Chapter I: Preface: To the Second Edition

The present book is a revision of my _Latin Grammar_ originally published in 1895. Wherever greater accuracy or precision of statement seemed possible, I have endeavored to secure this. The rules for syllable division have been changed and made to conform to the prevailing practice of the Romans themselves. In the Perfect Subjunctive Active, the endings _-īs_, _-īmus_, _-ītis_ are now marked long. The theory of vowel length before the suffixes -gnus, -gna, -gnum, and also before j, has been discarded. In the Syntax I have recognized a special category of Ablative of Association, and have abandoned the original doctrine as to the force of tenses in the Prohibitive.

Apart from the foregoing, only minor and unessential modifications have been introduced. In its main lines the work remains unchanged.

ITHACA, NEW YORK, October 16, 1907.

* * * * *

FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

The object of this book is to present _the essential facts_ of Latin grammar in a direct and simple manner, and within the smallest compass consistent with scholarly standards. While intended primarily for the secondary school, it has not neglected the needs of the college student, and aims to furnish such grammatical information as is ordinarily required in undergraduate courses.

The experience of foreign educators in recent years has tended to restrict the size of school-grammars of Latin, and has demanded an incorporation of the main principles of the language in compact manuals of 250 pages. Within the past decade, several grammars of this scope have appeared abroad which have amply met the most exacting demands.

The publication in this country of a grammar of similar plan and scope seems fully justified at the present time, as all recent editions of classic texts summarize in introductions the special idioms of grammar and style peculiar to individual authors. This makes it feasible to dispense with the enumeration of many _minutiae_ of usage which would otherwise demand consideration in a student's grammar.

In the chapter on Prosody, I have designedly omitted all special treatment of the lyric metres of Horace and Catullus, as well as of the measures of the comic poets. Our standard editions of these authors all give such thorough consideration to versification that repetition in a separate place seems superfluous.

ITHACA, NEW YORK, December 15, 1894.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Introduction--The Latin language

PART I.

SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY, ETC.

The Alphabet § 1
Classification of Sounds § 2
Sounds of the Letters § 3
Syllables § 4
Quantity § 5
Accent § 6
Vowel Changes § 7
Consonant Changes § 8
Peculiarities of Orthography § 9

PART II.

INFLECTIONS.

CHAPTER I.--_Declension._

A. NOUNS. § 10

Gender of Nouns § 13
Number § 16
Cases § 17
The Five Declensions § 18
First Declension § 20
Second Declension § 23
Third Declension § 28
Fourth Declension § 48
Fifth Declension § 51
Defective Nouns § 54

B. ADJECTIVES. § 62

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions § 63
Adjectives of the Third Declension § 67
Comparison of Adjectives § 71
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs § 76
Numerals § 78

C. PRONOUNS. § 82

Personal Pronouns § 84
Reflexive Pronouns § 85
Possessive Pronouns § 86
Demonstrative Pronouns § 87
The Intensive Pronoun § 88
The Relative Pronoun § 89
Interrogative Pronouns § 90
Indefinite Pronouns § 91
Pronominal Adjectives § 92

CHAPTER II.--_Conjugation. § 93_

Verb Stems § 97
The Four Conjugations § 98
Conjugation of _Sum_ § 100
First Conjugation § 101
Second Conjugation § 103
Third Conjugation § 105
Fourth Conjugation § 107
Verbs in _-iō_ of the Third Conjugation § 109
Deponent Verbs § 112
Semi-Deponents § 114
Periphrastic Conjugation § 115
Peculiarities of Conjugation § 116
Formation of the Verb Stems § 117
List of the Most Important Verbs with Principal Parts § 120
Irregular Verbs § 124
Defective Verbs § 133
Impersonal Verbs § 138

PART III.

PARTICLES. § 139

Adverbs § 140
Prepositions § 141
Interjections § 145

PART IV.

WORD FORMATION.

I. DERIVATIVES. § 146

Nouns § 147
Adjectives § 150
Verbs § 155
Adverbs § 157

II. COMPOUNDS. § 158

Examples of Compounds § 159

PART V.

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.--_Sentences._

Classification of Sentences § 161
Form of Interrogative Sentences § 162
Subject and Predicate § 163
Simple and Compound Sentences § 164

CHAPTER II.--_Syntax of Nouns._

Subject § 166
Predicate Nouns § 167
Appositives § 169
The Nominative § 170
The Accusative § 172
The Dative § 186
The Genitive § 194
The Ablative § 213
The Locative § 232

CHAPTER III.--_Syntax of Adjectives._

Agreement of Adjectives § 234
Adjectives used Substantively § 236
Adjectives with the Force of Adverbs § 239
Comparatives and Superlatives § 240
Other Peculiarities § 241

CHAPTER IV.--_Syntax of Pronouns._

Personal Pronouns § 242
Possessive Pronouns § 243
Reflexive Pronouns § 244
Reciprocal Pronouns § 245
Demonstrative Pronouns § 246
Relative Pronouns § 250
Indefinite Pronouns § 252
Pronominal Adjectives § 253