Chapter XLVII: Part II: Chronicle of Events (5)

As with any possible autumn opera season, so with the doings in the concert world the war put an end to nearly all individual effort, save only for the various war funds. But in the earlier part of the year concerts were abundant. During the first six months London was visited by nearly all of the Continental musicians who have been in the habit of coming here in previous years. The Royal Philharmonic Society obtained a fresh glory by producing new works by Stanford, Delius and Frank Bridge, but not much by introducing Strauss's "Festliches Praeludium." Mengelberg was the chief conductor, and among the artists who appeared were Miss Muriel Foster, who received the Society's gold medal, Borwick, Lamond (since, according to report, become a naturalised German citizen), Lhevinne, Sapellnikoff and Cortôt. The Queen's Hall Symphony Orchestra, under Sir Henry J. Wood, brought forward several interesting new works, notably Schönberg's much abused "Five Orchestral Pieces," Mahler's "Das Lied von der Erde," Stravinsky's delightful "Fireworks" as well as Scriabin's "Prometheus" with the composer as solo pianist. The London Symphony Orchestra, on the other hand, devoted the whole of their programmes to quite familiar works, Steinbach, Nikisch, Mengelberg, Safonoff and Arbos being the conductors. Mr. Landon Ronald gave the first London performance of Elgar's "Falstaff" at one of the New Symphony Orchestra's concerts; Henri Verbrugghen conducted a Beethoven Festival at Queen's Hall in April, and in June Emile Mlynarski gave two concerts of Slavonic music in the same place; those of English music given by T. E. Ellis were chiefly remarkable for the first performance of Vaughan Williams's fine symphony "London." In the height of the summer a mild sensation was created by the ability of a seven-year-old boy, Willy Ferraro, as conductor. The Royal Choral Society produced only Saint-Saëns's "The Promised Land" as novelty, while the London Choral Society, under Arthur Fagge, brought out Barnett's "The Eve of St. Agnes," Speer's "King Arthur" and Balfour Gardiner's "April." Record should be made of the visit of the Orféo Catala from Barcelona, and of the Swedish National Choir, both of which were fine. In spite of the war the Promenade Concerts went their even way, and at them several new works were produced, but the most use was made of the old and the familiar. Towards the end of the year a wave of feeling amounting almost to Chauvinism swept over the country in musical affairs. It began with an attempt, happily frustrated, to put a stop to all performances of music at the Promenade Concerts by natives of hostile lands. Its spread, however, was not substantial, and was, at worst, largely confined to those whose musical instincts are chiefly commercial.

A considerable amount of righteous indignation was aroused extra-locally by the abandonment of the provincial festivals, those announced for Worcester, Norwich, Cardiff and Sheffield being given up and only those of Torquay (which took place in April) and Brighton (in Nov.), which were a complete artistic and financial success, actually took place.

No good purpose would be served by printing a lengthy list of the foreign artists who visited London during the year, for it would be much as in 1913. But the appearance of Ilona Durigo should be recorded in virtue of the genuine accomplishment of the singer. Sir George Henschel took farewell of the public as singer in April; a Leo Ornstein, a Russian from America, literally startled the music-lovers of London by the originality of the cacophony of his compositions as played by himself. Probably one effect of the war, and a most beneficial effect, will be the clearing off from the artistic world of all such grotesquely manufactured efforts at "originality" of musical diction!

ROBIN H. LEGGE.

OBITUARY

OF

EMINENT PERSONS DECEASED IN 1914.

JANUARY.

=Viscount Cross.=--The Rt. Hon. Richard Assheton Cross, G.C.B.,
died at Eccle Riggs, Broughton-in-Furness, on January 8, aged 90.
The third s. of William Cross and Ellen, dau. of Edward Chaffers,
he was b. near Preston, May 30, 1823, educated at Rugby under
Arnold, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and called to the Bar
by the Inner Temple. He went the Northern Circuit, acquired a
considerable practice, and sat for Preston as a Conservative from
1857 to 1862, when he resigned for business reasons. In 1868 he was
selected to contest South-West Lancashire against Gladstone, whom
he defeated by a substantial majority; and when Disraeli formed
his Ministry in 1874 he was recommended by the Earl of Derby for
the Home Secretaryship--a post for which he was qualified by his
practical knowledge of poor-law administration and his experience
as Chairman of the South-West Lancashire Quarter Sessions. (He had
also directed the affairs of an important bank.) As Home Secretary
he introduced and passed a number of useful measures conceived in
a liberal spirit, and fulfilling the promise of his party to take
up social reform. The Employers and Workmen Act (1875), based on
the Report of a Royal Commission, treated breaches of contract
by workmen as civil wrongs, not as crimes, and restricted the
dangerous extension given by judicial decisions to the law of
conspiracy in regard to trade disputes, besides permitting peaceful
picketing during a strike. The Artisans' Dwellings Act (1875)
enabled the corporation in towns of more than 25,000 inhabitants to
acquire land compulsorily for workmen's dwellings and build them
itself, or let the land for building. Another Act (1876) restricted
the enclosure of commons; in 1877 the Prisons Acts (one for each
kingdom) transferred the management of County jails from local
justices to a central authority, and two useful Acts followed,
a Factories and Workshops Act (1898) and a Summary Jurisdiction
Act (1879). In 1880 his proposal that the London Water Companies'
undertakings should be transferred to a Central Public Board for a
price of 27,000,000_l._, payable in stock at 3-1/2 per cent., was
severely criticised, and was cut short by the dissolution. On the
retirement of Mr. Disraeli's Ministry he was made a G.C.B., and
he took a prominent part among the Opposition; but Lord Randolph
Churchill had conceived a violent dislike to him, Mr. W. H. Smith,
and Sir Stafford Northcote; and though in 1885 he again became
Home Secretary, in the Marquess of Salisbury's Government, in
1886 he was made Secretary for India. In the Salisbury Ministry
of 1895 he was Lord Privy Seal, and retired on its reconstruction
in 1900. He was a F.R.S. and an Ecclesiastical Commissioner, and
was one of the most trusted business agents of Queen Victoria. He
m., 1852, Georgiana, dau. of Thomas Lyon; she d. 1907, leaving a
family; he was succeeded by his grandson. He was among the ablest
administrators of the Unionist party of his time.

=Lord Strathcona.=--The Rt. Hon. Donald Alexander Smith, first
Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., and a Privy
Councillor, died in London on January 21, aged 93. B. at Forres,
it was believed on August 6, 1820, the s. of Alexander Smith by
his wife Barbara, dau. of Donald Stewart of Leanchoil, he was
the nephew of John Stewart, a famous fur-trader, through whose
influence he entered the Hudson Bay Company's service in 1838.
He spent thirteen years continuously at Hamilton Bay, Labrador,
almost cut off from civilisation, and then served at various
posts in North-Western Canada, rising step by step till, in 1869,
he became the last resident Governor of the Company. During the
rebellion of Louis Riel in the Red River region (afterwards
Manitoba) in 1869-70 he was acting governor, and negotiated
successfully with the insurgents. He was Chief Commissioner of
the North-Western Territory in 1870, represented Winnipeg and St.
John in the Manitoba Legislature, 1871-74, Selkirk in the Dominion
Parliament between 1871 and 1877, and West Montreal, 1877-96. From
1896 to his death he was High Commissioner for Canada in London.
During the Pacific railway scandal of 1873 he went over to the
Liberal party, but he supported the Macdonald Ministry from its
formation in 1878. In that year he and other financiers connected
Winnipeg by rail with Minnesota, and in 1880 they contracted to
complete the Canadian Pacific Railway by 1891. It was finished
by the end of 1885, and he may be regarded as the chief agent in
its completion. He was made K.C.M.G. in 1886, G.C.M.G. in 1896,
raised to the Peerage 1897, and became G.C.V.O. in 1908. He wrote
a book on "Western Canada before and after Confederation," and
a "History of the Hudson Bay Company." His benefactions were
enormous. At the Queen's Jubilee of 1887 he and Lord Mount Stephen
gave $1,000,000 to build and endow the Royal Victoria Hospital,
Montreal, adding in 1896 $800,000 for upkeep. To the McGill
University, Montreal, he gave altogether over a million dollars; in
1896 he endowed the Royal Victoria College for Women at Montreal,
and during the Boer War he raised a regiment of scouts, equipping
it and transporting it to South Africa at his own cost. Other
benefactions were $450,000 to promote physical drill and military
training in the schools of Canada, $1,000,000 to King Edward's
Hospital Fund, $150,000 for new buildings for the Young Men's
Christian Association in the Canadian North-West, and $125,000 to
Marischal College, Aberdeen. He was a Vice-President of the British
Association, a F.R.S., Chancellor of Aberdeen University, of
which he had been Lord Rector in 1899, and held numerous honorary
degrees. He m. Isabella, dau. of Richard Hardisty; she d. 1913, and
left one dau., Margaret, who m., 1888, Robert Howard, F.R.C.S.,
and had three sons and two daughters. His Barony passed by special
remainder to her and her issue. For his action in securing oil fuel
for the Navy, see p. [124].

=Lord Knutsford.=--The Rt. Hon. Sir Henry Thurston Holland,
G.C.M.G., first Lord Knutsford, died at his London residence on
January 29, aged 88. The son of Sir Henry Holland, Queen Caroline's
physician, he was educated at Harrow and Trinity College,
Cambridge, went to the Bar, was legal adviser to the Colonial
Office, 1867-70, and Assistant Under-Secretary for the Colonies,
1870-74; in 1874 he was elected for Midhurst to Parliament as a
Conservative, and represented it till its disfranchisement in 1885,
and Hampstead, 1885-88. In 1885 he became Financial Secretary to
the Treasury in Lord Salisbury's Ministry, and shortly afterwards
Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education, an office
to which he was again appointed in the second Salisbury Ministry
(1886). From 1887 to 1892 he was Colonial Secretary, thus being
Parliamentary Chief of the Department in which he had been a
permanent official. In 1888 he was raised to the Peerage as a
Baron, and on the formation of Lord Salisbury's third Ministry in
1895 a Viscount. Thereafter he practically retired from active
politics. As Colonial Secretary, he presided over the Colonial
Conference of 1887. He was an Ecclesiastical Commissioner and
a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. He m. (1), 1852,
Elizabeth, dau. of Nathaniel Hibbert; she d. 1855; (2) 1858,
Margaret, dau. of Sir C. E. Trevelyan, Bart.; she d. 1906. He was
succeeded by his eldest son.

=Sir David Gill, K.C.B., F.R.S.=, the eminent astronomer, died
in London, January 24, aged 70. B. June 12, 1843, the son of an
Aberdeenshire gentleman, and educated at Marischal College and
Aberdeen University, he was in charge of a private observatory
at Aberdeen, 1868-73, then of the Earl of Crawford's observatory
at Dunecht, 1873-76. In 1874 he organised the expedition sent by
Lord Crawford to Mauritius to observe the transit of Venus, and
in 1877 that sent to Ascension to determine the solar parallax by
observations of Mars. From 1879 to 1907 he was Astronomer Royal in
Cape Colony, and in that capacity he observed the transit of Venus
in 1882 and photographed the comet of that year. He also initiated
the cataloguing of the stars by the aid of photography, and
proposed and carried out (in 1896) the geodetic survey of Natal and
Cape Colony, and organised, a year later, that of Rhodesia. Twenty
years earlier he had established the base line for that of Egypt.
He was elected F.R.S. in 1883, and made K.C.B. in 1900. In 1878 he
was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, and
in 1903 a Royal Medal of the Royal Society. He was President of the
British Association, 1907-8; of the Royal Astronomical Society,
1909-11; and of the Institute of Marine Engineers, 1910-11; and
possessed honorary degrees and other scientific distinctions.

=General Picquart=, one of the leading figures of the Dreyfus case
and War Minister of France, 1906-9, d. January 19, at Amiens, aged
59. A brilliant infantry officer, he was promoted Lieut.-Colonel
1896, and became Chief of the Intelligence Department of the
Ministry of War, but coming to the opinion that Major Dreyfus had
been wrongly convicted, he was relieved of his post and sent in
disgrace to Tunis. On the prosecution of Esterhazy he was recalled
to Paris, and subsequently was dismissed the service, after again
affirming his belief during M. Zola's trial. In July, 1898, for
declaring that a document which the War Minister held to be
authentic was forged, he was imprisoned for eleven months; but,
from his prison and after his release, he took an active part in
the revision of the Dreyfus case. In 1906 he was restored to the
army as Brigadier-General, promoted Major-General soon after, and
from 1906 to 1909 was War Minister; he reorganised and strengthened
the artillery, and carried out other important reforms, including
the application of the two years' service law. He commanded the
Second Army Corps from 1910 till his death, and was at the head
of one of the armies in the manoeuvres in Picardy in 1910. An
honourable man of high culture and refinement, he wrecked his
career in the interest of truth, and his courage at last received
its due reward.

=Francis de Pressensé=, one of the most eminent French journalists
and men of letters of his time, died of apoplexy in Paris, January
19, aged 60. The son of M. Edmond de Pressensé, a Protestant
pastor and Life Senator, and of Mme. Elise de Pressensé, _née_
Duplessis-Goncourt, a Swiss and a novelist, he won high distinction
at school, alike in literature, language, history and mathematics,
and at seventeen was English correspondent of the _Journal de
Genève_. Before this he had been attached to General Chanzy's
staff in the Franco-German War, and was taken prisoner at Le
Mans. A brilliant Greek scholar, he contemplated a work on the
constitutional history of Athens, but was gradually drawn to
politics, partly by his relations with Guizot and Thiers; and,
after being one of M. Bardoux's secretaries at the Ministry
of Public Instruction, he entered the diplomatic service, and
served at Constantinople and, as first Secretary of Embassy, at
Washington. Returning to France, he became a journalist, working on
the _République Française_ and the _Temps_, but illness interrupted
his work, and it was only in July, 1888, that he definitely became
Foreign Editor of the _Temps_, a post which he occupied till the
Dreyfus crisis, which made him a Socialist. His wide knowledge
of languages and current politics gave his work high authority;
and, though Protestant by extraction and creed, he was specially
attracted by English Catholicism, particularly by Cardinal Manning
and Cardinal Newman, whom he regarded as called to solve the
problems of Labour. He published a notable study of the former, and
a work on Irish Home Rule. During the Dreyfus case he resigned from
the Legion of Honour on M. Zola's suspension, and was struck off
its roll, resignation being forbidden; he wrote a eulogy of General
Picquart; and he took a leading part in promoting the movement for
a revision of the sentence, and was compelled to leave the _Temps_.
He was President of the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme, 1904-14. In
1902 he was elected Socialist deputy for the Rhone; and his Bill
for the separation of Church and State formed the basis of that
ultimately passed by M. Briand, to which he carried an important
amendment. In 1910 he was defeated at the general election, and
had not since been a deputy, though he was a candidate for a
Paris seat at his death. His erudition, his earnestness, and his
political achievements made him one of the most notable figures of
contemporary France.

=Paul Déroulède=, French poet, soldier, and patriot, died at Nice
on January 30, aged 67. B. at Paris on September 2, 1846, he
studied law, but his taste was for poetry and the drama, and he had
produced a short play before 1870, when ha enlisted as a Zouave
(finding that the regiment of Gardes Mobiles with which he had
gone out during MacMahon's retreat on Sedan was to be disbanded),
was taken prisoner, and confined in Silesia. Escaping, he took
part in the campaigns of the Loire and the East, was wounded near
Paris, and ultimately forced to retire from service by a fall from
his horse. Meanwhile he had written his "Chants du Soldat" (pub.
1872), which instantly became popular. In 1882 he was invited by
Félix Faure to join a patriotic movement independent of party, and
founded the "Ligue des Patriotes"; but it was captured by the
Boulangist movement. He had stood as an independent candidate
at the general election of 1885; and he was elected deputy for
Angoulême in 1889. The collapse of Boulangism, however, did not
involve his retirement from active politics; he was extremely
active in the campaign against Dreyfus, and on February 23, 1899,
after President Faure's funeral, he publicly adjured General Roget
to lead his troops to the Elysée in order to save France and the
Republic. The invitation was contemptuously declined, and though
tried for conspiracy and acquitted he was again arrested in 1900
and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, which was merged in the
additional penalty of ten years' exile for insulting President
Loubet. He retired to San Sebastian, and returned after the amnesty
of 1905, but he failed to re-enter the Chamber, and his political
career was at an end. He continued however, to propagate militant
patriotism by his writings, and a volume of "Nouvelles Feuilles
de Route" appeared in 1907. He was a Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour.

About the 1st, aged 61, while on a concert tour in Russia,
#Stéphane Raoul Pugno#, a noted French pianist; best known as
an interpreter of the work of Cesar Franck and of Mozart; had
repeatedly appeared in London since 1894, especially with M. Ysäye,
the violinist. On the 4th, aged 84, #Silas Weir Mitchell, M.D.#, a
distinguished American physician and neurologist; inventor of the
"rest cure"; an authority on toxicology, and a prolific novelist
and poet; among his novels was "Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker," and he
also wrote a drama, "The Masque," and "Doctor and Patient." On
the 4th, #Mark Melford#, a dramatist and actor of considerable
note. On the 5th, aged 64, #Francis Arsène Cellier#, musical
director of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas from "The Sorcerer"
onwards till their cessation in 1901. On the 5th, suddenly, aged
60, #Sir John Molesworth Macpherson, C.S.I.#, Secretary of the
Supreme Legislative Council for India, 1896-1911; had previously
been Deputy Secretary from 1877; had drafted numerous Bills and
written an important work on the Law of Mortgage in British India;
an active Presbyterian, and originator of the Simla (religious)
Convention. On the 5th, aged 70, #Michel Ephrussi#, well known
on the French Turf. On the 6th, #Eugène Fournière#, a prominent
French Socialist, a Deputy, 1898-1902, and author of various
sociological works. On the 6th, aged 69, #Alain#, eleventh #Duc de
Rohan#, deputy for Morbihan (Ploermel) since 1876; m. Herminie de
Verteillac; had served as captain in a regiment of Breton Mobiles
in the Franco-German War; a Conservative and genuine aristocrat.
On the 6th, aged 75, #Richard Wormell, D.Sc., Lond.#, Headmaster
of the Central Foundation School, London, 1874-1900, President of
the College of Preceptors. About the 6th, aged 51, #Major Ernest
Cheter Anderson, D.S.O.#, distinguished in the South African War.
On the 6th, aged 87, #Henrietta Keddie#, better known as #Sarah
Tytler#, author in the mid-Victorian era of many novels, of
which the best known was "Citoyenne Jacqueline," and later of an
interesting history of her family, entitled "Three Generations";
a native of Fife. On the 7th, aged 43, #Hugh Frederick Vaughan
Campbell#, fourth #Earl Cawdor#; succeeded his father 1911;
Unionist candidate for Pembrokeshire, 1898; had been an invalid
for some years; m., 1898, Joan, dau. of John Charles Thynne;
succeeded by his elder s. On the 7th, aged 86, #Patrick Weston
Joyce, LL.D.#, sometime Principal of an Irish Training College; a
Celtic scholar of eminence, and one of the Commissioners for the
Publication of the Ancient Laws of Ireland; author of "Ancient
Irish Music," "A Social History of Ancient Ireland," "The Origin
and History of Irish Names of Places," and other works. On the
8th, aged 80, #Colonel John Stewart, R.A., C.I.E.#, of Ardvorlick,
Perthshire, a Mutiny veteran, and founder of the great Government
Harness Factory at Cawnpore. On the 8th, aged 82, #John Honeyman,
R.S.A.#, an architect of some note in Scotland; restored Iona
and Brechin Cathedrals, and was architect of Glasgow Cathedral.
About the 9th, aged about 55, the #Rev. Henry Lewis#, Rector of
Bermondsey since 1896, and Hon. Canon of Southwark, long a C.M.S.
Missionary in India. On the 10th, aged 82, #Lieut.-General Sir
John Chetham McLeod, G.C.B.#, Colonel of the Black Watch; served
with distinction in the Crimea, the Mutiny, and the Ashanti War of
1873; commanded in Ceylon, 1882-7. On the 10th, aged 68, #Colonel
Camille Favre#, of the Swiss Army, and an authority on military
affairs. On the 11th, aged about 67, #Mrs. Georgina Weldon#, _née_
Treherne; of great beauty, spirit and musical talent, she started a
scheme for training orphans in music; in 1878 an attempt was made
to place her in an asylum at the instigation of her husband, from
whom she had separated, but she escaped; after a long struggle she
recovered damages in 1884 from the doctors concerned, and in 1885
from the composer Gounod and Sir Henry de Bathe for libel; was
herself imprisoned for libel on M. Rivière; always conducted her
own cases, with considerable skill. On the 11th, aged 77, #Marion
Grace Kennedy#, daughter of a former Headmaster of Shrewsbury and
Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge, one of the founders of
Newnham College, and an active promoter of University education
for women. On the 11th, aged 74, #Heinrich Eduard Brockhaus,
Ph.D.#, long partner in the famous Leipzig firm of publishers;
wrote a history of the firm, and managed the periodical literature
issued by it, including the _Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung_; had
retired from active connexion with it in 1895. On the 12th, aged
78, #Admiral George Stanley Bosanquet, R.N.#; served in the
Crimean War and the Egyptian Expedition of 1882; distinguished
in the Chinese War of 1860-2. On the 12th, aged 66, #Frederick
Shore Bullock, C.I.E.#, Assistant Commissioner of Metropolitan
Police since 1908; previously for many years in the Indian Civil
Service (N.W. Provinces, Oudh, and Berar); had done much towards
checking the "white slave" traffic in England in 1910-12. On the
12th, aged 66, #Henry Cyril Percy Graves#, fifth #Baron Graves#
in the peerage of Ireland; succeeded his cousin, 1904; m., 1870,
Elizabeth, dau. of Henry Craven; succeeded by his s. On the 12th,
aged 71, #Sir Henry Francis Redhead Yorke, K.C.B.#, for many years
connected with the Admiralty; had been Assistant Private Secretary
to several First Lords, and Director of Victualling, 1886-1905;
associated with the Naval Exhibition of 1891 and with the Navy
Records Society. On the 12th, aged 60, #Colonel Thomas Trenchard
Fowle, C.B., R.A.#, distinguished in the Afghan and South African
Wars. On the 13th, aged 62, #Professor Alfred Lichtwark#, Director
of the Hamburg Kunsthalle since 1886. On the 14th, aged 70, #Count
Yukyo Ito#, Admiral of the Fleet in the Japanese Navy; commanded
at the battle of Yalu in 1894; Chief of the General Staff of the
Navy in the Russo-Japanese War, in which his strategy contributed
appreciably to the Japanese success; created Count in 1907 and
Viscount in 1908. On the 14th, aged 80, #Pembroke Scott Stephens,
K.C.#, Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn, and long prominent at the
Parliamentary Bar. On the 15th, aged 85, the #Rev. Henry Vincent Le
Bas#, Preacher of the Charterhouse, 1871-1910; active in various
social movements, and long a director of the Artisans' Dwelling
Company; a Broad Churchman. On the 15th, aged 75, the #Marquis de
Polavieja#, one of the Captains-General of the Spanish Army, and
War Minister in the Silvela Cabinet, 1899; had commanded also in
the Philippines and Cuba. On the 15th, from an accident, #Baron
Hermann von Soden#, Chief Pastor of the Jerusalem Church at Berlin,
a well-known theologian (conservative on the whole) and textual
critic; author of "Palestine and its History." On the 16th, aged
90, #Charles Grant Tindal#, of Eversley, Hants, one of the pioneers
of cattle raising in New South Wales; introduced the manufacture
of Liebig's Extract of Meat into the colony. On the 17th, aged
67, #Colonel Walter Liberty Vernon#, Government Architect of New
South Wales, 1890-1911. On the 18th, aged 60, #Sir Matthew Amcotts
Wilson#, third Baronet; prominent in county business; m., 1874,
Georgina, dau. of T. Lee; succeeded his father in 1909; succeeded
by his s. On the 18th, aged 67, #Sir John Duncan#, one of the
proprietors of the _South Wales Daily News_ and active in promoting
University education in Wales. On the 18th, aged 67, #Sir William
Lee-Warner, G.C.S.I.#, Secretary of the Political Department of the
India Office, 1895; member of the Secretary of State's Council for
India, 1902-12; had previously held many posts in the Indian Civil
Service, among them that of President in Mysore; among his works
were biographies of the Earl of Dalhousie and Sir Henry Norman,
and an important work on the Native States of India; contributed
to the "Cambridge Modern History." About the 18th, aged 73, #Henry
Albert Reeves, F.R.C.S.#, a prominent orthopædic surgeon; husband
of "Helen Mathers," the novelist. On the 19th, aged 70, the #Rt.
Rev. William Turner#, Roman Catholic Bishop of Galloway since 1893.
On the 19th, aged 89, #Professor Rudolf Genée#, a famous German
dramatist and interpreter of Shakespeare, and author of an amusing
parody of the Baconian theory entitled "The Goethe Secret." On the
24th, aged 48, #John Henry Bacon, M.V.O., A.R.A.#, of eminence
especially as a portrait painter; painted the picture of King
George's Coronation. On the 25th, aged 90, the #Rev. Bulkeley Owen
Jones#, Chancellor of the Cathedral of St. Asaph; the original
of "Slogger Williams" in Hughes's "Tom Brown's Schooldays." On
the 25th, aged 77, the #Rev. Charles Edward Hammond#, Hon. Canon
of Truro, sometime Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford; Rector of
Wotton, Northants, 1882-7, and of Menherriot, Cornwall, 1887-1912;
author of a well-known handbook of the textual criticism of the
New Testament, and of works on Eastern and Western liturgies. On
the 26th, aged 74, #ex-Senator Leo Mechelin#, a prominent defender
of the constitutional rights of Finland. On the 26th, aged 86,
#Henry Grierson#, a director of the North British Railway, and
one of the leaders in changing its policy and management in 1899.
On the 26th, aged 73, #Jane#, _née_ Burden, widow of #William
Morris#, the poet and artist; her face had been immortalised by her
husband and D. G. Rossetti; of great skill in embroidery. On the
27th, in Newfoundland, aged 66, the #Hon. J. S. Pitts, C.M.G.#,
long a member of the Newfoundland State Council and frequently a
Minister of the Colony, and one of its most prominent citizens
commercially. On the 27th, also in Newfoundland, aged 79, #Daniel
Woodley Prowse, C.M.G.#, Judge of the Newfoundland District
Court, 1869-98, author of an important history of the island and
of a "Manual for Magistrates." On the 27th, aged 55, #Robert
Traill Omond, Hon. LL.D. Edin.#, Superintendent of the Ben Nevis
Observatory, 1883-95; an eminent meteorologist. On the 28th, aged
62, #Sir Frederick James Mirrielees, K.C.M.G.#, sometime partner in
Donald Currie & Co., Chairman of the Union-Castle Line, 1909-12. On
the 28th, aged 84, #Shelby M. Cullom#, a Republican Senator from
Illinois (1885-1913) and for many years Chairman of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee. On the 28th, aged 77, #Frederick
Morshead#, sometime Fellow of New College, Oxford, house-master
at Winchester, 1869-1905; twice Mayor of Winchester; an early
Alpine climber and a classical scholar of distinction. On the 29th,
aged 70, #Colonel Olliver Thomas Duke#, sometime 5th Battalion
Rifle Brigade; an army surgeon, distinguished in the Afghan War;
Political Officer at Kelat and subsequently Civil Commissioner
in Rhodesia, Unionist Parliamentary candidate in Bedfordshire
(Luton), 1895, and in Stirling, 1900, and for a time secretary to
the Liberal-Unionist party. On the 30th, aged 71, #John Burnett#,
chief Labour correspondent of the Board of Trade, 1886-1907, in
which capacity he had settled many labour disputes; secretary of
the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 1875-86; Assistant Secretary
of the Labour Commission; had been on the _Newcastle Chronicle_,
and led the engineers' strike for a nine hours day in 1871; one of
the ablest Labour leaders. On the 31st, aged 69, #Henry Jephson,
J.P.#, a Progressive member of the London County Council since
1901, and long in the Irish Civil Service. On the 31st, aged 74,
#Cardinal Casimir Gennari#, sometime Bishop of Conversano in
Apulia, and latterly President of the Congregation of Council;
created Cardinal, 1901. On the 31st, aged about 70, #Mahmud Skrem
Bey Redjaizadé#, a Turkish professor of literature, poet, novelist,
and reformer, and Minister of Education in 1908; a reformer of
literary Turkish. In January, aged 75, #Edwin Gunn#, of Boston,
head of a well-known publishing firm; established and endowed the
World's Peace Foundation.

FEBRUARY.

=Said Pasha= ("Little Said"), seven times Grand Vizier of the
Ottoman Empire, d. about February 28, aged 75. Associated with
his patron, Mahmud Djelal-ed-Din Pasha Damad, in the intrigue
which placed Abdul Hamid on the throne in 1876, he was appointed
First Secretary to the new Sultan, and successively held various
Ministerial offices until his appointment as Grand Vizier in
October, 1879. In this capacity he attempted reforms, and
consented to the cession of Thessaly to Greece; and, with two
brief interruptions, he remained in power till 1885, when he
resigned on the occupation of Eastern Roumelia by Bulgaria. In 1895
he again became Grand Vizier to carry out the Armenian reforms
advocated by the Powers; but he was compelled to resign and to
take refuge in the British Embassy, where he remained until the
Sultan promised the British Ambassador to hold him harmless. He
again became Grand Vizier, 1901-3, and again for a short period
after the Turkish Revolution in 1908; and in April, 1909, after the
counter-Revolution he was called upon, as President of the Senate
and National Assembly, to proclaim the deposition of Abdul Hamid.
He was President of the Council of State from 1909 to his death.
He was accounted a friend of Great Britain.

=General Sir James Macleod Bannatyne Fraser Tytler, G.C.B.=, d.
in February, aged 92. The youngest s. of William Fraser-Tytler
of Aldourie, Inverness-shire, he entered the 37th Bengal Native
Infantry in 1841, served in the first Afghan War, when he was
severely wounded in a skirmish, and the Sikh War of 1848-9, and in
the operations before Lucknow under Sir Henry Havelock, in which he
was dangerously wounded during the first relief of Lucknow, and was
highly commended for his gallant conduct. He commanded the Bhutan
Field Force in 1864 with great distinction, and his capture of the
Bala Pass was described by Lord Strathnairn as the most brilliant
feat of arms in Indian mountain warfare. He m., 1868, Anne, dau. of
T. H. Langry; she d. 1896. His niece m. Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A.

=Professor Driver.=--The Rev. Samuel Rolles Driver, D.D., Regius
Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford and Canon of Christ
Church, d. in that city on February 26, aged 67. Educated at
Winchester and New College, Oxford, he obtained a First Class in
Classical and a Second in Mathematical Moderations in 1867, a First
in Lit. Hum. in 1869, the Pusey and Ellerton and Kennicott Hebrew
scholarships and the Senior Septuagint and Syriac prizes, and a
Fellowship at his College. In 1882 he succeeded Dr. Pusey as Regius
Professor of Hebrew. Among his works were an Introduction to Old
Testament Literature (last edition 1909), Commentaries on Genesis,
Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joel and Amos, and Job, and works on Isaiah
and Jeremiah. He had many honorary degrees and other distinctions
and was a Fellow of the British Academy. He combined modern
critical views as to the text of the Old Testament and its origins
with a thorough belief in its Divine authority and inspiration. He
m., 1891, Mabel, dau. of Edmund Burr, and left children.

=Sir John Tenniel=, the famous _Punch_ artist, died at his London
residence on February 25, only three days before completing
his 94th year. B. in 1820, he succeeded in 1845 in one of the
competitions for the cartoons to be placed in Westminster Hall, and
in 1850 his illustrations to "Æsop's Fables" induced Mark Lemon,
editor of _Punch_, to invite him to join its staff. The vacancy had
been caused by the departure of Richard Doyle, who was offended,
being a Roman Catholic, by the paper's attacks on his Church.
From 1851 to 1864 he or John Leech drew the weekly full-page
political cartoon, and after Leech's death, in 1864, he did it
weekly till his retirement in 1901, displaying an amazing fertility
of invention and of seizing the essence of political events. He
revolutionised and refined the art of political caricature, and
was never malicious or offensive in his drawings. He illustrated,
amongst other books, the "Ingoldsby Legends" and "Alice in
Wonderland," and was the author of the mosaic of Leonardo da Vinci
in the Victoria and Albert Museum. He also exhibited occasionally
at the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours. Latterly his
sight failed.

=Viscount Shuzo Aoki=, sometime Japanese Foreign Minister, d. in
Tokyo, February 16, aged 69. The s. of a doctor, he was adopted
by a Samurai of the Chioshiu clan, and sent to Germany to study
in 1869, and became Secretary of the Berlin Legation, 1873, and
Minister, 1875. Returning to Japan in 1886, ha became Vice-Minister
of Foreign Affairs; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1889-91, and then
returned as Minister to Berlin till 1898. He was again Minister
of Foreign Affairs, 1898-1900. In 1906-7 he was Ambassador to
Washington. Most of his work was in the revision of the treaties
between Japan and other nations, in which he was singularly
successful. He m. a German lady, and their daughter became Countess
Hatzfeld.

On the 1st, aged 76, #Sir Thomas William Snagge, K.C.M.G.#, Judge
of County Courts in Oxfordshire and Recorder of Woodstock; among
other public services, he had conducted an inquiry into the "White
Slave Traffic," on which was based the Criminal Law Amendment Act,
1885; had subsequently been British delegate at international
Conferences on the traffic; appointed a County Court Judge, 1883;
an antiquary of some distinction. On the 1st, aged 83, #Albert
Charles Lewis Gotthelf Günther, Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.#,
Keeper of Zoology in the Natural History Museum, 1875-95; a German
by birth, and educated at the Universities of Tübingen and Bonn;
had served on the staff since 1864, and prepared ten volumes of the
Zoological catalogue, dealing especially with fishes and certain
reptiles, on which he wrote other and independent works; founder of
the _Zoological Record_, and editor of the _Annals_ and _Magazine
of Natural History_, 1878-1908; one of the leading zoologists of
his generation. About the 1st, aged 81, #Brigadier-General James
Grant-Wilson#, a native of Edinburgh, and Colonel of a negro
regiment of cavalry in the War of Secession; author of a "Life
of General Grant," and books on Pepys, Bryant, and Thackeray.
On the 2nd, aged 67, #Vice-Admiral Germinet#, of the French
Navy, sometime commander of the Mediterranean Squadron; removed
from this post in 1908 owing to his confirmation in a newspaper
interview of a statement that the ammunition of the squadron was
inadequate; had also restored order as Acting Maritime Prefect at
Brest during the dockyard strike of 1904; President since 1912
of the Technical Commission for Reorganising the _personnel_ of
the French Navy, and a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. On
the 2nd, aged 63, #William Octavius Moberly#, assistant master at
Clifton College, 1874-1913; educated at Balliol College, Oxford;
had been a noted cricketer and Rugby football player. About the
4th, aged 81, the #Hon. Sir George Phillippo#; had served in
legal or judicial posts in West Africa, British Columbia, British
Guiana, and the Straits Settlements; Chief Justice of Hong-Kong,
1881-8; British Consul at Geneva, 1897-1910. About the 4th, aged
69, #Albert Neuhuijs#, a Dutch artist of some eminence; described
by _The Times_ as "a worthy successor of the little masters of
the seventeenth century." On the 7th, aged 53, #Dr. Julia Anne
Hornblower Cock, M.D.#, Brussels, Dean of the London School of
Medicine for Women. On the 8th, aged 86, #Sir Dayrolles Blakeney
Eveleigh De Moleyns, Bt.#, fourth #Baron Ventry# in the peerage of
Ireland, and a Representative Peer since 1871; m., 1860, Harriet,
dau. of Andrew Wauchope; succeeded by his eldest s. On the 8th,
aged 70, the #Rev. Jonathan Brierly, B.A.#, a Congregational
Minister and well-known preacher and essayist, especially in the
columns of the _Christian World_. On the 9th, aged 50, #Horace
Rendall Mansfield#, Liberal M.P. for Lincolnshire (Spalding),
1906-10, a prominent Primitive Methodist. About the 9th, aged
43, #John Gordon Lorimer, C.I.E., I.C.S.#, Political Officer on
the Indian Frontier during the troubles of 1897-1901; served
also in various political capacities from 1904 to his death, in
Persia and Mesopotamia, and was for a time H.M. Consul-General
at Baghdad. On the 9th, aged 59, #Major-General Sir Stuart
Brownlow Beatson, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., K.C.V.O.#; had served in
the Afghan War, 1878-9, in the Burmese Pacification Campaign,
in the N.W. Frontier warfare of 1897-8 and in the South African
War; Inspector-General of Imperial Service troops, 1900-7; had
accompanied the King and Queen in their Durbar tour of 1911-12.
On the 9th, aged 67, #William Wightman Wood#, County Court Judge
since 1894; had rowed in the Eton Eight in 1863-4, and the Oxford
University Eight, 1866 and 1867; founder of the _Eton College
Chronicle_. On the 10th, aged 71, #Charles C. Connor#, Unionist
M.P. for North Antrim, 1892-5, and thrice Mayor of Belfast. On
the 11th, aged 85, #Colonel Alexander Ross Clarke, C.B., F.R.S.#,
sometime #R.E.#; for many years in charge of the Trigonometrical
Department of the Ordnance Survey; a leading authority on Geodesy,
and representative of Great Britain (with the Astronomer Royal) at
the International Geodetic Congress in Rome, 1883; his researches
had largely aided in ascertaining the precise shape of the earth;
held many scientific distinctions. On the 12th, aged 90, the #Rev.
Augustus Jessopp#, since 1875 Hon. Canon of Norwich, and Rector
of Scarning, Norfolk, 1899-1911; previously Headmaster of Helston
Grammar School, 1854-9, and King Edward's School, Norwich, 1859-79;
a very successful writer, largely in the _Nineteenth Century_,
on archæological subjects and on past and present village life;
wrote also "One Generation of a Norfolk House," 1878; a "History
of the Diocese of Norwich," 1879; "Arcady for Better or Worse,"
1881; "The Trials of a Country Parson," 1890; and edited several
works; Hon. Fellow of his College (St. John's, Cambridge), and of
Worcester College, Oxford; Chaplain in Ordinary to King Edward
VII., 1902-10. On the 12th, aged 80, #Major Frederick Bradford
McCrea#, sometime King's Liverpool Regiment, founder of the Army
and Navy Co-operative Stores. On the 12th, aged 86, #Mrs. Jacintha
Shelley Leigh Hunt Cheltnam#, widow of Charles Smith Cheltnam, an
artist and journalist of considerable talent, and last surviving
child of Leigh Hunt, the poet and essayist. On the 13th, aged 66,
#Sir Alexander Cross#, first Baronet (_cr._ 1912), Unionist M.P.
for Glasgow (Camlachie), 1892; eventually returned to the Liberal
party, but was defeated at the general election of January, 1910;
had actively promoted the House Letting (Scotland) Act of 1911,
and had been President of the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture; m.
(1) 1894, Jessie, dau. of Sir Peter Coats; she d. 1901; (2) 1908,
Agnes, dau. of J. G. Lawrie; succeeded by his s. On the 13th, aged
60, in Paris, #Alphonse Bertillon#, inventor of the anthropometric
system of identifying criminals, which he suggested in 1880; also
a pioneer in the "reconstruction" of crimes by photography, an
expert in handwriting, and an ethnologist; wrote works on these
subjects; the son and grandson of eminent ethnologists. On the
14th, aged 75, #Augustus O. Bacon#, U.S. Senator from Georgia since
1894; had fought in the War of Secession and taken a leading part
in politics in his State; for many years a member of the Foreign
Relations Committee and latterly its chairman; the first Senator
elected by direct popular vote. About the 14th, aged 79, #Batty
Langley#, Liberal M.P. for Sheffield (Attercliffe), 1894-1909;
Mayor of Sheffield, 1892, and long prominent in its municipal
affairs; a leading local Congregationalist. On the 15th, aged 85,
#John Harjes#, sometime partner with Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan in the
Paris firm of Morgan, Harjes and Co. On the 15th, aged 75, the
#Rt. Hon. Thomas Sinclair, P.C.#, an eminent Ulsterman; originally
a Liberal, he left the party on the Home Rule split and took a
leading part in founding the Ulster Liberal-Unionist Association;
an active Covenanter, and the originator of the Sustentation Scheme
for the Presbyterian Church in Ireland after the withdrawal of the
Regium Donum in 1869; a member of Sir Horace Plunkett's "Recess
Committee," which led to the establishment of the Department of
Agriculture and Technical Instruction; a distinguished graduate
of the old Queen's University, in the better equipment of which
he had taken a prominent part; head of a prominent Belfast firm
of provision merchants. On the 16th, aged 79, the #Rev. Sir
William Vincent#, twelfth Baronet, half-brother of Sir C. E. Howard
Vincent, M.P., and Sir Edgar Vincent; Rector of Portwick, Norfolk,
1864-87; succeeded his father, 1883; active in Surrey county
business from 1887, serving as Chairman of Quarter Sessions and
also of the County Council; m. (1) 1860, Lady Margaret Erskine,
dau. of the twelfth Earl of Buchan; she d. 1872; (2) Margaret,
dau. of John Holmes; succeeded by his s. On the 17th, aged 56,
#Sir Frank Ree#, general manager since 1909 of the London &
North-Western Railway, and a high authority on railway management.
On the 18th, aged 86, the #Rev. Maurice William Ferdinand St. John,
D.D.#, Canon of Gloucester, and grandson of the fifth Viscount
St. John; Vicar of Frampton-on-Severn, 1853-80, and of Kempsford,
1880-98; sometime Inspector of Schools, and Proctor in Convocation
for the diocese of Gloucester. On the 18th, aged 86, the #Rev.
Thomas Henry Rodie Shand#, Prebendary of Chichester and Rector
since 1879 of Clayton with Keymer-Sussex; sometime Fellow and
Vice-Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, and an examiner in the
mathematical schools of the University. On the 18th, aged about
75, #Fanny van der Grift Stevenson#, widow of R. L. Stevenson,
the novelist; born in Indiana, she first m. Mr. Samuel Osbourne,
from whom she was divorced; their son Lloyd, himself a novelist,
collaborated with his stepfather in several of his works; she
m. R. L. Stevenson in 1880, and lived with him at Vailima, and
assisted him greatly by criticism of his work; he paid a striking
tribute to her in "Songs of Travel." On the 19th, aged 90, the
#Rev. Francis Lear#, Canon of Salisbury, Rector of Bishopstone,
1850-1914; Examining Chaplain to three successive Bishops of
Salisbury; sometime Chancellor and subsequently Precentor of
Salisbury Cathedral, and Archdeacon of Sarun, 1885-1913; prominent
and popular in the diocese; a High Churchman. On the 19th, aged
74, #Henry Charles Manners-Sutton#, fourth #Viscount Canterbury#;
succeeded his father, 1877; m., 1872, Amye Rachel, dau. of the
Hon. Frederick Walpole; succeeded by his s. On the 20th, aged 36,
#Horace Edward Wilkie Young#, British Vice-Consul at Philippopolis
since 1912; had held a succession of Consular appointments in
the Near East, and hastened his death by his great exertions
as agent of the Balkan War Relief Fund. On the 21st, aged 86,
#Constantia Annie#, widow of Bishop #Ellicott# of Gloucester and
Bristol, and dau. of Admiral Becher; famous for her own musical
gifts, the friend of many composers and vocalists, and an active
promoter of the welfare of young singers and of the working girls
of her husband's diocese. About the 21st, aged 73, #Henry Moore
Teller#, first Senator (Republican) from Colorado, Secretary of
the Interior in President Arthur's Cabinet, 1882-5; then again
a Senator till 1909; became a Democrat during the "free silver"
agitation. On the 22nd, at Philadelphia, aged 61, #Joseph Fels#,
maker of the well-known "Fels-Naphtha Soap," and one of the most
active supporters of the "singletax" on land, and of the "land
values campaign" in Great Britain and elsewhere. On the 22nd, aged
78, #Ivor Bertie Guest#, first #Baron Wimborne#; his family had
been long associated with the famous Dowlais Ironworks; had begun
life as a Liberal, but had repeatedly stood as a Conservative
candidate between 1874 and 1880, when he was made a Peer; reverted
to Liberalism on the fiscal question; m., 1863, Lady Cornelia
Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill, dau. of the seventh Duke of
Marlborough; succeeded by his eldest s., raised to the peerage as
Lord Ashby St. Ledgers in March, 1910. On the 23rd, aged 98, #Henry
Griffith#, senior Bencher of Gray's Inn and sometime its Treasurer.
On the 25th, aged 68, #William John Rivington#, for many years a
member of the publishing firm of Sampson Low & Co., President of
the Newspaper Society of Great Britain, 1899-1900. On the 25th,
aged 62, #William Henry Forbes#, sometime Scholar and Fellow of
Balliol College, Oxford, and Ireland Scholar, 1871; a distinguished
Etonian; chief collaborator with Jowett in his translation of
Thucydides; gave much friendly assistance to poor students and
to boys' clubs. About the 25th, aged 92, #Vice-Admiral Krantz#,
Minister of Marine and the Colonies in the Tirard Cabinets of 1888
and 1889, and the Floquet Cabinet, 1888-9; active in the defence of
Paris; held various important naval posts till his retirement from
active service in 1886. On the 27th, aged 67, #Colonel Evelyn Henry
Llewellyn#, 4th battalion Somersetshire Light Infantry, Unionist
M.P. for North Somerset, 1885-92 and 1895-1906. On the 27th, aged
81, #Cardinal Katschthaler#, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg since
1900, and Primate of Austria; had actively promoted the foundation
of a Catholic University at Salzburg. On the 28th, aged 68, #James
Hamilton Wylie#, D.Litt., sometime Ford Lecturer at Oxford, and
an authority on Mediæval history. On the 28th, aged 71, #Richard
Ouseley Blake Lane, K.C.#, a London Police Magistrate, 1893-1910.
In February, aged 85, #Theodore De Vinne#, head of a famous New
York printing firm, and author of works on printing. In February,
aged 51, #James Duff Brown#, Librarian of the Islington Public
Library; had written numerous works on library subjects and on
music.

MARCH.

=Lord Minto.=--The Rt. Hon. Gilbert John Murray Kynmond Elliot,
fourth Earl of Minto, Privy Councillor, K.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G.,
G.C.I.E., died at Hawick, March 1, aged 66. Educated at Eton
and Trinity College, Cambridge, he served [as Lord Melgund] in
the Scots Guards, 1867-70, saw some fighting during the Paris
Commune, accompanied the Carlist army in Spain as _Morning
Post_ correspondent in 1873, was assistant military attaché in
the Russo-Turkish War in 1878, and was with Lord Roberts in
Afghanistan. He also saw service in the Egyptian War of 1882, and
was chief of the Canadian staff in the second Riel rebellion, that
of 1896, having gone out to Canada as Lord Lansdowne's Military
Secretary. He was mentioned several times in despatches. In 1886
he stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in the Hexham division of
Northumberland as a Liberal Unionist; during the following years he
did much to improve the Volunteer force on the Border. From 1898
to 1905 he was Governor-General of Canada, in 1905 he was sent out
to succeed Earl Curzon of Kedleston as Viceroy of India, when he
was instrumental in carrying out, in conjunction with Lord Morley
of Blackburn, a great scheme of constitutional reform, and coped
successfully with serious unrest. In his management of the foreign
relations of India, too, he was notably successful, inducing
the Amir of Afghanistan to visit Calcutta. He had been a noted
gentleman rider in early life, winning the Cambridge University
Steeplechase on the afternoon of his degree examination, riding
five times in the Grand National, and winning the French Grand
National at Auteuil in 1874. He m., 1883, Mary Caroline, dau. of
General the Hon. Charles Grey, and was succeeded by his only s.

=Sir John Murray, K.C.B.=, the great oceanographer and naturalist
of the _Challenger_ Expedition, was killed while motoring at
Kirkliston, Scotland, on March 16. B. at Coburg, Ontario, on March
8, 1841, he studied at Edinburgh University, went in 1868 on a
whaling cruise in the Arctic Ocean, and from 1871 to 1876 was
engaged under Sir Wyville Thomson in organising and accompanying
the _Challenger_ Expedition, which immensely extended knowledge
of the ocean depths and their inhabitants. He had charge of the
collections and edited the reports, himself paying large sums
towards their completion, and writing on the cruise. He also did
much research himself on his own steam yacht on the Scottish
coast, established an oceanographic laboratory and marine
laboratories in Scotland at his own expense, and paid for the
Michael Sars North Atlantic Expedition in 1910, in which he took
part. He had many honours and distinctions. He m., 1889, Isabella,
dau. of Thomas Henderson, and left a family.

=Cardinal (George) Kopp=, Prince Bishop of Breslau, died at
Troppau, Silesia, on March 4, aged 76. B. at Duderstadt, Hanover,
in 1837, he began life as a telegraph official, but became a priest
a few years later, and was made Vicar-General of the Diocese of
Hildesheim in 1872, and Bishop of Fulda in 1881. He did much to
mitigate the conflict between Church and State (Kulturkampf) in
these dioceses, and to shape the laws which terminated it, and in
1887 he was translated to the important see of Breslau. He was
an active friend of the Labour movement, favouring, however, the
maintenance of separate trade unions for Roman Catholic workmen.
Throughout his career he strove for conciliation and peace.

=Sir Hubert von Herkomer, R.A.=, an eminent painter and one of
the most versatile of artists, died on March 31, aged 64. Born
at Waal, Bavaria, in 1849, the s. of a master joiner, he was
taken to America in 1851 by his parents, who, however, settled at
Southampton in 1857. Having shown artistic talent, he was sent in
1865 to study at South Kensington, and earned money by working
for illustrated papers and by stencilling. He was thus enabled to
visit Bavaria and depict peasant life, and in 1873 exhibited in the
Royal Academy. His success was assured by his "Chelsea Pensioners"
(Royal Academy, 1874), and he painted mainly portraits and groups.
He became R.A. in 1879, F.R.A. in 1890, and was knighted in 1907,
and was granted the use of the prefix "von" by the German Emperor.
As Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford (1885-95) he left notable
examples of rapid portraiture, painted as demonstrations to his
class, and now in the Taylorian Galleries, among them portraits of
Dean Liddell, Professor Westwood, and the President of Trinity.
He built himself a magnificent house at Bushey, where he set up a
School of Art. According to his obituary in _The Times_, he "could
paint, etch, engrave, work in metal, enamel, play the zither and
piano, compose music, write plays, and act them," and he had paid
much attention to cinema work. He explained his principles in "My
School and My Gospel" (1908), and also wrote a work on etching and
mezzotint engraving. He was married thrice: (1) 1874, Anna, dau. of
Albert Weise, who d. 1883; (2) 1884, Lulu, dau. of T. Griffiths,
she d. 1885; (3) 1888, Margaret, another dau. of T. Griffiths, and
left a family.

=Frederic Mistral=, the Provençal poet and chief reviver of
the "Langue d'Oc" as a literary language, died at his home at
Maillane, Provence, on March 25. B. there, September 8, 1830, he
was sent to school at Avignon, where his taste for the Provençal
language and its folk songs, already developed by his mother, was
encouraged by a young teacher named Roumanille. He studied law
at Aix, and published some Provençal verse in a collection of
poems by Roumanille and others in 1852, and, having taken over
his father's farm, tried to rekindle the Provençal sentiment of
race by writing poetry in the native tongue. In 1854, he, with
Roumanille and other associates, founded the Félibrige Society
for this purpose, and in 1859 published his poem "Miréio," which
was "crowned" by the Academy and welcomed by Lamartine. In 1866
he published "Calendeon," and in 1875 a volume of verse, "Lis
Iselo d'Or." In 1876 the Félibrige, which had extended to part of
Italy and Catalonia, was definitely organised with Mistral as its
first President, and in 1884 he published "Nerto," which was also
crowned by the Academy. After this he produced a great Provençal
dictionary; in 1890 a drama, "La Reino Jano," in 1897 another epic,
"Lou Pouèmo dou Rose," and in 1906 his autobiography. He divided
the Nobel Prize for Literature with Echegaray and Sinkiewicz in
1906, and spent his share on founding a provincial museum at Arles.
He was "a man of magnificent presence," and possessed many honours
from learned bodies, and several decorations.