Chapter II: Conjugation

93. A Verb is a word which asserts something; as, est, _he is_; amat, _he loves_. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation.

94. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, and Person:--

1. Two Voices,--Active and Passive.

2. Three Moods,--Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative.

3. Six Tenses,--

Present, Perfect,
Imperfect, Pluperfect,
Future, Future
Perfect.

But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect; while the
Imperative employs only the Present and Future.

4. Two Numbers,--Singular and Plural.

5. Three Persons,--First, Second, and Third.

95. These make up the so-called _Finite Verb_. Besides this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms:--

1. Noun Forms,--Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine.

2. Adjective Forms,--Participles (including the Gerundive).

96. The Personal Endings of the Verb are,--

Active. Passive.
_Sing_. 1. -ō; -m; -ī (Perf. Ind.); -r.
2. -s; -stī (Perf Ind.); -rīs, -re;
-tō or wanting (Impv.); -re, -tor (Impv.).
3. -t; -tō (Impv.); -tur; -tor (Impv.).
_Plu_. 1. -mus; -mur.
2. -tis; -stis (Perf. Ind.); -minī.
-te, -tōte (Impv.);
3. -nt; -ērunt (Perf Ind.); -ntur; -ntor (Impv.).
-ntō (Impv.);

VERB STEMS.

97. Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the Stem. We distinguish three different stems in a fully inflected verb,--

I. Present Stem, from which are formed--
1. Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative,
2. Present and Imperfect Subjunctive,
3. The Imperative,
4. The Present Infinitive,
- (Active and Passive.)
5. The Present Active Participle, the Gerund, and Gerundive.
II. Perfect Stem, from which are formed--
1. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
2. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
3. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Active.)
III. Participial Stem, from which are formed--
1. Perfect Participle,
2. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative,
3. Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive,
4. Perfect Infinitive,
- (Passive.)

Apparently from the same stem, though really of different origin, are the Supine, the Future Active Participle, the Future Infinitive Active and Passive.

THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.

98. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, distinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows:--

INFINITIVE DISTINGUISHING
CONJUGATION. TERMINATION. VOWEL.
I. -āre ā
II. -ēre ē
III. -ĕre ĕ
IV. -īre ī

99. PRINCIPAL PARTS. The Present Indicative, Present Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle[28] constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb,--so called because they contain the different stems, from which the full conjugation of the verb may be derived.

* * * * *

CONJUGATION OF SUM.

100. The irregular verb sum is so important for the conjugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the outset.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. FUT. PARTIC.[29]
sum esse fuī futūrus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sum, _I am_, sumus, _we are_,
es, _thou art_, estis, _you are_,
est, _he is_; sunt, _they are_.

IMPERFECT.
eram, _I was_, erāmus, _we were_,
erās, _thou wast_, erātis, _you were_,
erat, _he was_; erant, _they were_.

FUTURE.
erō, _I shall be_, erimus, _we shall be_,
eris, _thou wilt be_, eritis, _you will be_,
erit, _he will be_; erunt, _they will be_.

PERFECT.
fuī, _I have been_, _I was_, fuimus, _we have been_, _we were_,
fuistī, _thou hast been_, _thou fuistis, _you have been_, _you
wast_, were_,
fuit, _he has been_, _he was_; fuērunt, fuēre,
_they have been_, _they were_.

PLUPERFECT.
fueram, _I had been_, fuerāmus, _we had been_,
fuerās, _thou hadst been_, fuerātis, _you had been_,
fuerat, _he had been_; fuerant, _they had been_.

FUTURE PERFECT.
fuerō, _I shall have been_, fuerimus, _we shall have been_,
fueris, _thou wilt have been_, fueritis, _you will have been_,
fuerit, _he will have been_; fuerint, _they will have been_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.[30]

PRESENT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
sim, _may I be_, sīmus, _let us be_,
sīs, _mayst thou be_, sītis, _be ye_, _may you be_,
sit, _let him be_, _may he be_; sint, _let them be_.

IMPERFECT.
essem,[31] _I should be_, essēmus, _we should be_,
essēs,[31] _thou wouldst be_, essētis, _you would be_,
esset,[31] _he would be_; essent,[31] _they would be_.

PERFECT.
fuerim, _I may have been_, fuerīmus, _we may have been_,
fuerīs, _thou mayst have been_, fuerītis, _you may have been_,
fuerit, _he may have been_; fuerint, _they may have been_.

PLUPERFECT.
fuissem, _I should have been_, fuissēmus, _we should have been_.
fuissēs, _thou wouldst have been_, fuissētis, _you would have been_,
fuisset, _he would have been_; fuissent, _they would have been_.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ es, _be thou_; este, _be ye_,
_Fut._ estō, _thou shalt be_, estōte, _ye shall be_,
estō, _he shall be_; suntō, _they shall be_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ esse, _to be_.
_Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_.
_Fut._ futūrus esse,[32] _to be _Fut._ futūrus,[33] _about to be_.
about to be_.

* * * * *

FIRST (OR Ā-) CONJUGATION.

101. Active Voice.--Amō, _I love_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
amō amāre amāvī amātus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amō, _I love_, amāmus, _we love_,
amās, _you love_, amātis, _you love_,
amat, _he loves_; amant, _they love_.

IMPERFECT.
amābam, _I was loving_,[34] amābāmus, _we were loving_,
amābās, _you were loving_, amābātis, _you were loving_,
amābat, _he was loving_; amābant, _they were loving_

FUTURE.
amābō, _I shall love_, amābimus, _we shall love_,
amābis, _you will love_, amābitis, _you will love_,
amābit, _he will love_; amābunt, _they will love_.

PERFECT.
amāvī, _I have loved_, _I loved_, amāvimus, _we have loved_, _we
loved_,
amāvistī, _you have loved_, _you amāvistis, _you have loved_, _you
loved_ loved_,
amāvit, _he has loved_, _he loved_; amāvērunt, -ēre, _they have
loved_, _they loved_.

PLUPERFECT.
amāveram, _I had loved_, amāverāmus, _we had loved_,
amāverās, _you had loved_, amāverātis, _you had loved_,
amāverat, _he had loved_; amāverant, _they had loved_.

FUTURE PERFECT.
amāverō, _I shall have loved_, amāverimus, _we shall have
loved_,
amāveris, _you will have loved_, amāveritis, _you will have
loved_,
amāverit, _he will have loved_; amāverint, _they will have
loved_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
amem, _may I love_, amēmus, _let us love_,
amēs, _may you love_, amētis, _may you love_,
amet, _let him love_; ament, _let them love_.

IMPERFECT.
amārem, _I should love_, amārēmus, _we should love_,
amārēs, _you would love_, amārētis, _you would love_,
amāret, _he would love_; amārent, _they would love_.

PERFECT.
amāverim, _I may have loved_, amāverīmus, _we may have loved_,
amāverīs, _you may have loved_, amāverītis, _you may have loved_,
amāverit, _he may have loved_; amāverint, _they may have loved_.

PLUPERFECT.
amāvissem, _I should have loved_, amāvīssēmus, _we should have
loved_,
amāvissēs, _you would have loved_, amāvissētis, _you would have
loved_,
amāvisset, _he would have loved_; amāvissent, _they would have
loved_.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ amā, _love thou_; amāte, _love ye_.
_Fut._ amātō, _thou shalt love_, amātōte, _ye shall love_,
amātō, _he shall love_; amantō, _they shall love_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ amāre, _to love_. _Pres._ amāns,[35] _loving_.
_Perf._ amāvisse, _to have loved_. (Gen. amantis.)
_Fut._ amātūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ amātūrus, _about to love_.
about to love_

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ amandī, _of loving_,
_Dat._ amandō, _for loving_,
_Acc._ amandum, _loving_, _Acc._ amātum, _to love_,
_Abl._ amandō, _by loving_. _Abl._ amātū, _to love_, _be
loved_.

102. Passive Voice.--Amor, _I am loved_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
amōr amārī amātus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I am loved._
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
amor amāmur
amāris amāminī
amātur amantur

IMPERFECT
_I was loved._
amābar amābāmur
amābāris, _or_ -re amābāmini
amābātur amābantur

FUTURE.
_I shall be loved._
amābor amābimur
amāberis, _or_ -re amābiminī
amābitur amābuntur

PERFECT
_I have been loved_, or _I was loved._
amātus (-a, -um) sum[36] amātī (-ae, -a) sumus
amātus es amātī estis
amātus est amātī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
_I had been loved._
amātus eram[36] amātī erāmus
amātus erās amātī erātis
amātus erat amātī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been loved._
amātus erō[36] amātī erimus
amātus eris amātī eritis
amātus erit amātī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I be loved_, _let him be loved._
amer amēmur
amēris, _or_ -re amēmini
amētur amentur

IMPERFECT.

_I should be loved_, _he would be loved._
amārer amārēmur
amārēris, _or_ -re amārēminī
amārētur amārentur

PERFECT.

_I may have been loved._
amātus sim[37] amātī sīmus
amātus sīs amāti sītis
amātus sit amāti sint

PLUPERFECT.

_I should have been loved_, _he would have been loved._
amātus essem[37] amātī essēmus
amātus essēs amātī essētis
amātus esset amāti essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ amāre,[38] _be thou amāminī, _be ye loved._
loved_;
_Fut._ amātor, _thou shalt be
loved_,
amātor, _he shall be amantor, _they shall be loved_.
loved_;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ amārī, _to be loved_.
_Perf._ amātus esse, _to have been _Perfect._ amātus, _loved_,
loved_. _having been loved_.
_Fut._ amātum īrī, _to be about _Gerundive._ amandus, _to be
to be loved_. loved_, _deserving to
be loved._

* * * * *

SECOND (OR Ē-) CONJUGATION.

103. Active voice.--Moneō, _I advise._

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
moneō monēre monuī monitus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I advise._

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
moneō monēmus
monēs monētis
monet monent

IMPERFECT.
_I was advising_, or _I advised._
monēbam monēbāmus
monēbās monēbātis
monēbat monēbant

FUTURE.
_I shall advise._
monēbō monēbimus
monēbis monēbitis
monēbit monēbunt

PERFECT.
_I have advised_, or _I advised._
monuī monuimus
monuistī monuistis
monuit monuērunt, _or_ -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
_I had advised._
monueram monuerāmus
monuerās monuerātis
monuerat monuerant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have advised._
monuerō monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

_May I advise_, _let him advise._
moneam moneāmus
moneās moneātis
moneat moneant

IMPERFECT.
_I should advise_, _he would advise._
monērem monērēmus
monērēs monērētis
monēret monērent

PERFECT.
_I may have advised._
monuerim monuerīmus
monuerīs monuerītis
monuerit monuerint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have advised_, _he would have advised._
monuissem monuissēmus
monuissēs monuissētis
monuisset monuissent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ monē, _advise thou_; monēte, _advise ye_.
_Fut._ monētō, _thou shall monētōte, _ye shall advise_,
advise_,
monētō, _he shall advise_; monentō, _they shall advise._

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ monēre, _to advise_. _Pres._ monēns, _advising_.
_Perf._ monuisse, _to have (Gen. monentis.)
advised_.
_Fut._ monitūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ monitūrus, _about to
about to advise_. advise_.

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ monendī, _of advising_,
_Dat._ monendō, _for advising_,
_Acc._ monendum, _advising_, _Acc._ monitum, _to advise_,
_Abl._ monendō, _by advising_. _Abl._ monitū, _to advise_,
_be advised_.

104. Passive voice.--Moneor, _I am advised_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
moneor monērī monitus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I am advised._

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
moneor monēmur
monēris monēminī
monētur monentur

IMPERFECT.
_I was advised._
monēbar monēbāmur
monēbāris, _or_ -re monēbāminī
monēbātur monēbantur

FUTURE.
_I shall be advised._
monēbor monēbimur
monēberis, _or_ -re monēbiminī
monēbitur monēbuntur

PERFECT.
_I have been advised_, _I was advised._
monitus sum monitī sumus
monitus es monitī estis
monitus est monitī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
_I had been advised._
monitus eram monitī erāmus
monitus erās monitī erātis
monitus erat monitī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been advised._
monitus erō monitī erimus
monitus eris monitī eritis
monitus erit monitī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I be advised_, _let him be advised._
monear moneāmur
moneāris, _or_ -re moneāminī
moneātur moneantur

IMPERFECT.
_I should be advised_, _he would be advised._
monērer monērēmur
monērēris, _or_ -re monērēminī
monērētur monērentur

PERFECT.
_I may have been advised._
monitus sim monitī sīmus
monitus sīs monitī sītis
monitus sit monitī sint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have been advised_, _he would have been advised._
monitus essem monitī essēmus
monitus essēs monitī essētis
monitus esset monitī essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ monēre, _be thou advised_; monēminī, _be ye advised_.
_Fut._ monētor, _thou shalt be
advised_,
monētor, _he shall be monentor, _they shall be
advised_. advised_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ monērī, _to be advised_. _Perfect._ monitus, _advised_,
_having been advised_.
_Perf._ monitus esse, _to have
been advised_
_Fut._ monitum īrī, _to be about _Gerundive._ monendus, _to be
to be advised._ advised_, _deserving to
be advised._

* * * * *

THIRD (OR CONSONANT-) CONJUGATION.

105. Active Voice.--Regō, _I rule_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
regō regere rēxī rēctus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I rule_

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
regō regimus
regis regitis
regit regunt

IMPERFECT.
_I was ruling_, or _I ruled_.
regēbam regēbāmus
regēbās regēbātis
regēbat regēbant

FUTURE.
_I shall rule_.
regam regēmus
regēs regētis
reget regent

PERFECT.
_I have ruled_, or _I ruled_
rēxī rēximus
rēxistī rēxistis
rēxit rēxērunt, _or_ -ēre

PLUPERFECT.
_I had ruled_.
rēxeram rēxerāmus
rēxerās rēxerātis
rēxerat rēxerant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have ruled_.
rēxerō rēxerimus
rēxeris rēxeritis
rēxerit rēxerint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I rule_, _let him rule._
regam regāmus
regās regātis
regat regant

IMPERFECT.
_I should rule_, _he would rule._
regerem regerēmus
regerēs regerētis
regeret regerent

PERFECT.
_I may have ruled._
rēxerim rēxerīmus
rēxerīs rēxerītis
rēxerit rēxerint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have ruled_, _he would have ruled._
rēxissem rēxissēmus
rēxissēs rēxissētis
rēxisset rēxissent

IMPERATIVE.
rege, _rule thou_; regite, _rule ye_.
regitō, _thou shall rule_, regitōte, _ye shall rule_,
regitō, _he shall rule_; reguntō, _they shall rule_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
regere, _to rule_. _Pres._ regēns, _ruling_.
rēxisse, _to have ruled_. (Gen. regentis.)
rēctūrus esse, _to be about to _Fut._ rēctūrus, _about to
rule_ rule_.

GERUND. SUPINE.
regendī, _of ruling_,
regendō, _for ruling_,
regendum, _ruling_, _Acc._ rēctum, _to rule_,
regendō, _by ruling_. _Abl._ rēctū, _to rule_, _be
ruled_.

106. Passive Voice.--Regor, _I am ruled_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
regor regī rēctus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I am ruled._

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
regor regimur
regeris regiminī
regitur reguntur

IMPERFECT.
_I was ruled._
regēbar regēbāmur
regēbāris, _or_ -re regēbāminī
regēbātur regēbantur

FUTURE.
_I shall be ruled._
regar regēmur
regēris, _or_ -re regēminī
regētur regentur

PERFECT.
_I have been ruled_, or _I was ruled_.
rēctus sum rēctī sumus
rēctus es rēctī estis
rēctus est rēctī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
_I had been ruled._
rēctus eram rēctī erāmus
rēctus erās rēctī erātis
rēctus erat rēctī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been ruled_
rēctus erō rēctī erimus
rēctus eris rēctī eritis
rēctus erit rēctī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I be ruled_, _let him be ruled._
regar regāmur
regāris, _or_ -re regāminī
regātur regantur

IMPERFECT.
_I should be ruled_, _he would be ruled._
regerer regerēmur
regerēris, _or_ -re regerēminī
regerētur regerentur

PERFECT.
_I may have been ruled._
rēctus sim rēctī sīmus
rēctus sīs rēctī sītis
rēctus sit rēctī sint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have been ruled_, _he would have been ruled._
rēctus essem rēctī essēmus
rēctus essēs rectī essētis
rēctus esset rectī essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ regere, _be thou ruled_; regiminī, _be ye ruled_.
_Fut._ regitor, _thou shalt be
ruled_,
regitor, _he shall be reguntor, _they shall be ruled_.
ruled_;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ regī, _to be ruled_. _Perfect._ rēctus, _ruled_,
_having been ruled_.
_Perf._ rēctus esse, _to have been _Gerundive._ regendus, _to be
ruled_. ruled_, _deserving to
be ruled_.
_Fut._ rēctum īrī, _to be about
to be ruled_.

* * * * *

FOURTH (OR Ī-) CONJUGATION.

107. Active voice.--Audiō, _I hear_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
audiō audīre audīvī audītus

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I hear._

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audiō audīmus
audīs audītis
audit audiunt

IMPERFECT.
_I was hearing_, or _I heard._
audiēbam audiēbāmus
audiēbās audiēbātis
audiēbat audiēbant

FUTURE.
_I shall hear._
audiam audiēmus
audiēs audiētis
audiet audient

PERFECT.
_I have heard_, or _I heard._
audīvī audīvimus
audīvistī audīvistis
audīvit audīvērunt, _or _-ēre

PLUPERFECT.
_I had heard._
audīveram audīverāmus
audīverās audīverātis
audīverat audīverant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have heard._
audīverō audīverimus
audīveris audīveritis
audīverit audīverint

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
_May I hear_, _let him hear._
audiam audiāmus
audiās audiātis
audiat audiant

IMPERFECT.
_I should hear_, _he would hear._
audīrem audīrēmus
audīrēs audīrētis
audīret audīrent

PERFECT.
_I may have heard._
audīverim audīverīmus
audīverīs audīverītis
audīverit audīverint

PLUPERFECT.
_I should have heard_, _he would have heard._
audīvissem audīvissēmus
audīvissēs audīvissētis
audīvisset audīvissent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ audī, _hear thou_; audīte, _hear ye_.
_Fut._ audītō, _thou shalt hear_, audītōte, _ye shall hear_,
audītō, _he shall hear_; audiuntō, _they shall hear_.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ audīre, _to hear_. _Pres._ audiēns, _hearing_.
_Perf._ audīvisse, _to have (Gen. audientis.)
heard_.
_Fut._ audītūrus esse, _to be _Fut._ audītūrus, _about to
about to hear_. hear_.

GERUND. SUPINE
_Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_,
_Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_,
_Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_, _Acc._ audītum, _to hear_,
_Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_. _Abl._ audītū, _to hear, be
heard_.

108. Passive Voice.--Audior, _I am heard_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
audior audīrī audītus sum

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.
_I am heard_.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
audior audīmur
audīris audīminī
audītur audiuntur

IMPERFECT.
_I was heard_.
audiēbar audiēbāmur
audiēbāris, _or_ -re audiēbāminī
audiēbātur audiēbantur

FUTURE.
_I shall be heard_.
audiar audiēmur
audiēris, _or_ -re audiēminī
audiētur audientur

PERFECT.
_I have been heard_, or _I was heard_.
audītus sum audītī sumus
audītus es audītī estis
audītus est audītī sunt

PLUPERFECT.
_I had been heard_.
audītus eram audītī erāmus
audītus erās audītī erātis
audītus erat audītī erant

FUTURE PERFECT.
_I shall have been heard_.
audītus erō audītī erimus
audītus eris audītī eritis
audītus erit audītī erunt

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

_May I be heard_, _let him be heard_.
audiar audiāmur
audiāris, _or_ -re audiāminī
audiātur audiantur

IMPERFECT.
_I should be heard_, _he would be heard_.
audīrer audīrēmur
audīrēris, _or_ -re audirēminī
audīrētur audīrentur

PERFECT.
_I may have been heard_.
audītus sim audītī sīmus
audītus sīs audītī sītis
audītus sit audītī sint

PLUPERFECT.

_I should have been heard_, _he would have been heard_.
audītus essem audītī essēmus
audītus essēs audītī essētis
audītus esset audītī essent

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ audīre, _be thou heard_; audīminī, be ye heard.
_Fut._ audītor, _thou shalt be
heard_,
audītor, _he shall be audiuntor, _they shall be heard_.
heard_;

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ audīrī, _to be heard_. _Perfect._ audītus, _heard_,
_having been heard_
_Perf._ audītus esse, _to have _Gerundive._ audiendus, _to be
been heard_. heard_, _deserving to
be heard_
_Fut._ audītum īrī, _to be about
to be heard_.

* * * * *

VERBS IN -IŌ OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

109. 1. Verbs in -iō of the Third Conjugation take the endings of the Fourth Conjugation wherever the latter endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in the Present System.

2. Here belong--

a) capiō, _to take_; cupiō, _to desire_; faciō, _to make_; fodiō, _to
dig_; fugiō, _to flee_; jaciō, _to throw_; pariō, _to bear_; quatiō, _to
shake_; rapiō, _to seize_; sapiō, _to taste_.

b) Compounds of laciō and speciō (both ante-classical); as, alliciō,
_entice_; cōnspiciō, _behold_.

c) The deponents gradior, _to go_; morior, _to die_, patior, _to suffer_.

110. Active voice.--Capiō, _I take_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND. PERF. PASS. PARTIC.
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capiō, capis, capit; capimus, capitis, capiunt.

IMPERFECT.
capiēbam, -iēbās, -iēbat; capiēbāmus, -iēbātis, -iēbant.

FUTURE.
capiam, -iēs, -iet; capiēmus, -iētis, -ient.

PERFECT.
cēpī, -istī, -it; cēpimus, -istis, -ērunt or -ēre.

PLUPERFECT.
cēperam, -erās, -erat; cēperāmus, -erātis, -erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
cēperō, -eris, -erit; cēperimus, -eritis, -erint.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiam, -iās, -iat; capiāmus, -iātis, -iant.

IMPERFECT.
caperem, -erēs, -eret; caperēmus, -erētis, -erent.

PERFECT.
cēperim, -eris, -erit; cēperīmus, -erītis, -erint.

PLUPERFECT.
cēpissem, -issēs, -isset; cēpissēmus, -issētis, -issent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ cape; capite.
_Fut._ capitō, capitōte,
capitō; capiuntō.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ capere _Pres._ capiēns.
_Perf._ cēpisse.
_Fut._ captūrus esse. _Fut._ captūrus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ capiendī,
_Dat._ capiendō,
_Acc._ capiendum, _Acc._ captum,
_Abl._ capiendō. _Abl._ captū.

111. Passive Voice.--Capior, _I am taken_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
PRES. IND. PRES. INF. PERF. IND.
capior, capī, captus sum.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
capior, caperis, capitur; capimur, capiminī, capiuntur.

IMPERFECT.
capiēbar, -iēbāris, -iēbātur; capiēbāmur, -iēbāminī, -iēbantur.

FUTURE.
capiar, -iēris, -iētur; capiēmur, -iēminī, -ientur.

PERFECT.
captus sum, es, est; captī sumus, estis, sunt.

PLUPERFECT.
captus eram, erās, erat; captī erāmus, erātis, erant.

FUTURE PERFECT.
captus erō, eris, erit; captī erimus, eritis, erunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.
capiar, -iāris, -iātur; capiāmur, -iāminī, -iantur.

IMPERFECT.
caperer, -erēris, -erētur; caperēmur, -erēminī, -erentur.

PERFECT.
captus sim, sīs, sit; captī sīmus, sītis, sint.

PLUPERFECT.
captus essem, essēs, esset; captī essēmus, essētis, essent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ capere; capiminī.
_Fut._ capitor,
capitor; capiuntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ capī.
_Perf._ captus esse. _Perfect._ captus.
_Fut._ captum īrī. _Gerundive._ capiendus.

* * * * *

DEPONENT VERBS.

112. Deponent Verbs have in the main Passive _forms_ with Active or Neuter _meaning_. But--

a. They have the following Active forms: Future Infinitive, Present and
Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine.

b. They have the following Passive meanings: always in the Gerundive, and
sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle; as--

sequendus, _to be followed_; adeptus, _attained_.

113. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are--

I. Conj. mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum, _admire_.
II. Conj. vereor, vererī, veritus sum, _fear_.
III. Conj. sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, _follow_.
IV. Conj. largior, largīrī, largītus sum, _give_.
III. (in -ior) patior, patī, passus sum, _suffer_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
I. II. III. IV. III (in
-ior)
_Pres._ mīror vereor sequor largior patior
mīrāris verēris sequeris largiris pateris
mīrātur verētur sequitur largītur patitur
mīramur verēmur sequimur largīmur patimur
mīrāminī verēminī sequiminī largīminī patiminī
mīrantur verentur sequuntur largiuntur patiuntur
_Impf._ mīrābar verēbar sequēbar largiēbar patiēbar
_Fut._ mīrābor verēbor sequar largiar patiar
_Perf._ mirātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum largītus sum passus sum
_Plup._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largītus passus
eram eram eram eram eram
_F.P._ mīrātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō largītus erō passus erō

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ mīrer verear sequar largiar patiar
_Impf._ mīrārer verērer sequerer largīrer paterer
_Perf._ mīrātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim largītus sim passus sim
_Plup._ mīrātus veritus sectūtus largītus passus
essem essem essem essem essem

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ mīrāre, verēre, sequere, largīre, patere,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
_Fut._ mīrātor, verētor, sequitor, largītor, patitor,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ mīrāri verērī sequī largīrī patī
_Perf._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largītus passus
esse esse esse esse esse
_Fut._ mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largītūrus passūrus
esse esse esse esse esse

PARTICIPLES.
_Pres._ mīrāns verēns sequēns largiēns patiēns
_Fut._ mīrātūrus veritūrus secūtūrus largitūrus passūrus
_Perf._ mīrātus veritus secūtus largitus passus
_Ger._ mīrandus verendus sequendus largiendus patiendus

GERUND.
mīrandī verendī sequendī largiendī patiendī
mirandō, verendō, sequendō, largiendō, patiendō,
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

SUPINE.
mīrātum, veritum, secūtum, largītum, passum,
-tū -tū -tū -tū -sū

* * * * *

SEMI-DEPONENTS.

114. 1. Semi-Deponents are verbs which have the Present System in the Active Voice, but the Perfect System in the Passive without change of meaning. Here belong--

audeō, audēre, ausus sum, _to dare_.
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, _to rejoice_.
soleō, solēre, solitus sum, _to be wont_.
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, _to trust_.

2. The following verbs have a Perfect Passive Participle with Active meaning:--

adolēscō, _grow up_; adultus, _having grown up_,
cēnāre, _dine_; cēnātus, _having dined_.
placēre, _please_; placitus, _having pleased_, _agreeable_.
prandēre, _lunch_; prānsus, _having lunched_.
pōtāre, _drink_; pōtus, _having drunk_.
jūrāre, _swear_; jūrātus, _having sworn_.

a. Jūrātus is used in a passive sense also.

3. Revertor and dēvertor both regularly form their Perfect in the Active Voice; _viz_.--

revertor, revertī (Inf.), revertī (Perf.), _to return_.
dēvertor, dēvertī (Inf.), dēvertī (Perf.), _to turn aside_.

* * * * *

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.

115. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations,--the Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by combining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same auxiliary.

Active Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ amātūrus (-a, -um) sum, _I am about to love_.
_Inf._ amātūrus eram, _I was about to love_.
_Fut._ amātūrus erō, _I shall be about to love_.
_Perf._ amātūrus fuī, _I have been (was) about to love_.
_Plup._ amātūrus fueram, _I had been about to love_.
_Fut. P._ amātūrus fuerō, _I shall have been about to love_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ amātūrus sim, _may I be about to love_.
_Imp._ amātūrus essem, _I should be about to love_.
_Perf._ amātūrus fuerim, _I may have been about to love_.
_Plup._ amātūrus fuissem, _I should have been about to love_.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ amātūrus esse, _to be about to love_.
_Perf._ amātūrus fuisse, _to have been about to love_.

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation.

INDICATIVE.
_Pres._ amandus (-a, -um) sum, _I am to be loved_, _must be loved_.
_Imp._ amandus eram, _I was to be loved_.
_Fut._ amandus erō, _I shall deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amandus fuī, _I was to be loved_.
_Plup._ amandus fueram, _I had deserved to be loved_.
_Fut. P._ amandus fuerō, _I shall have deserved to be loved_.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ amandus sim, _may I deserve to be loved_.
_Imp._ amandus essem, _I should deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amandus fuerim, _I may have deserved to be loved_.
_Plup._ amendus fuissem, _I should have deserved to be loved_.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ amandus esse, _to deserve to be loved_.
_Perf._ amantus fuisse, _to have deserved to be loved_.

* * * * *

PECULIARITIES OF CONJUGATION.

116. 1. Perfects in -āvī, -ēvī, and -īvī, with the forms derived from them, often drop the ve or vi before endings beginning with r or s. So also nōvī (from nōscō) and the compounds of mōvī (from moveō). Thus:--

amāvistī amāstī dēlēvistī dēlēstī
amāvisse amāsse dēlēvisse dēlēsse
amāvērunt amārunt dēlēvērunt dēlērunt
amāverim amārim dēlēverim dēlērim
amāveram amāram dēlēveram dēlēram
amāverō amārō dēlēverō dēlērō
nōvistī nōstī nōverim nōrim
nōvisse nōsse nōveram nōram
audīvistī audīstī audīvisse audīsse

2. In the Gerund and Gerundive of the Third and Fourth Conjugations, the endings -undus, -undī, often occur instead of -endus and -endī, as faciundus, faciundī.

3. Dīcō, dūcō, faciō, form the Imperatives, dīc, dūc, fac. But compounds of faciō form the Imperative in -fice, as cōnfice. Compounds of dīcō, dūcō, accent the ultima; as, ēdū´c, ēdī´c.

4. Archaic and Poetic forms:--

a. The ending -ier in the Present Infinitive Passive; as, amārier,
monērier, dīcier, for amārī, monērī, dīcī.

b. The ending -ībam for -iēbam in Imperfects of the Fourth Conjugation,
and -ībō for -iam in Futures; as, scībam, scībō, for sciēbam, sciam.

c. Instead of the fuller forms, in such words as dīxistī, scrīpsistis,
surrēxisse, we sometimes find dīxtī, scrīpstis, surrēxe, etc.

d. The endings -im, -īs, etc. (for -am, -ās, etc.) occur in a few
Subjunctive forms; as, edim (_eat_), duint, perduint.

5. In the Future Active and Perfect Passive Infinitive, the auxiliary esse is often omitted; as, āctūrum for ācturum esse; ējectus for ējectus esse.

* * * * *

FORMATION OF THE VERB STEMS.

Formation of the Present Stem.

117. Many verbs employ the simple Verb Stem for the Present Stem;[39] as, dīcere, amāre, monēre, audīre. Others modify the Verb Stem to form the Present, as follows:--

1. By appending the vowels, ā, ē, ī; as,--

Present Stem Verb Stem
juvāre, juvā- juv-.
augēre, augē- aug-.
vincīre, vincī- vinc-.

2. By adding i, as capiō, Present Stem capi- (Verb Stem cap-).

3. By the insertion of n (m before labial-mutes) before the final consonant of the Verb Stem; as, fundō (Stem fud-), rumpō (Stem rup-).

4. By appending -n to the Verb Stem; as,--

cern-ō pell-ō (for pel-nō).

5. By appending t to the Verb Stem; as,--

flect-ō.

6. By appending sc to the Verb Stem; as,--

crēsc-ō. scīsc-ō.

7. By Reduplication, that is, by prefixing the initial consonant of the Verb Stem with i; as,--

gi-gn-ō (root gen-), si-st-ō (root sta-).

Formation of the Perfect Stem.

118. The Perfect Stem is formed from the Verb Stem--

1. By adding v (in case of Vowel Stems); as,--

amāv-ī, dēlēv-ī, audīv-ī.

2. By adding u (in case of some Consonant Stems); as,--

strepu-ī, genu-ī, alu-ī.

3. By adding s (in case of most Consonant Stems); as,--

carp-ō, Perfect carps-ī.
scrīb-ō, " scrīps-ī (for scrīb-sī).
rīd-eō, " rīs-ī (for rīd-sī).
sent-iō, " sēns-ī (for sent-sī).
dīc-ō, " dīx-ī (i.e. dīc-sī).

a. Note that before the ending -sī a Dental Mute (t, d) is lost; a
Guttural Mute (c, g) unites with s to form x; while the Labial b is
changed to p.

4. Without addition. Of this formation there are three types:--

a) The Verb Stem is reduplicated by prefixing the initial consonant with
the following vowel or e; as,--

currō, Perfect cu-currī.
poscō, " po-poscī.
pellō, " pe-pulī.

NOTE 1.--Compounds, with the exception of dō, stō, sistō, discō, poscō, omit the reduplication. Thus: com-pulī, but re-poposcī.

NOTE 2.--Verbs beginning with sp or st retain both consonants in the reduplication, but drop s from the stem; as, spondeō, spo-pondī; stō, stetī.

b) The short vowel of the Verb Stem is lengthened; as, legō, lēgī; agō,
ēgī. Note that ă by this process becomes ē.

c) The vowel of the Verb Stem is unchanged; as, vertō, vertī; minuō,
minuī.

Formation of the Participial Stem.

119. The Perfect Passive Participle, from which the Participial Stem is derived by dropping -us, is formed:--

1. By adding -tus (sometimes to the Present Stem, sometimes to the Verb Stem); as,--

amā-re, Participle amā-tus.
dēlē-re, " dēlē-tus,
audī-re, " audī-tus,
leg-ere, " lēc-tus,
scrīb-ere, " scrīp-tus,
sentī-re, " sēn-sus (for sent-tus).
caed-ere, " cae-sus (for caed-tus).

a. Note that g, before t, becomes c (see § 8, 5); b becomes p; while dt
or tt becomes ss, which is then often simplified to s (§ 8, 2).

2. After the analogy of Participles like sēnsus and caesus, where -sus arises by phonetic change, -sus for -tus is added to other Verb Stems; as,--

lāb-ī, Participle lāp-sus.
fīg-ere, " fī-xus.

a. The same consonant changes occur in appending this ending -sus to the
stem as in the case of the Perfect ending -si (see § 118, 3, a).

3. A few Verbs form the Participle in -ĭtus; as,--

domā-re, dom-ĭtus.
monē-re, mon-ĭtus.

4. The Future Active Participle is usually identical in its stem with the Perfect Passive Participle; as, amā-tus, amātūrus; moni-tus, monitūrus. But--

juvā-re, Perf. Partic. jūtus, has Fut. Act. Partic. juvātūrus.[40]
lavā-re, " " lautus, " " " lavātūrus.
par-ere, " " partus, " " " paritūrus.
ru-ere, " " rutus, " " " ruitūrus.
secă-re, " " sectus, " " " secātūrus.
fru-ĭ, " " frūctus, " " " fruitūrus.
mor-ī, " " mortuus, " " " moritūrus.
orī-rī, " " ortus, " " " oritūrus.

* * * * *

LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT VERBS, WITH PRINCIPAL PARTS.

First (_Ā_-) Conjugation.

120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.

amō amāre amāvī amātus _love_

All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.

pōtō pōtāre pōtāvī pōtus (§ 114, _drink_
2)

II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.

crepō crepāre crepuī crepitūrus _rattle_
cubō cubāre cubuī cubitūrus _lie down_
domō domāre domuī domitus _tame_
fricō fricāre fricuī frictus _and_ _rub_
fricātus
micō micāre micuī ---- _glitter_
dīmicō dīmicāre dīmicāvī dīmicātum _fight_
(est)[41]
ex-plicō explicāre explicāvī explicātus _unfold_
(-uī) (-itus)
im-plicō implicāre implicāvī implicātus _entwine_
(-uī) (-itus)
secō secāre secuī sectus _cut_
sonō sonāre sonuī sonātūrus _sound_
tonō tonāre tonuī ---- _thunder_
vetō vetāre vetuī vetitus _forbid_

III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.

juvō juvāre jūvī jūtus _help_
lavō lavāre lāvī lautus _wash_

IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.

stō stāre stetī stātūrus

V. DEPONENTS.

These are all regular, and follow _mīror_, _mīrārī_, _mīrātus sum_.

Second (_Ē_-) Conjugation.

121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.

dēleō dēlēre dēlēvī dēlētus _destroy_
fleō flēre flēvī flētus _weep_, _lament_
com-pleō[42] complēre complēvī complētus _fill up_
aboleō abolēre abolēvī abolitus _destroy_
cieō[43] ciēre cīvī citus _set in motion_

II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.

a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.

arceō arcēre arcuī _keep off_
coerceō coercēre coercuī coercitus _hold in check_
exerceō exercēre exercuī exercitus _practise_
caleō calēre caluī calitūrus _be warm_
careō carēre caruī caritūrus _be without_
doleō dolēre doluī dolitūrus _grieve_
habeō habēre habuī habitus _have_
dēbeō dēbēre dēbuī dēbitus _owe_
praebeō praebēre praebuī praebitus _offer_
jaceō jacēre jacuī jacitūrus _lie_
mereō merēre meruī meritus _earn_, _deserve_
moneō monēre monuī monitus _advise_
noceō nocēre nocuī nocitum (est) _injure_
pāreō pārēre pāruī pāritūrus _obey_
placeō placēre placuī placitūrus _please_
taceō tacēre tacuī tacitūrus _be silent_
terreō terrēre terruī territus _frighten_
valeō valēre valuī valitūrus _be strong_

NOTE 1.--The following lack the Participial Stem:--
egeō egēre eguī ---- _want_
ēmineō ēminēre ēminuī ---- _stand forth_
flōreō flōrēre flōruī ---- _bloom_
horreō horrēre horruī ---- _bristle_
lateō latēre latuī ---- _lurk_
niteō nitēre nituī ---- _gleam_
oleō olēre oluī ---- _smell_
palleō pallēre palluī ---- _be pale_
pateō patēre patuī ---- _lie open_
rubeō rubēre rubuī ---- _be red_
sileō silēre siluī ---- _be silent_
splendeō splendēre splenduī ---- _gleam_
studeō studēre studuī ---- _study_
stupeō stupēre stupuī ---- _be amazed_
timeō timēre timuī ---- _fear_
torpeō torpēre torpuī ---- _be dull_
vigeō vigēre viguī ---- _flourish_
vireō virēre viruī ---- _be green_
and others.

NOTE 2.--The following are used only in the Present System:--
aveō avēre ---- ---- _wish_
frīgeō frīgēre ---- ---- _be cold_
immineō imminēre ---- ---- _overhang_
maereō maerēre ---- ---- _mourn_
polleō pollēre ---- ---- _be strong_
and others.

b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).

cēnseō cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus _estimate_
doceō docēre docuī doctus _teach_
misceō miscēre miscuī mixtus _mix_
teneō tenēre tenuī ---- _hold_
So _contineō_ and _sustineō_; but--
retineō retinēre retinuī retentus _retain_
obtineō obtinēre obtinuī obtentus _maintain_
torreō torrēre torruī tostus _bake_

III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.

augeō augēre auxī auctus _increase_
torqueō torquēre torsī tortus _twist_
indulgeō indulgēre indulsī ---- _indulge_
lūceō lūcēre lūxī ---- _be light_
lūgeō lūgēre lūxī ---- _mourn_
jubeō jubēre jussī jussus _order_
per-mulceō permulcēre permulsī permulsus _soothe_
rīdeō rīdēre rīsī rīsum (est) _laugh_
suādeō suādēre suāsī suāsum (est) _advise_
abs-tergeō abstergēre abstersī abstersus _wipe off_
ārdeō ārdēre ārsī ārsūrus _burn_
haereō haerēre haesī haesūrus _stick_
maneō manēre mānsī mānsūrus _stay_
algeō algēre alsī ---- _be cold_
fulgeō fulgēre fulsī ---- _gleam_
urgeō urgēre ursī ---- _press_

IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.

mordeō mordēre momordī morsus _bite_
spondeō spondēre spopondī spōnsus _promise_
tondeō tondēre totondī tōnsus _shear_
pendeō pendēre pependī ---- _hang_

V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

caveō cavēre cāvī cautūrus _take care_
faveō favēre fāvī fautūrus _favor_
foveō fovēre fōvī fōtus _cherish_
moveō movēre mōvī mōtus _move_
paveō pavēre pāvī ---- _fear_
sedeō sedēre sēdī sessūrus _sit_
videō vidēre vīdī vīsus _see_
voveō vovēre vōvī vōtus _vow_

VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

ferveō fervēre (fervī, ---- _boil_
ferbuī)
prandeō prandēre prandī prānsus (§ 114, _lunch_
2)
strīdeō strīdēre strīdī ---- _creak_

VII. DEPONENTS.

liceor licērī licitus sum _bid_
polliceor pollicērī pollicitus sum _promise_
mereor merērī meritus sum _earn_
misereor miserērī miseritus sum _pity_
vereor verērī veritus sum _fear_
fateor fatērī fassus sum _confess_
cōnfiteor cōnfitērī cōnfessus sum _confess_
reor rērī ratus sum _think_
medeor medērī ---- _heal_
tueor tuērī ---- _protect_

Third (Consonant) Conjugation.

122. I. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN A CONSONANT.

1. Perfect in -sī.

a. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -tus.

carpō carpere carpsī carptus _pluck_
sculpō sculpere sculpsī sculptus _chisel_
rēpō rēpere rēpsī ---- _creep_
serpō serpere serpsī ---- _crawl_
scribō scribere scrīpsī scrīptus _write_
nūbō nūbere nūpsī nūpta (woman _marry_
only)
regō regere rēxī rēctus _govern_
tegō tegere tēxī tēctus _cover_
af-flīgō afflīgere afflīxī afflīctus _shatter_
dīcō dīcere dīxī dictus _say_
dūcō dūcere dūxī ductus _lead_
coquō coquere coxī coctus _cook_
trahō trahere trāxī trāctus _draw_
vehō vehere vexī vectus _carry_
cingō cingere cīnxī cīnctus _gird_
tingō tingere tīnxī tīnctus _dip_
jungō jungere jūnxī jūnctus _join_
fingō fingere fīnxī fīctus _would_
pingō pingere pīnxī pīctus _paint_
stringō stringere strīnxī strictus _bind_
-stinguō[44] -stinguere -stīnxī -stīnctus _blot out_
unguō unguere ūnxī ūnctus _anoint_
vīvō vīvere vīxī vīctum (est) _live_
gerō gerere gessī gestus _carry_
urō ūrere ussī ūstus _burn_
temnō temnere con-tempsī con-temptus _despise_

b. Type -ō, -ĕre, -sī, -sus.

fīgō fīgere fīxī fīxus _fasten_
mergō mergere mersī mersus _sink_
spargō spargere sparsī sparsus _scatter_
flectō flectere flexī flexus _bend_
nectō nectere nexuī nexus _twine_
(nexī)
mittō mittere mīsī missus _send_
rādō rādere rāsī rāsus _shave_
rōdō rōdere rōsī rōsus _gnaw_
vādō vādere -vāsī[45] -vāsum _march_, _walk_
(est)[45]
lūdō lūdere lūsī lūsum (est) _play_
trūdō trūdere trūsī trūsus _push_
laedō laedere laesī laesus _injure_, _hurt_
claudō claudere clausī clausus _close_
plaudō plaudere plausī plausum (est) _clap_
explōdō explōdere explōsī explōsus _hoot off_
cēdō cēdere cessī cessum (est) _withdraw_
dīvidō dīvidere dīvīsī dīvīsus _divide_
premō premere pressī pressus _press_

2. Perfect in -ī with Reduplication.

ab-dō abdere abdidī abditus _conceal_
red-dō red-dere reddidī redditus _return_
So _addō_, _condō_, _dēdō_, _perdō_, _prōdō_,
_trādō_, etc.
cōn-sistō cōnsistere cōnstitī ---- _take one's stand_
resistō resistere restitī ---- _resist_
circumsistō circumsistere circumstetī ---- _surround_
cadō cadere cecidī cāsūrus _fall_
caedō caedere cecīdī caesus _kill_
pendō pendere pependī pēnsus _weigh_, _pay_
tendō tendere tetendī tentus _stretch_
tundō tundere tutudī tūsus, tūnsus _beat_
fallō fallere fefellī (falsus, as _deceive_
Adj.)
pellō pellere pepulī pulsus _drive out_
currō currere cucurrī cursum (est) _run_
parcō parcere pepercī parsūrus _spare_
canō canere cecinī ---- _sing_
tangō tangere tetigī tāctus _touch_
pungō pungere pupugī pūnctus _prick_

NOTE.--In the following verbs the perfects were originally reduplicated,
but have lost the reduplicating syllable:--
per-cellō percellere perculī perculsus _strike down_
findō findere fidī fissus _split_
scindō scindere scidī scissus _tear apart_
tollō tollere sus-tulī sublātus _remove_

3. Perfect in -ī with Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

agō agere ēgī āctus _drive_, _do_
peragō peragere perēgī perāctus _finish_
subigō subigere subēgī subāctus _subdue_
cōgō cōgere coēgī coāctus _force_, _gather_
frangō frangere frēgī frāctus _break_
perfringō perfringere perfrēgī perfrāctus _break down_
legō legere lēgī lēctus _gather_, _read_
perlegō perlegere perlēgī perlēctus _read through_
colligō colligere collēgī collēctus _collect_
dēligō dēligere dēlēgī dēlēctus _choose_
dīligō dīligere dīlēxī dīlēctus _love_
intellegō intellegere intellēxī intellēctus _understand_
neglegō neglegere neglēxī neglēctus _neglect_
emō emere ēmī ēmptus _buy_
coëmō coëmere coēmī coēmptus _buy up_
redimō redimere redēmī redēmptus _buy back_
dirimō dirimere dirēmī dirēmptus _destroy_
dēmō dēmere dēmpsī dēmptus _take away_
sūmō sūmere sūmpsī sūmptus _take_
prōmō prōmere prōmpsī (prōmptus, as _take out_
Adj.)
vincō vincere vīcī victus _conquer_
re-linquō relinquere relīquī relīctus _leave_
rumpō rumpere rūpī ruptus _break_
edō ēsse (§ ēdī ēsus _eat_
128)
fundō fundere fūdī fūsus _four_

4. Perfect in -ī without either Reduplication or Lengthening of Stem Vowel.

excūdō excūdere excūdī excūsus _hammer_
cōnsīdō cōnsīdere cōnsēdī ---- _take one's seat_
possīdō possīdere possēdī possessus _take possession_
accendō accendere accendī accēnsus _kindle_
a-scendō ascendere ascendī ascēnsum (est) _climb_
dē-fendō dēfendere dēfendī dēfēnsus _defend_
pre-hendō prehendere prehendī prehēnsus _seize_
īcō īcere īcī ictus _strike_
vellō vellere vellī vulsus _pluck_
vertō vertere vertī versus _turn_
pandō pandere pandī passus _spread_
solvō solvere solvī solūtus _loose_
vīsō vīsere vīsī vīsus _visit_
volvō volvere volvī volūtus _roll_
verrō verrere verrī versus _sweep_

5. Perfect in -uī.

in-cumbō incumbere incubuī incubitūrus _lean on_
gignō gignere genuī genitus _bring forth_
molō molere moluī molitus _grind_
vomō vomere vomuī vomitus _vomit_
fremō fremere fremuī ---- _snort_
gemō gemere gemuī ---- _sigh_
metō metere messuī messus _reap_
tremō tremere tremuī ---- _tremble_
strepō strepere strepuī ---- _rattle_
alō alete aluī altus (alitus) _nourish_
colō colere coluī cultus _cultivate_
incolō incolere incoluī ---- _inhabit_
excolō excolere excoluī excultus _perfect_
cōnsulō cōnsulere cōnsuluī cōnsultus _consult_
cōnserō cōnserere cōnseruī cōnsertus _join_
dēserō dēserere dēseruī dēsertus _desert_
disserō disserere disseruī ---- _discourse_
texō texere texuī textus _weave_

6. Perfect in -vī.

sinō sinere sīvī situs _allow_
desinō dēsinere dēsiī dēsitus _cease_
ponō pōnere posuī positus _place_
ob-linō oblinere oblēvī oblitus _smear_
serō serere sēvī satus _sow_
cōnserō cōnserere cōnsēvī cōnsitus _plant_
cernō cernere ---- ---- _separate_
discernō discernere discrēvī discrētus _distinguish_
dēcernō dēcernere dēcrēvī dēcrētus _decide_
spernō spernere sprēvī sprētus _scorn_
sternō sternere strāvī strātus _spread_
prō-sternō prōsternere prōstrāvī prōstrātus _overthrow_
petō petere petīvī petītus _seek_
(petiī)
appetō appetere appetīvī appetītus _long for_
terō terere trīvī trītus _rub_
quaerō quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus _seek_
acquīrō acquīrere acquīsīvī acquīsītus _acquire_
arcessō arcessere arcessīvī arcessītus _summon_
capessō capessere capessīvī capessītus _seize_
lacessō lacessere lacessīvī lacessītus _provoke_

7. Used only in Present System.

angō angere ---- ---- _choke_
lambō lambere ---- ---- _lick_
claudō claudere ---- ---- _be lame_
furō furere ---- ---- _rave_
vergō vergere ---- ---- _bend_
and a few others.

II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.

induō induere induī indūtus _put on_
imbuō imbuere imbuī imbūtus _moisten_
luō luere luī ---- _wash_
polluō polluere polluī pollūtus _defile_
minuō minuere minuī minūtus _lessen_
statuō statuere statuī statūtus _set up_
cōnstituō cōnstituere cōnstituī cōnstitūtus _determine_
suō suere suī sūtus _sew_
tribuō tribuere tribuī tribūtus _allot_
ruō ruere ruī ruitūrus _fall_
dīruō dīruere dīruī dīrutus _destroy_
obruō obruere obruī obrutus _overwhelm_
acuō acuere acuī ---- _sharpen_
arguō arguere arguī ---- _accuse_
congruō congruere congruī ---- _agree_
metuō metuere metuī ---- _fear_
ab-nuō abnuere abnuī ---- _decline_
re-spuō respuere respuī ---- _reject_
struō struere strūxī strūctus _build_
fluō fluere flūxi (flūxus, as _flow_
Adj.)

III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.

capiō cupere cupīvī cupītus _wish_
sapiō sapere sapīvī ---- _taste_
rapiō rapere rapuī raptus _snatch_
dīripiō dīripere dīripuī dīreptus _plunder_
cōnspiciō cōnspicere cōnspexī cōnspectus _gaze at_
aspiciō aspicere aspexī aspectus _behold_
illiciō illicere illexī illectus _allure_
pelliciō pellicere pellexī pellectus _allure_
ēliciō ēlicere ēlicuī ēlicitus _elicit_
quatiō quatere ---- quassus _shake_
concutiō concutere concussī concussus _shake_
pariō parere peperī partus _bring forth_
capiō capere cēpī captus _take_
accipiō accipere accēpī acceptus _accept_
incipiō incipere incēpī inceptus _begin_
faciō facere fēcī factus _make_
afficiō afficere affēcī affectus _affect_
_Passive_, afficior, afficī, affectus sum.
So other prepositional compounds, _perficiō_, _perficior_; _interficiō_,
_interficior_; etc. But--
assuēfaciō assuēfacere assuēfēcī assuēfactus _accustom_
_Passive_, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum.
So also _patefaciō_, _patefīō_; _calefaciō_, _calefīō_; and all
non-prepositional compounds.
jaciō jacere jēcī jactus _hurl_
abiciō abicere abjēcī abjectus _throw away_
fodiō fodere fōdī fossus _dig_
fugiō fugere fūgī fugitūrus _flee_
effugiō effugere effūgī ---- _escape_

IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.

1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.

poscō poscere poposcī ---- _demand_
discō discere didicī ---- _learn_
pāscō pāscere pāvī pāstus _feed_
pāscor pāscī pāstus sum _graze_
crēscō crēscere crēvī crētus _grow_
cōnsuēscō cōnsuēscere cōnsuēvī cōnsuētus _accustom one's
self_
quiēscō quiēscere quiēvī quiētūrus _be still_
adolēscō adolēscere adolēvi adultus _grow up_
obsolēscō obsolēscerē obsolēvī ---- _grow old_
nōscō nōscere nōvī ---- _become acquainted
with_
ignōscō ignōscere ignōvī ignōtūrus _pardon_
agnōscō agnōscere agnōvī agnitus _recognize_
cognōscō cognōscere cognōvī cognitus _get acquainted
with_

2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.

These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.

flōrēscō flōrēscere flōruī _begin to (flōreō)
bloom_
scīscō scīscere scīvī _enact_ (scīo)
ārēscō ārēscere āruī _become dry_ (āreō)
calēscō calēscere caluī _become hot_ (caleō)
cōnsenēscō cōnsenēscere cōnsenuī _grow old_ (seneō)
extimēscō extimēscere extimuī _fear greatly_ (timeō)
ingemīscō ingemīscere ingemuī _sigh_ (gemō)
adhaerēscō adhaerēscere adhaesī _stick_ (haereō)

3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.

obdūrēscō obdūrēscere obdūruī _grow hard_ (dūrus)
ēvanēscō ēvanēscere ēvinuī _disappear_ (vānus)
percrēbrēsco percrēbrēscere percrēbruī _grow fresh_ (crēber)
mātūrescō mātūrēscere mātūruī _grow ripe_ (mātūrus)
obmūtēscō obmūtēscere obmūtuī _grow dumb_ (mūtus)

V. DEPONENTS.

fungor fungi fūnctus sum _perform_
queror querī questus sum _complain_
loquor loquī locūtus sum _speak_
sequor sequī secūtus sum _follow_
fruor fruī fruitūrus _enjoy_
perfruor perfruī perfrūctus sum _thoroughly enjoy_
lābor lābi lāpsus sum _glide_
amplector amplectī amplexus sum _embrace_
nītor nītī nīsus sum, _strive_
nīxus sum
gradior gradī gressus sum _walk_
patior patī passus sum _suffer_
perpetior perpetī perpessus sum _endure_
ūtor ūtī ūsus sum _use_
morior morī mortuus sum _die_
adipīscor adipīscī adeptus sum _acquire_
comminīscor comminīscī commentus sum _invent_
reminīscor reminīscī ---- _remember_
nancīscor nancīscī nanctus _acquire_
(nactus) sum
nāscor nāscī nātus sum _be born_
oblīvīscor oblīvīscī oblītus sum _forget_
pacīscor pacīscī pactus sum _covenant_
proficīscor proficīscī profectus sum _set out_
ulcīscor ulcīscī ultus sum _avenge_
īrāscor īrāscī (īrātus, as _be angry_
Adj.)
vescor vescī ---- _eat_

Fourth Conjugation.

123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.

audiō audīre audīvī audītus _hear_
So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation.
sepeliō sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus _bury_

II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.

aperiō aperīre aperuī apertus _open_
operiō operīre operuī opertus _cover_
saliō salīre saluī ---- _leap_

III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.

saepiō saepīre saepsī saeptus _hedge in_
sanciō sancīre sānxī sānctus _ratify_
vinciō vincīre vinxī vinctus _bind_
amiciō amicīre ---- amictus _envelop_
fulciō fulcīre fulsī fultus _prop up_
referciō refercīre refersī refertus _fill_
sarciō sarcīre sarsī sartus _patch_
hauriō haurīre hausī haustus _draw_
sentiō sentīre sēnsī sēnsus _feel_

IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

veniō venīre vēnī ventum (est) _come_
adveniō advenīre advēnī adventum (est) _arrive_
inveniō invenīre invēnī inventus _find_

V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.

reperiō reperīre repperī repertus _find_
comperiō comperīre comperī compertus _learn_

VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.

feriō ferīre ---- ---- _strike_
ēsuriō ēsurīre ---- ---- _be hungry_

VII. DEPONENTS.

largior largīrī largītus sum _bestow_
So many others.
experior experīrī expertus sum _try_
opperior opperīrī oppertus sum _await_
ōrdior ōrdīrī ōrsus sum _begin_
orior orīrī ortus sum _arise_
_Orior_ usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as
_oreris_, _orĭtur_, _orĭmur_; _orerer_ (Imp. Subj.); _orere_ (Imper.).
mētior mētīrī mēnsus sum _measure_
assentior assentīrī assēnsus sum _assent_

* * * * *

IRREGULAR VERBS.

124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, dō, edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, eō, fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.

125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are--

absum abesse āfuī _am absent_
_Pres. Partic_. absēns (absentis), _absent_.
adsum adesse adfuī _am present_
dēsum deesse dēfuī _am lacking_
insum inesse īnfuī _am in_
intersum interesse interfuī _am among_
praesum praeesse praefuī _am in charge of_
_Pres. Partic_. praesēns (praesentis), _present_
obsum obesse obfuī _hinder_
prōsum prōdesse prōfuī _am of advantage_
subsum subesse subfuī _am underneath_
supersum superesse superfuī _am left_

NOTE.--Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.

126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
possum, posse, potuī, _to be
able_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt.
_Imp._ poteram; poterāmus.
_Fut._ poterō; poterimus.
_Perf._ potuī; potuimus.
_Plup._ potueram; potuerāmus.
_Fut. P._ potuerō; potuerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ possim, possīs, possit; possīmus, possītis, possint.
_Imp._ possem; possēmus.
_Perf._ potuerim; potuerīmus.
_Plup._ potuissem; potuissēmus.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ posse. _Pres._ potēns (_as an adjective_).
_Perf._ potuisse.

127. Dō, _I give_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
dō, dăre, dedī, dătus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ dō, dās, dat; dămus, dătis, dant.
_Imp._ dăbam, etc.; dăbāmus.
_Fut._ dăbō, etc.; dăbimus.
_Perf._ dedī; dedimus.
_Plup._ dederam; dederāmus.
_Fut. P._ dederō; dederimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres._ dem; dēmus.
_Imp._ dărem; dărēmus.
_Perf._ dederim; dederīmus.
_Plup._ dedissem; dedissēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ dā; dăte.
_Fut._ dătō; dătōte.
dătō. dantō.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ dăre. dāns.
_Perf._ dedisse.
_Fut._ dătūrus esse. dătūrus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
dandī, etc. dătum, dătū.

1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.

2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.

128. Edō, _I eat_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ edō, edimus,
ēs, ēstis,
ēst; edunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Imp._ ēssem, ēssēmus,
ēssēs, ēssētis,
ēsset; ēssent.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ ēs; ēste.
_Fut._ ēstō; ēstōte.
ēstō; eduntō.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ ēsse.

Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres. 3d Sing_. ēstur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Imp. 3d Sing_. ēssētur.

1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, _to be_.

2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, _consume_.

3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.

129. Ferō, _I bear_.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
_Pres._ ferō, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46]
_Imp._ ferēbam; ferēbāmus.
_Fut._ feram; ferēmus.
_Perf._ tulī; tulimus.
_Plup._ tuleram; tulerāmus.
_Fut. P._ tulerō; tulerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ feram; ferāmus.
_Imp._ ferrem; ferrēmus.
_Perf._ tulerim; tulerīmus.
_Plup._ tulissem; tulissēmus.

IMPERATIVE
_Pres._ fer; ferte.
_Fut._ fertō; fertōte.
fertō; feruntō.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ ferre. _Pres._ ferēns.
_Perf._ tulisse.
_Fut._ lātūrus esse. _Fut._ lātūrus.

GERUND. SUPINE.
_Gen._ ferendī.
_Dat._ ferendō.
_Acc._ ferendum. _Acc._ lātum.
_Abl._ ferendō. _Abl._ lātū.

Passive Voice.
feror, ferrī, lātus sum, _to be borne_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
_Pres._ feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, feriminī, feruntur.
_Imp._ ferēbar; ferēbāmur.
_Fut._ ferar; ferēmur.
_Perf._ lātus sum; lātī sumus.
_Plup._ lātus eram; lātī erāmus.
_Fut. P._ lātus erō; lātī erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ ferar; ferāmur.
_Imp._ ferrer; ferrēmur.
_Perf._ lātus sim; lātī sīmus.
_Plup._ lātus essem; lātī essēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ ferre; ferimimī.
_Fut._ fertor; ----
fertor; feruntor.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ ferrī.
_Perf._ lātus esse. _Perf._ lātus.
_Fut._ lātum īrī. _Fut._ ferendus.

So also the Compounds--

afferō afferre attulī allātus _bring toward_
auferō auferre abstulī ablātus _take away_
cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātus _compare_
differō differre distulī dīlātus _put off_
efferō efferre extulī ēlātus _carry out_
īnferō īnferre intulī illātus _bring against_
offerō offerre obtulī oblātus _present_
referō referre rettulī relātus _bring back_

NOTE.--The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.

130. volō, nōlō, mālō.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
volō, velle, voluī, _to wish._
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, _to be unwilling._
mālō, mālle, māluī, _to prefer._

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Pres._ volō, nōlō, mālō,
vīs, nōn vīs, māvīs,
vult; nōn vult; māvult;
volumus, nōlumus, mālumus,
vultis, nōn vultis, māvultis,
volunt. nōlunt. mālunt.
_Imp._ volēbam. nōlēbam. mālēbam.
_Fut._ volam. nōlam. mālam.
_Perf._ voluī. nōluī. māluī.
_Plup._ volueram. nōlueram. mālueram.
_Fut. P._ voluerō. nōluerō. māluerō.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ velim, -īs, -it, nōlim. mālīm.
etc.
_Inf._ vellem, -ēs, -et, nōllem. māllem.
etc.
_Perf._ voluerim. nōluerim. māluerim.
_Pluf._ voluissem. nōluissem. māluissem.

IMPERATIVE.

_Pres._ nōlī; nōlīte.
_Fut._ nōlītō; nōlītōte.
nōlītō; nōluntō.

INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ velle. nōlle. mālle.
_Perf._ voluisse. nōluisse. māluisse

PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ volēns nōlēns. ----

131. Fīō.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, _to become_, _be
made_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR, PLURAL.
_Pres._ fīō, fīs, fit; fīmus, fītis, fīunt.
_Inf._ fīēbam; fīēbāmus.
_Fut._ fīam; fīēmus.
_Perf._ factus sum; factī sumus.
_Pluf._ factus eram; factī erāmus.
_Fut. P._ factus erō; factī erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Pres._ fīam; fīāmus.
_Imp._ fierem; fierēmus.
_Perf._ factus sim; factī sīmus.
_Plup._ factus essem; factī essēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ fī; fīte.
PARTICIPLE.
INFINITIVE.
_Pres._ fierī.
_Perf._ factus esse. _Perf._ factus.
_Fut._ factum īrī. _Ger._ faciendus.

NOTE.--A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit _lacks_; īnfit, _begins_.

132. Eō.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
eō, īre, īvī, itum (est), _to go_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ eō, īs, it; īmus, ītis, eunt.
_Imp._ ībam; ībāmus.
_Fut._ ībō; ībimus.
_Perf._ īvī (iī); īvimus (iimus).
_Plup._ īveram (ieram); īverāmus (ierāmus)
_Fut. P._ īverō (ierō); īverimus (ierimus).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ eam; eāmus.
_Inf._ īrem; īrēmus.
_Perf._ īverim (ierim); īverīmus (ierīmus).
_Pluf._ īvissem (iissem, īssem); īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus).

IMPERATIVE.
_Pres._ ī; īte.
_Fut._ ītō; ītōte,
ītō; euntō.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
_Pres._ īre. _Pres._ iēns.
_Perf._ īvisse (īsse). (_Gen._ euntis.)
_Fut._ itūrus esse. _Fut._ itūrus. _Gerundive_, eundum.

GERUND. SUPINE.
eundī, etc. itum, itū.

1. Transitive compounds of eō admit the full Passive inflection; as adeor, adīris, adītur, etc.

* * * * *

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are the most important:--

133. USED MAINLY IN THE PERFECT SYSTEM.

Coepī, Meminī, Ōdī,
_I have _I remember_. _I hate_.
begun._

INDICATIVE MOOD.
_Perf._ coepī. meminī. ōdī.
_Plup._ coeperam. memineram. ōderam.
_Fut. P._ coeperō. meminerō. ōderō.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
_Perf._ coeperim. meminerim. ōderim.
_Pluf._ coepissem. meminissem. ōdissem.

IMPERATIVE.
_Sing._ mementō; _Plur._ mementōte.

INFINITIVE.
_Perf._ coepisse. meminisse. ōdisse.
_Fut._ coeptūrus esse. ōsūrus esse.

PARTICIPLE.
_Perf._ coeptus, _begun_. ōsus.
_Fut._ coeptūrus. ōsūrus.

1. When coepī governs a Passive Infinitive it usually takes the form coeptus est; as, amārī coeptus est, _he began to be loved_.

2. Note that meminī and ōdī, though Perfect in form, are Present in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force of the Imperfect and Future; as, memineram, _I remembered_; ōderō, _I shall hate_.

134. Inquam, _I say_ (inserted between words of a direct quotation)

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ inquam, ----
inquis, ----
inquit; inquiunt.
_Fut._ ---- ----
inquiēs, ----
inquiet. ----
_Perf. 3d Sing._ inquit.

135. Ajō, _I say_.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL
_Pres._ ajō, ----
aīs, ----
ait; ajunt.
_Imp._ ajēbam, ajēbāmus,
ajēbās, ajēbātis,
ajēbat; ajēbant.
_Perf 3d Sing._ aït.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

_Pres 3d Sing._ ajat.

NOTE.--For aīsne, _do you mean?_ aīn is common.

136. Fārī, _to speak._

This is inflected regularly in the perfect tenses. In the Present System it has--

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
_Pres._ ---- ----
---- ----
fātur. ----
_Fut._ fābor, ----
---- ----
fābitur. ----
_Impv._ fāre.
_Inf._ fārī.
_Pres. fantis, fantī, etc.
Partic._
_Gerund_, fandī; _D. and Abl._, fandō.
_G._,
_Gerundive_, fandus.

NOTE.--Forms of fārī are rare. More frequent are its compounds; as,-- affātur, _he addresses_; praefāmur, _we say in advance._

137. OTHER DEFECTIVE FORMS.

1. Queō, quīre, quīvī, _to be able_, and nequeō, nequīre, nequīvī, _to be unable_, are inflected like eō, but occur chiefly in the Present Tense, and there only in special forms.

2. Quaesō, _I entreat_; quaesumus, _we entreat_.

3. Cedo (2d sing. Impv.), cette (2d plu.); _give me_, _tell me_.

4. Salvē, salvēte, _hail_. Also Infinitive, salvēre.

5. Havē (avē), havēte, _hail_. Also Infinitive, havēre.

* * * * *

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

138. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, _it snows, it seems, etc._ They have no personal subject, but may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun; as, mē pudet hōc fēcisse, lit. _it shames me to have done this_; hōc decet, _this is fitting_. Here belong--

I. Verbs denoting operations of the weather; as,--

fulget fulsit _it lightens_
tonat tonuit _it thunders_
grandinat ---- _it hails_
ningit ninxit _it snows_
pluit pluit _it rains_

II. Special Verbs.

paenitet paenitēre paenituit _it repents_
piget pigēre piguit _it grieves_
pudet pudēre puduit _it causes shame_
taedet taedēre taeduit _it disgusts_
miseret miserēre miseruit _it causes pity_
libet libēre libuit _it pleases_
licet licēre licuit _it is lawful_
oportet oportēre oportuit _it is fitting_
decet decēre decuit _it is becoming_
dēdecet dēdecēre dēdecuit _it is unbecoming_
rēfert rēferre rētulit _it concerns_

III. Verbs Impersonal only in Special Senses.

cōnstat cōnstāre cōnstitit _it is evident_
praestat praestāre praestitit _it is better_
juvat juvāre jūvit _it delights_
appāret appārēre appāruit _it appears_
placet placēre placuit _it pleases_
(placitum
est)
accēdit accēdere accessit _it is added_
accidit accidere accidit _it happens_
contingit contingere contigit _it happens_
ēvenit ēvenīre ēvēnit _it turns out_
interest interesse interfuit _it concerns_

IV. The Passive of Intransitive Verbs; as,--

ītur lit. _it is gone_ _i.e. some one goes_
curritur lit. _it is run_ _i.e. some one runs_
ventum est lit. _it has been come_ _i.e. some one has come_
veniendum est lit. _it must be come_ _i.e. somebody must
come_
pugnārī potest lit. _it can be fought_ _i.e. somebody can
fight_

* * * * *