Chapter CXLIII: Section IX: What Industries Only Should Be Favored

That as a rule only such industries should be favored which, by reason of the natural capacities of the country and of the people, have a good prospect of being able soon to dispense with the favors accorded, would be self-evident were it not for the fact that it has been ignored a thousand times in practice.[A3-9-1] It is especially necessary to take the natural station (_Standort_)[A3-9-2] as well as the natural succession of the different branches of industry into consideration. Half manufactured articles of foreign raw material should not be protected until the entire manufactured article has completely outgrown protection; which condition manifests itself most clearly by a strong, independent exportation of the article.[A3-9-3] The celebrated tariff controversy between the cotton spinners and the weavers in the Zollverein was probably without any conscious plan, but certainly to the well-being of German industry, settled essentially in accordance with these principles. In such struggles of the different stages of a branch of production with one another, it is necessary not only mechanically to weigh the number of workmen, the amount of capital, etc., on both sides, but also organically the capacity for development and the influence of both sides on the entire national life.[A3-9-4] Half-manufactured articles of a very superior quality should not be kept away, since by promoting commodities of the first quality they have an educational influence on the whole industry. Thus, in the case of the duties on iron, it should not be forgotten, that they enhance the price of all instruments of industry.[A3-9-5] Just as objectionable are protective duties for machines or for intellectual elements of training.[A3-9-6]

[Footnote A3-9-1: _Torrens_ calls an industry which can, in
the long run, bear no competition: "A parasitical formation,
wanting the vital energies while permitted to remain, and
yet requiring for its removal a painful operation." (Budget,
p. 49.) Especially frequent in the case of
luxury--industries in which the court was interested. The
oysters which were sent for to Venice under Leopold I., in
order to stock the artificial beds in the garden of the
president of the Exchequer reached Vienna, dead. (_Mailath_,
Gesch., IV, 384.) As to how Elizabeth, and Catharine II. in
Russia, desired to compel the cultivation of silk, and
caused the peasantry to be levied like recruits for that
purpose; as to how the latter petitioned against it in a
thousand ways, and endeavored to destroy the silk worms,
mulberry trees, etc., see _Pallas_, Reise durch das südliche
Russland, I, 154 ff. Frederick II.'s silk-protection is
characterized mainly by the order for church-inspectors to
keep tables (_Tabellen_) concerning it, and to look after
clergymen's and teachers' knowledge of the cultivation of
silk. Tragico-comic endeavors of the Shah Nasreddin to
establish manufactories in Persia: _Pollak_, Persien, II,
138 ff. One of the principal effects of the Mexican
protective system, since 1827, was the establishing of
manufactories on the coast only to cover up smuggling.
(_Wappäus_, Mexiko, 83 ff.)]

[Footnote A3-9-2: When Holland stunted its bleach-yards by
high duties on linen, an industry in which it must always
remain behind many other nations, was favored at the expense
of another for which it possesses incomparable advantages.]

[Footnote A3-9-3: Even before _Colbert's_ time, French
jewelry was prepared from Italian gold wire, and exported in
great quantities. The mere rumor that it was contemplated to
impose heavy duties on gold wire, provoked plans for the
removal of the industry from Geneva to Avignon.
(_Farbonnais_, F. de Fr., I, 275.) When France protects its
raw silk, it makes the purchase of raw material in Italy
cheaper to all its competitors.]

[Footnote A3-9-4: According to _L. Kühne_ (Preuss.
Staatszeitung, 17 Decbr., 1842), the cotton yarn consumption
of Germany amounted to 561,000 cwt. per annum, of which the
home spin-houses yielded 194,000 cwt. Weaving employed
311,500 workmen with 32,250,000 thalers wages, spinning only
16,300 workmen with a little over 1,000,000 thalers wages.
Even if the entire yarn-want (_Garnbedarf_) were spun in the
interior, yet spinning would stand to weaving only as 1:5 in
the number of workmen, and as 1:8 in the amount of wages.
Hence the tariff of the Zollverein defended by Prussia,
placed the tariff on tissues (_Gewebe_) 25 times as high as
on yarn, while their prices stood to each other as 1:3-4.
_List_ (Zollvereinsblatt, 1844, No. 40 ff.) objected that
only by spinning industries of its own could Germany's
cotton-tissue industries become independent; since it was a
very different thing to procure the material to be worked
from the many mutually competing cotton countries, rather
than from an intermediate hand; and indeed, from the most
powerful industrial country of the world. (Compare, however,
_Faucher's_ Vierteljahrsschrift, 1863, Bd. I.) Besides,
there is the great importance of the spinning industries, in
order to come into immediate connection with America, the
most rapidly growing market, to influence Holland, and also
to advance navigation and the manufacture of machinery. In
opposition to _Kühne's_ calculation, _List_ says: A man who
lost eyes, ears, fingers and toes, would undergo only a
small loss of weight.]

[Footnote A3-9-5: Special calculations on this matter in
_Junghanns_, Fortschritt des Zollvereins (1849), I, 179.]

[Footnote A3-9-6: Frederick II. threatened the prosecution
of one's studies at a foreign university with a lifelong
exclusion from all civil and ecclesiastical offices; and, in
the case of the nobility, even with the confiscation of
their property. (_Mylius_, C. C. M. _Contin_, IV, 191,
Noviem C. C., I, 97.)]

INDEX TO NAMES OF AUTHORS

CITED IN THE PRINCIPLES.

[The references are to the sections.]

A.

Académie française, 42.

Agricola, 116, 120.

Ahrens, 16, 77.

Algarotti, 49.

Anacharsis, 116.

Anaxagoras, 38.

Anderson, A. (Origin of Commerce), 188.

Anderson, J. (Nature of Corn Laws), 152, 154.

Anonymous, authors of:

---- Britannia languens, 123, 196.
---- Discourse of Trade, Coyn and Paper-Credit, 48, 50, 90, 108, 123.
---- England's great Happiness, 196.
---- Interest of Money mistaken, 188.
---- Paying old Debts without new Taxes, 49.
---- Virginia's Verger, 9.
---- (W. S.) Compendious or brief Examination of certain ordinary
Complaints, 137.

Antisthenes, 225.

Antoninus, 191.

Arbuthnot, 135.

Aretin, v., II, 118.

Aristippos, 225.

Aristophanes, 79, 202.

Aristotle, 1, 2, 5, 9, 14, 36, 38, 43, 49, 57, 63, 69, 70, 75, 79, 81, 100, 107, 116, 117, 190, 205, 250, 251, 253.

Arnd, 20.

Arnold, 184.

Asgill, 49.

Augustinis, de, 51.

Auxiron, 154.

B.

Babbage, 57, 58, 106.

Baboeuf, 79, 81.

Bacon, 13, 21, 24, 50, 55, 98, 108, 114, 191, 204, 254.

Bandini, 123, 188.

Banfield, 115, 157, 205, 263.

Bastiat, 2, 5, 9, 31, 35, 42, 54, 58, 81, 82, 84, 87, 97, 116, 117, 152, 167, 185, 210, 238, 242, 243.

Baudrillart, 21, 242.

Baumstark, 20, 154.

Bazard, 11, 53, 67, 84, 86, 90, 97, 205, 207.

Beaumont, de, 250.

Beccaria, 19, 49, 57, 79, 125, 126, 140, 256, 263.

Becher, J. J., 98, 114, 214, 254.

Beckmann, J., 225.

Bentham, J., 12, 71, 193, 232, 250, 256.

Berg, v., 76.

Berkeley, 9, 47, 57, 95, 116, 123, 212, 214, 231, 254, 255.

Bernhardi, v., 147, 154.

Bernhardinus, 191.

Bernoulli, 3, 246, 248.

Besold, 137, 191.

Bible, 11, 16, 36, 41, 63, 69, 81, 84, 190, 202, 204, 218, 225, 239, 245, 255, 264.

Biel, 22, 116, 120.

Blackstone, 42, 86 87, 199.

Blanc, L., 81, 82, 98, 167, 178.

Blanqui, 169.

Böckh, 135, 137.

Boden, 183.

Bodin, J., 37, 137, 254.

Bodz-Reymond, 97.

Boisguillebert, 1, 9, 12, 49, 96, 97, 100, 111, 117, 123, 154, 214, 215.

Booth, 243.

Bornitz, 3, 114.

Bossuet, 77, 191.

Botero, G., 9, 210, 241, 242, 245.

Boussingault, 32, 34.

Boxhorn, 39, 94.

Brentano, 166, 175, 176, 177.

Bridge, 238.

Brissot, 77.

Broggia, 9, 116.

Buat, 16.

Buchanan, 152, 153, 154, 164.

Buckle, 209, 263.

Bülau, 17, 97.

Buonarotti, 79.

Buquoy, Count, 22, 34, 129, 147.

Burke, 11, 220; II, 5, 106, 140, 155.

Büsch, 2, 9, 42, 95, 96, 117, 123, 126, 170, 183, 263.

C.

Cabanis, 37.

Cabet, 79, 82, 250.

Cæsar, Jul., 16.

Calvin, 49, 79, 114, 191.

Campanella, 79.

Canard, 22, 42, 47, 95, 101, 106, 123, 152, 188, 195, 215.

Cancrin, Count, 64, 98.

Cantillon, 47, 49, 90, 98, 106, 123, 126, 128, 137, 144, 154, 161, 167, 185, 193.

Carey, 5, 42, 148, 154, 155, 157, 166, 172, 199, 214, 243, 253, 263.

Carli, 137.

Casper, 246.

Cato, Cens., 43, 190, 222.

Cazaux, 22, 127, 145.

Celtes, 41.

Cervantes, 55.

Chadwick, 218, 248.

Chalmers, Th., 216, 217, 242.

Cherbuliez, 202.

Chevalier, M., 11, 40, 66, 70, 89, 97, 116, 120, 121, 124, 128, 129, 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, 173, 199, 216, 217, 220.

Child, Sir J., 42, 97, 98, 114, 123, 154, 157, 188, 192, 193, 197, 199, 241, 242, 254.

Chrysippos, 250.

Cibrario, 17, 137.

Cicero, 9, 46, 49, 75, 100.

Cieszkowsky, 89.

Clemens, Rom., 81.

Cleonard, 54.

Cliquot de Blervache, 108.

Cobden, R., 98.

Coke, R., 196.

Colbert, 232, 255.

Colton, 12, 25, 42, 116, 201.

Columella, 40, 59, 71.

Comte, Ch., 37, 71.

Condillac, 21, 49, 107, 129.

Condorcet, 263.

Considérant, 51, 88, 183.

Constant, B., 168.

Contzen, Ad., 49, 226.

Cooper, Th., 12.

Corpus Juris civilis, 69, 83, 117, 201.

Corpus Juris canonici, 41.

Corvaja, 82.

Cournot, 22.

Court, P. de la, 94, 97, 98, 108, 114, 185, 254.

Culpeper, Sir Th., 154, 188, 192, 199.

D.

Dankwardt, 16, 56.

Dante, 191, 250.

Darjes, 19, 76, 96, 106, 192, 254.

Darwin, 242.

Davanzati, 116, 123.

Davenant, 9, 10, 21, 97, 103, 116, 124, 157, 242, 254.

Decker, Sir M., 10, 41.

Defoe, D., 222.

Demosthenes, 21, 42, 43, 89, 231.

Diderot, 57.

Dietzel, C., 42, 90.

Diogenes, 225.

Dithmar, 19.

Dohm, 49, 263.

Doubleday, 242.

Drobisch, 13, 129.

Droz, 46, 92, 214.

Dufau, 18.

Dumont, 225.

Dunoyer, 16, 17, 21, 26, 38, 42, 50, 54, 111, 145, 178, 203, 216, 242.

Dupont de Nemours, 5, 97, 108, 147.

Duport, St. Clair, 139.

Dutot, 96, 100, 116, 212.

E.

Eden, Sir F. M., 57, 140, 213.

Edinburgh Review, 116, 154, 176, 242.

Eiselen, 51, 95, 195.

Enfantin, 250.

Engel, 161, 162, 214, 240, 243, 246, 248.

Epicharmos, 47.

Erasmus, 41, 79, 191.

Euler, 238.

Euripides, 37, 226.

Everett, 243.

F.

Fallati, 18, 21.

Faucher, J., 1.

Faucher, L., 178, 215.

Faust, M., 137.

Faxardo, Saavedra, 9, 254.

Fénélon, 225.

Ferguson, 11, 16, 21, 44, 50, 63, 115, 210, 217, 224, 225, 226, 255.

Fichte, J. G., 12, 82, 97, 123, 129, 204, 250.

Filangieri, 225, 254.

Fix, 4.

Fleetwood, 143.

Forbonnais, 68, 97, 116, 123, 173, 190, 200, 214, 254, 255.

Forster, 79.

Fortrey, Sam, 196.

Fourier, Ch., 51, 66, 81, 85, 97, 183, 207, 250.

Fox, 77.

Franklin, B., 12, 33, 41, 42, 49, 71, 89, 97, 98, 107, 116, 128, 173, 178, 203, 218, 219, 225, 232, 241, 242, 255.

Frégier, 223.

Friedländer, 4.

Friedrich II. (Emperor), 49, 83.

Friedrich, M., 16, 114, 244, 254.

Fullarton, 123, 125.

Fuoco, 11, 22, 121, 146, 154, 202.

G.

Galiani, 8, 9, 42, 47, 98, 100, 104, 116, 120, 126, 128, 129, 140, 142, 167, 187, 197.

Gallatin, 136.

Ganilh, 12, 42, 51, 52, 55, 116, 123, 147, 180, 188, 196, 214, 216.

Garcilasso, de la Vega, 9.

Garnier, 16, 50, 137.

Garve, 30, 50, 52, 99, 115, 173, 231.

Gasparin, 161.

Gavard, 17.

Gee, 116.

Geiler v. Kaisersberg, 39.

Genovesi, 4, 16, 64, 97, 102, 123.

Gerstner, 253.

Gessler, 261.

Gibbon, 234.

Gioja, 2, 30, 42, 47, 51, 64, 191.

Gobbi, 32.

Godwin, 243, 250, 254.

Goethe, 11, 25, 36.

Goldsmith, 254.

Gournay, 49, 108.

Graham, 243.

Graswinckel, 87.

Gratian, 47.

Graumann, 125.

Graunt, 245.

Gray, 243.

Gregorius Tolosan, 48, 55.

Grotius, H., 77, 87, 187, 191.

Guérard, 143.

Günther, 194.

H.

Hackluyt, 9.

Haller, K. L. v., 14, 256.

Hamann, 117.

Hamilton, 90, 152.

Hanssen, 40, 126, 139, 140, 144.

Harless, 81.

Harrington, J., 98, 205, 253.

Harris, 47, 57, 128, 180.

Hegel, 3.

Held, 146.

Helferich, 86, 137.

Helvétius, 11, 38, 231.

Herakleides, 225.

Herbart, 16, 22.

Herbert, 101, 142.

Herber, J. G. v., 265.

Hermann, F. B. W., 1, 2, 3, 11, 17, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 51, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110, 113, 115, 118, 129, 137, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 166, 172, 180, 181, 183, 186, 196, 196a, 199, 204, 208, 211, 212, 216, 219, 231, 246, 259.

Herodotus, 37.

Herrmann, E., 101, 207.

Heuschling, 154.

Hildebrand, B., 5, 13, 18, 79, 90, 146, 205.

Hippokrates, 37.

Hobbes, 42, 47, 50, 77, 107, 116, 118.

Hoffmann, J. G., 97, 117, 119, 159, 205, 246, 249.

Homer, 71, 250.

Hood, 168.

Hopkins, 159.

Horn, 245, 247, 248, 254.

Horneck, v. 19, 114, 116, 254.

Howlett, 39.

Hufeland, 2, 5, 12, 13, 46, 51, 59, 66, 87, 106, 107, 111, 118, 152, 195, 221.

Hugo, G., 24, 69, 81.

Humboldt, A. v., 32, 36, 61, 98, 106, 136, 139, 214.

Hume, D., 11, 36, 42, 47, 50, 71, 96, 98, 116, 117, 121, 123, 125, 126, 137, 154, 185, 200, 214, 225, 242, 263, 264.

Hutcheson, 5, 11.

Hutton, U. v., 225.

I.

Iambulos, 79.

Isokrates, 57, 231.

Ivernois, Sir F. d', 239, 246.

J.

Jacob, W., 120, 135, 137.

Jakob, H. L. v., 16, 49, 71, 106, 107, 127, 128, 147, 153, 195, 217, 219.

Jarke, 202.

Jevons, 22, 129.

Johnson, S., 93.

Jones, R., 148, 154.

Jselin, 67.

Jung, 76, 156; II, 53, 101, 173.

Justi, v., 9, 17, 116, 199, 237, 254.

K.

Kant, 11, 87.

Kauffmann, 3, 9, 126.

Kautz, 29.

Kees, v. 194.

King, Ch., 48.

King, G., 103.

King, Lord, 124.

Knapp, 246.

Knies, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 18, 28, 42, 89, 95, 107, 116, 117, 139, 169, 189, 213, 265.

Kosegarten, 117, 202.

Kraus, 17, 128, 137, 197, 265.

Krause, 170.

Kröncke, 22, 147.

Krug, L., 192, 254.

Kudler, 49, 128.

L.

Lafitte, 202.

Lang, 22.

Laspeyres, 129.

Lassalle, 45, 84, 163, 196a.

Lau, 245.

Lauderdale, Lord, 8, 9, 50, 51, 99, 103, 104, 106, 117, 128, 132, 147, 200, 214, 217, 221, 231, 263.

Lavergne, L. de, 139.

Law, 42, 96, 101, 107, 115, 116, 117, 121, 123, 127, 254.

Legoyt, 245.

Leib, 48, 237b.

Leibnitz, 13, 114, 140, 254.

Leopoldt, II, 87, 145.

Leplay, 65.

Letronne, 137, 214.

Libanios, 174.

Liebig, J. v., 162.

Linguet, 69, 174.

List, Fr., 45, 46, 50, 64, 98, 154, 260.

Liverpool, Lord, 118, 120, 142.

Livy, 231.

Locke, J., 5, 42, 47, 77, 100, 107, 116, 123, 129, 152, 154, 158, 188, 191, 193, 194, 199, 254.

Lotz, 5, 17, 20, 49, 50, 98, 99, 100, 115, 123, 128, 144, 166, 169, 195, 202.

Louis XIV., 221.

Lowe, 129, 219.

Lueder, 37, 50, 117.

Luther, M., 41, 49, 57, 114, 128, 191, 254.

M.

Mably, 79, 81.

Macculloch, 21, 40, 42, 43, 47, 50, 93, 107, 112, 113, 151, 164, 166, 173, 188, 197, 212, 253, 264.

Machiavelli, 21, 191, 238, 242, 244.

Macleod, 89, 90, 107, 115, 123, 154.

Macpherson, 143.

Malthus, 3, 9, 33, 42, 43, 50, 55, 79, 80, 98, 100, 107, 111, 112, 128, 129, 147, 152, 153, 157, 159, 163, 164, 166, 183, 185, 188, 205, 214, 216, 217, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247, 258, 263.

Malthusians, 217, 254.

Mandeville, 11, 57, 225.

Mangoldt, v., 6, 16, 22, 30, 43, 51, 53, 59, 63, 71, 106, 129, 146, 149, 153, 157, 167, 177, 181, 195, 205, 220.

Mariana, 100, 114, 231.

Marlo, K., 71, 79, 178, 207, 242, 250, 251, 258.

Martineau, H., 176.

Marx, K., 22, 42, 47, 107, 189.

Masius, 237.

Massie, 42.

Melanchthon, 79, 100, 191.

Mélon, 42, 90, 91, 97, 123, 225, 254.

Menander, 174.

Mendelsohn, 77.

Menger, 2, 5, 101, 112.

Mengotti, 50.

Mercier de la Rivière, 22.

Mercantilists, 9, 47, 48, 96, 97, 116, 121, 126, 225, 236, 254; new, 116.

Merivale, 172.

Meyer, G., 246.

Michaelis, 135.

Mill, J., 47, 126, 216.

Mill, J. S., 5, 20, 22, 34, 38, 40, 42, 46, 51, 74, 79, 88, 90, 97, 106, 107, 111, 113, 121, 126, 150, 152, 153, 157, 163, 164, 166, 170, 172, 176, 177, 178, 180, 183, 186, 188, 192, 195, 197, 213, 216, 221, 243, 250, 259, 262, 264.

Minard, 223.

Mirabeau, Marq. de, 95, 97, 98, 117, 144, 147, 191, 210, 214, 254, 263.

Mirabeau, Son, 256.

Mischler, 1.

Mittermaier, 94.

Mohl, R., 242, 253, 258, 259, 262.

Moleschott, 162.

Moncada, 137.

Montaigne, M., 98, 236.

Montanari, 100, 116, 123, 125, 127, 188, 220.

Montchrêtien de Vatteville, 9, 16, 48, 57.

Montecuccoli, 16.

Montesquieu, 37, 77, 89, 95, 116, 118, 123, 185, 192, 199, 205, 220, 221, 237, 238, 240, 248.

Moreau de Jonnès, 18.

Morelly, 79.

Morhof, 19.

Moritz (Marschall von Sachsen), 255.

Morrison, 176, 178.

Mortimer, Th., 173, 175; II, 53.

Morus, Th., 79, 98, 117, 147, 166.

Möser, J., 42, 63, 69, 91, 117, 161, 169, 173, 191, 200, 226, 242, 248, 254, 256.

Müller, Ad., 3, 5, 11, 12, 22, 28, 42, 50, 55, 64, 116, 117, 120, 202.

Mun, Th., 48, 116.

Muret, 239.

Murhard, K., 52.

N.

Nau, 19.

Nebenius, 89, 120, 137, 150, 182, 184, 186, 187, 195, 199, 219.

Necker, 103, 163, 204, 254.

Neri, P., 100, 118, 120.

Neumann, F. J., 6, 16, 100, 246.

Newmarch, 137.

Niebuhr, B. G., 92.

North, Sir D., 9, 12, 47, 48, 97, 98, 114, 116, 121, 123, 152, 154, 179, 191.

O.

Obrecht, 237a;

II, 164.

Oppenheim, 116.

Oresmius, 116, 120.

Ortes, 16, 34, 38, 117, 194, 217, 242.

Owen, R., 66, 128.

P.

Pagnini, 100, 137.

Paley, 50, 254.

Palmieri, 9.

Paoletti, 173.

Paris, Comte de, 176.

Patricius, 48, 246, 254.

Paucton, 143.

Paullus, Jul., 116.

Perikles, 231.

Périn, 11, 254.

Petty, Sir W., 16, 47, 48, 57, 107, 116, 123, 127, 129, 154, 164, 193, 214, 254.

Philemon, 69.

Physiocrates, 5, 8, 47, 49, 97, 101, 106, 128, 147, 154, 159, 214, 221, 225, 254.

(Pinto), 90, 98, 123, 221, 225.

Pitt, 254.

Plato, 9, 12, 21, 23, 42, 57, 61, 62, 79, 116, 190, 211, 250, 251.

---- Eryxias, 116.

Plinius (Major), 71, 79, 117, 120, 225, 231.

Plotinos, 79.

Plutarch, 73.

Pölitz, 17; II, 194.

Pollexfen, 9.

Porter, 129, 205.

Postlethwayt, 173.

Price, 238.

Prittwitz, v., 17, 51, 214, 263.

Proudhon, 5, 66, 70, 77, 81, 82, 85, 97, 185.

Puchta, G. F., 11, 14.

Purves, 253.

Q.

Quesnay, 42, 44, 47, 49, 98, 101, 116, 121, 123, 125, 137, 147, 154, 214, 221, 254.

Quételet, 18, 248.

R.

Rae, 45, 59.

Raleigh, Sir W., 140, 241, 252, 254.

Rau, K. H., 3, 5, 6, 9, 20, 22, 33, 38, 42, 43, 49, 50, 58, 64, 101, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120, 129, 131, 137, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, 156, 161, 166, 168, 179, 181, 194, 195, 208, 212, 216, 225, 253.

Raumer, F. v., 49.

Raynal, 49, 62, 214.

Read, 195.

Reformers, 47.

Reitemeyer, 135.

Reybaud, 78, 79.

Ricardo, 1, 5, 22, 43, 44, 66, 90, 106, 107, 109, 111, 126, 129, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 164, 173, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 195, 197, 201, 202, 212, 216, 263.

Ricardo's School, 47, 128, 157, 183, 197, 200.

Richelieu, 16.

Riedel, 16, 31, 65, 106, 118, 179, 195; II, 139, 187.

Riehl, 41, 56, 169, 230.

Ritter, K., 37.

Rivet, 258.

Rodbertus, 97, 135, 154, 201.

Roesler, 90, 157, 173, 193, 195, 207.

Rossi, 9, 42, 46, 243, 248.

Rössig, 19.

Rousseau, J. J., 16, 57, 62, 79, 169, 202, 205, 229, 254.

Rümelin, 18.

S.

Sadler, Th., 239, 242, 243, 245.

St. Chamans, 8, 90, 116, 123, 144, 214.

St. Just, 79.

St. Simon, 54, 70, 80, 84, 86, 90.

St. Simonists, 54, 70, 80, 84, 86, 90.

Sallustius, 14, 21.

Salmasius, 89, 97, 114, 116, 191, 193.

Sartorius, 29, 128.

Say, J. B., 1, 12, 16, 20, 22, 42, 43, 47, 50, 51, 53, 55, 58, 71, 87, 90, 98, 104, 106, 108, 115, 129, 137, 144, 145, 147, 151, 154, 169, 183, 195, 199, 200, 212, 216, 218, 223, 231, 243, 256, 263.

Say, L., 4, 9.

Scaruffii, 134.

Schäffle, 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 30, 42, 43, 44, 47, 79, 89, 102, 110, 114, 117, 129, 152, 159, 176, 196a, 207, 208, 218, 246, 250, 251, 258.

Schiller, Fr., 30, 169, 204.

Schleiermacher, 16, 55, 63.

Schlettwein, 128, 145.

Schlazer, U. L. v., 18, 144.

Schlözer, Chr. v., 42, 116, 117, 128, 168, 185, 254.

Schmalz, 17, 19, 152, 195.

Schmitthenner, 42, 44, 50, 54, 95, 99, 108, 116, 117, 121, 224, 253.

Schmoller, 42, 147.

Schön, J., 11, 50, 97, 195.

Schröder, v., 9, 19, 42, 53, 54, 90, 116, 199, 210, 221.

Schulze, F. G., 20, 69, 96.

Schüz, 11.

Scialoja, 13, 17, 38, 41, 51.

Seckendorff, B. L. v., 19, 114, 116, 237, 254.

Seneca, L., 51, 69, 79, 100, 190, 214.

Seneca, M., 251.

Senior, 2, 22, 33, 34, 40, 46, 58, 102, 110, 112, 115, 121, 126, 129, 130, 142, 143, 148, 152, 155, 161, 165, 166, 167, 169, 173, 180, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 195, 200, 212, 242.

Serra, 33, 48, 181.

Shakespeare, 191.

Shuckburgh, 132, 137.

Sismondi, 12, 22, 44, 50, 54, 55, 93, 97, 98, 106, 109, 117, 123, 128, 144, 145, 147, 153, 154, 168, 174, 195, 201, 210, 214, 215, 216, 221, 231, 242.

Smith, Ad., 1, 2, 5, 11, 12, 20, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 66, 71, 81, 91, 97, 98, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 144, 147, 148, 153, 154, 157, 161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 174, 176, 179, 183, 185, 186, 192, 193, 195, 197, 202, 213, 214, 218, 221, 226, 236, 238, 242.

Smith, Th., 116, 137.

Socialists, 6, 9, 12, 22, 53, 62, 66, 81, 82, 85, 88, 97, 117, 147, 148, 202, 205, 214, 242, 254, 265.

Soden, Graf, 16, 51, 92, 129, 194, 212.

Soetbeer, 138.

Socrates, 9, 71, 100, 250, 251.

Solera, 120.

Solly, 214.

Sonnenfels, v., 160, 194, 254.

Spinoza, 88, 254.

Spittler, 81.

Stahl, F. J., 24, 78.

Stein, K. v., 254, 265.

Stein, L. v., 14, 16, 46, 79, 98, 207.

Steinlein, 30, 47, 61.

Steuart, Sir J., 16, 20, 25, 34, 42, 71, 100, 104, 117, 123, 127, 134, 137, 147, 157, 199, 201, 213, 224, 239, 242, 253, 254, 263.

Stoics, 72.

Storch, H., 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, 27, 46, 50, 53, 55, 62, 71, 91, 96, 106, 115, 116, 117, 120, 145, 147, 165.

Strabo, 37, 61.

Struensee, v., 90, 96, 119, 210.

Süssmilch, 239, 245, 247, 254, 256.

T.

Tacitus, 41, 238, 250, 251.

Temple, Sir W., 41, 57, 98, 104, 115, 157, 185, 188, 214, 222, 231, 254.

Tengoborsky, 40, 139.

Thaer, 69, 112, 129, 131.

Thiers, 77.

Thomas, Aquin, 21, 49, 57, 191.

Thomasius, Chr., 19, 114.

Thornton, H., 101, 123, 125, 193.

Thornton, W., 164, 166, 176, 253.

Thucydides, Pref., 16, 36, 63, 229.

Thünen, v., 22, 106, 117, 149, 151, 154, 158, 161, 165, 173, 178, 183, 195.

Tocqueville, 71.

Tooke, Th., 100, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 123, 128, 137, 139, 157, 179, 188, 193.

Torrens, 9, 58, 107, 126, 130, 157, 164, 260, 262.

Townsend, 242.

Tucker (Progress of the U. S.), 71.

Tucker, J., 1, 16, 54, 57, 97, 98, 102, 130, 200, 216, 219, 254, 256, 262.

Turgot, 5, 9, 37, 42, 47, 49, 57, 70, 71, 90, 92, 95, 115, 116, 117, 152, 159, 163, 178, 188, 191, 193, 194, 221, 232.

Twiss, 121.

U.

Ulloa, 116.

Umpfenbach, 39, 82, 152, 173.

Ure, 173, 176.

Ustariz, 241.

V.

Varro, 71.

Vasco, 192, 194.

Vauban, 9, 78, 147, 254.

Vaughan, R., 107.

Verri, 8, 9, 16, 42, 49, 55, 97, 98, 100, 101, 116, 123, 159, 205, 214, 232, 254.

Viaaxnes, 191.

Villegardelle, 81.

Virgilius, 117.

Voltaire, 11, 98, 210, 225, 254, 255.

W.

Wagner, Ad., 13, 90.

Wakefield, D., 51, 64, 89.

Wakefield, E. G., 130, 185, 259.

Walker, A., 151, 152, 176, 195, 202, 206, 242.

Wallace, 242.

Wappäus, 246, 248.

Watts, 176.

Weinhold, 258.

Weishaupt, 214.

Wells, 10.

West, 154.

Weyland, 242, 243.

Whately, 17, 21, 110, 149.

Wirth, M., 185.

Wit, J. de, 92, 108.

Wolf, Chr. v., 175, 256.

Wolkoff, 35, 42, 43, 161, 186.

Woodward, 88.

X.

Xenophon, 9, 21, 57, 98, 100, 116.

Y.

Young, A., 32, 40, 42, 110, 137, 143, 242, 254.

Z.

Zachariä, K. S., 29, 37, 83, 87, 97, 128, 214, 229.

Zeno, 98.

Zincke, 49.

Zwinglius, 191.

DAVID ATWOOD, STEREOTYPER AND PRINTER, MADISON, WIS.

Transcriber's Notes:

Footnotes were moved to the end of the section to which they pertain. Because footnote numbers in the original begin at '1' for each section, the section number has been added before the footnote number, e.g. the first footnote in section 156 appears as: [156-1].

In the Index to Names of Authors, references to sections 1 - 143 pertain to Volume 1. See https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27698.

The square root symbol is indicated by 'sqrt' followed by the figure in parentheses.

In Footnote 174-8, the year '1700' in column B is as printed in the original, but may be a typo for '1800.' Column header codes were added to the tables in Footnotes 247-4 and 253-4 so that the tables would fit the page in standard view.

Punctuation, including accents in French and Spanish, was standardized. Hyphenated words were standardized. For consistency with the remaining text, an umlaut was added to 'coöperate.' Duplicate words, e.g. 'the the,' were removed. Obsolete and alternative spellings were retained.

Other changes:
Section Footnote Alteration
145 - 'praticable' to 'practicable'
145 4 - 'higly' to 'highly'
146 1 - 'innocousness' to 'innocuousness'
154 7 - 'analagous' to 'analogous'
156 2 - 'diffcult' to 'difficult' and header added to right
columns of table for clarity
161 4 - beginning of word, line 12 is missing.
162 'CXLII' to 'CLXII'
163 'themslves' to 'themselves'
164 5 - 'Sclavic' to 'Slavic'
167 8 - 'Hildebraud' to 'Hildebrand'
169 8 - '80' to '0.80' francs
174 2 - 'collossal' to 'colossal'
175 1 - 'domicil' to 'domicile'
176 1 - 'Spiers' to 'Spires' ('Speyer' in German)
177 4 - 'Eninb.' to 'Edinb.'
177 8 - 'tradesmens'' to 'tradesmen's'
178 5 - 'anterest' to 'interest'
183 4 - added '5' to '5/12'; numerator is blank in the original.
184 3 - 'Haudbuch' to 'Handbuch'
185 2 - 'Peleponnesian' to 'Peloponnesian'
186 9 - 'Staatswirthschatliche' to 'Staatswirthschaftliche'
191 10 - 'Samalsius' to 'Salmasius'
192 3 - 'analagous' to 'analogous'
193 - 'exceeedingly' to 'exceedingly'
194 1 - 'Confedration' to 'Confederation'
205 6 - 'anuum' to 'annum'
205 8 - in last paragraph, added decimal to '131.2'
207 4 - 'capaple' to 'capable'
207 8 - 'passsionnées' to 'passionnées'
208 4 - anchor missing in original; placed in likely position.
212 - 'pnrposes' to 'purposes'
213 1 - 'Smilh' to 'Smith'
213 3 - 'analagous' to 'analogous'
214 - 'civlization' to 'civilization'
214 8 - 'carricature' to 'caricature' and
'rêciprocquement' to 'réciproquement'
217 - 'but' to 'butt' ... butt-ends of the gun ...
219 2 - 'partment' to 'department'
220 5 - 'Similarlly' to 'Similarly'
221 2 - 'Lois' to 'Louis'
224 - 'itfelf' to 'itself'
228 13 - 'childrens'' to 'children's'
230 3 - 'candalabras' to 'candelabras'
231 1 - 'accounr' to 'account'
232 - 'palateable' to 'palatable'
232 5 - anchor missing in original; placed in likely position.
234 3 - 'as' to 'an' ... as an excuse.
235 - 'in stead' to 'instead'
237 2 - 'ærarium' to 'ærarian'
237a 5 - 'capiital' to 'capital'
237b 2 - 'chimnies' to 'chimneys'
237c 2 - 'Silesea' to 'Silesia'
237d 6 - 'Rheinish' to 'Rhenish'
238 1 - 'Teleogically' to 'Teleologically'
238 1 - 'Worterbuche' to 'Wörterbuch'
239 2 - 'sociétié' to 'société' and 'diviseé' to 'divisée'
239 3 - 'Enquéte ... occulte' to 'Enquête ... occultes'
240 - 'uniformily' to 'uniformly'
242 - 'incontestibly' to 'incontestably'
242 - 'grevious' to 'grievous'
242 5 - 'imposees' to 'imposées'
242 10 - 'Chateanneuf' to 'Châteauneuf'
242 10 - 'Familes' to 'Familles'
242 15 - 'Reflessioni ... Populazione' to
'Riflessioni ... Popolazione'
243 7 - 'extraordinay' to 'extraordinary'
244 5 - 'Germanans' to 'Germans'
244 6 - 'civtilzed' to 'civilized'
245 5 - added 'of' to phrase '... one of the principal ...'
245 8 - 'Persannes' to 'Persanes'
245 12 - 'Prussaia' to 'Prussia'
246 11 - 'Gessellschaft' to 'Gesellschaft'
247 7 - 'Pommeranian' to 'Pomeranian'
248 8 - 'geater' to 'greater'
249 3 - 'legitamatized' to 'legitimatized'
249 7 - 'Vicbahn' to 'Viebahn'
249 10 - 'Chatelet' to 'Châtelet'
249 14 - 'Mediceinische' to 'Mediceische'
249 15 - 'Duchatelet' to Du Châtelet'
250 3 - 'frauzösischen' to 'französischen'
250 4 - 'Plutatch' to 'Plutarch'
250 5 - 'Thesmophoriazasuses' to 'Thesmophoriazusae'
250 7 - 'rennaissance' to 'renaissance'
250 7 - 'Pausam.' to 'Pausan.'
250 10 - 'Weltjkonomie' to 'Weltökonomie'
251 - 'p lyandry' to 'polyandry'
251 2 - 'transkaukasia' to 'Transkaukasia'
252 1 - 'Litthuanian' to 'Lithuanian'
253 - 'earlist' to 'earliest' and 'manifest' to 'manifests'
253 1 - 'Akadamie' to 'Akademie'
253 7 - 'Schmithenner' to 'Schmitthenner'
254 2 - 'Politche' to 'Politiche'
254 4 - 'Phillippe' to 'Philippe'
256 8 - 'Freidrichs' to 'Friedrichs'
256 9 - 'Salsburg' to 'Salzburg'
256 10 - 'end' to 'und'
256 12 - 'Spiers' to 'Spires'
258 17 - 'Un' to 'An'; 'Milleleuropa' to 'Mitteleuropa'; and
'kultivirten' to 'kultivieren'
259 5 - 'Sclavic' to 'Slavic'
262 2 - 'Appollo' to 'Apollo'
262a 4 - 'Appenines' to 'Apennines'
262a 6 - 'bivouacing' to 'bivouacking'
263 1 - 'histoirique' to 'historique'
264 2 - 'controvery' to 'controversy'
Apx 2 1 - 'ausgebeuteteten' to 'ausgebeuteten'
2 1 3 - 'univesrsalissima' to 'universalissima'
2 1 5 - 'commerzio' to 'commercio'
2 2 12 - 'Mauth' to 'Maut'
2 4 - 'Realisirung' to 'Realisierung'
2 4 3 - 'Menreinfuhr' to 'Mehreinfuhr'
2 5 5 - 'an' to 'au'
2 6 1 - 'Astarta' to 'Astarte'
2 6 4 - 'Nymweg' to 'Nijmegen'
3 4 7 - 'resourcess' to 'resources'
3 7 1 - 'repressailles' to 'représailles' and
'Mercantilsystem' to 'Merkantilsystem'
Index 'Obrecht, 238a' to 'Obrecht, 237a'