Chapter XXI: Part VI: Prosody (3)

ŏ, vowel, 2, 1;
---- as element in dipthong œ, 2, 1;
---- pron., 3, 1;
---- alternating w. ŭ in certain classes of words, 9, 1; 2; 4;
---- ŏ-stems, 23; 24;
---- in citŏ, 77, 2, a;
---- in duŏ, 80, 2;
---- in egŏ, 84; 363, 4, a;
---- in modŏ, 363, 4, a;
---- in compounds of pro-, 363, 4, c;
---- in amŏ, leŏ, etc., 363, 4, b.
ō, pron. 3, 1;
---- for au, 7, 1, e;
---- by contraction, 7, 2;
---- in abl. sing. of 2d decl., 23;
---- in nom. sing. of 3d decl., 35;
---- in Greek nouns, 47, 8;
---- in adverbs, 77, 2;
---- in ambō, 80, 2, a;
---- in personal endings, 96.
ob, prep. w. acc., 141;
---- verbs compounded w. governing dat., 187, III.
Obeying, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
Object, direct, 172 f.;
---- two objects w. same verb, 177; 178;
---- indirect, 187 f.;
---- inf. as obj., 326; 328; 329; 331.
Objective gen., 200.
Obligation, verb in expression of, 304, 3, a;
---- see also Duty.
Oblique cases, 71, 2.
oblīvīscor, constr., 206, 1, b; 2.
octōdecim (for duodēvīgintī), 81, 2.
ōdī, 133.
oe, 2, 1;
---- pron., 3, 2.
Old forms, familiās, 21, 2, a;
---- aulāī, 21, 2, b;
---- servos, aevom, equos, etc., 24;
---- mēd, tēd, 84, 3;
---- sēd, 85, 3.
olle, archaic for ille, 87.
-olus (a, um), 148, 1.
-om, later -um in 2d decl., 23.
-on, Greek nouns, 2d decl. in, 27.
Onomatopœia, 375, 4.
opera, operae, 61.
Operations of nature, impersonal verbs expressing, 138, 1.
opīniōne with comparatives, 217, 4.
opis, 57, 6;
---- opēs, 61.
oportet, 138;
---- w. subjv., 295, 6; 8;
---- w. inf., 327, 330.
oportuit, with pres. inf. 'ought to have', 270, 2;
---- with perf. inf., 270, 2, a.
oppidum (Genavam ad oppidum), 182, 2, a.
Optative subjv., 272; 279;
---- substantive clauses developed from, 296.
optimātēs, decl., 40, 1, d.
optimus, comp., 72.
optō, w. subst. cl. developed from optative, 296, 1.
optumus, spelling, 9, 1.
opus est, w. abl., 218, 2;
---- w. partic., 218, 2, c.
-or, nouns in, 34;
---- -or for -os, 36;
---- gender of nouns in, 43, 1;
---- exceptions in gender, 44, 2;
---- as suffix, 147, 2.
Oratio Obliqua, 313 f.
Order of words, 348 f.
Ordinals, 78, 1; 79.
orior, conjugation, 123, VII.
oriundus, constr., 215, 2.
ōrō, with acc., 178, 1, a
Orpheus, decl., 47, 6.
Orthography, peculiarities, 9.
ortus, constr., 215.
ōs, decl., 57, 7.
os, decl., 42.
-os, later -us in 2d decl., 23.
-ōs, later -or in 3d decl., 36, 1.
---- -ōs, Greek nouns, 2d decl. in, 27.
-ōsus, form of suffix, 151, 3.
ovis, decl., 38, 1.
Oxymoron, 375, 2.

P.

p, pron., 3, 3;
---- by assimilation, 8, 4;
---- by partial assimilation, 8, 5.
paenitet, 138, II;
---- with gen., 209
palam, as prep. w. abl., 144, 2.
Palatal mutes, 2, 4.
palūster, decl., 68, 1.
Parasitic vowels, 7, 3.
parātus, with infin., 333.
Pardon, verbs signifying, w. dat., 187, II.
pariō, 109, 2, a).
pars, partēs, 61.
parte, abl. of place, 228, 1, b.
partem, adverbially used, 185, 1.
Participation, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1.
Participial stem, 97, III;
---- formation, 119.
Participles, in -āns and -ēns, 70, 3;
---- gen. plu. of in -um, 70, 7;
---- pres. act. partic., 97, I, 5; 101; 103; 105; 107; 110; 113;
---- fut. act. partic., 97, III;
---- as one of the principal parts of the verb, 99, footnote 28; 100;
101; 103; 105; 107; 110; 113;
---- perf. pass. partic., 97, III; 102; 104; 106; 108; 111; 113;;
---- gerundive, see Gerundive;
---- fut. act., peculiar formation of, 119, 4;
---- perf. pass., w. act. or neuter meaning, 114, 2;
---- of deponents, 112, b;
---- syntax, 336 ff.
Participles, fut. act., 119, 4;
---- ---- denoting purpose, 337, 4.
---- perf. act., how supplied, 356, 2.
---- perf. pass. 336, 3;
---- ---- as pres., 336, 5.
---- pres. partic., 336, 2;
---- ---- with conative force, 336, 2, a.
---- perf. pass., with active meaning, 114, 2;
---- pred. use of partic., 337, 2;
---- participles equivalent to subordinate clauses, 337, 2;
---- ---- to coördinate clauses, 337, 5;
---- w. opus est, 218, 2, c;
---- with noun, equivalent to abstract noun, 337, 6;
---- with habeō, 337, 7.
---- with videō, audiō, faciō, etc., 337, 3.
Particles, 139 f.; 341 f.
Partitive apposition, 169, 5.
Partitive gen., so called, 201.
Parts of speech, 10.
parum, comparison, 77, 1.
parvī, gen. of value, 203, 3.
parvus, comparison, 72.
Passive, verbs in, with middle meaning, 175, 2, d; 256;
---- verbs governing dat. used in pass. only impersonally, 187, II, b;
---- constr. of passive verbs of saying, etc., 332 and note;
---- how supplied when missing, 356, 1.
patior, conj., 109, 2, c; 113;
---- with inf., 331, III.
Patrial adjs., 70, 5, c.
Patronymics, 148, 6.
paulum, formation, 77, 3.
paulus, spelling, 9, 2.
pauper, decl.,, 70, 1.
pedester, decl., 68, 1.
pejor, quantity of first syllable, 362, 5.
pelagus, gender of, 26, 2.
Penalty, abl. of, 208, 2, b.
penātēs, decl., 40, 1, d).
penes, prep. w. acc., 141.
Pentameter, dactylic, 369.
Penult, 6, 2.
per, prep. w. acc., 141;
---- with acc. of time and space, 181, 2.
Perceiving, verbs of, w. inf., 331, I.
Perfect active ptc., how supplied in Latin, 356, 2.
Perfect pass. partic., force of w. deponent verbs, 112, b;
---- dat. of agency sometimes used w., 189, 2;
---- opus, 218, 2, c.
Perfect stem, 97, II;
---- ---- formation, 118.
---- in -āvī, -ēvī, -īvī contracted, 116, 1.
---- historical perf., 262.
---- with force of pres. 262; 133, 2;
---- pres. perf. and hist. perf. distinguished, 237, 1 and 2;
---- gnomic perf., 262, 1;
---- perf. subjv. as historical tense, 268, 6 and 7, b;
---- perf. inf. w. oportuit, 270, 2;
---- perf. prohibitive, 279, a;
---- perf. potential, 280, 1 and 2;
---- perf. concessive, 278;
---- sequence of tenses after perf. inf., 268, 2.
Periodic structure, 351, 5.
Periphrastic conj., 115; 269, 3;
---- in conditional sentences of the 3d type, 304, 3, b);
---- in indir. disc., 322;
---- in passive, 337, 8, b, 1.
---- fut. inf., 270, 3.
Persons, 95, 4;
---- 2d sing, of indefinite subject, 356, 3.
Personal pronouns 84; 242;
---- ---- as subject, omission of, 166, 2;
---- ---- as objective genitives, 242, 2.
---- endings, 96.
persuādeō, with dat., 187, II, a;
---- with subjv., 295, 1.
Persuading, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
ph, 2, 3, c; 2, 4; 3, 3.
piget, with gen., 209.
Pity, verbs of, w. gen., 209, 1 and 2.
Place to which, 182;
---- whence, 229;
---- place where, 228.
placitus, force, 114, 2.
Pleasing, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II, a;
---- w. acc., 187, II, a, N.
plēbēs, heteroclite, 59, 2, d).
plēbi, gen., 52, 2.
Plenty and Want, verbs of, constr., 212; cf. 218, 8.
plēnus, w. gen., 218, 8, a.
Pleonasm, 374, 3.
plēráque, 6, 5.
pluit, 138, I.
Pluperfect tense, formation, 100;
---- syntax, 263; 265; 287, 2; 288, 3;
---- with imperfect meaning, 133, 2.
Plural, 16;
---- in 5th decl., 52, 4;
---- of proper names, 55, 4, a);
---- of abstract nouns, 5, 4, c);
---- nouns used in, only, 56;
---- with change of meaning, 61;
---- stylistic use, 353, 1, 2.
Pluralia tantum, 56; 81, 4, b).
plūris, gen. of value, 203, 3;
---- of price, 203, 4.
plūs, decl., 70; 70, 4;
---- = plūs quam, 217, 3.
poēma, decl., 47, 5.
Polysyndeton, 341, 4, b).
por-, inseparable prep., 159, 3, e.
porticus, gender, 50.
portus, decl., 49, 3.
poscō, constr., 178, 1, a).
Position of clauses, 351, 3.
---- of words, 348; 350; 351.
Possessive dat., 190;
---- gen., 198;
---- ---- contrasted with dat. of poss., 359, 1.
Possessive pronouns, 86, 243;
---- = objective gen., 243, 2;
---- position of, 243, 1, a.
Possibility, verbs of, put in indic. in cond. sentences, 304, 3, a.
possum, 126;
---- with present infin., 'I might,' 271, 1, a;
---- in cond. sentences, 304, 3, a.
post, prep. w. acc., 144, 1;
---- in expressions of time, 357, 1.
Post-positive words, 343, 1, c).
posteāquam, 287;
---- separated, 287, 3;
---- with imperf. ind., 287, 4;
---- w. pluperf. ind., 287, 3;
---- with subjv., 287, 5.
posterus, posterior, comp., 73, 2.
postrēmus, use, 241, 2.
postrīdiē, with gen., 201, 3, a.
postulō, constr., 178, 1, a.
Potential subjv., 272; 280.
potior, with gen., 212, 2;
---- with abl., 218, 1;
---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4.
---- adj., 73, 1.
potius, compared, 77, 1.
potuī, poteram, in apodosis of conditional sent. of 3d type, 304, 3, a);
---- in indir. disc., 322, c.
potuī, with pres. inf. = 'could have,' 270, 2.
potuerim, in dependent apodosis, 322, c.
pōtus, force, 114, 2.
prae, prep, w. abl., 142;
---- verbs compounded with governing dat., 187, III;
---- short in praeacūtus, etc., 362, 2.
Praenōmen, 373.
praesēns, 125.
praesum, w. dat., 187, III.
prānsus, force, 114, 2.
precī, -em, -e, 57, 5, a.
Predicate, 163.
---- gen., 198, 3; 203, 5.
Predicate nouns, 167; 168;
---- in acc., 177;
---- predicate nouns or adjs. attracted to dat., 327, 2, a;
---- ---- to nom., 328, 2.
---- adjectives, 232, 2; 177, 2.
Prepositions, assimilation of, in compounds, 8, 4; 9, 2;
---- with acc., 141;
---- with abl., 142;
---- as adverbs, 144;
---- inseparable prepositions, 159, 3, N.;
---- position, 350, 7;
---- prepositional phrases as attributive modifiers, 353, 5;
---- anastrophe of, 144, 3; 141, 2; 142, 3;
---- usage with abl. of sep., 214 f;
---- with abl. of source, 215.
Present tense, 259;
---- gnomic, 259, 1;
---- conative, 259, 2;
---- historical, 259, 3;
---- with jam prīdem, jam diū, etc., 259, 4;
---- with dum, 'while,' 293, I;
---- in Repraesentātiō, 318;
---- pres. subjv., in -im, 127, 2;
---- pres. partic., see Participle.
---- stem, 97, I;
---- ---- formation, 117.
---- perf., 257, 1 and 2.
Preventing, verbs of, w. subjv. clause, 295, 3.
Price, indefinite, special words in gen. 203, 4; also 225, 1.
---- abl. of, 225.
prīdiē, with gen., 201, 3, a;
---- with acc., 144, 2.
Primary tenses, see Principal tenses.
prīmus, 'first who,' 241, 2.
prīnceps, decl., 31.
Principal parts, 99;
---- list, p. 251.
---- tenses, 258 f.
prior, compared, 73, 1.
prius, compared, 77, 1.
priusquam, with ind., 291;
---- with subjv., 292;
---- separated, 292.
Privation, verbs of, w. abl., 214, 1, b and c.
prō, prep. w. abl., 142.
procul, as prep. w. abl., 144, 2.
prohibeō, w. abl., 214, 2;
---- w. subjv. clause, 295, 3.
Prohibitions, method of expressing, 276.
Prohibitive subjv., 276.
Prolepsis, 374, 5.
Pronominal adjs., 253.
Pronouns, defined, 82;
---- classes, 83;
---- personal, 84;
---- reflexive, 85;
---- possessive, 86;
---- demonstrative, 87;
---- intensive, 88;
---- relative, 89;
---- interrogative, 90;
---- indefinite, 91;
---- pronominal adjs., 92;
---- personal, omission of, as subject, 166, 2;
---- syntax, 242 f.;
---- ---- personal, 242 f.;
---- ---- possess., 243 f.;
---- ---- reflex., 244 f.;
---- ---- reciprocal, 245 f.;
---- ---- demonstrative, 246 f.;
---- ---- relative, 250 f.;
---- ---- indef., 252 f.;
---- position, 350, 5; 355.
Pronunciation, Roman, 3.
prope, compared, 77, 1.
Proper names, abbreviated, 373.
---- nouns, 12, 1.
propior, compared, 73, 1;
---- with acc., 141, 3.
proprius, with dat., 204, 2, a;
---- with gen., 204, 2.
propter, prep. w. acc., 141.
Prosody, 360 f.
prōsper, decl., 65, 1.
prōsum, conj., 125, N.
Protasis, 301;
---- denoting repeated action, 302, 3;
---- without sī, 305;
---- of indef. 2d sing., 302, 2;
---- see Conditions.
Provisos, 310.
proximē, -us, comp., 73, 1; 77, 1;
---- with acc., 141, 3.
prūdēns, decl., 70.
-pte, 86, 3.
pudet, with gen, 209;
---- w. inf., 327, 1.
puer, decl., 23.
pulcher, comp., 71, 3.
puppis, decl., 38, 1.
Purpose, dat. of purpose, 191;
---- with dat. and gerundive, 191, 3;
---- w. ad and acc., 192, 2;
---- subjv. of purp., 282, 1;
---- ---- w. quō, 282, 1, a;
---- ---- w. ut nē, 282, 1, b;
---- ---- with nōn in purpose clause, 282, 1, c;
---- ---- nēve (neu) in purpose clauses, 292, 1, d;
---- ---- neque, 282, 1, e;
---- rel. clauses of purpose, 282, 2;
---- ---- w. dignus, indignus, idōneus, 282, 3;
---- independent of principal verb, 282, 4;
---- inf., denoting purpose, 326, N.;
---- fut. partic., denoting purpose, 337, 4;
---- gerund, w. ad, 338, 3;
---- gerundive, 339, 2;
---- supine, 340.

Q.

qu, pron., 3, 3;
---- both letters consonants, 74, a.
quaerō, w. indir. questions, 300, 1, b), N.
quaesō, 137, 2.
Quality, gen., 203;
---- abl., 224.
quam, in comparisons, 217, 2;
---- with superl., 240, 3;
---- ante ... quam, post ... quam, prius ... quam, see antequam,
postquam, priusquam; quam quī, 283, 2, a.
quam sī, 307, 1.
quam ut, with subjv., 284, 4.
quamquam, with ind., 309, 2;
---- with subjv., 309, 6;
---- = 'and yet,' 309, 5.
quamvīs, with subjv., 309, 1; 6;
---- denoting a fact, 309, 6.
quandō, 286, 3, b.
quantī, as gen. of price, 203, 4;
---- of value, 203, 3.
Quantity, 5.
---- of syllables, 5, B; 363 f.
---- of vowels, 5, A; 362;
---- ---- in Greek words, 365.
quasi, 307, 1.
quatiō, conj., 109, 2, a).
-que, accent of word preceding, 6, 3; 6, 5; 341, 1, b); 2, a); 4, c).
queō, 137, 1.
Questions, word, sentence, 162 f.;
---- rhetorical, 162, 3;
---- double (alternative), 162, 4;
---- indirect, 300;
---- questions in indir. disc., 315.
quī, rel., 89;
---- interr., 90;
---- indef., 91;
---- for quis in indir. questions, 90, 2, b;
---- with nē, sī, nisi, num, 91, 5;
---- in purpose clauses, 282, 2;
---- abl., 90, 2, a.
quia, in causal clauses, 286, 1.
quīcum, 89.
quīcumque, decl., 91, 8.
quīdam, decl, 91; syntax, 252, 3.
quidem, post-positive, 347, 1.
quīlibet, decl., 91,
quīn, in result clauses, 284, 3;
---- in substantive clauses, 295, 3; 298;
---- = quī nōn in clauses of characteristic, 283, 4;
---- with ind., 281, 3;
---- in indir. disc, 322 and a;
---- nūlla causa est quīn, 295, 7.
quīnam, 90, 2, d.
Quīntīlis (= Jūlius), 371.
quīppe quī, in clauses of characteristic, 283, 3.
Quirītēs, decl., 40, 1, d.
quis, indef., 91;
---- interr., 90; 90, 2, c.; 252, 1;
---- nesciŏ quis, 253, 6;
---- with nē, sī, nisi, num, 91, 5.
quis est quī, 283, 2.
quīs = quibus, 89.
quisnam, inflection, 90, 2, d.
quispiam, inflection, 91.
quisquam, inflection, 91;
---- usage, 252, 4.
quisque, inflection, 91;
---- usage, 252, 5.
quisquis, inflection, 91, 8.
quīvīs, inflection, 91
quō, in purpose clauses, 282, 1, a..
quoad, with ind., 293;
---- with subjv. 293, III, 2.
quod, in causal clauses, 286, 1;
---- in substantive clauses, 299; 331, V, a;
---- 'as regards the fact,' 299, 2.
quod audierim, 283, 5;
---- quod sciam, 283, 5.
quod (sī), adverbial acc., 185, 2.
quom, early form of cum, 9, 1.
quō minus, after verbs of hindering, 295, 3.
quoniam, in causal clauses, 286, 1.
quoque, post-positive, 347.
-quus, decl. of nouns in, 24.

R.

r, pron., 3, 3;
---- for s between vowels ('Rhotacism'), 8, 1.
rapiō, conj., 100, 2 a).
rāstrum, plurals of, 60, 2.
ratus, 'thinking,' 336, 5.
Reciprocal pronouns, 85, 2; 245; cf. 253, 3.
Reduplication in perf., 118, 4, a);
---- in pres., 117, 7.
Reference, dat. of, 188.
rēfert, constr., 210; 211, 4.
Reflexive pronouns, 85; 244; 249, 3.
regō, conj., 105.
Regular verbs, 101-113.
rĕi, 362, 1, b).
reiciō, quantity, 362, 5.
Relative adverbs, in rel. clauses of purp., 282, 2.
---- clauses, of purp., 282, 2;
---- ---- w. dignus, indignus, idōneus, 282, 3;
---- ---- of characteristic, 283;
---- ---- denoting cause or opposition, 283, 3;
---- ---- restrictive, 283, 5;
---- ---- introduced by quīn, 283, 4; 284, 3;
---- ---- conditional rel. clauses, 311; 312, 1 and 2;
---- ---- relative as subj. of inf., 314, 4;
---- ---- rel. clause standing first, 251, 4, a.
---- pronouns, inflection, 89;
---- ---- use, 250, ff.;
---- ---- = Eng. demonstrative, 251, 6;
---- ---- agreement, 250;
---- ---- not omitted as in Eng., 251, 5;
---- ---- fondness for subordinate clauses, 355.
relinquitur ut, 297, 2.
reliquī, use, 253, 5.
reliquum est, with subjv., 295, 6.
rēmex, decl., 32.
Remembering, verbs of, cases used w., 206.
Reminding, verbs of, const., 207.
reminīscor, constr., 206, 2.
Removing, verbs of, w. abl., 214, 2.
reposcō, constr., 178, 1, a).
Repraesentātiō, 318.
requiēs, requiem, requiētem, 59, 2, c).
rēs, decl., 51.
Resisting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
Restrictive clauses, 283, 5.
Result, acc. of, 173, B; 176;
---- clauses of, 284; 297;
---- ---- in dependent apodosis, 322, and a;
---- ---- sequence of tense in, 268, 6.
revertor, semi-deponent, 114, 3.
Rhetorical questions, 162, 3; 277, a;
---- in indir. disc., 315, 2.
Rhotacism, 8, 1; 36, 1.
Rivers, gender of names of, 15, A, 1.
rogātū, abl. of cause, 219, 2.
rogō, constr., 178, 1, c); 178, 1, a).
Roman pronunciation, 3.
Root, 17, 3, footnote 12.
-rs, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, c).
rūre, abl., place from which, 229, 1, b.
rūrī, abl., place in which, 228, 1, c.
rūs, 57, 7;
---- acc., limit of motion, 182, 1, b.

S.

s, pron., 3, 3;
---- changed to r between vowels, 8, 1:
---- s, ss from dt, tt, ts, 8, 2.
-s, decl. of monosyllables in, preceded by one or more consonants, 40, 1,
b).
s-stems, 36.
sacer, decl., 65;
---- comparison, 73, 3.
saepe, compared, 77, 1.
sāl, 57, 7;
---- sălēs, 61.
salūbris, decl., 68, 3.
salūtāris, comp., 73, 4.
salvē, salvēte, 137, 4.
Samnĭtēs, 40, 1, d).
sānē, in answers, 162, 5.
sapiō, conj., 109, 2, a).
satur, decl., 65, 2.
Saying, verbs of, w. inf. of ind. disc., 331, I.
sciō, quod sciam, 283, 5.
-scō-class of verbs, 117, 6; 155.
scrībere ad alīquem, 358, 2.
sē, use, 244.
sē-, compounds of, 159, 3, e.
Second conj., 103;
---- decl., 23;
---- peculiarities, 25;
---- second person indefinite, 280, 3; 356, 3; 302, 2.
Secondary tenses, see Historical tenses.
secundum, prep. w. acc., 141.
secūris, decl., 38, 1.
secus, compared, 77, 1.
secus (virīle secus), 185, 1; 58.
secūtus, 'following', 336, 5.
sed, sē, 85, 3.
sēd-, compounds of, 159, 3, e.
sēd, 343, 1, a).
sedīle, decl., 39.
sēmentis, decl., 38, 1.
Semi-deponent verbs, 114.
Semivowels, 2, 8.
senex, decl., 42;
---- compared, 73, 4.
Sentences, classification, 160, f.;
---- simple and compound, 164;
---- sentence-structure, 351;
---- sentence questions, 162, 2.
sententiā, abl. of accordance, 220, 3.
Separation, dat. of, 188, 2, d);
---- gen., 212, 3;
---- abl., 214.
Sequence of tenses, 267; 268.
sequester, decl., 68, 1.
sequitur ut, 297, 2.
sequor, conj., 113.
Serving, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
servos, decl., 24.
sēsē, decl., 85.
Sextīlis (= Augustus), 371.
Sharing, adjs. of, w. gen., 204, 1.
Short syllables, 5, B, 2;
---- vowels, 5, A, 2.
Showing, verbs of, w. two accs., 177.
sī, with indir. questions, 300, 3;
---- in protasis, 301;
---- omitted, 305.
signifer, decl., 23, 2.
silentiō, abl of manner, 220, 2.
silvester, decl., 68, 3.
similis, with dat., 204, 3;
---- with gen., 204, 3;
---- comp., 71, 4.
sī minus, use, 306, 2.
Simple sentences, 164.
simul, as prep., w. abl., 144, 2.
simul ac, w. ind., 287, 1; 2.
sī nōn, usage, 306, 1 and 2.
sīn, usage, 306, 3.
sīn minus, 306, 2, a.
Singular, second person indefinite, 280, 3; 356, 3; 302, 2.
sinō with inf., 331, III.
sitis, decl., 38, 1.
Smelling, verbs of, constr., 176, 5.
Soft consonants, 2, 3, b), footnote 5.
-sō, verbs in, 155, 2.
socer, decl., 23, 2.
socium, gen, plu., 25, 6, c).
sōl, decl., 57, 7.
soleō, semi-dep., 114, 1.
solitus, used as present partic., 336, 5.
sōlus, 66;
---- sōlus est qui with subjv., 283, 2.
Sonant consonants, 2, 3, b), footnote 5.
Sōracte, decl., 39, 2.
Sounds, classification, 2.
---- of the letters, 3.
Source, abl., 215.
Space, extent of, 181.
Sparing, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
Specification, abl. of, 226.
spĕī, quantity, 362, 1, b.
Spelling, see Orthography.
Spirants, 2, 7.
Spondaic verses, 368, 2.
Spondee, 368, 1.
sponte suā, abl. accordance, 220, 3.
spontis, -e, defective, 57, 2, b.
Statutes, fut. imperative used in, 281, 1, b.
Stem, 17, 3.
---- verb, 97; 117.
Structure of sentences, see Sentences.
Style, hints on, 352 f.
su = sv, 3, 3.
sub, prep. with acc. and abl., 143;
---- compounds of, w. dat., 187, III.
Subject, 163;
---- nom., 166;
---- acc., 184;
---- subject acc. of inf., 184;
---- omitted, 314, 5;
---- clauses as subject, 294; 295, 6;
---- inf. as subj., 327; 330.
Subjective gen., 199.
Subjunctive, tenses in, 95, 3.
---- in independent sentences, 272;
---- by attraction, 324;
---- tenses of, 266 f.;
---- method of expressing future time in, 269;
---- volitive (hortatory, jussive, probibitive, deliberative,
concessive), 273 f.;
---- optative (wishes), 279;
---- potential, 280;
---- in clauses of purpose, 282;
---- of characteristic, 283;
---- of result, 284;
---- of cause, 286;
---- temporal clauses with postquam, posteāquam, 287, 5;
---- temporal clauses with cum, 288-290;
---- with antequam and priusquam, 292;
---- with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293, III, 2;
---- substantive clauses, 294 f.;
---- indir. questions, 300;
---- in apodosis of first type conditions, 302, 4;
---- jussive subjunctive as protasis of condition, 305, 2;
---- with velut, tamquam, etc., 307;
---- with necesse est, opportet, etc., 295, 6 and 8;
---- with licet, 309, 4;
---- with quamvīs, quamquam, etsī, cum 'although,' 309 f.
sublātus, 129, N.
subm- = summ-, 9, 2.
Subordinate clauses, 165.
Substantive clauses, 294 f.;
---- ---- developed from the volitive, 295, 1-8;
---- ---- developed from the optative, 296;
---- ---- with nōn dubitō, 298;
---- ---- indir. questions, 300;
---- ---- without ut, 295, 8;
---- ---- of result, 297;
---- ---- introduced by quod, 299.
---- use of adjs., 236-238.
subter, prep, w. acc., 143, 1.
Suffixes, 17, 3, footnote 12; 147 f.
suī, 85;
---- as objective gen., 244, 2;
---- = possessive gen., 244, 2.
sum, conj., 100;
---- omitted when auxiliary, 166, 3.
summus, 'top of,' 241, 1.
sunt quī, with subjv., 283, 2.
suōpte, suāpte, 86, 3.
supellex, decl., 42, 2.
super, prep. w. acc., 143, 1.
Superlative degree;
---- of adjs., 71, 1;
---- ---- in -rimus, 91, 3;
---- ---- in -limus, 71, 4;
---- ---- irregular superl., 72; 73;
---- ---- lacking, 73, 4;
---- ---- formed w. maximē, 74;
---- of adverbs, 76, 2;
---- ---- irregular, 77, 1;
---- force of, 240, 2.
superus, compared, 73, 2.
Supine, 340.
suprā, prep. w. acc., 141.
-sūra, suffix, 147, 3, a.
Surd consonants, 2, 3, a), footnote 4.
sūs, decl., 41.
sustulī, 129, N.
suus, decl., 86, 1; 244;
---- suus quisque, 244, 4, a.
Syllaba anceps, 366, 10.
Syllables, division, 4;
---- quantity of, 5, B.
Synapheia, 367, 6.
Synaeresis, 367, 1.
Synchysis, 350, 11, d.
Syncope, 7, 4; 367, 8.
Synecdochical acc., 180.
Synizesis, 367, 1.
Syntax, 160 f.
Systole, 367, 3.

T.

t, pron., 3, 3;
---- th, 2, 3, c; 3, 3;
---- changes, 8, 2;
---- dropped, 8, 3.
taedet, 138, II;
---- w. gen., 209.
Taking away, verbs of, w. dat., 188, 2, d.
talentum, gen. plu., 25, 5, a.
tamen, 343, 1, f.
tametsī, 309, 2.
tamquam, tamquam sī, w. subjv., 307.
tantōn, 6, 4.
-tas, 149;
---- gen. -tātis, decl. of nouns in, 40, 1, e).
Tasting, verbs of, constr., 176, 5.
Teaching, verbs of, constr., 178, 1, b.
tēd = tē, 84, 3.
Temporal clauses, w. postquam, ut, ubi, simul ac, 287;
---- w. cum, 288; 289;
---- w. antequam and priusquam, 291; 292;
---- with dum, dōnec, quoad, 293.
temporis (id temporis), 185, 2.
Tendency, dat. of, 191.
tener, decl., 64.
Tenses, 94, 3; 257 ff.;
---- of inf., 270;
---- of inf. in indir. disc., 317;
---- of participles, 336;
---- of subjv., 266;
---- sequence of, 266-268;
---- in indir. disc., 317; 318.
Tenues (consonants), 2, 3, a), footnote 4.
tenus, position, 142, 3.
Terminations, 17, 3.
ternī, how used, 81, 4, b.
-ternus, 154.
terrā marīque, 228, 1, c.
terrester, 68, 3.
Tetrameter verses, 366, 11.
Thematic verbs, 101-113.
---- vowels, 117, footnote 39.
Thesis, 366, 6.
Third conj., 105; 109 f.;
---- decl., 28 f.;
---- gender in, 43 f.
Threatening, verbs of, 187, II.
-tim, adverbs in, 157, 2.
Time, at which, 230;
---- during which, 181; 231, 1;
---- within which, 231.
timeō nē and ut, 296, 2.
-tinus, suffix, 154.
-tiō, suffix, 147, 3.
Tmesis, 367, 7.
-to as suffix of verbs, 155, 2.
-tor, use of nouns in, 353, 4.
tōtus, 66;
---- preposition absent w., in expression of place relations, 228, 1,
b).
Towns, gender of names of, 15, 2;
---- names of, denoting limit of motion, 182, 1, a;
---- denoting place where, 228, 1, a;
---- place from which, 229, 1, a;
---- appositives of town names, 169, 4; 229, 2.
trāditur, trāditum est, w. inf., 332, N.
trāns, prep, w. acc., 141;
---- constr. of verbs compounded with, 179.
Transitive verbs, 174.
Trees, gender of names of, 15, 2.
trēs, decl., 80, 3.
Tribrach, 370, 2.
tribus, decl., 49, 3;
---- gender, 50.
Trimeter verses, 366, 11.
trīnī, use, 81, 4, b).
triumvir, gen. plu. of, 25, 6, b).
-trīx, suffix, 147, 1.
Trochee, 366, 2.
-trum, suffix, 147, 4.
Trusting, verbs of, w. dat., 187, II.
tū, decl., 84.
-tūdō, suffix, 84.
tuī, as objective gen., 242, 2.
-tūra, suffix, 147, 3, a).
tūs, decl., 57, 7.
-tus, suffix, 147, 3; 151, 4.
tussis, decl., 38.
tūte, tūtemet, tūtimet, 84, 2.
Two accusatives, 177; 178.
Two datives, 191, 2.

U.

u, instead of i in some words, 9, 1;
---- instead of a, 9, 1; 9, 4.
u, becomes v 367, 4.
ŭ-stems, 48.
ū-stems, 41.
-ū, dat. sing., 4th decl, 49, 2.
ūber, decl., 70, 1.
ubi, with ind., 287, 1; 2;
---- with gen., 201, 3.
-ubus, dat., plu., 4th decl., 49, 3.
ūllus, decl., 66.
ulterior, compared, 73, 1.
ultimus, use, 241, 2.
ultrā, prep. w. acc., 141.
-ulus, diminutive ending, 150, 2;
---- (a, um), 148, 1.
-um, 1st decl., gen. plu. in, 21, 2, d);
---- 2d decl., 25, 6;
---- for -ium, 70, 7.
-undus, -undī, in gerund and gerundive, 116, 2.
ūnus, decl., 66; 92, 1;
---- ūnus est qui, with subjv., 283, 2.
-uriō, ending of desiderative verbs, 155, 3.
-ūrus, ending of fut. act. partic., 101; 103 ff.;
---- -ūrus fuisse in apodosis of conditional sentences contrary-to-fact,
in indir. disc., 321, 2;
---- -ūrus fuerim in indir. questions serving as apodoses, 322, b.
-us, neuter nouns of 2d decl. in, 26, 2;
---- nom. in 3d decl., in -us, 36;
---- gender of nouns in -us of 3d decl., 43, 3;
---- exceptions in gender, 46, 4.
-ūs, nouns of 3d decl. in, 43, 2.
ūsque ad, w. acc., 141, 1.
ūsus est, with abl., 218, 2.
ut, temporal, 287, 1; 2;
---- ut, utī, in purpose clauses, 282;
---- in result clauses, 284;
---- in substantive clauses, 295 f.;
---- substantive clauses without, 295, 8;
---- with verbs of fearing, 296, 2.
ut nē = nē, 282, 1, b; 295, 1, 4, 5.
ut non instead of nē, 282, 1, c;
---- in clauses of result, 284, 297.
ut quī, introducing clauses of characteristic, 283, 3.
ut sī, w. subjv., 307, 1.
uter, decl., 66; 92, 1.
ūter, decl., 40, 1, d).
utercumque, decl., 92, 2.
uterlibet, decl., 92, 2.
uterque, decl., 92, 2;
---- use, 355, 2.
utervīs, decl., 92, 2.
ūtilius est = Eng. potential, 271, 1, b).
utinam, with optative subjv., 279, 1 and 2.
ūtor, with abl., 218, 1;
---- in gerundive constr., 339, 4
utpote qui, introducing clauses of characteristic, 283, 3.
utráque, 6, 5.
utrum ... an, 162, 4; 300, 4.

V.

v, 1, 1;
---- pron., 3, 3:
---- developing from u, 367, 4.
v, becomes u, 367, 5.
valdē, by syncope, for validē, 7, 4.
valĕ, 363, 2, b).
Value, indefinite, in gen., 203, 3.
vannus, gender of, 26, 1, b).
Variations in spelling, 9.
vās, decl., 59, 1.
-ve, 6, 3; 342, 1, b).
vel, 342, 1, b);
---- with superl., 240, 3.
velim, potential subjv., 280, 2, a.
vellem, potential subjv., 280, 4.
velut, velut sī, w. subjv., 307, 1.
venter, decl., 40, 1, d).
Verba sentiendī et dēclārandī, w. inf. of indir. disc., 331, I;
---- passive use of these, 332.
Verbal adjs., 150, 1-4.
Verbs, 94 f.;
---- personal endings, 96;
---- deponent, 112;
---- archaic and poetic forms, 116, 4;
---- irregular, 124;
---- defective, 133;
---- impersonal, 138;
---- with substantive clauses of result, 297, 2;
---- omission of, 166, 3;
---- transitive, 174;
---- ---- used absolutely, 174, a;
---- passives used as middles, 175, 2, d);
---- of smelling and tasting, constr., 176, 5;
---- not used in passive, 177, 3, a;
---- intransitives impersonal in passive, 187, II, b; 256, 3;
---- compounded with preps., constr., 187, III;
---- of judicial action, constr., 208;
---- derivation of, 155 f.;
---- inceptive or inchoative, 155, 1;
---- frequentative or intensive, 155, 2;
---- desiderative, 155, 3;
---- denominative, 156;
---- agreement of, 254 f.
Verb stems, 97;
---- formation of, 117 f.
vereor, conj., 113;
---- with subst. clause in subjv., 296, 2.
Vergilius, gen. of, 25, 1.
veritus, with present force; 336, 5.
vērō, 343, 1, g);
---- in answers, 162, 5.
Verse, 366, 3.
Verse-structure, 366 f.
Versification, 361.
versus, prep. w. acc., 141;
---- follows its case, 141, 2.
vērum, 343, 1, b).
vescor, with abl., 218, 1.
vesper, decl., 23, 2.
vesperī, locative, 232, 2.
vestrī, as obj. gen., 242, 2.
vestrum, as gen. of whole, 242, 2;
---- as possessive gen., 242, 2, a.
vetō, with inf. 331, II.
vetus, decl., 70;
---- compared, 73, 3.
vī, 220, 2.
vicem, used adverbially, 185, 1;
---- vicis, vice, 57, 5, b.
victor, decl., 34.
videō, with pres. partic., 337, 3.
vigil, decl., 34.
violenter, formation, 77, 4, a.
vir, decl., 23.
---- gen. plu. of nouns compounded with, 25, 6, b).
virīle seces, constr., 185, 1.
vīrus, gender of, 26, 2.
vīs, decl., 41.
vīscera, used in plu. only, 56, 3.
Vocative case, 17; 19, 1;
---- of Greek proper names in -ās, 47, 4;
---- of adjs. in -ius, 63, 1; 171;
---- in -ī for -ie, 25, 1;
---- position of, 350, 3.
Voiced sounds, 2, 3, a).
Voiced consonants, 2, 3, b).
Voiceless consonants, 2, 3, a).
Voices, 94; 256;
---- middle voice, 256, 1.
Volitive subjunctive, 272 f.
volnus, spelling, 9, 1.
volō, 130;
---- with inf., 331, IV and a; 270, 2, a;
---- with subjv., 296, 1, a.
volt, spelling, 9, 1.
voltus, spelling, 8, 1.
volucer, decl., 68, 1.
voluntāte, 220, 2.
-volus, comparison of adjs. in, 71, 5
Vowels, 2, 1;
---- sounds of the, 3, 1;
---- quantity of, 5, A;
---- contraction of, 7, 2;
---- parasitic, 7, 3.
Vowel changes, 7.
vulgus, gender of, 26, 2.
-vum, -vus, decl. of nouns in, 24.

W.

Want, verbs and adjs. of, w. abl., 214, 1, c; d.
Way by which, abl. of, 218, 9.
We, editorial, 242, 3.
Whole, gen. of, 201.
Wills, use of fut. imperative in, 281, 1, b.
Winds, gender of names of, 15, 1.
Wish, clauses with dum, etc., expressing a, 310.
Wishes, subjunctive in, 279;
---- see Optative subjunctive.
Wishing, verbs of, with subst. clause 296, 1;
---- with obj. inf., 331, IV.
Word-formation, 146 f.
Word-order, 348 f.
Word questions, 162, 1.

X.

x, 2, 9;
---- = cs and gs, 32.
-x, decl. of monosyllables in, preceded by one or more cons., 40, 1, b);
---- gender of nouns in -x of 3d decl., 43, 2;
---- exceptions, 45, 4.

Y.

y, 1, 1.
Yes, how expressed, 162, 5.
'You,' indefinite, 356, 3; 280, 3; 302, 2.

Z.

z, 1, 1; 2, 9.
Zeugma, 374, 2, a).

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES

[1] Sometimes also called _Aryan_ or _Indo-Germanic_.

[2] Cuneiform means "wedge-shaped." The name applies to the form of the strokes of which the characters consist.

[3] The name Zend is often given to this.

[4] For 'voiceless,' 'surd,' 'hard,' or 'tenuis' are sometimes used.

[5] For 'voiced,' 'sonant,' 'soft,' or 'media' are sometimes used.

[6] In this book, long vowels are indicated by a horizontal line above them; as, ā, ī, ō, etc. Vowels not thus marked are short. Occasionally a curve is set above short vowels; as, ĕ, ŭ.

[7] To avoid confusion, the quantity of _syllables_ is not indicated by any sign.

[8] But if the l or r introduces the second part of a compound, the preceding syllable is always long; as, abrumpō.

[9] Only the simplest and most obvious of these are here treated.

[10] Only the simplest and most obvious of these are here treated.

[11] The great majority of all Latin nouns come under this category. The principles for determining their gender are given under the separate declensions.

[12] The Stem is often derived from a more primitive form called the Root. Thus, the stem porta- goes back to the root per-, por-. Roots are usually monosyllabic. The addition made to a root to form a stem is called a Suffix. Thus in porta- the suffix is -ta.

[13] There is only one stem ending in -m:--hiems, hiemīs, _winter_.

[14] Mēnsis, _month_, originally a consonant stem (mēns-), has in the Genitive Plural both mēnsium and mēnsum. The Accusative Plural is mēnsēs.

[15] This is practically always used instead of alīus in the Genitive.

[16] A Dative Singular Feminine alterae also occurs.

[17] Supplied by vetustior, from vetustus.

[18] Supplied by recentior.

[19] For _newest_, recentissimus is used.

[20] Supplied by minimus nātū.

[21] Supplied by maximus nātū.

[22] The final i is sometimes long in poetry.

[23] Forms of hīc ending in -s sometimes append -ce for emphasis; as, hūjusce, _this ... here_; hōsce, hīsce. When -ne is added, -c and -ce become -ci; as huncine, hōscine.

[24] For istud, istūc sometimes occurs; for ista, istaec.

[25] For illud, illūc sometimes occurs.

[26] Sometimes quīs.

[27] An ablative quī occurs in quīcum, _with whom_.

[28] Where the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts.

[29] The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum.

[30] The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give them here. For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax.

[31] For essem, essēs, esset, essent, the forms forem, forēs, foret, forent are sometimes used.

[32] For futūrus esse, the form fore is often used.

[33] Declined like bonus, -a, -um.

[34] The Imperfect also means _I loved_.

[35] For declension of amāns, see § 70, 3.

[36] Fuī, fuistī, etc., are sometimes used for sum, es, etc. So fueram, fuerās, etc., for eram, etc.; fuerō, etc., for erō, etc.

[37] Fuerim, etc., are sometimes used for sim; so fuissem, etc., for essem.

[38] In actual usage passive imperatives occur only in deponents (§ 112).

[39] Strictly speaking, the Present Stem always ends in a Thematic Vowel (ĕ or ŏ); as, dīc-ĕ-, dīc-ŏ-; amā-ĕ-, amā-ŏ-. But the multitude of phonetic changes involved prevents a scientific treatment of the subject here. See the author's _Latin Language_.

[40] But the compounds of juvō sometimes have _-jūtūrus_; as, _adjūtūrus_.

[41] Used only impersonally.

[42] So _impleō_, _expleō_.

[43] Compounds follow the Fourth Conjugation: _acciō_, _accīre_, etc.

[44] Fully conjugated only in the compounds: _exstinguō_, _restinguō_, _distinguō_.

[45] Only in the compounds: _ēvādō_, _invādō_, _pervādō_.

[46] It will be observed that not all the forms of ferō lack the connecting vowel. Some of them, as ferimus, ferunt, follow the regular inflection of verbs of the Third Conjugation.

[47] For the Predicate Genitive, see §§ 198, 3; 203, 5.

[48] Many such verbs were originally intransitive in English also, and once governed the Dative.

[49] This was the original form of the preposition cum.

[50] Place from which, though strictly a Genuine Ablative use, is treated here for sake of convenience.

[51] Especially: moneō, admoneō; rogō, ōrō, petō, postulō, precor, flāgitō; mandō, imperō, praecipiō; suādeō, hortor, cohortor; persuādeō, impellō.

[52] Especially: permittō, concēdō, nōn patior.

[53] Especially: prohibeō, impediō, dēterreō.

[54] Especially: cōnstituō, dēcernō, cēnseō, placuit, convenit, pacīscor.

[55] Especially: labōrō, dō operam, id agō, contendō, impetrō.

[56] Exclamations, also, upon becoming indirect, take the Subjunctive, as cōnsiderā quam variae sint hominum cupīdinēs, _consider how varied are the desires of men._ (Direct: quam variae sunt hominum cupīdinēs!)

[57] Trāditūri fuerint and errātūrus fuerīs are to be regarded as representing trāditūri fuērunt and errātūrus fuistī of Direct Discourse. (See § 304, 3, b.)

[58] Except in Sallust and Silver Latin.

[59] So named from a fancied analogy to the strokes of the Greek letter Χ (_chi_). Thus:--

multōs laesī
Χ
dēfendī nēminem

[60] The pronouns hic, hoc, and the adverb huc, probably had a short _vowel_. The syllable was made long by pronouncing hicc, hocc, etc.

[61] Ictus was not accent,--neither stress accent not musical accent,--but was simply the quantitative prominence inherent in the long syllables of _fundamental feet_.

[62] For explanation of the abbreviations, see p. 257.