Chapter IV: Leading Varieties of Cherries (5)

This variety is supposed from its fruit- and tree-characters to be a hybrid between Early Richmond and May Duke but where, how and when it came to light is not known. Downing, in 1869, mentions the Nouvelle Royale as having recently been introduced into this country and it was noted in the Report of the American Pomological Society for 1875 but has never received a place upon the Society's fruit catalog list.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, compact, moderately productive;
trunk of medium size; branches upright, thickish; branchlets
slender, long, brown partly covered with ash-gray, with very
numerous conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, two inches wide,
folded upward, obovate; upper surface dark green, glossy, rugose;
lower surface light green, lightly pubescent; apex abruptly
pointed, base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole one and one-fourth inches long, slender, tinged with dull
red, grooved and with few hairs along the upper surface, glandless
or with from one to four globose, greenish-yellow or reddish
glands variable in size usually at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and on short spurs in clusters variable in size; leaf-scars
obscure; season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch
across; borne in dense clusters in threes and fours; pedicels
three-fourths of an inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
somewhat reddish, broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, apex
entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, longer
than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, oblate,
strongly compressed; cavity deep, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow;
apex flattened or slightly depressed; color dark red; dots
numerous, small, russet, inconspicuous; stem one and three-fourths
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating
from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish or with a tinge of red, with
light pink juice, slightly stringy, tender and melting, pleasantly
flavored, mildly tart; of very good quality; stone free,
roundish-oval, plump, blunt, oblique, with smooth surfaces often
tinged with red, with small ridges radiating from the base.

OLIVET

_Prunus avium × Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Gard. Mon._ =19=:19. 1877. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 20.
1881. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 164. 1881. =4.= _Can.
Exp. Farm Bul._ =17=:11. 1892. =5.= _Cal. Sta. An. Rpt._ 316.
1895-97. =6.= _Va. Sta. Bul._ =133=:27. 1902. =7.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._
=73=:76, 77. 1903. =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Sp. Rpt._ 24. 1904-05. =9.=
_Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:21. 1910.

Olivet is a large, globular, deep red, glossy cherry with a rich, vinous, subacid flavor. Some writers call Olivet a Duke while others place it with the Morellos. The fruit, on the grounds of this Station, shows many characteristics of the Morellos while the tree appears to be a Duke, suggesting that it is a hybrid between trees of the two groups. The fruit, eaten out of hand, would be rated as a very good Morello or a subacid and somewhat mediocre Duke, a fruit hardly good enough for dessert and not as good as some of the sourer cherries for culinary purposes. It is one of the earliest of the Morello-like cherries and this may give it a place in the cherry flora of the country. The trees are large and vigorous and their much-branched, round tops would seem to give the maximum amount of bearing surface, but, unfortunately, the cherries do not set abundantly. On the grounds of this Station the variety is not fruitful, this being its chief defect. In other parts of the country, however, it is reported to be either very productive or moderately so. The descriptions of this cherry as given by American experiment stations and nurserymen show plainly that there are several distinct sorts passing under the name Olivet in this country.

Olivet, of comparatively recent origin, was found at Olivet, Loire, France. American nurserymen introduced this variety sometime previous to 1877, for in that year the _Gardener's Monthly_ mentioned the cherry as being "a valuable Duke sort filling an unoccupied place among the list of early cherries in central New York." Olivet was entered on the American Pomological Society's catalog list of fruits in 1881 where it is still retained.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped,
unproductive; trunk thickish, rather rough; branches thick,
smooth, reddish-brown partly overspread with ash-gray, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets short, brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with numerous raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin;
upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface light green,
glossy, with a few scattering hairs; apex acute; margin doubly
serrate, glandular; petiole one and one-fourth inches long,
greenish, glandless or with one or two globose, brownish glands
variable in position.

Buds usually pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars prominent; season
of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one inch across; borne in
dense clusters, usually in threes; pedicels one-half inch long,
glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, obconic,
glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of red, long, of medium width,
acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed; petals
oval to slightly obovate, entire, nearly sessile; apex entire;
filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the
stamens in length.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter, roundish
to slightly oblate, somewhat compressed; cavity abrupt, regular;
suture a line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the
center; color bright red; dots russet, obscure; stem thickish,
one and one-fourth inches long, adhering well to the fruit; skin
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh light red, with abundant
light red or wine-colored juice, tender and melting, sprightly,
astringent, tart; of fairly good quality; stone free, small,
roundish, slightly flattened, somewhat pointed at the apex, with
smooth surfaces; somewhat ridged along the ventral suture.

OSTHEIM

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 159. 1791. =2.= Christ _Handb._ 676. 1797.
=3.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 512-517. 1819. =4.= Prince
_Pom. Man._ =2=:145. 1832 =5.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:60.
1858. =6.= _Ill. Handb._ 187 fig., 188. 1860. =7.= Leroy _Dict.
Pom._ =5=:295, 296 fig. 1877. =8.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 371. 1889.
=9.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 25. 1899. =10.= _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._
=12=:121, 122. 1900. =11.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:78 fig. 18, 79.
1903. =12.= _Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:14, 21, 22. 1910.

Ostheim finds considerable favor in the prairie states of the Middle West but is all but worthless as grown in New York and other eastern states. It is one of the Morellos and falls far short of the best of its group, the cherries being too small and of but mediocre quality. The trees are typical Morellos, round-headed, with slender, drooping branches and branchlets and very dark green foliage. The fruit is borne toward the ends of short branches which are not well distributed over the main branches, leaving much bare wood. Like all Morellos the fruit hangs long after maturity and since the ripening season is late the variety may be worth growing because of its lateness; as it may, also, in cold climates because of great hardiness. The trees on their own roots throw up many suckers which are often used in propagation. The variety has the reputation, too, of coming true to name from seeds.

Ostheim is a native of Spain and not of Germany as many have supposed. The trees were found in the region of the Sierra Morena Mountains, Spain, and were taken to Germany by a Dr. Klinghammer after the Wars of the Succession, 1701-1713. The cherry took the name Ostheim from the German town of that name where it was widely grown. The variety, being easily propagated, spread throughout Germany and soon became one of the best-known cherries. Later, the name seems to have come to be a class term for all cherries similar to the original Ostheim. The names Ostheim, Ostheimer, Griotte Ostheim and Ostheimer Weichsel are used interchangeably by foreign writers for this variety. American writers, however, have given these names to two very similar but distinct varieties. Ostheim was brought to the United States by William Robert Prince of the Linnean Botanical Gardens early in the Nineteenth Century. It has proved very satisfactory in some sections of the West and Canada, while in the East it is but a mediocre variety at best. At different times either buds or trees of so-called Ostheims have been imported to this country which have turned out not to be the true variety. What these sorts really are will remain uncertain until the several forms can be brought together and compared. Professor Budd imported a variety in 1883, which since has become known as Ostheim, carrying Griotte d'Ostheim as a synonym. Whether or not this is the old variety or a distinct strain of the Ostheim class we are unable to say. The Cerise d'Ostheim received by this Station has proved identical with this variety. Ostheim was first listed by the American Pomological Society in 1899. A cherry known as Minnesota Ostheim, introduced into Minnesota from Germany, is now recognized as a distinct sort. The variety as it is known in Kansas and Missouri is often called the German Ostheimer though some believe this to be different from the true sort.

Tree below medium in size, vigorous, upright-spreading,
with drooping branchlets, dense, very productive; trunk
smooth; branches rather slender, smooth, dark ash-gray partly
overspreading reddish-brown, with small, raised lenticels;
branchlets slender, willowy, long, brown partly overspread with
ash-gray, smooth, glabrous, with small, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves very numerous, three and one-fourth inches long, one and
one-half inches wide, folded upward, obovate to oval; upper
surface very dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green, with a
few scattering hairs; apex taper-pointed, base variable in shape;
margin finely serrate, with small, dark glands; petiole slender,
one-half inch long, short, tinged with dull red, grooved, with
a few scattering hairs, with from one to three small, globose,
greenish-yellow glands at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, usually obtuse, plump, free, arranged as
lateral buds and in small clusters on short spurs; leaf-scars
prominent; season of bloom medium; flowers one inch across,
white; borne in scattering clusters, in twos and threes; pedicels
five-eighths of an inch long, rather slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green with a faint tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, rather long, serrate, glabrous
within and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, nearly
sessile, apex entire; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, nearly equal in length to the stamens.

Fruit matures very late; nearly three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, roundish to slightly oblate, compressed; cavity very
shallow and narrow, flaring; suture indistinct; apex roundish with
a small depression at the center; color very dark red approaching
black; dots numerous, small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem
slender, one and one-fourth inches long, but slightly adherent to
the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily from the pulp;
flesh dark red, with much very dark colored juice, tender and
melting, sprightly, tart, losing its astringency when fully ripe;
of fair quality; stone free, nearly one-half inch in diameter,
roundish-oblate, somewhat pointed, with smooth surfaces slightly
stained with red.

OX HEART

_Prunus avium_

=1.= Miller _Gard. Kal._ 154, 1734. =2.= Christ _Handb._ 663.
1797. =3.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =1=:36, Pl. 18 fig. 2.
1817. =4.= Coxe _Cult. Fr. Trees_ 249. 1817. =5.= Truchsess-Heim
_Kirschensort_. 132-135. 1819. =6.= Downing Fr. _Trees Am._ 176.
1845. =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 244. 1858. =8.= Mas _Pom. Gen._
=11=:57, 58, fig. 29. 1882. =9.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 365, 366.
1882. =10.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 339, 371. 1889.

_Bigarreau Gros Commun._ =11.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:203. 1843.

Ox Heart is very commonly used as a class name for the large, meaty varieties of cherries which are cordate in shape. In America the name is most often given to the light-fleshed cherries, such as Yellow Spanish, Napoleon or White Bigarreau. At one time, however, the name was applied to a distinct variety known throughout England, Germany and America, being first mentioned by Miller, an Englishman, in 1734. Coxe, in 1817, was the first American writer to list the variety but it never became popular in the New World. Ox Heart appeared among the fruits rejected by the American Pomological Society in 1858 and from then on it gradually gave way to better varieties. The synonyms of the true Ox Heart are badly confused not only with other dark-fleshed varieties but with those of the Yellow Spanish type. As some of these varieties are merely listed while others have but a meager description, it is impossible to separate or group them with any degree of certainty. In the 1909 catalog of the American Pomological Society there appears an Ox Heart of American origin and of recent introduction, known in the West as Major Francis. There are also in several nursery catalogs a "white-fleshed Ox Heart." What this variety is we are unable to say. The following is a description of Ox Heart compiled from European fruit books:

Tree medium in vigor, round-topped, spherical, productive;
branches somewhat curved; internodes of medium length; leaves
obovate, obtusely pointed, margin finely serrate; petiole short,
rather slender, flexible, tinged red, with two reniform glands;
flowers small; petals irregularly elliptical.

Fruit matures the last of June or early in July; medium to large,
cordate, pointed, sides unevenly compressed; color lively red
changing to intense purple or nearly black; stem of medium length
and thickness, usually tinged red, inserted in a broad, deep
cavity; skin tough; flesh dark red, with abundant colored juice,
half-tender but firmer than most Hearts, sweet though slightly
bitter before complete maturity; quality good; stone medium in
size, broadly cordate, adhering to the flesh along the ventral
suture.

REINE HORTENSE

_Prunus avium X Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Gen. Farmer_ =11=:191 fig. 1850. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._
55. 1856. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 211. 1856. =3.= Dochnahl
_Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:54. 1858. =4.= _Ill. Handb._ 167 fig., 168.
1860. =5.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 17, 204. 1876. =6.= Leroy _Dict.
Pom._ =5=:379-382, fig. 1877.

_D'Aremberg._ =7.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 45. 1831. =8.= Kenrick
_Am. Orch._ 215. 1835.

_Hortense._ =9.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 196, 197 fig. 1854. =10.= _Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat._ 27. 1909.

Were there not so many good Duke varieties of its season Reine Hortense would take high rank among hybrid cherries. Several qualities fit it admirably for home and somewhat for commercial plantations. To begin with, it is most excellent in quality, its flavor being a commingling of the refreshing acidity of the Sour Cherry and the richness of the Sweet Cherry, though to some there may be a little too much acidity for a first-class dessert fruit. The cherries are also handsome--large, round, bright, glossy red with a shade of amber and very uniform in size, color and shape. The fruit is especially attractive on the tree as it hangs on long stems in twos and threes thickly scattered and never much clustered. Unfortunately the fruit does not stand handling in harvesting and marketing quite as well as that of some other Dukes and is a little too susceptible to brown-rot for a good commercial cherry. The chief faults of the variety, however, are in the trees rather than in the fruit. The trees are but of medium size, are not as productive as some others of the hybrid sorts, are at their best only in choice cherry soils and demand good care. In Europe, Reine Hortense is much used as a dwarf and for training on walls. It would seem that its merits and faults, as it grows in America, are such as fit it preeminently well only for the amateur.

Of the several accounts of the origin of Reine Hortense the one giving France as its home and Larose as its originator is here accepted as authentic. M. Larose of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Seine, a gardener of the imperial court, grew the original tree early in the Nineteenth Century from a seed of the Cerise Larose, a seedling of his introduction. Soon after the first mention of this variety, about 1841, there appeared the Louis XVIII, Morestin, Guigne de Petit-Brie and several others. The variety was seemingly rechristened by every nurseryman who got hold of it. At one time the name Monstreuse de Bavay was acceptable to many, it having been given to the variety by a Mr. Bavay of Vilvorde, Brabant, Belgium, about 1826. The theory that Reine Hortense comes true to seed and therefore has several strains has been discredited. The American Pomological Society recognized Reine Hortense in 1856, only a few years after being introduced into this country, by placing it on the recommended fruit list. In 1909, the Society shortened the name from Reine Hortense to Hortense but in this text we prefer to use the full name, thereby indicating clearly the person for whom the cherry was christened.

Tree of medium size, upright-spreading, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches smooth, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with
a few large lenticels; branchlets rather slender, with short
internodes, brown partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with
inconspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, four and one-half inches long, two and one-half
inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate, thin; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface light green, pubescent along
the midrib; apex taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely
serrate, with dark glands; petiole one inch long, tinged with red,
pubescent along the grooved upper surface, with none or with from
one to four small, globose, greenish-yellow or brownish glands,
usually at the base of the blade.

Buds large, long-pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral
buds and in small clusters on few long spurs; blooms appearing
in mid-season; flowers white, one and one-fourth inches across;
borne in dense clusters usually in threes; pedicels one inch long,
slender, glabrous; calyx-tube with a tinge of red, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes long, acuminate, glabrous within and
without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, with entire
apex; filaments one-fourth of an inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; nearly one inch in diameter,
oblong-conic to obtuse-conic, compressed; cavity somewhat shallow,
narrow, abrupt, often lipped; suture indistinct; apex roundish
with a small depression at the center; color amber-red; dots
numerous, light russet, conspicuous; stem tortuous, slender, one
and one-half inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice,
tender and melting, sprightly subacid; of very good quality; stone
free, rather large, oblong to oval, flattened, blunt, with smooth
surfaces.

REPUBLICAN

_Prunus avium_

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909.

_Black Republican._ =2.= _Cult. & Count. Gent._ =35=:534. 1870.
=3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 20. 1875. =4.= _Am. Gard._ =9=:357 fig.
1888. =5.= Wickson _Cal. Fruits_ 289. 1889. =6.= _Wash. Sta. Bul._
=92=:23, 25. 1910.

_Lewelling._ =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 127. 1875. =8.= _Gard.
Mon._ =17=:336. 1875. =9.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909. =10.=
_Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:28, 29, fig. 7. 1910.

For some reason Republican does not make headway in the favor of cherry-growers though all who have described it speak well of it. Judged by the palate, Republican is one of the best of the Bigarreaus. The cherries are rich and sweet in flavor, firm of flesh and with an abundance of refreshing juice. Judged by the eye, too, it holds its own with the best of its class, the fruit having a pleasing rotundness of shape and a beautiful dark red, almost black, glossy color. In size the variety very often falls short; for, though often given as one of the largest, it turns out to be, in many orchards, but of medium size and sometimes is small. Here seems to be its fatal defect. It is exceedingly capricious as to soils, failing wholly or in part in all but the very choicest cherry environments. The trees are large, spreading and vigorous but on the grounds of this Station are more susceptible to the shot-hole fungus than any other Sweet Cherry. It has been reported to be very subject to this disease at the Washington Station also. The failure of this cherry to meet the demands of commercial cherry-growers during a probationary period of nearly a half a century means that it is, at most, of but local value.

This variety, known under two other names, Black Republican and Lewelling, originated about the middle of the Nineteenth Century in the orchard of Seth Lewelling, Milwaukee, Oregon. In traveling across the continent in 1849, Mr. Lewelling took with him to Oregon, Bigarreau, Morello and Mahaleb cherries and from seeds of one of the Bigarreaus sprang several seedlings, among them one which was named Black Republican. The parentage of the sort is not known though it was thought to be a cross between Napoleon and Black Tartarian, having sprung up near these two trees. Some cherry-growers and nurserymen describe a cherry which they call Lewelling but in every case the descriptions agree very closely with Republican. Many list the two names separately as designating two distinct varieties of diverse origin. Of these, some have supposed Republican to be a seedling of Eagle originating in 1860. The American Pomological Society for many years listed Black Republican alone beginning in its catalog of 1875 but in 1909 the catalog contained the two names, Republican and Lewelling. Inasmuch as the consensus of opinion is that both names apply to a single cherry this Station has decided to list Republican only.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, very
productive; trunk thick, somewhat shaggy; branches stout,
roughened, brown covered with ash-gray, with large, raised
lenticels; branchlets stout, with long internodes, brown nearly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth except near the base, with a few
small, raised, inconspicuous lenticels.

Leaves numerous, five inches long, two and five-eighths inches
wide, folded upward, obovate to oval, thin; upper surface dark
green, smooth; lower surface slightly hairy; apex acute, base
abrupt; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular; petiole one
and one-fourth inches long, thick, tinged with dull red, with two
or three large, reniform, light green or reddish glands on the
stalk.

Buds pointed or obtuse, plump, free, arranged singly on the
branchlets, or in small clusters on spurs of medium length;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-half
inches across; borne in scattering clusters in ones and
twos; pedicels variable in length, averaging one inch long,
characteristically thick, glabrous; calyx-tube tinged with red,
campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes variable in width, tinged
with red, long-obovate to acute, finely serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals obovate, entire, with short, blunt
claws, with shallow, notched apex; filaments five-sixteenths of an
inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often
defective.

Fruit matures late; about one inch in diameter, wide, variable
in shape, cordate or roundish-cordate, compressed, with angular
and uneven surfaces; cavity deep, wide, flaring; suture a shallow
groove, often extending around the fruit; apex with a small
depression at the center; color purplish-black; dots numerous,
small, dark russet, inconspicuous; stem thick, one and one-eighth
inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin; flesh purplish-red,
with dark colored juice, tender, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet or with
slight astringency before fully mature; of good quality; stone
semi-free, small, ovate, flattened, rather blunt, with smooth
surfaces.

ROCKPORT

_Prunus avium_

=1.= _Horticulturist_ =2=:59 fig., 60. 1847-48. =2.= Elliott _Fr.
Book_ 201, 202 fig. 1854. =3.= Hooper _W. Fr. Book_ 270, 271.
1857. =4.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =5.= Mortillet _Le
Cerisier_ =2=:131. 1866. =6.= Oberdieck _Obst-Sort._ 372. 1881.

Rockport is of very doubtful commercial value and has too many faults to be included with the best sweet sorts for a home orchard. It is more easily characterized by its faults than its merits. Compared with the well-known Yellow Spanish, of which it is a seedling and to which it is similar, the cherries are smaller and the pits are larger than those of the parent variety,--quite too large for the amount of pulp. Worst of the faults of the variety is, however, that the cherries are not sufficiently firm of flesh to withstand harvesting, shipping and the attacks of the brown-rot fungus. To offset the defects of the fruit the flesh is rich, sweet and tender, making it, all in all, as good as any other Sweet Cherry for dessert. The trees, too, are very satisfactory, being large, vigorous and very fruitful, though with the reputation of requiring good soil and the best of care, of lacking a little in hardiness to cold, and of having the period of maturing the crop more or less changed by soil and culture. Rockport has been, and is, more or less popular in New York but it can be recommended only for a home orchard.

Rockport is another of Professor Kirtland's introductions, having been raised by him at Cleveland, Ohio, about 1842, from a seed of Yellow Spanish. It soon won a place, in 1862, on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society where it still remains. It is mentioned by several foreign authors and many American nurserymen offer it for sale. Swedish is given as a synonym of Rockport by Hooper.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; trunk somewhat
slender, roughish; branches smooth, reddish-brown, with numerous
small lenticels; branchlets stout, variable in length, with long
internodes, brown almost entirely overspread with ash-gray,
smooth, with conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, three and one-half inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, long-oval to obovate;
upper surface dark green, somewhat rugose; lower surface
dull, light green, pubescent along the veins; apex acute to
taper-pointed, base abrupt; margin coarsely serrate, glandular;
petiole two inches long, tinged with red, with a few hairs on the
upper surface, glandless or with from one to four large, reniform,
reddish glands variable in position.

Buds large, long, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly and in
clusters from lateral buds and short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom intermediate; flowers white, one and one-fourth
inches across; borne in clusters usually in twos; pedicels one
inch long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes acute, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, dentate at the apex, nearly
sessile; filaments nearly one-half inch long; pistil glabrous,
shorter than the stamens, often defective.

Fruit matures early; one inch in diameter, cordate to conical,
compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring, regular; suture a
distinct line; apex roundish, with a small depression at the
center; color bright red over an amber-yellow background, mottled;
dots very numerous, small, light yellowish, somewhat conspicuous;
stem one and one-half inches long, adhering well to the fruit;
skin thin, tender; flesh pale yellowish-white, with colorless
juice, tender, somewhat melting, aromatic, mild, sweet; good
to very good in quality; stone free, ovate, plump, with smooth
surfaces.

ROYAL DUKE

_Prunus avium_ × _Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Mag. Hort._ =9=:204, 205. 1843. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._
192. 1845. =3.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 369. 1849. =4.= McIntosh
_Bk. Gard._ =2=:543. 1855. =5.= Thompson _Gard. Ass't_ 530. 1859.
=6.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 12. 1871. =7.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:125,
126, fig. 63. 1882. =8.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 311. 1884.

_Royale d'Angleterre._ =9.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 159. 1791.

_Cerise Royale._ =10.= Christ _Wörterb._ 284. 1802. =11.= _Cat.
Cong. Pom. France_ 40 fig. 1906.

_Königskirsche._ =12.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 422, 423,
424. 1819.

_Ungarische Süssweichsel._ =13.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_
=3=:51. 1858.

_Anglaise Hâtive._. =14.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:161-163,
fig. 42. 1866. =15.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:83, 84, fig. 40. 1866-73.
=16.= _Pom. France_ =7=: No. 24, Pl. 24. 1871. =17.= _Guide Prat._
17, 180. 1895.

_Belle de Worsery._ =18.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:181. 1866.
=19.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:39, 40, fig. 20. 1882.

Royal Duke has a place in the cherry flora to follow in season the well-known May Duke and to precede another standard sort, Late Duke. It is so nearly like these two sorts, except in season, and so similar to Arch Duke, as well, that there is much difficulty in getting the variety true to name. It is more often taken for May Duke than for the other kinds named but it differs from this well-known sort in being a little later in season, and the cherries are larger, a little lighter in color, do not hang as thickly, being scattered along the branches, often singly, and are more oblate. The trees are markedly upright and the foliage is very dense. None of the Dukes are popular in America for market fruits and this is no exception though, among all, Royal Duke is as good as any--pleasantly flavored, juicy, refreshing and very good. The trees, too, are very satisfactory. The variety has a place in home orchards and for local markets. The French say that the tree makes a very weak growth budded on the Mahaleb and that it should be worked on the Mazzard, which is generally true of all Dukes. The buyer will have difficulty in getting the true Royal Duke in America.

The origin of this variety is unknown but the Royale d'Angleterre, mentioned by Christ in 1791, was probably the variety now known as Royal Duke, although the description is too meager to be certain. According to Thompson, Royal Duke was one of the varieties formerly cultivated in England under the names Late Duke, Arch Duke, or Late Arch Duke and was probably introduced by the London Horticultural Society from France under the name of Anglaise Tardive. When or by whom this variety was introduced into America is not known but according to Downing it was very rarely found here in the first half of the Nineteenth Century. The American Pomological Society placed Royal Duke upon its catalog list of recommended fruits in 1871.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright, vasiform, unproductive
at this Station; trunk slender, roughish; branches stocky, with
roughened surface, dark reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with
lenticels of medium number and size; branchlets stout, long, brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, smooth except for the lenticels
which are inconspicuous.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four and one-half
inches long, two inches wide, folded upward, oval to obovate;
upper surface dark green, slightly rugose; lower surface medium
green, pubescent along the midrib; apex abruptly pointed, base
acute; margin serrate or crenate; petiole variable in length,
often one and one-half inches long, not uniform in thickness,
tinged with red, glandless or with one or two small, reniform,
greenish-yellow or reddish glands, usually at the base of the
blade.

Buds rather small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as
lateral buds and in very dense clusters on numerous short spurs;
leaf-scars obscure; time of bloom mid-season; flowers white,
one inch across; borne in very dense clusters, closely grouped
in fours and fives; pedicels over one-half inch long, glabrous,
green; calyx-tube green or with a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes with a trace of red, acute, serrate, glabrous within
and without, reflexed; petals roundish, entire, sessile, apex
entire; filaments nearly one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures early; three-fourths inch in diameter, oblate,
compressed; cavity rather narrow, abrupt, regular; suture a mere
line; apex flattened or depressed; color bright red becoming
darker at maturity; dots few, small, obscure; stem one and
one-half inches long, adhering to the fruit; skin thin, rather
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white with
tinge of red, pinkish juice, tender, sprightly, pleasantly acid;
good to very good in quality; stone semi-free, small, ovate,
slightly flattened, with smooth surfaces.

SCHMIDT

_Prunus avium_

=1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:38. 1858. =2.= _Ill. Handb._
37 fig., 38. 1867. =3.= _Jour. Hort._ N. S. =23=:169 fig. 1872.
=4.= _Flor. & Pom._ 121, fig. 2. 1874. =5.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._
17. 1897. =6.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:290. 1903.

_Smith._ =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 26. 1909.

Schmidt, shortened in accordance with the rules of the American Pomological Society from Schmidt's Bigarreau, is not new nor can it be said to be little known, since it has been rather widely planted in America for a score of years. Yet in New York, at least, it is not receiving the attention that it deserves from commercial cherry-growers, being relegated to the rear of ten or a dozen kinds when it should be in the front rank. Indeed, about Geneva, where many Sweet Cherries are grown, while not the leading market variety, it is one of the best. The characters which entitle it to a high place as a money-maker are: large size, being unsurpassed in this respect by any other black cherry in this region; its round, plump form and glossy, black color which tempt the eye; crisp, firm, juicy flesh and sweet, rich flavor, delicious to the taste; dark ruby-red color under the skin which makes it as pleasing inwardly as outwardly; freedom from brown-rot, in this respect excelling any other market sort; and a vigorous, healthy, productive tree. The tree is further characterized by its abundant, large leaves of dark, luxuriant green. The fruit is often picked before it is ripe, at which time it is dark red and not black. There is a good deal of enthusiasm in New York over several new Sweet Cherries from the Pacific Coast but in this vicinity none of these is equal to Schmidt.

Schmidt is a seedling of Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche and was raised by Herr Schmidt, Forester at Casekow, Prussia, Germany, about 1841. It was introduced into England by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth and eventually found its way to America but how and when is not known. Schmidt appeared on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1897 but only for two years when for some reason it was dropped. In 1909, a Smith was listed, with Smith's Bigarreau as a synonym. Budd-Hansen in the publication of 1903 also mentioned a Smith which is probably Schmidt. We are inclined to hold to the German spelling, Schmidt.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, productive;
trunk and branches stocky, smooth; branches dull reddish-brown
covered with ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets thick,
short, smooth, with rather conspicuous, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, six inches long, three inches wide, folded
upward, obovate; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface
pale green, pubescent along the midrib and larger veins; apex
acute, base abrupt; margin serrate, glandular; petiole one and
one-half inches long, thick, dull red, with a narrow, deep groove
along the upper surface, glandless or with one or two large,
reniform, reddish glands on the stalk.

Buds large, long, obtuse to conical, plump, free, arranged singly
as lateral buds and in numerous small clusters; leaf-scars
prominent; time of blooming mid-season; flowers white, one and
one-half inches across; borne in scattering clusters in twos and
threes; pedicels one inch long, thick, glabrous; calyx-tube green
or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes long,
broad, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without, reflexed;
petals oval, crenate, with short, narrow claws; filaments
three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one inch in diameter, cordate,
compressed, often slightly oblique; cavity deep, wide, flaring;
suture indistinct; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-black;
dots numerous, small, dark russet, obscure; stem slender, one
and one-half inches long, strongly adherent to the fruit; skin
tough, separating from the pulp; flesh purplish-red, with dark
colored juice, very meaty, crisp, firm, mild, sweet; of good
quality; stone semi-clinging, ovate, slightly oblique, with smooth
surfaces; ventral suture prominent.

SHORT-STEM MONTMORENCY

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= Christ. _Handb._ 679. 1797. =2.= _Prince Pom. Man._ =2=:141,
142. 1832. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:365, 366 fig., 367. 1877.

_Gobet à Courte Queue._ =4.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:180,
181, Pl. VIII. 1768. =5.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:7, Tab. 18 fig.
1. 1792.

_Gros Gobet._ =6.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 634-638. 1819.
=7.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:71, 72. 1858. =8.= Mortillet
_Le Cerisier_ =2=:204, 308. 1866. =9.= _Mas Le Verger_ =8=:51, 52,
fig. 24. 1866-73. =10.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 299, 300. 1884. =11.=
Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 358. 1889. =12.= _Guide Prat._ 9, 190. 1895.

_Flemish._ =13.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 195 fig. 85, 196. 1845.

_Cerise à Courte Queue._ 1=4.= Poiteau _Pom. Franc._ =2=: No. 15,
Pl. 1846.

_Cerise Gros Fruit._ =15.= _Pom. France_ =7=: No. 11, Pl. 11. 1871.

In tracing the history of the Montmorency cherries from Duhamel's time to the present we have been led to conclude that three distinct types are now being cultivated. Of these closely related strains, all of which probably originated about the same time in Montmorency Valley, France, Montmorency is by far the most important and the one now grown commercially in all parts of the country. Large Montmorency, while quite similar to Montmorency, is much less grown because of its unproductiveness, although in quality it is quite equal or perhaps superior to Montmorency. Short-Stem Montmorency, under discussion here, varies considerably both in tree and fruit from either of the other two, although it is frequently taken for Large Montmorency. The tree is smaller and more drooping but usually very productive. The fruit, similar in size to Large Montmorency, differs from it by being more oblate and irregular, and in having a very deep, wide suture which becomes an indistinct line towards the apex. The skin seldom becomes as dark red even at perfect maturity. The flavor is more sprightly but its quality is not as high. All three varieties have long lists of synonyms, many of which have been used for each of the three sorts. Many writers believe that only two distinct strains of Montmorency exist and that Short-Stem Montmorency is identical with Large Montmorency. The variety is little grown in North America and is not as worthy for any purpose as either of the other two better-known sorts.

Tree upright-spreading, round-topped, productive; trunk shaggy;
branches roughish, reddish-brown covered with ash-gray, with
numerous lenticels; branchlets slender, long, brown partly
overspread with ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, numerous,
small, raised lenticels.

Leaves numerous, variable in size, averaging four inches long,
one and three-fourths inches wide, long-oval to obovate, thick;
upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface medium green, with
a prominent midrib; apex taper-pointed, base acute; margin doubly
crenate, glandular; petiole one inch long, tinged with dull red,
variable in thickness, lightly pubescent, glandless or with from
one to three large, raised, reniform glands on the stalk.

Buds small, short, variable in shape, free, arranged as lateral
buds and on few, if any, spurs; leaf-scars obscure; season of
bloom late; flowers white, one inch across; borne in a few
scattering clusters, variable in number of flowers per cluster;
pedicels one-half inch long, thick, greenish; calyx-tube green
or with a tinge of red, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes with
a trace of red, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish-oval, crenate, sessile, with a
distinctly notched apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil
glabrous, equal to the stamens in length, often defective.

Fruit matures in mid-season; over three-fourths of an inch in
diameter, decidedly oblate, irregular in outline, slightly
compressed; cavity deep, wide, irregular, flaring; suture very
deep near the stem but shallow at the apex which is flattened or
depressed; color light to dark red; dots numerous, small, russet,
inconspicuous; stem very thick, less than three-fourths of an
inch long, adhering strongly to the fruit; skin rather tender,
separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with colorless juice,
tender and melting, sprightly, sour; of fair quality; stone
clinging along the ventral suture, small, roundish, plump, blunt,
with smooth surfaces, faintly tinged with red; ventral suture very
prominent.

SKLANKA

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 330. 1885. =2.= _Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt._
327. 1888. =3.= _U. S. D. A. Pom. Rpt._ 40, 41. 1895. =4.= _Del.
Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:116 fig. 6, 117. 1900. =5.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._
=73=:83 fig. 21, 84. 1903.

Sklanka is evidently a cross between a cherry of the Amarelle group and one of the Morellos--another indication of the frequency of hybridization in this fruit. The cherries of Sklanka have the light-colored skin and juice of the Amarelles while the dwarfish, round-topped trees with pendant branches and abundant, small leaves are typical of the Morellos. The variety is in no way remarkable unless it be in hardiness, the pomologists of the colder parts of the Mississippi Valley holding that it is one of the hardiest of cherries. The fruit is not on a par with that of a score of other Amarelles and the trees, in New York at least, are too small and unproductive to be worth planting. The cherry has value, then, only where hardiness is a prime requisite.

Sklanka was imported to this country from Russia in 1883 by Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. Its parentage and origin are uncertain. It does not seem to have been grown in continental Europe outside of Russia but in certain sections of that country it is reported as being one of the hardiest and most productive of the Sour Cherries. As grown in our Northern Central States it has proved one of the hardiest of all varieties but has not, as yet, gained much reputation commercially even in these cold regions. It is mentioned but seldom in the literature and is listed by but few nurserymen.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, spreading, with drooping
branchlets, open-topped, unproductive; trunk thick and smooth;
branches rather slender, long, slightly roughened, reddish-brown
partly overspread with ash-gray, with numerous rather small
lenticels; branchlets slender and willowy, with short internodes,
brown nearly covered with ash-gray, smooth except for the
lenticels, which are small, numerous, raised, conspicuous.

Leaves of medium number, three and one-fourth inches long, one and
three-fourths inches wide, folded upward, obovate to elliptical,
thick, stiff; upper surface very dark green, glossy, smooth; lower
surface medium green, finely pubescent along the midrib and larger
veins; apex and base acute; margin finely and doubly serrate, with
small, dark glands; petiole three-fourths of an inch long, thick,
tinged with dull red, grooved, with a few hairs along the upper
surface, with from one to four small, globose, orange-colored
glands usually at the base of the blade.

Buds small, short, variable in shape, plump, free, arranged singly
as lateral buds and in few, very small clusters; time of blooming
mid-season; flowers one and three-sixteenths inches across, white;
borne in dense clusters usually at the ends of branches or spurs,
well distributed, usually in threes; pedicels over one-half inch
long, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green, obconic, glabrous;
calyx-lobes broad, obtuse, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals roundish, entire, nearly sessile, with almost
entire apex; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous,
equal to the stamens in length.

Fruit matures early; about three-fourths of an inch in diameter,
oblate, not compressed; cavity of medium depth, narrow, abrupt;
suture lacking; apex flattened or strongly depressed; color bright
currant-red; dots numerous, light colored, slightly conspicuous;
stem thick, less than one inch long, adherent to the fruit; skin
rather tough, separating from the pulp; flesh pale yellow, with
colorless juice, tender and melting, sour; of good quality; stone
semi-free, clinging only along the ventral suture, about one-third
inch in diameter, roundish, slightly flattened, blunt, with smooth
surfaces.

SPARHAWK

_Prunus avium_

=1.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 219, 220. 1835.

_Sparhawk's Honey._ =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 177. 1845. =3.=
_Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =4.= _Mas Le Verger_ =8=:143, 144,
fig. 70. 1866-73.

_Honey Heart._ =5.= Cole _Am. Fr. Book_ 234 fig. 37, 235. 1849.

Sparhawk has little to recommend it for either a home or commercial orchard; but the rich and honeyed sweetness of the cherries, scarcely surpassed in flavor, might make it worth planting by plant-breeders and connoisseurs of choicely good fruits. The name "honey" which appears in several of the synonyms is indicative of the flavor of the fruit. The cherries are quite too small and the pits altogether too large for a commercial product. The tree is upright-spreading, with numerous thick branches over which the cherries are rather thickly scattered in ones, twos and threes and never in clusters. The fruit-stems are characteristically long and slender. Though of the Bigarreau group the flesh is too tender to well withstand harvesting, shipping and the brown-rot.

This cherry was introduced by Edward Sparhawk, for whom it was named, of Brighton, Massachusetts. The variety has been known under a number of different names, the number being no measure of its merit, however, for it has never been extensively cultivated. The American Pomological Society placed it in its fruit catalog list of recommended varieties in 1862 but dropped it in 1871 and for many years but little attention has been given it. It is now for sale in but few of the nurseries of the country.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, rather open-topped, hardy,
unproductive; trunk stocky, slightly shaggy; branches thick;
branchlets medium in thickness and length; leaves numerous, five
inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide, long-oval to obovate,
thin, medium green; margin coarsely and doubly serrate, glandular;
petiole two inches long, thick, overlaid with red, with one or two
large, reniform, reddish glands on the stalk; buds intermediate in
size and length; season of bloom intermediate, average length five
days; flowers one and one-fourth inches across; pistil shorter
than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season, average length about nineteen
days; nearly seven-eighths inch in diameter, somewhat conical,
compressed; color dark red over a yellowish background, finely
mottled; stem of medium thickness, one and three-eighths inches
long, adherent to the fruit; skin thin, tough, separates from
the pulp; flesh pale yellowish-white, with colorless juice,
tender, crisp, highly flavored, mild, aromatic, sweet; very good
in quality; stone nearly free, large for the size of the fruit,
ovate, flattened, slightly oblique, with smooth surfaces.

SPÄTE AMARELLE

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= Christ _Handb._ 679. 1797. =2.= Christ _Wörterb._ 294. 1802.
=3.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 629-632. 1819. =4.= Dochnahl
_Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:67, 68. 1858. =5.= _Ill. Handb._ 541 fig.,
542. 1861. =6.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:149, 150, fig. 73. 1866-73.
=7.= Lauche _Deut. Pom._ =III=: No. 24, Pl. 1882. =8.= _Am. Gard._
=9=:264. 1888. =9.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =2=:36. 1888. =10.= _Del. Sta.
An. Rpt._ =12=:126, 127. 1900.

_Späte Morello._ =11.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 78. 1890. =12.=
Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:282, 283. 1903.

This is another variety with Amarelle fruit and a Morello-like tree and is unquestionably a hybrid between varieties of the two groups. Several references from the Middle West mention Späte Amarelle as very promising but in New York, where such sorts as Early Richmond and the Montmorencies thrive, it is unpromising for any purpose. The cherries are quite too poor in quality, being very sour, and the trees too unproductive to make the variety even a poor rival of a score or more of Amarelles and Dukes with which it would have to compete in this State.

The origin of this cherry is unknown but according to Truchsess it was sent out from Hanover as Späte Morelle in 1785. In 1797, Christ mentions a cherry under this name the description of which agrees with that of Späte Amarelle. Lauche states that Truchsess received the variety from Hanover under the name Späte Morelle and later changed the name to Späte Amarelle. This cherry was grown in the Paris National Nursery under the name Cerise Amarelle Tardive and at one time was commonly grown in gardens in France. In the spring of 1883, Professor J. L. Budd of Iowa brought to America a large number of cherries from central and eastern Europe. Somehow there was confusion in the description of these imported cherries and two kinds were described under the name Späte Amarelle, one a light-fleshed sort, the other with red flesh and colored juice. The true variety has light flesh and juice and a pleasant, acid flavor and is probably identical with the old French sort, Cerise Amarelle Tardive. The cherry sometimes called Späte Morello can be no other than the Späte Amarelle.

Tree of medium size, vigorous, upright-spreading, round-topped,
rather unproductive; trunk stocky, somewhat shaggy; branches
smooth, dark brown overspread by ash-gray, with numerous lenticels
variable in size; branchlets slender, rather short, brown nearly
covered with ash-gray, smooth, with slightly raised, inconspicuous
lenticels.

Leaves numerous, small, folded upward, oval to somewhat obovate,
rather stiff; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface
medium green, pubescent only on the midrib and larger veins; apex
acute, base variable in shape; margin finely serrate, glandular;
petiole greenish or with a slight bronze tinge, glandless or with
from one to four small, globose, brown or yellowish glands usually
at the base of the blade.

Buds small, pointed, plump, free, arranged singly as lateral buds
and in clusters on long or short spurs; leaf-scars prominent;
season of bloom late; flowers one inch across, white; borne in
scattered clusters, usually in threes; pedicels three-fourths of
an inch long, slender, glabrous, greenish; calyx-tube green with
a tinge of red, obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes with a trace of
red, rather narrow, acute, serrate, glabrous within and without,
reflexed; petals broad-oval, entire, slightly crenate at the apex;
filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to or
longer than the stamens.

Fruit matures in mid-season; one-half inch long, oblate, slightly
compressed; cavity shallow, narrow; suture indistinct; apex
roundish or depressed; color dark red; dots numerous, very small,
obscure; stem slender, one and one-half inches long; skin thin,
tender; flesh light red, with light colored juice, tender, tart;
of good quality; stone free, roundish, flattened, with smooth
surfaces; distinctly ridged along the ventral suture.

SUDA

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 27. 1909.

_Suda Hardy._ =2.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 21. 1892-93. =3.= _Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat._ 25. 1899. =4.= Stark Brothers _Cat._ 1899. =5.=
_Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:84 fig., 85. 1903. =6.= _Am. Pom. Soc._ Sp.
Rpt. 36. 1904-05.

Suda has been widely advertised as an improved English Morello but, while there seem to be some slight differences between the two, the new variety is not an improvement on the old so far as can be discovered at this Station. The trees of Suda in general aspect are more upright and the stems of the cherries longer and more slender than those of English Morello, being but an inch in length in the one variety and an inch and three-fourths in the other. The trees on the grounds of this Station are not as productive as those of English Morello. The cherries, if anything, are not as high in quality as those of the older and probably the parent variety. It is doubtful if there is a place for Suda in the cherry industry of New York.

This cherry originated in the garden of a Captain Suda, Louisiana, Missouri, about 1880. The American Pomological Society listed Suda in its fruit catalog of 1899 as Suda Hardy but in 1909 shortened the name to Suda, a change which has generally been accepted.

Tree vigorous, rather unproductive; branches slender, with
numerous small lenticels; branchlets slender, long; leaves
numerous, four inches long, two and one-fourth inches wide,
obovate to oval, dull, dark green; margin doubly serrate,
with dark glands; petiole one inch long, of medium thickness,
tinged with dull red, glandless or with one or two reniform,
yellowish-brown glands usually at the base of the blade; buds
small, short, obtuse, arranged singly as lateral buds and on but
very few, if any, spurs; season of bloom late; flowers white, one
inch across; filaments one-fourth inch long; pistil shorter than
the stamens.

Fruit matures very late; three-fourths inch in diameter,
roundish-cordate, slightly compressed; cavity flaring; suture
indistinct; color dark purplish-red; stem slender, one and
three-fourths inches long, adherent to the fruit; skin separating
from the pulp; flesh dark red, with dark colored juice, tender,
somewhat meaty, sprightly, astringent, very sour; poor in quality;
stone free or nearly so, ovate, slightly pointed, with smooth
surfaces.

TIMME

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:85, 86. 1903. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._
27. 1909.

Timme can hardly be distinguished from Early Richmond, differing only in smaller fruits, and probably is a seed variation of that variety. On the grounds of this Station the trees of Timme are even more productive than those of Early Richmond, one of the most fruitful of all cherries, but the greater fruitfulness of the tree hardly offsets the smaller size of the cherries. It is doubtful if this new strain can displace the older Early Richmond, which is well established in the favor of cherry-growers everywhere.

This variety is supposed to have been brought to America from Germany by a Mr. Timme of Omaha, Nebraska. It is of some local importance in Iowa and Nebraska but as yet has not been widely distributed in America. Possibly it will be found in time that it is some old German variety renamed. It was placed on the fruit list of the American Pomological Society in 1909.

Tree medium in size, rather vigorous, upright-spreading,
open-topped, healthy; trunk and branches thick, with numerous
large lenticels; branchlets slender, long, willowy; leaves three
and one-half inches long, one and five-eighths inches wide, ovate
to obovate, thick, stiff, leathery, dark green; margin finely
serrate, tipped with reddish-brown glands; petiole three-fourths
of an inch in length, with one or two large, globose glands
variable in position; flowers one inch across, in dense clusters.

Fruit matures medium early; over one-half inch in diameter,
roundish-oblate; color light red becoming dark red at full
maturity; stem one inch long; flesh yellowish-white, with abundant
pinkish juice, tender and melting, pleasant flavored, sprightly;
good in quality; stone semi-clinging, roundish-ovate, plump;
prominently ridged along the ventral suture.

TOUSSAINT

_Prunus cerasus_

=1.= _Duhamel Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:178-180, Pl. VII. 1768. =2.=
Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:7, Tab. 18 fig. 2. 1792. =3.= Poiteau _Pom.
Franc._ =2=: No. 21, Pl. 1846. =4.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =1=:103,
104, Pl. 1853. =5.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:205, 308. 1866.
=6.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:305, 306 fig., 307, 308. 1877. =7.=
_Rev. Hort._ 250. 1906.

_Stäts Blühender Kirschbaum._ =8.= Krünitz _Enc._ 42, 43. 1790.