Chapter XLIV: Part II: Chronicle of Events (2)

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--Announcement that Mr. James O'Connor, K.C., had been appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland, in succession to Mr. Jonathan Pim, K.C., appointed Attorney-General on the promotion of Serjeant Moriarty to the Bench.

3. In the early morning, Sir Denis Anson, Bart., dived for fun into the Thames at Battersea off a launch returning from a midnight excursion, and was drowned; verdict (July 9) "Accidental death."

--At Christie's, Corot's "Le Rond des Nymphes" realised 6,600 guineas; Troyon's "Un Sous-Bois avec des Vaches," 5,800 guineas; Troyon's "Boeuf's à Labeur," 5,500 guineas; Millet's "La Gardienne du Troupeau," 5,600 guineas. These were from the collection of Mr. Archibald Coats, deceased.

The Civil List pensions granted during the year (to March 31) were:--

Mr. Arthur Henry Bullen.--In recognition of his services to the
study of Elizabethan literature, 150_l._

Mr. Alexander James Montgomerie Bel_l._--In recognition of his
valuable contribution to Geology and Palæontology, 60_l._

Mrs. Phoebe Anna Traquair.--In consideration of the services to
Science of her husband, the late Dr. R. H, Traquair, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S., and of her own artistic work, 50_l._

Miss Edith Hipkins and Mr. John Hipkins, jointly and to the
survivor.--In recognition of the service to music rendered by their
father, the late Mr. A. J. Hipkins, F.S.A., and of their inadequate
means of support, 50_l._

Mrs. Jessie Gray.--In recognition of the valuable contributions to
the Science of Anthropology made by her husband, the late Mr. John
Gray, and in consideration of the circumstances in which she has
been left by his death, 50_l._

Mrs. Annie Wallace.--In consideration of the eminent services to
Science of her husband, the late Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M.,
LL.D., F.R.S., and of her inadequate means of support, 120_l._

Mrs. Henrietta Corfield.--In recognition of the public services
rendered by her son, the late Mr. R. C. Corfield, as Commandant of
the Somaliland Camel Corps, and in consideration of her reduced
circumstances, 60_l._

Mrs. Lilian Alcock.--In recognition of the valuable contributions
to the study of Physiology made by her husband, the late
Professor N. H. Alcock, M.D., D.Sc., and in consideration of the
circumstances in which she has been placed by his premature death,
50_l._

Mr. Haldane MacFal_l._--In consideration of the merits of his
writings, 50_l._

Mrs. Selina Mary Ward.--In recognition of the eminent services of
her husband, the late Professor Marshall Ward, F.R.S., to Botanical
Science, 40_l._

Mr. Walter Shaw Sparrow.--In recognition of the merits of his
writings on art and architecture, 120_l._

Dr. Oliver Heaviside, F.R.S.--In recognition of the importance
of his researches in the theory of high-speed Telegraphy and
long-distance Telephony, in addition to his existing pension,
100_l._

Mrs. Mary E. Bacon.--In consideration of the merits as a painter of
her late husband, Mr. J. H. F. Bacon, A.R.A., and of her inadequate
means of support, 80_l._

Miss Kate Babb Hearder.--In consideration of the contributions to
Electrical Science and Telegraphy of her late father, Dr. Jonathan
Nash Hearder, F.C.S., and of her straitened circumstances, 70_l._

Mr. Henry Arthur Nesbitt.--In consideration of his services in the
improvement of the teaching of English and Arithmetic, and of his
reduced circumstances, 50_l._

Mrs. Katherine W. Grant.--In recognition of the merits of her
writings in the Gaelic tongue, 40_l._

Miss Ethel Mary Willoughby.--In consideration of the services of
her late father, Dr. Edward Francis Willoughby, M.D., in connexion
with questions of Public Health, and of her inadequate means of
support, 30_l._

Miss Constance Anthony.--In consideration of the merits as a
painter of her late father, Mr. Mark Anthony, and of her straitened
circumstances, 30_l._

4. Close of Henley Regatta. The Grand Challenge Cup was won by Harvard, beating the Union Club, Boston, U.S.; the Stewards' Challenge Cup by the Leander Club, against the Mayence Ruderverein; the Ladies' Challenge Plate by Pembroke College, Cambridge; the Wyiold Challenge Cup by the London Rowing Club; the Thames Challenge Cup by Caius College, Cambridge; the Visitors' Challenge Cup by Lady Margaret Boat Club, Cambridge; the Diamond Challenge Sculls by Giuseppe Sinigaglia (Lario Club, Como, Italy); the Silver Goblets by Trinity Hall, Cambridge. The Thames, London, and Leander Rowing Clubs' eights, and that of Jesus College, Cambridge, were beaten by foreign crews in heats for the Grand Challenge Cup.

4. In New York, a tenement house was blown up and three men and a woman, all foreign Anarchists, killed, probably by the premature explosion of a bomb.

--The Report on emigration from the United Kingdom for 1913 showed that the loss by migration, exclusive of aliens, was 241,997, or about 71,000 less than in 1912. The proportion going to the oversea Dominions was 715 per 1,000 emigrants, against 760 per 1,000 in 1912.

5. At Bornim, near Potsdam, five men were killed and two seriously injured while amusing themselves by obtaining electric shocks from a broken power wire.

6. Funeral of Mr. J. Chamberlain at Birmingham.

--Near Beaumont-sur-Oise, two tramps were arrested with bombs, said by them to be designed for the Tsar on his next visit to France, but believed to be intended for the French President.

--At the Central Criminal Court, after eight days' trial, Mr. T. W. H. Crosland, an author, was acquitted of conspiring with Lord Alfred Douglas and others to make a false charge against Mr. Robert Ross.

--At Saumur, the airman Legagneux was killed by a fall into the Loire while flying.

7. A statue of Captain James Cook, the navigator, in the Mall, London, was unveiled by Prince Arthur of Connaught.

--A statue of Victor Hugo, who had lived for many years in Guernsey, was unveiled in Candie Park, Guernsey, with great ceremony; the British and French Governments were represented.

--Announcement that Sir Joseph Beecham had bought the Covent Garden Estate from Mr. Mallaby-Deeley, M.P.

8. At Lord's Cricket Ground, Oxford beat Cambridge in the Inter-University Match by 194 runs.

9. At Quebec, the Dufferin Terrace was partly destroyed by fire.

--The Representative Church Council (the Houses of Convocation and of Laymen of the Provinces of Canterbury and York) decided to give women votes in the election of Church Councils, and to admit them to seats on parochial Church Councils.

11. At Quebec, the Court of Inquiry into the loss of the _Empress of Ireland_ found that the collision was due solely to the _Storstad_ porting her helm during the fog. The captain of the _Empress of Ireland_ was exonerated from blame, and Mr. Tufteness, the mate of the _Storstad_, blamed for altering her course. The conduct of the crews of both vessels was commended.

--At Lord's Cricket Ground, Eton beat Harrow by four wickets.

--At Kennington Oval Cricket Ground, the Players beat the Gentlemen by 241 runs.

11. At the first "international" athletic contest between England, Scotland, and Ireland, held at Glasgow, England won six events out of eleven, Scotland three, Ireland two.

--The air race from London to Paris (Hendon to Buc) and back was won by W. L. Brock; his time outward was 3 hrs. 33 min. 24 sec., homeward 3 hrs. 39 min. 42 sec.; only two of six starters completed both journeys.

12. Celebration at Disentis, Switzerland, of the thirteen hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the Benedictine Abbey by St. Sigisbert, an Irish monk, A.D. 614.

14. At Newport, Mon., Prince Arthur of Connaught opened a new lock at the Alexandra Docks.

--Mr. Austen Chamberlain returned unopposed for West Birmingham, vice Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, deceased.

16. At Gravesend Parish Church, two windows in memory of Pocahontus, the famous Indian princess who saved the life of the explorer John Smith, were dedicated by the Bishop of Rochester and unveiled by the American Ambassador.

--At Olympia, Kensington, Georges Carpentier (France) defeated "Gunboat" Smith (America) in the fight for the White Heavy Weight Championship of the world in the sixth round, on a foul.

--At Christie's, a pair of Chinese vases of the Koang-Ho period realised 3,800 guineas.

18. Home Rule Conference arranged. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

18-20. Naval display at Portsmouth. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

20. At Fort Grange military air station, near Gosport, Lieut. L. C. Hordern, Lancashire Fusiliers, was fatally, and Sergeant Campbell seriously, injured in an aeroplane accident.

--At the Pont d'Empalot near Toulouse, an express from Bayonne ran into a stationary train; seven persons killed, over thirty injured.

21. The Shah of Persia crowned at Teheran.

22. Mr. George Smith, M.A. Oxon, Headmaster of Merchiston Castle Grammar School, Edinburgh, appointed Headmaster of Dulwich College, vice Mr. A. H. Gilkes, M.A. Oxon, resigned.

24. Failure of the Home Rule Conference.

--Tercentenary celebrated of the publication by John Napier of Merchistoun of his discovery of logarithms.

25. Close of the National Rifle Meeting at Bisley. (See next page.)

--Attempt to murder the Khedive of Egypt in Constantinople. (See For. Hist., Chap. VII., 2.)

26. Gun-running by Irish Volunteers at Howth; the Scottish Borderers subsequently fired on the crowd. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

27. Announcement that Sir Jeremiah Colman had purchased Reigate Hill, Surrey, for the use of the public.

28. Austria-Hungary formally declared war on Servia. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV., and For. Hist., Chaps. II. and III.)

28. At Paris, after seven days' trial, Mme. Caillaux was acquitted of murdering M. Gaston Calmette. (See _ante_, Chron., March 16.)

30. Belgrade taken by the Austrians. Partial mobilisation by Russia. (See For. Hist., Chaps. II. and III.)

--A painting of "An Interior with Figures," by P. de Hoock, realised 8,200 guineas at a London auction sale.

--Lieut. Gran (Norway) flew from Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen, to Stavanger, 400 miles, in 4 hrs. 10 min.

31. The London Stock Exchange was closed by order of the Committee, and the Bank rate raised to 8 per cent. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

AUGUST.

1. The _Endurance_, with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic expedition, left the Thames on her voyage to the South Polar regions.

--The Bank rate was advanced to 10 per cent.

--The National Penny Bank suspended payment.

--Mobilisation ordered of the German and French armies.

--Germany declared war on Russia and France.

2. Russian troops crossed the East Prussian frontier; German invasion of Luxemburg and France.

--Prayers offered for the nation in churches and chapels throughout the United Kingdom.

--The Admiralty called out the Naval Reserves. Patriotic demonstration before Buckingham Palace.

--Partial Moratorium decreed in the United Kingdom by Royal Proclamation.

3. Announcement of the abandonment of Cowes Regatta by special desire of the King.

--German ultimatum to Belgium.

--Royal Proclamations issued authorising the Admiralty to requisition British ships, prohibiting the use of wireless by British merchant vessels, and forbidding the export of numerous articles described as warlike stores.

--The German Embassy left Paris, the French Embassy Berlin.

--Sir E. Grey's statement in the House of Commons. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. IV.)

4. Order in Council declaring it expedient that the Government should take control of the railways of the United Kingdom.

--British ultimatum to Germany. British Army mobilisation ordered by Proclamation.

--Resignation of British Ministers. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--German invasion of Belgium.

5. Earl Kitchener of Khartoum appointed Secretary for War.

--The German mine-layer _Königin Luise_, a converted liner, sunk by H.M.S. _Amphion_ and the Third Torpedo Flotilla.

5. French troops entered Belgium.

6. Vote of Credit for 100,000,000_l._ and vote of 500,000 men for the Army passed by the House of Commons, after a statement by the Prime Minister.

--Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia.

--H.M.S. _Amphion_ struck a mine in the North Sea and sank; a paymaster and 150 men were lost.

--Bank rate reduced to 6 per cent.

--The Prince of Wales and the Queen appealed for subscriptions for a National Relief Fund.

7. Reopening of British Banks after the extended Bank Holiday.

--Issue of Government notes for 10_s._ and 1_l._

--Montenegro declared herself at war with Austria-Hungary.

8. Bank rate reduced to 5 per cent.

--British Expeditionary Force landing in France.

9. H.M.S. _Birmingham_ sank the German submarine U 15 in the North Sea.

10. State of war between France and Austria-Hungary.

--Lord Islington appointed Under-Secretary for the Colonies, _vice_ Lord Emmot, appointed First Commissioner of Works; and Dr. Christopher Addison, M.P., appointed Parliamentary Secretary of the Board of Education, _vice_ Mr. C. M. Trevelyan resigned.

--Completion of the purchase of the Crystal Palace.

12. Declaration of war by Great Britain on Austria-Hungary. Proclamation under Defence of the Realm Act, establishing a kind of martial law in Great Britain.

--Announcement that Turkey had purchased the German warships _Goeben_ and _Breslau_.

14. The Austrian Lloyd liner _Baron Gautsch_ struck a mine off Lussin, Dalmatia, and sank; 150 persons drowned.

15. The Panama Canal formally opened.

--Proclamation by Grand Duke Nicolas of Russia to Poles. (See For. Hist., Chap. III.)

16. Japanese ultimatum to Germany.

--Arrival at Avonmouth of General Huerta, ex-President of Mexico. Entry of the Carranzist General Obregon into Mexico City.

17. The Belgian Court and Government removed from Brussels to Antwerp.

--French Fleet cleared Adriatic up to Cattaro.

18. Germans entered Tirlemont.

19. French reverse in Lorraine.

--Russians defeat Germans at Stallupönen, East Prussia.

20. Death of Pope Pius X. (See Obit.)

--Belgian Army retired to Antwerp.

--At the bye-election for Wicklow (W.) Mr. J. T. Donovan (N.) was returned unopposed, _vice_ Mr. E. P. O'Kelly (N.)

20. At Sydney, N.S.W., the President of the British Association, Professor Bateson, delivered the Presidential Address. (See _post_, Science.)

21. German occupation of Brussels.

--Day of Intercession for the War.

22. Funeral of Pope Pius X.

23. War began between Japan and Germany.

23-26. Four days' battle in France. (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

24. Fall of Namur.

25. Parliament reassembled. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

26. Destruction of Louvain.

--The American steamer _Admiral Sampson_ sank after collision with the British steamer _Princess Victoria_; ten persons drowned.

--The German light cruiser _Magdeburg_ went ashore at the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, and was blown up. A Russian attack had resulted in some loss of life.

27. First British wounded arrived at Folkestone.

--Further Parliamentary Papers published containing additional details of breach with Germany.

28. It was announced in Parliament that Indian troops were on their way from India.

--British Naval victory in the Bight of Heligoland. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

29. Apia in Samoa surrendered to a British Expeditionary Force.

31. Arrival of the Queen of the Belgians and her children at Dover.

--Russian defeat in East Prussia.

SEPTEMBER.

1. The King received the Belgian Mission to the United States. (See For. Hist., Chap. VIII.)

--Announcement that, by order of the Tsar, St. Petersburg would be known for the future as Petrograd.

--It was reported at Petrograd that Lieut. Sedoff, leader of the Suvorin Polar Expedition, had died and been buried in Kronprinz Rudolf Land.

--At Llandaff, the Bishop's palace was burnt down; many of the valuables, pictures, and books were saved.

3. The French Government left Paris for Bordeaux. (See For. Hist., Chap. I.)

--The election of the Pope resulted, at the third ballot, in favour of Cardinal Della Chiesa, who took the title of Benedict XV.

--The steam drifter _Linsdell_, and shortly afterwards H.M.S. _Speedy_, struck mines off the east coast and sank; eight lives lost.

5. H.M.S. _Pathfinder_ was sunk by a mine (or, more probably, a submarine) off the east coast; 259 killed, 16 wounded. The Wilson liner _Runo_, from Hull for Archangel, met a similar fate; about twenty-five lives lost.

5. A collision occurred outside Cannon Street between two outgoing trains; eight persons were injured.

7. Announcement that the German cruiser _Nürnberg_ had cut the cable between Fanning Island and British Columbia.

9. The armed merchant cruiser _Oceanic_, late White Star Line, wrecked off the north coast of Scotland; no lives lost.

--At Doncaster, the St. Leger resulted as follows: Mr. J. B. Joel's Black Jester, 1; Sir J. Thursby's Kennymore, 2; Sir J. Thursby's Cressingham, 3; time, 3 min. 23.8 sec.

10. A troop train was derailed at the Hex River Pass, South Africa; eight persons were killed, eighty-six injured--one fatally.

--Russian advance checked at Allenstein, East Prussia.

11. Pope Benedict XV. issued an appeal for peace.

--Minimum height of recruits raised by War Office to 5 ft. 6 ins. and chest measurement to 35-1/2 inches.

12. The Annual Report of the Development Commission showed that grants had been recommended during the year by that body of 767,387_l._, of which 472,793_l._ was intended for the development of agriculture and rural industries. Special grants had been made for veterinary research work for the improvement of live stock. The Commission repeated its warning that it would be obliged to cut down or abandon several of its most beneficial schemes unless Parliament aided it after 1915.

--The _Spreewald_, an armed German merchant cruiser, with two German colliers, was captured in the North Atlantic by H.M.S. _Berwick_. (The capture was announced Sept. 23.)

13. The King received Cardinal Mercier at Buckingham Palace. In the afternoon His Eminence, standing on Cardinal Bourne's balcony, blessed 10,000 Irishmen passing beneath in procession.

--The German cruiser _Hela_ was sunk in the North Sea by the British submarine E 9.

14. At Lebanon, Missouri, a train broke through a bridge and fell into the river; over thirty-five persons were reported drowned.

--The German merchant cruiser _Cap Trafalgar_ was sunk off the east coast of South America by the British armed cruiser _Carmania_ (a converted Cunard liner).

--The Australian submarine AE 1 was lost by some unknown accident while returning from patrol work; thirty-five officers and men were lost.

15. The Stock Exchange issued a list of trustee securities with minimum prices, below which its members were forbidden to deal in them.

17. H.M.S. _Fisgard II._, formerly the _Invincible_, flagship at the battle of Alexandria in 1882, now fitted up as a floating repair shop, sank in a gale off Portland Bill while being towed; twenty-one of her crew were drowned.

18. Prorogation of Parliament. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

18. Near Astoria, Oregon, the United States merchant steamer _Francis H. Leggett_ foundered in a gale; seventy lives were lost.

--A South African force occupied Lüderitzbucht, German West Africa.

19. The Pacific Mail steamer _Ortega_, 8,000 tons, Capt. D. R. Kinneir, bound from Valparaiso to Liverpool, escaped from a German cruiser into the Straits of Magellan, through Nelson Strait, a dangerous and quite unsurveyed passage--a daring feat of seamanship.

20. At Zanzibar, H.M.S. _Pegasus_, while at anchor, was surprised by the German cruiser _Königsberg_, and disabled; thirty-four of her crew were killed and sixty-one wounded; the _Königsberg_ escaped.

--German bombardment of Rheims Cathedral. (See For. Hist., Chap. I.)

22. Two Parliamentary seats were filled, by arrangement, without opposition. At Hartlepool Sir Walter Runciman (L.) was returned, _vice_ Sir Stephen Furness (L.), deceased; at Bolton Mr. A. H. Gill (Lab.), deceased, was succeeded by Mr. A. H. Tootil (Lab.).

--At 6 _A.M._, H.M.S. cruiser _Aboukir_ was torpedoed by a German submarine in the North Sea and sank; H.M.S. cruisers _Cressy_ and (two hours later) _Hogue_ suffered the same fate while standing by to save life. The total loss was sixty-two officers and 1,397 men; the saved numbered 917.

--British air raid on Düsseldorf; Flight-Lieut. C. H. Collet dropped three bombs on the Zeppelin sheds, approaching within 400 feet; an attack on the sheds at Cologne was frustrated by fog; all five aviators returned safely. (See Eng. Hist. Chap. V.)

--Madras shelled by the German cruiser _Emden_; little damage.

24. An attempt was made to wreck the up Folkestone boat express train at Hither Green; no harm was done.

--First Indian troops landed at Marseilles.

26. At Cambridge, the Rev. Edmund Courtenay Pearce, M.A., Fellow and Dean of Corpus Christi College, was elected Master of the College, _vice_ Colonel R. T. Caldwell, LL.D., deceased.

27. First bombs dropped on Paris by a German aeroplane; an elderly gentleman was killed and a little girl badly wounded.

--The Albanian Senate proclaimed Prince Burhan-ed-Din, a son of Abdul Hamid, ruler of the Principality.

28. Announcement of the surrender of Duala (Cameroons) to an Anglo-French force.

29. Announcement that four British ships had been sunk by the German cruiser _Emden_ in the Indian Ocean, and a fifth, the collier _Buresk_, captured.

OCTOBER.

1. Announcement that the Rev. Canon George Wilfrid Blenkin, Vicar of Hitchin and sometime Fellow and Chaplain of Trinity College, Cambridge, was appointed Dean of St. Albans, vice the Very Rev. Walter J. Lawrance, D.D., deceased.

--In the King's Bench Division, a compulsory winding-up order was made for the National Penny Bank. The Government enabled the Bank of England to render assistance, whereby depositors were paid 5_s._ in the pound at once. The management of the Bank was officially declared (Nov. 5) to have been unsatisfactory.

1. Announcement that seven German merchant steamers and a gunboat had been captured by H.M.S. _Cumberland_ off the Cameroons.

2. The Admiralty announced that a minefield for defensive purposes had been laid in the North Sea.

--On the Highland Railway, the mail train caught fire; the guard was injured and sixty mailbags destroyed.

--On the arrival of the steamship _Komagata Maru_ from Vancouver at Budge Budge, near Calcutta, with British Indians who had been refused admittance to British Columbia, some of the emigrants attempted to walk to Calcutta instead of proceeding direct by train to the Punjaub. Eventually they fired on the police, killing one and wounding others, and were fired upon by troops; sixteen rioters and two spectators were killed. (See For. and Col. Hist., Chap. V.)

5. Exactly two months from its commencement, the National Relief Fund reached 3,000,000_l._

6. Off Schiermonnikoog, H.M.S. Submarine E 5 sunk the German destroyer S 179; most of the crew of the latter were reported saved.

--President Poincaré visited Sir John French's headquarters and exchanged congratulatory telegrams with the King.

7-8. The bombardment of Antwerp began at midnight.

9. Fall of Antwerp. (See For. Hist., Chap. IV.)

--Announcement that three British naval airmen had destroyed a Zeppelin at Düsseldorf.

10. Death of the King of Roumania. (See For. Hist., Chap. III.)

11. Two German aeroplanes flew over Paris soon after midday, dropping twenty bombs, of which one struck Notre Dame; three persons killed, fourteen injured.

--The Russian cruiser _Pallada_ was sunk, with all her crew, in the Baltic by a German destroyer; two German destroyers sunk by the Russians.

11-12. Bombardment of Arras.

12. Warning by the Mayor of Gravesend regarding hostile aircraft.

13. The Prime Minister received a deputation of women protesting against a possible revival of the Contagious Diseases Acts, in view of the evils that had arisen in the neighbourhood of certain camps.

--Announcement of Maritz's rebellion in South Africa.

14. The first Canadian troops arrived at Plymouth.

--Fire at the Monfalcone Shipbuilding Works, near Trieste; a large cruiser building for the Austro-Hungarian Government was destroyed.

15. Announcement that H.M. cruiser _Yarmouth_ had sunk the German liner _Markomannia_ near Sumatra, and captured the Greek steamer _Pontoporos_. Both had been coaling the _Emden_--the latter compulsorily.

15. Near Bucharest, two English M.P.'s, Mr. Noel Buxton and Mr. C. R. Buxton, were shot at and wounded by a Young Turk while proceeding to King Carol's funeral; they recovered.

--H.M.S. _Hawke_ was sunk by a submarine, and H.M.S. _Theseus_ attacked, in the northern waters of the North Sea. The number saved was seventy, leaving 524 killed and missing.

16. On the Didcot-Newbury line, in the evening, at a level crossing, a goods train struck a motor-car containing ladies returning from a concert at Churn Camp; one lady killed, two injured.

17. Four German destroyers, with all their crews but thirty-one, were sunk in the North Sea by H.M.S. _Undaunted_ and four destroyers, the _Lance_, _Lennox_, _Legion_, and _Loyal_; one British officer and seventy-four men wounded.

--Severe earthquake in Greece and Asia Minor; thirty-three miles of railway in Asia Minor damaged, and 3,000 peasants reported killed.

--The Japanese cruiser _Takahichio_ was sunk by a mine in Kiao-chao Bay; about 254 persons believed lost.

--In Camberwell and Deptford a number of shops, belonging, or believed to belong, to Germans, were wrecked by a mob.

18. H.M.S. submarine E 3 reported sunk on the North Sea coast.

19. Announcement that a "Distinguished Service Medal" had been instituted for non commissioned officers and privates in the Royal Marines, and for petty officers, men and boys in the Royal Navy.

--At Marquise, near Boulogne, a train with Belgian refugees was partly telescoped by a following goods train; thirty-one killed, eighty-one wounded.

--Attempted rising in Portugal. (See For. Hist., Chap. IV.)

20. Announcement that the Tsar had decided to prohibit for ever the Government sale of alcohol in Russia.

--In Montreal, a block of nine houses, with three shops, was blown up, probably by Austrians; four killed, including three of the perpetrators. The occupants were chiefly Russians.

21. Trafalgar Day. The tributes at the Nelson column included mementoes of the _Aboukir_ and _Hawke_. Crowds of people visited the square.

--Extensive arrests of Germans and Austrians in London and many English towns.

22. Announcement that German and Austrian merchant ships must leave the Suez Canal.

23. Announcement that Dr. Arthur Berriedale Keith, D.Litt. Edin., D.C.L. Oxon, had been appointed Regius Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in Edinburgh University, _vice_ Dr. Julius Eggeling, resigned.

24. H.M.S. _Badger_ rammed (and was believed to have sunk) a German submarine off the Dutch coast.

--President Poincaré and Earl Kitchener were unanimously elected Lord Rector of Glasgow University and Lord Rector of Edinburgh University respectively.

26. The French liner _Amiral Ganteaume_, with 2,500 refugees on board, bound from Calais to Havre, was torpedoed twelve miles off Cape Grisnez by a German submarine, and sank; four engine-room hands were killed. The cross-Channel steamer _Queen_ (S.E. & C.R.) took off the passengers, but about twenty were killed, chiefly in trying to jump aboard her in a panic.

--Importation of sugar into the United Kingdom prohibited.

--An Anglo-French force entered Edea, Cameroons.

27. News of the risings headed by General Beyers in the Western Transvaal and by General De Wet in the Orange Free State.

--The steamer _Manchester Commerce_ struck a mine near Tory Island, off the north-west coast of Ireland, and foundered; thirty of the crew were saved; the captain and thirteen were lost. The Admiralty consequently warned shipping to pass by Skerryvore and the Hebrides.

--Closing by order of several entrances to the Thames.

--Announcement that Mrs. Carman had been released on bail after a disagreement of the jury in her trial for murder. (See _ante_, June 30.)

28. Completion of the piercing of Moutier-Granges tunnel, on the line between Delle and Berne, Switzerland, saving thirteen miles on the route from Paris to Milan via, the Lötschberg.

--Announcement that the Germans had invaded Angola.

--At Sarajevo, sentence was pronounced on the persons convicted of conspiring to murder the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and the Duchess of Hohenberg. (See Chron. June 28, and For. Hist., Chap. III.) Four were sentenced to be hanged, three, including the actual murderer, who was too young for the death penalty, to twenty years' penal servitude, and seven others to shorter terms.

--At Penang, the German cruiser _Emden_ sank the Russian cruiser _Zhemchug_ and a French destroyer; eighty-six lives lost; three officers and 112 men injured.

29. Resignation of Prince Louis of Battenberg. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--Bombardment by Turkish warships of Black Sea ports. Turkey thus entered into the war.

30. The British hospital ship _Rohilla_ (late a P. & O. liner) proceeding from Leith to the Continent to fetch Belgian wounded, went ashore just south of Whitby, having probably struck a mine; after great difficulties, the last set of survivors were rescued on November 1, after thirty-six hours' exposure to heavy seas. About seventy-five lives were lost; the saved numbered 146.

--Lord Fisher of Kilverstone appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, _vice_ Prince Louis of Battenberg, resigned.

--The German cruiser _Königsberg_ bombarded by H.M.S. _Chatham_ in the Rufigi River, East Africa, and her exit prevented by sinking colliers.

30. The _Morning Post_ published the letter written by the German Emperor to the late Lord Tweedmouth when First Lord of the Admiralty, assuring him that the German Navy was not intended to challenge British Naval Supremacy. (See A.R., 1908, Pt. I., p. 58.)

31. Gallant charge of the London Scottish near Ypres.

--The cruiser _Hermes_, seaplane carrier, was sunk at 10.30 A.M. in the Straits of Dover while returning from Dunkirk; twenty-two killed, seven wounded.

NOVEMBER.

1. Sea-fight off the Chilean coast; H.M.S. _Good Hope_ and _Monmouth_ sunk. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The German Emperor reported to have had a narrow escape from bombs dropped by a British airman at Thielt.

--Foreign Office statement of repeated provocations offered by the Porte to the Powers of the Triple Entente, culminating in attacks on Russia and project of invasion of Egypt. (See For. Hist., Chap. III.)

2. British reverse in German East Africa. (See For. and Col. Hist., Chap. VII.)

--Municipal elections throughout England and Wales. By arrangement, contests were avoided almost everywhere.

--Admiralty announcement of restriction of navigation in the North Sea and on the North of Scotland and of Ireland, owing to indiscriminate scattering of German mines.

--Bombardment of the Dardanelles forts by an Anglo-French Squadron.

--Bombardment of Akabah by H.M.S. _Minerva_.

3. United States elections; large Republican gains.

4. The German cruiser _Yorck_ struck a mine (or was sunk by a British submarine) off Jahde Bay and sank; about half the crew drowned.

5. British declaration of war with Turkey; Cyprus annexed to Great Britain by Order in Council.

--Military execution in the Tower of Karl Lody, convicted of espionage by court-martial, November 2.

--The Earl of Annesley and Flight-Lieutenant C. Beevor, R.N., shot down near Ostend while crossing in an aeroplane from Eastchurch to France.

6. At Edinburgh, William Drummond Dick, recently a coal importer at Berlin, sentenced to five years' penal servitude for attempting to sell coal to Germany.

7. Surrender of Tsingtau. (See For. Hist., Chap. VI.)

--Admiralty announcement of the occupation of Fao, at the mouth of the Shatt-el-Arab. (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

9. Ministers at the Guildhall. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The Lord Mayor's Show included contingents from the Canadian, Newfoundland, and New Zealand troops, and also from the Honourable Artillery Company, the London Scottish, and other London Territorial Regiments, and the Officers' Training Corps of the City of London School.

9. M. Rodin presented to the British nation twenty of his statues, recently exhibited in London, as a token of admiration for its heroes.

--Announcement that the German cruiser _Emden_ was sunk by H.M.A.S. _Sydney_ of the Australian Navy, on November 9, while attempting to destroy the wireless station at the Cocos or Keeling Islands, and that the German cruiser _Königsberg_ had been discovered on October 30 (see that date).

11. Opening of Parliament. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--H.M.S. _Niger_ torpedoed in the Downs, two miles off Deal; all the officers and crew saved; four men injured.

14. Death of Earl Roberts at St. Omer. (See _post_, Obituary.)

--The Royal Society medals were awarded as follows: Royal Medal to Prof. Ernest W. Brown, F.R.S., for astronomical investigations, chiefly in the lunar theory, and to Prof. William J. Sollas, F.R.S., for palæontological researches; the Copley Medal to Sir Joseph Thomson, for discoveries in physical science; the Romford Medal to Lord Rayleigh, for his numerous researches in optics; the Davy Medal to Prof. William Jackson Pope, for researches on stereo-chemistry; the Darwin Medal to Prof. E. B. Poulton, for researches in heredity; and the Hughes Medal to Prof. John S. Townsend, F.R.S., for his researches on the electric behaviour of gases.

16. Official announcement of nine awards of the Victoria Cross--the first in the War.

17. Announcement by the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the new war taxation and war loan. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--The Prince of Wales appointed A.D.C. to F.M. Sir John French.

--At Amiens, fifteen bombs were dropped by German aeroplanes; a gasholder exploded; one man killed, one injured.

--German bombardment of Libau; Russian bombardment of Trebizond.

--Turkish defeat on the Shatt-el-Arab, (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

18. The Russian Black Sea battleship division engaged the _Goeben_ off Sebastopol; she retired seriously damaged.

19. Riot among German prisoners in camp near Douglas, Isle of Man; five killed, one fatally injured. The jury at the inquest exonerated the authorities, in view of the riotous conduct of the prisoners.

--Funeral of Earl Roberts in St. Paul's.

--Announcement that the Rev. John Pentland Mahaffy, D.C.L., had been appointed Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, _vice_ Dr. Traill, deceased.

--Announcement that Dr. Walter Ramsden, Senior Demonstrator of Physiology at Oxford University, was elected Johnston Professor of Bio-Chemistry at Liverpool University, _vice_ Dr. Benjamin Moore, resigned.

20. Turkish bombardment of Tuapse.

21. British raid on the Zeppelin airship factory at Friedrichshafen. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

--Basra occupied by British. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

23. The German submarine U 18 was rammed and sunk by a British patrol vessel off the north coast of Scotland; she subsequently rose, surrendered, and foundered; one man killed.

--The German destroyer S 124 was sunk by collision with the British steamer _Anglo-Dane_ off Falsterbro.

--The Cunard freight steamer _Malachite_, from Havre to Liverpool, was shelled four miles off Havre by a submarine and sunk; the crew landed in their own boats.

--The U.S. troops evacuated Vera Cruz.

24. First Indian soldier recommended for the V.C.--Havildar Gangna Singh, a Dogra, 57th Wilde's Rifles.

26. H.M.S. battleship _Bulwark_ blew up at Sheerness at 7.35 A.M.; about 750 lives were lost.

--The British merchant steamer _Primo_ was sunk off Cape Antifer by a German submarine; crew saved.

27. Announcement that Dr. C. S. Loch had resigned the secretaryship of the Charity Organisation Society, which he had held since 1875.

--Earthquake in Western Greece and the Ionian Islands; at Leucadia, twenty-three persons reported killed, fifty injured; great damage also at Corfu.

--At the Central Criminal Court, in the trial of Lord Alfred Douglas for libelling Mr. Robert Ross, the jury disagreed; a _nolle prosequi_ was entered December 10.

29. December 4. The King visited the front in France. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

30. At the bye-election for Londonderry City, due to the death of Mr. D. C. Hogg (L.), Sir James Dougherty (L.) was returned unopposed. His opponent, Mr. J. P. Goode, a "Federal Imperialist," was disqualified on the informality of his nomination papers.

DECEMBER.

2. At the Cleckheaton Chemical Works, Heckmondwike, seven lives were lost by a lyddite explosion.

3. Riot among interned Belgian soldiers near Zeist, Holland; the guard fired, killing seven and wounding twenty-two.

3-8. Great Austrian defeat in Serbia.

4. Mr. James Cosgrove (N.) returned unopposed as M.P. for Galway (E.), _vice_ Mr. John Roche, deceased.

5. War precautions in the English Channel.

--At Riardo, between Rome and Naples, a passenger train for Naples was partly telescoped by a following goods train; eleven persons were killed or mortally injured, about fifty less seriously injured.

5. The German mercantile cruiser _Prince Eitel Friedrich_ sank the British steamer _Charcas_ about seventy miles south of Valparaiso; the crew were landed.

--French air raid announced on the Zeppelin sheds at Freiburg-im-Breisgau.

5-6. Heavy gale; serious floods in Wales.

7. Defeat and death of General Beyers in South Africa. (See For. and Col. Hist., Chap. VII.)

--The Rev. L. R. Phelps elected Provost of Oriel College, Oxford, _vice_ Dr. L. Shadwell, resigned.

--Severe storm on the United States coast from Maine to North Carolina; many wrecks.

8. Off Barrow, the oil-tank steamer _Vedra_ stranded and exploded; thirty-four persons were lost, two saved.

--In the King's Bench Division, an action by Sir John Brunner and Sir Alfred Mond against Mr. R. T. Palmer, a Leicester manufacturer, who, being excited by the war, had written addressing them as "German swine," was settled by an apology and payment of costs.

--British naval victory off the Falkland Islands. (See For. Hist., Chap. V.)

9. At the Parliamentary bye-election for King's County (Tullamore), due to the death of Mr. E. Haviland Burke (N.), Mr. E. J. Graham (I.N.) was returned by 1,667 votes, Mr. P. F. Adams (N.) receiving 1,588.

--At the Durham Assizes, before Mr. Justice Shearman, Nicolaus Emil Hermann Adolf Ahlers, recently German Consul at Sunderland and a naturalised Englishman, was convicted of high treason and sentenced to death, he having incited and assisted German reservists in England to join the German forces after the declaration of war. (The conviction was quashed on December 18 by the High Court.)

--The Edison Works at West Orange, New Jersey, burnt down; estimated damage $5,000,000.

10. Lieut.-Gen. Sir James Wolfe Murray appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff, _vice_ Lieut.-Gen. Sir Charles Douglas, deceased.

11, 12. Suspension of the London tramway service owing to an accident at a generating station.

12. On board the s.s. _Batavier V._, at Tilbury, for Rotterdam, a box which broke during shipment contained a young German lieutenant, Otto Koehn, who was attempting escape to Germany and had been interned at Dorchester.

--Announcement that Russia had declined the Christmas truce suggested by the Pope.

13. In the Dardanelles the British submarine B 11, Lieut.-Com. Holbrook, torpedoed and sank the Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_.

14. Serbian army re-entered Belgrade.

16. German bombardment of Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby. (See Eng. Hist., Chap. V.)

17. Egypt was proclaimed a British Protectorate, and Lieut.-Col. Sir Arthur Henry MacMahon, G.C.V.O., appointed British Commissioner.

--During a performance in the 86th Street Theatre, New York, five lions escaped; one was eventually killed in the street, the rest recaptured; the police had fired on them, wounding three persons.

--The Austro-Hungarian naval cadet training ship _Beethoven_ was reported to have struck a mine near Trieste and sunk, with the loss of all on board.

18. The Khedive Abbas II. of Egypt deposed; Prince Hussein Kamel Pasha, a son of the ex-Khedive Ismail, appointed Sultan of Egypt.

--Meeting of the Kings of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, at Malmö.

19. The Donaldson (cargo) liner _Tritonia_, from Partington (Manchester Ship Canal) for St. John, N.B., struck a mine off the North of Ireland; the crew escaped.

20. Herbertshire Castle, Denny, Stirlingshire, was burnt down in the early morning; two young girl visitors and a lady secretary lost their lives.

21. The United States Supreme Court decided that Harry Thaw must be extradited from New Hampshire to New York (A.R., 1913, Chron., Aug. 17.)

24. A German aeroplane dropped a bomb on Dover, missing the Castle; little damage.

24, 25. A German aeroplane dropped bombs on Nancy; two persons killed, about twelve injured.

25. British air and sea raid on Cuxhaven,

--German aeroplane over Sheerness; the airman was shot at, and probably killed.

27. A British destroyer wrecked near St. Andrews; all hands saved.

28. Sudden storm in southern England; at Clapham a house was blown down, killing one person and injuring others.

29. At Edinburgh, Kate Hume, aged seventeen, of Dumfries, was convicted of forging and altering two letters purporting to relate German outrages on her sister; she was released on probation.

30. German aeroplane raid on Dunkirk; four aeroplanes dropped seventeen bombs intended for military buildings, but they fell in the market-place and streets; fifteen killed, thirty-two wounded, including many women.

--The Prussian casualty lists, numbering 112, gave the total of killed, wounded and missing as 771,073. The eighty-three Saxon, eighty-five Würtemberg, 130 Bavarian, and thirteen naval casualty lists increased this total by over 500,000. Some estimates, however, put the total German losses much higher.

RETROSPECT

LITERATURE, SCIENCE AND ART IN 1914.

LITERATURE.

There is an undoubted temptation in reviewing the Literature of 1914 to consider it from two obvious points of view: that published, or already in the Press, before the declaration of war with Germany, and that issued afterwards. But, although the outbreak of war caused a momentary pause in the operations of many publishers, it did not affect the flow of volumes already announced, though it has doubtless seriously reduced future commitments.

In dealing with the first half of the year, our attention is drawn to a more than usually numerous list of important works of mental and artistic culture. The students of History, too, relax nothing of their strenuous ardour, and writers upon Theological questions abound. It will be obvious therefore that in the present brief survey only a certain portion of all the multitudinous literary activities of the year can be noticed.

To begin with an appealing human interest,--many books of Biography have been issued, showing how unabated is the world's concern in the life-stories of great men and women. Much critical attention has been given to the celebration of the Roger Bacon sept-centenary on June 10 at Oxford, and the contributory papers of British and Foreign _savants_ are accordingly printed by Mr. Milford. The =Life and Works= of the "Admirable Doctor" as given by Mr. J. D. Bridges, is also edited by Mr. H. Gordon Jones (Williams & Norgate). In connexion with the notice of the famous Schoolman it is interesting to note that another distinguished Oxonian, Mr. Allen, the well-known editor of the "Letters of Erasmus," has published his Lectures on that great antagonist of the later Schoolmen, under the title of =The Age of Erasmus= (Oxford, Clarendon Press; London, Milford). This is conveniently supplemented by Father Hartmann Grisar's Luther (Kegan Paul), and by a study of Calvin, by H. Y. Reyburn, B.D. (Hodder & Stoughton). Here too might be mentioned the work of another distinguished Roman ecclesiastic--the Rev. Horace Mann, D.D., whose =Lives of the Popes= has arrived at its tenth volume, carrying their history up to 1198 (Kegan Paul). Other famous Ecclesiastics dealt with in sympathetic vein are =Saint Augustin=, by Louis Bertrand (Constable), translated by Vincent O'Sullivan; and two authors deal with the famous "Clement of Alexandria"--first the Rev. R. B. Tollinton, B.D., Rector of Tendring (Williams & Norgate); also Dr. John Patrick, in The Croall Lectures for 1899-1900 (Blackwood). Messrs. Lee Warner continue the edition of Vasari's =Lives= which is edited and translated by Mr. Gaston du C. de Vere, now in its seventh volume, and a Study of =Boccaccio= by M. H. Hauvette, one of the leading writers on that great medieval master, is published by M. M. Armand Colin (Paris).

Turning to a later period, we get the late Paul Janet's important work on =Fénelon=, translated and edited by Victor Leuliette (Sir Isaac Pitman), and the joint-lives of John and Sarah, Duke and Duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744), by S. J. Reid (Murray). Suitably following this, comes =The Life of Charles, Third Earl Stanhope=, begun by his great-great-granddaughter, Miss Ghita Stanhope, and continued by Mr. G. P. Gooch (Longmans). Coming to studies and lives of eminent statesmen of modern times, we have =The House of Cecil=, by G. Ravenscroft Dennis (Constable), a Life of =Sir John Lubbock= (Lord Avebury), by H. G. Hutchinson (Murray), a few brief monographs on Mr. Joseph Chamberlain,--one of these contributed by Lord Milner and others,--and, above all, we have the brilliant continuation, by Mr. Buckle, of the late Mr. Monypenny's =Life of Benjamin D'Israeli= (Murray). Mr. Henry James's =Notes of a Son and Brother= (Macmillan) has naturally attracted attention, and there have been two books on Tolstoy, one, which is authoritative, by his son, Count Ilya Tolstoy, translated by J. Calderon (Chapman & Hall). Mr. Francis Gribble has attempted the Life of the aged Austrian Emperor (Nash), and to balance the interest we are drawn to a sketch of another great Ruler, the Tsar Nicholas II., translated from the Russian, and issued by Mr. Hugh Rees. We are never weary of books on the great French Masters, so that a study of two of them,--Balzac and Flaubert, by another eminent Frenchman, M. Emile Faguet (Constable), is welcome. Two authors have also been attracted to the writings of Paul Verlaine: Mr. Stefan Zweig, translated by O. F. Theis (Boston, Luce & Co.; Dublin and London, Maunsell), and a small monograph is offered by Mr. Wilfred Thorley (Constable). In Italian Literature we notice the continuation of the =Crispi Memoirs= (published in their translated form, by Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton), and a volume on =Cavour and the Making of Modern Italy= (Putnam), 1816-61, by Pietro Orsi. Coming nearer home we welcome the =Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford=, by himself (Methuen), which, as might be expected, are excellent reading, and we also note various unauthoritative monographs and sketches of prominent modern Generals and Statesmen, such as brief Lives of Lord Kitchener, Sir John French, President Poincaré, General Joffre, and several of Lord Roberts. Perhaps the greatest Biographical sensation of the year has been provided by Mrs. Parnell's =Life of= her husband, =Charles Stewart Parnell= (Cassell). Among studies of celebrated women there are notices of the Brontës, of Lady Hester Stanhope, and a valuable work on =The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt=, by A. E. P. B. Weigall, Inspector-General of Antiquities for the Government of Egypt (Blackwood). Colonel Haggard's =Remarkable Women of France=, is also a fascinating volume (Stanley Paul).

The realm of Philosophy in the publications of the year is, as usual, largely dominated by distinguished foreigners. Every writer is haunted by recollections of Bergson, who, it must be confessed, has won a large and serious audience in this country. Dr. G. R. Dodson writes on =Bergson and the Modern Spirit= (Lindsay Press); Mr. Bertrand Russell and Mr. H. Wildon Carr publish their discussion of =The Philosophy of Bergson= (Cambridge, Bowes & Bowes); Miss Stebbing, however, in her =Pragmatism and French Voluntarism= takes up the Professor's gage (Cambridge University Press) and questions his conclusions. We welcome a volume from yet another distinguished Frenchman, Professor Boutroux's =Natural Law in Science and Philosophy=, in the authorised translation by F. Rothwell (Nutt). Then there are translations of famous German philosophers, =Kant=, by Lord Redesdale (Lane), Essays on =Nietzsche= by that distinguished scholar and critic, Georges Brandes (Heinemann), and Mr. Meyrick Booth's translation of =Eucken's Essays= (Fisher Unwin). From Italy we are delighted to have Professor Aliotta's work, =The Idealistic Reaction against Science=, as translated for us by Agnes McCaskill (Macmillan), and =The Greek Problems= of Professor Bernardino Varisco, translated by R. C. Lodge (Allen). Professor Burnet of St. Andrews likewise turns to the study of the Ancients, in his =Greek Philosophy=, from Thales to Plato in this first issue (Macmillan), as also does Mr. Carritt in his =Theory of Beauty= (Methuen). From the Cambridge University Press we have Mr. C. D. Broad's =Perception, Physics and Reality=. Sir Bampfylde Fuller publishes his =Life and Human Nature= with Mr. Murray, and Messrs. Longmans issue an important work by Dr. Coffey, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Maynooth College, entitled =Ontology, or the Theory of Being=. The fourth and last volume of his =History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century= is offered by Mr. Merz (Blackwood).

The students of Psychology have no doubt been excited by Sir Oliver Lodge's grave and _ex cathedra_ assertion of proofs of Life after (so-called) Death. Other minds seem to move in the same direction, and Dr. Mooney debates the subject of Re-incarnation from the medically scientific point of view that many, who would be sceptical of other attitudes, could accept. =How You Live Again= is the book's title (Manchester, The Pons Press). =The Proceedings= of the Society for Psychological Research are published by Mr. MacLehose of Glasgow.

In Sociology we get so much that is useful that it is quite impossible to follow the list of publications. Among those which, however, call for notice is the work of a distinguished French contemporary, =La Formation de l'Anglais Moderne=, by Paul Decamps (Armand Colin). Another brilliant foreign writer, Signor Guglielmo Ferrero, offers us a comparative study of =Ancient Rome and Modern America= (Putnam). =Social Work in London= (1869-1912), being a History of the Charity Organisation Society, is edited by Dr. Helen Bosanquet (Murray). =Jewish Life in Modern Times= is also worth mention (Methuen).

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The Annual Register 1914Chapter XLIV: Part II: Chronicle of Events (2)

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