos inéditos_, i. 292, _note_.

[713] _Relacion de los sucesos de Pedrárias Dávila en las provincias de Tierra firme ó Castilla del oro, y de lo occurido en el descubrimiento de la mar del Sur y costas del Perú y Nicaragua, escrita por el Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya_, in Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 393-456. The portion bearing on the events described in this chapter ends at page 419. This has been translated and edited with notes, a map, and introduction by Clements R. Markham, in a volume published by the Hakluyt Society, London, 1865. [Cf. chapter on Peru, and the paper on Andagoya by Navarrete in his _Opúsculos_, i. 137.—ED.]

[714] Cf. Navarrete, _Noticia biográfica del Adelantado Pascual de Andagoya_, _Coleccion_, iii. 457; also _Biblioteca marítima española_, ii. 519; and Markham’s translation of Andagoya’s _Relacion_, pp. xx.-xxx.

[715] [See the bibliography of Herrera on p. 67, ante.—ED.]

[716] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxvii. 311.

[717] See also Oviedo, iii. 21-51, 83 _et seq._; Las Casas, iv. 135-244; Peter Martyr, dec. ii. chap. vii. dec. iii. chaps. i.-iii., v., vi., and x., and dec. v. chap. ix.; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 1, 2, 3, dec. iii. lib. 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 _passim_; Quintana, _U. S._, p. 294; Helps, i. 353-388; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 386-431; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 212-276.

[718] _Documentos inéditos_, xxxvii. 215-231.

[719] Oviedo, iii. 56; Las Casas, iv. 230-244; Peter Martyr, dec. iv. chap. ix.; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 2, chaps. xiii., xv., and xxi.; Quintana, _U. S._, pp. 298-299; Helps, i. 389-411; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 432-459; Irving, _Companions_, pp. 259-276. Cf. Manuel M. De Peralta, _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panamá en el siglo XVI_. (Madrid, 1883), pp. ix, 707, for documents relating to Pedrárias in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and p. 83 for Diego Machuca de Zuazo’s letter to the Emperor, written from Granada, May 30, 1531, referring to the death of Pedrárias.

[720] _Documentos inéditos_, xiv. 5, partly translated in Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 480, _note_.

[721] Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 481, _note_.

[722] _Documentos inéditos_, xiv. 20.

[723] Ibid., xiv. 25.

[724] Ibid., xiv. 47.

[725] Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 413-418; Markham’s translation, pp. 31-38; see also Oviedo, iii. 65 _et seq._; Las Casas, v. 200 _et seq._; Peter Martyr, dec. vi. chaps. ii.-viii.; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 3, chap. xv. and lib. 4 etc., dec. iii. lib. 4, chaps. v. and vi.; Helps, iii. 69-76.

[726] Cf. Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 483, _note_. [See the Introduction to the present volume.—ED.]

[727] _Central America_, i. 478-492, 512-521, and 527-538. This letter, which is dated at Santo Domingo (March 6, 1524), has since been printed in Peralta’s _Costa Rica, Nicaragua y Panamá en el Siglo XVI_. (Madrid, 1883), p. 3, where is also (p. 27) his _Itinerario_, beginning “21 de Enero de 1522.”

[728] For Esquivel and Jamaica, see Herrera, dec. i. lib. 8, chap. v.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 171. For Ocampo’s voyage, Oviedo, i. 495; Las Casas, iii. 210; Herrera, dec. i. lib. 7, chap. i.; Stevens’s _Notes_, p. 35; Helps, i. 415, and ii. 165.

[729] See also Herrera, dec. i. lib. 9, chaps. iv., vii., and xv.; also lib. 10, chap. viii.; Helps, i. 415-432, and _Vida de Cortés_ in Icazbalceta, _Coleccion ... para la historia de México_, i. 319-337. [There is a little contemporary account of the conquest of Cuba in the Lenox Library, _Provinciæ ... noviter reperta in ultima navigatione_, which seems to be a Latin version of a Spanish original now lost (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, no. 101). On the death of Velasquez, see _Magazine of American History_, i. 622, 692.—ED.]

[730] _Coleccion_, iii. 53.

[731] Oviedo, i. 497; Las Casas, iv. 348-363; Peter Martyr, dec. iv. chap. i.; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 2, chap. xvii.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 53; Cogolludo, _Historia de Yucatan_, 3; Prescott, _Mexico_, i. 222; Helps, ii. 211-217; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 132, and _Mexico_, i. 5-11.

[732] [Cf. the chapter on Cortés.—ED.]

[733] _History of Mexico_, i. 7, _note_ 4.

[734] Bancroft, _Mexico_, i. 5, 6, _notes_.

[735] _Memorial del negocio de D. Antonio Velasquez de Bazan_, etc., _Documentos Inéditos_, x. 80-86; this extract is on p. 82.

[736] _Historia verdadera_, chaps. viii.-xiv.

[737] _Historia general_, i. 502-537.

[738] As to the identity of Juan Diaz, see note to Bernal Diaz, _Historia verdadera_, ed. of 1632, folio 6; Oviedo, i. 502; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 31, chap. i. As to his future career, see Bancroft, _Mexico_, ii. 158 and _note_ 5. The full title of this account of Juan Diaz is: _Itinerario del armata del Re catholico in India verso la isola de Iuchathan del anno M.D.XVIII. alla qual fu presidente & capitan generale Ioan de Grisalva: el qual e facto per el capellano maggior de dicta armata a sua altezza_.

[739] [A copy of this, which belonged to Ferdinand Columbus, is in the Cathedral Library at Seville. The book is so scarce that Muñoz used a manuscript copy; and from Muñoz’ manuscript the one used by Prescott was copied. Maisonneuve (1882 _Catalogue_, no. 2,980) has recently priced a copy at 600 francs. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown Library (_Catalogue_, vol. i. no. 65), and was sold the present year in the Court sale (no. 362). It was reprinted in 1522, 1526 (Murphy, no, 2,580), and 1535,—the last priced by Maisonneuve (no. 2,981) at 400 francs. Cf. Harrisse, _Bibl. Amer. Vet._, nos. 98, 114, 137, 205, and _Additions_, no. 59. The _Carter-Brown Catalogue_ (i. 119) puts a Venice edition, without date, under 1536. Ternaux gives a French translation in his _Relations et mémoires_, vol. x. Icazbalceta has given a Spanish version from the Italian, together with the Italian text, in his _Coleccion de documentos para la historia de México_, i. 281; also see his introduction, p. xv. He points out the errors of Ternaux’s version. Cf. Bandelier’s “Bibliography of Yucatan” in _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._ (October, 1880), p. 82. Harrisse in his _Bibl. Amer. Vet., Additions_, no. 60, cites a _Lettera mādata della insula de Cuba_, 1520, which he says differs from the account of Juan Diaz.—ED.]

[740] Las Casas, iv. 421-449. Other references to this voyage are,—Peter Martyr, dec. iv. chaps. iii. and iv.; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. 3, chaps. i., ii., ix., x., and xi.; Navarrete, _Coleccion_, iii. 55; Cogolludo, _Historia de Yucathan_, p. 8; Brasseur de Bourbourg, iv. 50; Helps, ii. 217; Bancroft, _Central America_, i. 132; and _Mexico_, PP. 15-35.

[741] This map has seemingly some relation to a map, preserved in the Propaganda at Rome, of which mention is made by Thomassy, _Les papes géographes_, p. 133.

[742] See notes following chap. vi.

[743] Yucatan seems to have been first named, or its name at least was first recorded, as Yuncatan by Bartholomew Columbus (_Bibl. Amer. Vet._, p. 471). There are various theories regarding the origin of the name. Cf. Bancroft, _Mexico_, i. 11, 12; Prescott, _Mexico_, i. 223. A new Government map of Yucatan was published in 1878 (_Magazine of American History_, vol. iii. p. 295).

[744] As given by Kunstmann. See Vol. IV. p. 36 of the present work.

[745] See notes following chap. vi.

[746] See _ante_, p. 218.

[747] See _ante_, p. 43.

[748] See _ante_, p. 127.

[749] See Vol. IV. p. 26.

[750] See _post_, p. 221.

[751] See Vol. III. p. 11.

[752] See _post_, p. 223.

[753] See Vol. IV. p. 42.

[754] Cf. Bancroft, _Mexico_, i. 21; Valentini in _Magazine of American History_, iii. 295, who supposes that the land usually thought to be an incomplete Cuba in Ruysch’s map of 1508 (p. 115, _ante_) is really Yucatan, based on the results of the so-called first voyage of Vespucius, and that its seven Latin names correspond to a part of the nineteen Portuguese names which are given on the western shore of the so-called Admiral’s map of the Ptolemy of 1513 (p. 112, _ante_). Peschel (_Geschichte der Erdkunde_, 1865, p. 235) also suggests that this map is the work of Vespucius.

[755] Page 43. The best reproduction of it is in Kohl’s _Die beiden ältesten General-Karten von Amerika_; and there is another fac-simile in Santarem’s _Atlas_, no. xiv. Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, ii. 184, and his preface to Ghillany’s _Behaim_; Harrisse, _Cabots_, pp. 69, 172; Murr, _Memorabilia bibliothecarum_ (Nuremberg, 1786), ii. 97; Lindenau, _Correspondance de Zach_ (October, 1810); Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen-âge_, ii. 110; 110; _Ocean Highways_ (1872).

[756] _Les papes géographes_, p. 118.

[757] See Vol. IV. p. 38.

[758] Cf. Humboldt, _Examen critique_, iii. 184; _Gazetta letteraria universale_ (May, 1796), p. 468; Santarem in _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (1847), vii. 310, and in his _Recherches sur la découverte des pays au-delà du Cap-Bojador_, pp. xxiii and 125; Murr, _Histoire diplomatique de Behaim_, p. 26; Lelewel, _Géographie du moyen-âge_, ii. 166.

[759] See _ante_, p. 92.

[760] One hundred copies issued.

[761] Dr. J. Chavanne in _Mittheilungen der k. k. geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien_ (1875), p. 485; A. Steinhauser in Ibid., p. 588; _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_ (1876), p. 52; Malte-Brun in the _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris_ (1876), p. 625; Dr. Franz Wieser’s “Der Portulan des Infanten und nachmaligen Königs Philipp II. von Spanien,” printed in the _Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien_, lxxxii. 541 (March, 1876), and also printed separately.

[762] _Cabots_, p. 168.

[763] See Vol. III. p. 19

[764] _Catalogue_, no. 349, p. 1277.

[765] Cf. Vincenzo Promis, _Memoriale di Diego Colombo con nota sulla bolla di Alessandro VI_. (Torino, 1869), p. 11; Heinrich Wuttke, “Zur Geschichte der Erdkunde in der letzten Hälfte des Mittelalters,” in the _Jahresbericht des Vereins für Erdkunde in Dresden_ (1870), vol. vi. and vii. p. 61, etc.; Wieser, _Der Portulan_, etc., p. 15.

[766] Vol. IV. p. 26.

[767] Vol. III. p. 17.

[768] See _post_, p. 432.

[769] Vol. III. p. 11.

[770] Vol. IV. p. 46.

[771] Vol. IV. p. 40.

[772] Kohl, ignorant of the Peter Martyr map of 1511 (see p. 110), mistakes in considering that the map must be assigned to a date later than 1530, for the reason that the Bermudas are shown in it.

[773] This may be the map referred to by R. H. Schomburgk in his _Barbadoes_ (London, 1848), as being in the British Museum, to which it was restored in 1790, after having been in the possession of Edward Harley and Sir Joseph Banks.

[774] See Vol. IV. p. 41.

[775] See _ante_, p. 177.

[776] See Vol. IV. p. 42.

[777] Cf. Schomburgk’s _Barbadoes_, p. 256.

[778] See “Hist. Chorography of S. America.”

[779] See Vol. IV. p. 43, and fac-simile given in “Hist. Chorography of South America.”

[780] See “Hist. Chorography of S. America.”

[781] Figured in the _Jahrbuch des Vereins für Erdkunde in Dresden_, 1870.

[782] See _post_, p. 433.

[783] See _post_, p. 450.

[784] See _post_, p. 438.

[785] See Vol. IV. p. 93.

[786] See Vol. IV. p. 79.

[787] See _post_, p. 449.

[788] See Vol. IV. pp. 94, 373.

[789] See Vol. IV. p. 95.

[790] See Vol. IV. p. 96.

[791] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 97.

[792] Harrisse, _Jean et Sebastien Cabot, leur origine et leurs voyages_ (Paris, 1882), pp. 97-104. The Cabot claim appears in Peter Martyr, _Decades_ (Basle, 1533), dec. iii. lib. 6, folio 55; Ramusio, _Viaggi_ (1550-1553), tom. i. folio 414; Jacob Ziegler, _Opera varia_ (Argentorati, 1532), folio xcii. [Cf. the present _History_ Vol. III. chap. i., where it is shown that the person not named by Ramusio was Gian Giacomo Bardolo.—ED.]

[793] _Historical Magazine_, 1860, p. 98. Varnhagen ascribes the names of the Cantino and subsequent Ptolemy maps to Vespucius. The name Paria near Florida seems certainly to have come from this source. [The question of this disputed voyage is examined in chapter ii. of the present volume.—ED.]

[794] James Carson Brevoort, _Verrazano the Navigator_, p. 72.

[795] Harrisse, _Les Corte-Real et leurs voyages au Nouveau Monde_, pp. 111, 151. [The Cantino map is sketched on p. 108.—ED.]

[796] _P. Martyris Angli Mediolanensis opera. Hispali Corumberger_, 1511. [A fac-simile of this map in given on p. 110.—ED.]

[797] King to Ceron and Diaz, Aug. 12, 1512.

[798] Las Casas was certainly mistaken in saying that Ponce de Leon gave the name Bimini to Florida; the name was in print before it appears in connection with him, and is in his first patent before he discovered or named Florida (Las Casas, _Historia de las Indias_, lib. ii. chap. xx., iii. p. 460).

[799] _Capitulacion que el Ray concedió á Joan Ponce de Leon para que vaya al descubrimiento de la ysla de Bemini. Fecha en Burgos a xxiij de hebrero de Dxij a^o._

[800] Letter of the King to Ceron and Diaz, Aug. 12, 1512; the King to Ponce de Leon, and letter of the King, Dec. 10, 1512, to the officials in the Indies.

[801] The King, writing to the authorities in Española July 4, 1513, says: “Alegrome de la ida de Juan Ponce á Biminy; tened cuidado de proveerle i avisadme de todo.”

[802] _Memoir on a Mappemonde by Leonardo da Vinci_ communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by R. H. Major, who makes its date between 1513 and 1519,—probably 1514. The _Ptolemy_ printed at Basle 1552 lays down Terra Florida and Ins. Tortucarum, and the map in Girava’s _Cosmography_ shows Florida and Bacalaos; but the B. de Joan Ponce appears in _La geografia di Clavdio Ptolomeo Alessandrino_, Venice, 1548. [A fac-simile of the sketch accredited to Da Vinci is given on p. 126.—ED.]