Chapter VIII: Part III

PARTICLES.

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139. Particles are the four Parts of Speech that do not admit of inflection; _viz_. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections.

ADVERBS.

140. Adverbs denote manner, place, time, or degree Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage. The common adverbial terminations have already been given above (§ 76). The following TABLE OF CORRELATIVES is important:--

RELATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE. INDEFINITE.
INTERROGATIVE.
ubi, _where; where_? hīc, _here_. alicubī, ūsquam,
ibi, illīc, istīc, ūspiam, _somewhere_.
_there_.
quō, _whither; hūc, _hither_. aliquō, _to some
whither_? eō, istūc, illūc, place_.
_thither_.
unde, _whence; hinc, _hence_. alicunde, _from
whence_? inde, istinc, illinc, somewhere_.
_thence_.
quā, _where; where_? hāc, _by this way_. aliquā, _by some way_.
eā, istāc, illāc, _by
that way_.
cum, _when_. nunc, _now_. aliquandō, umquam,
quandō, _when_? tum, tunc, _then_. _sometime_, _ever_.
quotiēns, _as often totiēns, _so often_. aliquotiēns, _some
as_; _how often_? number of times_.
quam, _as much as_; tam, _so much_. aliquantum,
_how much_? _somewhat_.

PREPOSITIONS.

141. Prepositions show relations of words. The following Prepositions govern the Accusative:--

ad, _to_. contrā, _against_. post, _after_.
adversus, ergā, _toward_. praeter, _past_.
_against_. extrā, _outside_. prope, _near_.
adversum, _toward_, īnfrā, _below_. propter, _on account
_against_. inter, _between_. of_.
ante, _before_. intrā, _within_. secundum, _after_.
apud, _with_, jūxtā, _near_. subter, _beneath_.
_near_. ob, _on account super, _over_.
circā, _around_. of_. suprā, _above_.
circiter, _about_. penes, _in the hands trāns, _across_.
circum, _around_. of_. ultrā, _beyond_.
cis, _this side per, _through_. versus, _toward_.
of_. pōne, _behind_.
citrā, _this side of_.

1. Ūsque is often prefixed to ad, in the sense of _even_; as,--

ūsque ad urbem, _even to the city_.

2. Versus always follows its case; as,--

Rōmam versus, _toward Rome_.

It may be combined with a preceding Preposition; as,--

ad urbem versus, _toward the city_.

3. Like prope, the Comparatives propior, propius, and the Superlatives proximus, proximē, sometimes govern the Accusative; as,--

Ubiī proximē Rhēnum incolunt, _the Ubii dwell next to the Rhine_;
propius castra hostium, _nearer the camp of the enemy_.

142. The following Prepositions govern the Ablative:--

ā, ab, abs, _from_, cum, _with_. prō, _in front of_,
_by_. dē, _from_, _for_.
absque, _without_. _concerning_. sine, _without_.
cōram, _in the ē, ex, _from out tenus, _up to_.
presence of_. of_.
prae, _before_.

1. Ā, ab, abs. Before vowels or h, ab must be used; before consonants we find sometimes ā, sometimes ab (the latter usually not before the labials b, p, f, v, m; nor before c, g, q, or t); abs occurs only before tē, and ā is admissible even there.

2. Ē, ex. Before vowels or h, ex must be used; before consonants we find sometimes ē, sometimes ex.

3. Tenus regularly follows its case, as, pectoribus tenus, _up to the breast_. It sometimes governs the Genitive, as, labrōrum tenus, _as far as the lips_.

4. Cum is appended to the Pronouns of the First and Second Persons, and to the Reflexive Pronoun; usually also to the Relative and Interrogative. Thus:--

mēcum nōbīscum quōcum _or_ cum quō
tēcum vōbīscum quācum _or_ cum quā
sēcum quibuscum _or_ cum quibus
On quīcum, see § 89, Footnote 27.

143. Two Prepositions, in, _in_, _into_, and sub, _under_, govern both the Accusative and the Ablative. With the Accusative they denote motion; with the Ablative, rest; as,--

in urbem, _into the city_;
in urbe, _in the city_.

1. Subter and super are also occasionally construed with the Ablative.

144. RELATION OF ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS.

1. Prepositions were originally Adverbs, and many of them still retain their adverbial meaning; as, post, _afterwards_; ante, _previously_; contrā, _on the other hand_, etc.

2. Conversely several words, usually adverbs, are occasionally employed as prepositions; as,--

clam, prīdiē, with the Accusative.
procul, simul, palam, with the Ablative.

3. Anástrophe. A Preposition sometimes follows its case. This is called Anástrophe; as,--

eī, quōs inter erat, _those among whom he was_.

Anastrophe occurs chiefly with dissyllabic prepositions.

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

145. 1. Conjunctions are used to connect ideas. For Coördinate Conjunctions, see §§ 341 ff. Subordinate Conjunctions are treated in connection with Subordinate Clauses.

2. Interjections express emotion. Thus:--

1. Surprise; as, ēn, ecce, ō.
2. Joy; as, iō, euoe.
3. Sorrow and Pain; as, heu, ēheu, vae, prō.
4. Calling; as, heus, eho.

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