Chapter V: The Minor Varieties of Cherries (3)

=Doppelte Weichsel.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Christ _Handb._ 673. 1797. =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 505, 506, 507. 1819.

_Doppelte Amarelle._ =3.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 158. 1791.

Christ first described this variety as Doppelte Amarelle but in his later writings changed it to Doppelte Weichsel. It is distinguished from the Spanische Frühweichsel in being larger, longer in stem, and sourer. Fruit above medium in size, globular; suture shallow; stem long, rather stout, set in a shallow cavity; skin dark brownish-red, thin, not glossy in wet years; flesh dark, firm for a Weichsel, juicy, light colored, pleasing subacid; pit small, more round than broad, free; season the end of June.

=Dorotheenkirsche.= Species? =1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 347. 1889.

Mentioned in this reference.

=Dörrells Neue Himbeerkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Dochnahl Führ. _Obstkunde_ =3=:27. 1858.

Tree productive; fruit large, cordate, flattened; stem stout; skin dark red; flesh firm, whitish, sweet, aromatic; stone small; ripens at the end of June.

=Doty.= Species? =1.= _Am. Inst. An. Rpt._ 212. 1867.

This is a small but pleasantly flavored seedling exhibited by William M. Doty, Star Landing, New Jersey.

=Double Yellow Spanish.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 331. 1885.

This variety was imported to America by Professor J. L. Budd of Ames, Iowa. The tree has a drooping habit, large foliage and sweet fruit of best quality.

=Douce de Bardowick.= _P. avium._ =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

=Dougall.= Species? =1.= _Cult. & Count. Gent._ =39=:454. 1874.

Dougall is a large, black, seedling fruit introduced by James Dougall, Amherstburgh, Canada. Ripens before Early Purple.

=Doulin Bigarreau.= _P. avium._ =1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 460. 1869.

This is a foreign variety which may not be distinct. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, bears early; fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side; stem slender, curved, set in a deep cavity; suture slight; skin dark purplish-red; flesh pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality good; season early June.

=Dove Bank.= Species? =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Listed in the reference given.

=Downing Red Cheek.= _P. avium._ =1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 186 fig. 76. 1845. =2.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 205. 1854.

_Rouge de Downing._ =3.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:85, 86, fig. 41. 1866-73.

_Downing's Sämling._ =4.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 346. 1889.

This attractive cherry, resembling Yellow Spanish, was raised by A. J. Downing,[85] Newburgh, New York, about 1840; its exact parentage is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; fruit medium to large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; stem long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin thin, yellowish-white blushed and mottled with attractive dark crimson; flesh yellowish but often very nearly white, half-tender, juicy, delicate, sweet; good in quality; stone medium in size; ripens from the middle to the last of June.

=Downton.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Pom. Mag._ =3=:138 Pl. 1830. =2.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:124. 1832. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 74. 1862. =4.= _Ill. Handb._ 485 fig., 486. 1861.

_Downtoner Molkenkirsche._ =5.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:30. 1858.

_Guigne Downton._ =6.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:98, 303. 1866. =7.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:321 fig. 1877.

_Impératrice Downton_? =8.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =II=:161. 1882.

Downton was raised early in the Nineteenth Century by T. A. Knight, Downton Castle, England, from a seed of Elton. Tree strong in growth, spreading; fruit attached in pairs, large, obtuse-cordate, roundish; stem rather long, slender; skin pale yellowish, heavily specked with red, which often merges into a blush on the sunny side; flesh light yellow, very tender, juicy; high in quality; stone slightly adherent; ripens after May Duke.

=Dresdener Mai Herzkirsche.= _P. Avium._ =1.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 23. 1876.

A very early Heart cherry received by Thomas from Germany.

=Drogan White Bigarreau.= _P. Avium._ =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 79. 1866. =2.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 20, 188. 1876.

_Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche._ =3.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 341, 684. 1819. =4.= _Ill. Handb._ 55 fig., 56. 1867.

This is one of Drogan's seedlings from Guben, Prussia, Germany, 1809. Leroy includes Drogan's White and Yellow Bigarreaus with his Guigne Blanche (Grosse) but the three are distinct varieties. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem rather short, stout; cavity wide, deep; apex pointed; skin tough, pale yellow, mottled and blushed with red where much exposed; flesh firm, pale yellow, juicy, sweet; stone plump, ovate to oval; desirable for table and kitchen use; late.

=Drogan Yellow Bigarreau.= _P. Avium._ =1.= _Ill. Handb._ 147 fig., 148. 1860. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 79, 80. 1866. =3.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:111, 112, fig. 54. 1866-73. Bigarreau (Golden)? =4.= Fell _Cat._ 41. 1893-94.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large to very large, oblate-cordate, resembling May Duke, compressed on the faces, truncate at the base, traversed by a shallow suture; stem long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin rather glossy, clear yellow, golden in the sun; flesh firm, yellowish, having abundant, uncolored juice, with a sweetness which increases as the season advances; quality high; pit small, turgid, roundish-oval, truncate at the base; ripens late.

=Drogans Schwarze Knorpelkirsche.= _P. Avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 206, 207, 677. 1819.

A Prussian seedling from Guben, Germany, which in favorable years is of good size and pleasant flavor; skin black; flesh firm, juicy, colored; ripens the middle of July.

=Drooping Guigne.= _P. Avium._ =1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:119. 1832.

_Guignier à rameaux pendans._ =2.= Noisette Man. Comp. Jard. =2=:503. 1860.

Noisette lists this variety under the Merisiers while others take it to be Toussaint which it resembles in habit of growth. Fruit large, roundish or heart-shaped, glossy black, with a long stem; flesh reddish-black, watery, sweet; season July; very productive.

=Du Comte Egger.= Species? =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Listed, not described.

=Du Nord Nouvelle.= _P. Cerasus._ =1.= Barry _Fr. Garden_ 326. 1851.

Mentioned as a Morello from France ripening in August. Fruit of medium size, bright red, tender, acid; useful because of its lateness.

=Duchesse d'Angoulême.= _P. Cerasus._ =1.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:155, 156, fig. 76. 1866-73. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:261. 1877. =3.= Ia. _Sta. Bul._ =73=:67, fig. 12. 1903.

_Herzogin von Angouleme._ =4.= _Ill. Handb._ 535 fig., 536. 1861.

Duchesse d'Angoulême is supposed to have come from the vicinity of Vienna, Austria, although some writers give France as its place of origin. It is often confused with other sorts. Tree large, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading, productive; fruit medium to above in size, roundish-oblate; stem rather long and thick, set in a large, deep cavity; skin firm, bright red; flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeably aromatic at extreme maturity; quality fair to good; stone nearly round, slightly compressed; ripens from the middle to the end of June.

=Duchesse de Palluau.= _P. avium × P. cerasus._ =1.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:407 fig. 28. 1853. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:261, 262 fig. 1877. =3.= _Rev. Hort._ 236, 237, Pl. 1901.

_Herzogin von Paluau._ =4.= _Ill. Handb._ 169 fig., 170. 1860.

_Précoce Lemercier_ incor. =5.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:142-146, fig. 1866.

Duchesse de Palluau was raised about 1840 by M. Pierre Bretonneau near Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France. In 1844 he gave cions of this variety, under the name Duchesse de Palluau, to Leroy who propagated and probably disseminated the sort. Tree large, productive; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed; stem long, slender; skin thin, dark purple becoming almost black; flesh tinged with red, juicy, brisk subacid becoming sweet; good in quality; stone nearly free, oblong-ovate, small; ripens in early mid-season.

=Duke of Edinburgh.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales_ =19=:998. 1908.

Tree stunted, upright; fruit too small and soft for market; similar to Belle d'Orleans; ripens in November in Australia.

=Dumas.= Species? =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Mentioned in the reference given.

=Dunkelrothe Knorpelkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensor_. 680-682. 1819.

_Bigarreau à Longue Queue._ =2.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:121, 122 fig., 123, 219. 1866.

_Bigarreau Rouge Foncé._ =3.= _Ibid._ =2=:302. 1866.

_Bigarreau Violet._ =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:249 fig. 1877.

This variety probably originated with Van Mons in Belgium about 1790. It was received by Truchsess a little later as a French sort under the name Bigarreau Violet. Fruit large, elongated-cordate, sides compressed; suture very distinct dividing the fruit into halves; stem very long, more deeply inserted in unripe fruits; skin firm but not tough, yellowish, overspread with dark red, verging to violet; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy; quality excellent; stone free, small, roundish-oval; apex acutely pointed; ripens the middle of June.

=Duraccia.= _P. avium._ =1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._ 292. 1893. =2.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 175. 1895.

E. E. Goodrich, Santa Clara, California, received cions of this variety from Lucca, Italy, thinking it to be the famous "Pistojese" used extensively in Italy for brandying. Fruit above medium in size, cordate; stem long, slender, set in a large, deep, regular cavity; suture deep, extending beyond the apex; skin thin, tough, smooth, glossy, finely pitted, dark purple to almost black; flesh red with lighter veinings, firm, meaty, rich, sweet; quality very good; pit of medium size, plump, partially adherent; season at Santa Clara the last of July to August; ships well; has not been reported from the eastern states.

=Dure Noir Grosse.= Species? =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Not described.

=Dwarf Siberian.= _P.fruticosa._ =1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:153. 1832.

_Dutch Weeping._ =2.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 48. 1831.

_De Sibérie._ =3.= _Ibid._ 55. 1831. =4.= Poiteau _Pom. Franc._ =2=:No. 20, Pl. 1846.

_Weeping._ =5.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 283. 1832.

_De Sibérie à fruit rond_? =6.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:508. 1860.

Dwarf Siberian belongs to _Prunus fruticosa_, the dwarf cherry of the Old World, of which _Cerasus chamaecerasus_ is a synonym. This cherry was introduced into America by Prince of Flushing, New York, and was thought by him to be the most suitable species to furnish stocks for dwarf trees. At best the variety reaches a height of from three to four feet with branches very numerous, forming a dense shrub. The flowers have long peduncles, often solitary but are usually united in umbels of from three to five each, which are sessile and axillary; fruit globular, red, small; flesh red, very acid, tender.

=Early Amarella.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Albertson & Hobbs _Cat._ 26. 1904. =2.= Vincennes _Nur. Cat._ 26. 1906.

Tree upright, hardy, very productive; fruit large, brilliant red becoming darker as it gets riper; stem very long.

=Early Amber.= _P. avium._ =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 69. 80. 1866, =2.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 45. 1831.

_River's Early Amber Heart._ =3.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 234. 1841. =4.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 177. 1845.

_Guigne panachée précoce._ =5.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:97, 208. 1866.

_Bigarreau Ambré Précoce._ =6.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:49, 50, fig. 23. 1866-73. =7.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:174, 175 fig. 1877.

Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England, is given credit for this variety as a strain of the old Early White Heart. Leroy, however, states that his grandfather propagated this cherry under the name Cerise Panache or Suisse, as early as 1790 but without knowing its origin. He dropped the _précoce_ because other varieties ripened long before this one. Tree vigorous, erect, productive; fruit borne in threes, medium in size, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed; suture wide; stem long, slender, set in a straight, deep cavity; skin firm, medium thick, changing from lively red to reddish-brown; flesh yellowish, tender, cracking, with uncolored juice, sweet, aromatic; pit large for the fruit; season early.

=Early Black Bigarreau.= _P. avium._ =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 69, 80. 1866. =2.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:302. 1866.

Fruit large, distinctly heart-shaped; stem long; color jet black; flesh dark purple, firm, rich, sweet; excellent; season the last of June and the first of July.

=Early Eugene.= Species? =1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 437. 1898.

Reported by H. L. McGee, Villa Ridge, Illinois, as being a hardy and productive variety.

=Early May.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Rural N. Y._ =12=:375. 1861. =2.= _Trans. Ill. Agr. Soc._ =5=:199. 1861-64. =3.= _Am. Jour. Hort._ =1=:123. 1867. =4.= _Ibid._ =3=:18-22. 1868. =5.= _Am. Hort. An._ 84. 1869. =6.= _Country Gent._ =39=:118. 1874.

This variety originated a generation or more ago in Virginia and was known there and in neighboring states as Early May. Later, it became widely disseminated in the Middle West where it was often confused with Early Richmond, Late Kentish and Montmorency. Early May should not be confused with a European cherry of the same name formerly grown upon the continent but now seldom seen. The fruit of the American sort is much like Early Richmond though of inferior quality and is now probably wholly replaced by the latter variety.

=Early Prolific.= _P. avium._ =1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 193, 194. 1854.

Early Prolific was raised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright, slightly spreading; fruit large, round, obtuse-cordate; suture distinct; stem variable; skin bright carmine-red mottled on a light amber-yellow ground; flesh rather tender, firm, juicy, rich, sweet; very productive; season early June.

=Early Red Bigarreau.= _P. avium._ =1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:130. 1832. =2.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 69, 81, 94. 1866. =3.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 23. 1876.

=Bigarreau Rouge de Guben.= =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:242 fig., 243. 1877.

This variety originated about 1845, from seed in the garden of the Pomological Society, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. The Russians, who were growing it in 1858, sent the variety from Crimea to M. Eugène Glady, who in turn gave cions of it to Leroy. Tree moderately vigorous, productive; fruit usually attached in pairs; above medium to large, obtuse-cordate, more or less irregular, compressed; suture indistinct; stem long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity; skin thick, dark red changing to reddish-brown; flesh dark colored, firm, breaking, juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality excellent; stone rather large, ovate; ripens the last of June.

=Early Red Guigne.= _P. avium._ =1.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 23. 1876. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 17. 1895. =3.= Rivers _Cat._ 18. 1898-99.

This cherry, of unknown origin, was propagated by Thomas Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, England. It is thought by some to be Elton. Fruit large, pale red; flesh very tender, rich and good; ripens in early June.

=Early Red and Yellow.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Mag. Hort._ =8=:282. 1842.

This variety was raised by Robert Manning, Salem, Massachusetts, from the seed of a white Bigarreau. Fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate; light red on a yellow ground; sweet, juicy; good; ripe the last of June.

=Early Rivers.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Flor. & Pom._ 5 fig., 6. 1872. =2.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 28, 204. 1876. =3.= _Flor. & Pom._ 117. 1878. =4.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 162. 1881. =5.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 296. 1884.

_Guigne Early Rivers._ =6.= _Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom._ 104 fig., 105. 1904.

Early Rivers is a seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England; first fruited in 1869. Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface; stem long, rather slender; skin thin, deep red changing to glossy black; flesh reddish, juicy, very tender, rich, sweet; very good in quality; stone very small, elongated; season early.

=Early York.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 666. 1897.

Fruit medium in size; flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy, subacid.

=Ebenter Cherry.= Species? =1.= _Flor. & Pom._ 111. 1879. =2.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 347. 1889.

This cherry is said to be cultivated on the shores of Lake Constance, Germany, notably at Lindau and Tettnang, and is distinguished for its firm flesh, large size and small stone. Ripens after all other table cherries.

=Edouard Seneclause.= Species? =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Not described.

=Elfner Kirsche.= Species? =1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 347. 1889.

Listed by Mathieu.

=Elizabeth.= _P. avium._ =1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 207. 1854. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:160. 1882.

Elizabeth is a seedling from Caleb Atwater, Portage County, Ohio, 1823. Tree vigorous, upright, prolific; fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, flattened on the sides; stem of medium length, set in a regular cavity; skin rich, dark red; flesh yellowish, slightly tinged with red, rather tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet; pit roundish-ovate; season the middle of June.

=Emperor Francis.= _P. avium._ =1.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:111, 112, fig. 56. 1882. =2.= Bunyard-Thomas _Fr. Gard._ 42. 1904. =3.= _Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc._ =30=:133. 1906.

_Bigarreau Empereur-Francois._ =4.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 16. 1876.

_Kaiser Franz Josef._ =5.= _Proskauer Obstsort._ 56. 1907. =6.= _Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift_ 122. 1910.

The origin of Emperor Francis is not given in any of the references though the variety seems to be quite well known in both France and England. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, obtuse-cordate; stem rather short; cavity medium in size; skin marbled with red on a yellowish-white ground; flesh firm, crisp, sweet, high flavored; stone small, bluntly pointed; ripens rather late.

=English Amber.= _P. avium._ =1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 207, 208. 1854.

Probably this is an old variety known under some other name. Tree vigorous, strong in growth, very productive; fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, regular; stem long; skin delicate amber, mottled with pale red; flesh whitish-yellow, half-tender, delicate, juicy, very sweet; pit of medium size; ripens the last of June.

=English Bearer.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Brookshaw _Pom. Brit_ Pl. 9. 1817. =2.= Brookshaw _Hort. Reposit._ =2=:131, Pl. 71 fig. 3. 1823.

_English Preserve._ =3.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 49. 1831.

This variety is grown in Kent, England, where it is known as English Preserver. It is distinguished from the Kentish only by its larger size and the dark, irregular spots under the skin. Ripens early in July.

=English Gaskin.= Species? =1.= _U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._ 309. 1854.

An almost worthless sort mentioned in the reference given.

=Englische Weinkirsche.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 284. 1819.

Fruit large, roundish; stem long; skin tender, ground-color milky-white, crimson where exposed, on maturity the white changes to yellowish; juicy, vinous, aromatic; ripens in July.

=Englische Weisse Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:27. 1858.

_Englische weisse ganz frühe Herzkirsche._ =2.= Christ _Handb._ 683. 1797. =3.= Christ _Wörterb._ 280. 1802. =4.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 251, 252, 253. 1819.

Possibly this is the same as the White Heart of England. It is without a doubt a separate variety from the Guignier à gros fruit blanc of Duhamel. Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a deep cavity; suture a line, skin yellowish-white, tinged with red in the sun, uneven, glossy, transparent; flesh white, not very tender, juicy, sweet; quality good; stone of medium size, cordate, acute; ripens at the end of June.

=Enopa.= _P. pumila × P. triflora._ =1.= _S. Dak. Sta. Bul._ =108=:1908. =2.= _Ibid._ =130=:178 Pl. 8. 1911.

Enopa, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was sent out in 1908 by the South Dakota Station. Fruit one and one-sixteenths inches in diameter, round, with a minute prickle at the apex; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark red, with blue bloom; flesh green.

=Episcopale.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 25, 193. 1876. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:265 fig. 1877.

This variety, according to Leroy, was found in the vicinity of Paris and was introduced by M. Jamin-Durand, Bourg-la-Reine, in 1846. The tree is distinguished from that of Montmorency in being more erect, less dense, less productive; the fruit is more acid and later in ripening.

=Eppers Weichsel.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:67. 1858.

Tree vigorous, productive; fruit large, oval, flattened at the base, brownish-red, with a deep suture; flesh clear red, juicy, strongly subacid; pit elongated; ripens in September.

=Erfurter Augustkirsche.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 159. 1791. =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 550-554. 1819.

_D'Aout Erfurt._ =3.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:89, 90, fig. 45. 1882.

_Délices d'Erfurt._ =4.= _Guide Prat._ 17. 1895.

_Erfurt Delicious._ =5.= _Gard. Chron._ =19=:429. 1896.

_Hochgenuss Von Erfurt._ =6.= _Proskauer Obstsort._ 59. 1907.

This cherry is well known in and about Thuringia forest, Germany, where it is propagated by suckers and is valued for its lateness. Tree vigorous; fruit above medium in size, roundish-cordate, flattened; stem of medium length, set in a noticeable cavity; suture indistinct; skin tender, glossy, brownish-red changing to purplish-black; flesh tender, reddish, juicy, sugary, acidulated; stone free, small, pea-shaped; ripens the last of July.

=Etopa.= _P. pumila × P. triflora._ =1.= _S. Dak. Sta. Bul._ =108=:1908. =2.= _Ibid._ =130=:179. 1911.

Etopa is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum. Said to be excellent in quality and remarkable for its intense black, purplish color of skin, flesh and juice; skin thin, free from acerbity; ripens there about September twelfth.

=Eugène Furst.= _P. avium × P. cerasus._ =1.= _Guide Prat._ 18. 1895.

_Fürst's Herzkirsche._ =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:23. 1858.

Fruit above medium in size, elongated-cordate; stem of medium length, slender; skin black; flesh red, sugary, acidulated; matures the last of June to July. Said to be similar to May Duke.

=Everbearing.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Okla. Sta. Bul._ =2=:13. 1892. =2.= Budd-Hansen _Am. Hort. Man._ =2=:276. 1903.

Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat compressed; stem long, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity; skin dull red to dark red when ripe; flesh quite tender, juicy, mildly acid; quality good.

=Excellente Douce Tardive.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Ann. Pom. Belge_ =2=:101, 102, Pl. 1854.

This cherry was produced from seed, in France in 1839. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit above medium in size, roundish, flattened at the ends; stem long, stout, inserted in a deep, wide cavity; skin thin, glossy, deep red mottled with clear red changing to reddish-black, often yellowish-amber in the shade; flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly acidulated; quality very good; pit small, yellowish, roundish, apex pointed; ripens in August.

=Eyami.= _P. pumila X P. triflora._ =1.= _S. Dak. Sta. Bul._ =108=:1908. =2.= _Ibid._ =130=:179. 1911.

Eyami is a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum and was sent out by the South Dakota Station in 1908. Fruit one and three-sixteenths by one and five-sixteenths inches in size, round; skin thin, dark red, semi-transparent; flesh green, pleasant; pit large.

=Ezaptan.= _P. pumila X P. triflora._ =1.= _S. Dak. Sta. Bul._ =130=:180 Pl. 9, 181. 1911.

Ezaptan, a cross between the Sand Cherry and the Occident plum, was introduced in 1911 by the South Dakota Station. It is remarkable for its early and heavy bearing; skin thin, free from acerbity, dark purple; flesh black purplish-red to the pit.

=Faversham Heart.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 49. 1831.

Mentioned in the reference given.

=Favorite.= _P. avium._ =1.= Elliott _Fr. Book_ 207 fig. 1854.

_Elliott's Favorite._ =2.= _Horticulturist_ =2=:124. 1847-48. =3.= Thomas _Am. Fruit Cult._ 361. 1849. =4.= _Mag. Hort._ =19=:167, 168. 1853.

Favorite is one of Professor J. P. Kirtland's cherries originating in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1842, from a pit of Yellow Spanish, probably crossed with Black Tartarian, Black Mazzard, or May Duke. The tree resembles American Heart while the fruit is similar to Choisy in flavor and texture but larger. Tree vigorous, half-spreading, productive; fruit medium in size, round, regular, slightly compressed; stem long, set in an even and regular cavity; skin pale amber-yellow, with a bright, marbled, carmine-red cheek; flesh pale amber, translucent, tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor; pit small, angular, smooth.

=Festfleischige Schwarze Knorpelkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Ill. Handb._ 35 fig., 36. 1867.

_Grosse dunkel braunrothe Kramelkirsche._ =2.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:3, Tab. 7 fig. 1. 1792.

_Grosse schwarze Knorpelkirsche mit festem Fleisch._ =3.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 193-195. 1819.

_Bigarreau-noir à chair très-ferme._ =4.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 20, 189. 1876.

This cherry has the hardest flesh of all the black, hard-fleshed cherries, differing from the Grosse Schwarze Knorpelkirsche in its firmer flesh. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit rather large, plump, truncate at the apex, sides compressed; suture not prominent; stem stout, long, set in a variable cavity; skin tough, almost black at maturity; flesh very firm, juicy, colored, very sweet, although with a mixture of sourness; stone small, turgid, cordate, sides compressed, clinging; ripens late.

=Flagg.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Cult. & Count. Gent._ =41=:502. 1876. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 164. 1881.

Flagg was introduced by its originator, D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, as Wier's Early Kentish, a selected seedling of Early Richmond, hardier and ten days earlier. Tree slender, short-jointed, regularly conical, moderate in growth; at its best in high, dry, airy situations, with light soil; fruit medium in size, heart-shaped; skin black, firm; flesh tender, purplish-red, juicy, changing from a rich subacid to a very sweet, rich flavor; pit small; adapted to kitchen and table use.

=Flamentine.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 211-215. 1819. =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:137, 138, fig. 67. 1866-73.

_Bigarreautier à petit fruit hâtif._ =3.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:165, 166. 1768.

_Bigarreau à petit fruit blanc._ =4.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 46. 1831.

_Early Guigne._ =5.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:111, 112. 1832.

_Early White Bigarreau._ =6.= _Ibid._ =2=:129. 1832.

_Petite Bigarreau hâtif._ =7.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:130, 131. 1866.

_Bigarreau Blanc_ (Petit). =8.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:182 fig., 183. 1877.

_Türkine_? =9.= _Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift_ 121. 1910.

This cherry probably originated more than a century ago in the vicinity of Angers, France. Names of wholly distinct varieties have sometimes been attached to it causing much confusion in the nomenclature. Tree strong, vigorous, productive; fruit usually in threes, above medium in size, obtuse-cordate, flattened at the base, compressed; suture often a line; stem long, almost stout, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity; skin thin, glossy, whitish-yellow, mottled with dark red; flesh yellowish-white, transparent, rather firm, juicy, aromatic, sugary; first quality; stone small, oval; ripens the middle of June.

=Flemish Gean.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 50. 1831.

A small, red, obtuse-cordate fruit of fair quality and tender flesh, ripening early in July.

=Fleurs Doubles.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:174. 1768. =2.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 49. 1831.

_Great rose._ =3.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 402, 574. 1629.

_Double Floured Cherry._ =4.= Gerarde _Herball_ 1505 fig. 8. 1636.

_Bloem-kers double._ =5.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:35, 38. 1771.

_Weichselbaum mit sehr gross gefüllter Blüthe._ =6.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:5, Tab. 11 fig. 1. 1792.

_Glaskirsche mit dickgefüllter Blüthe._ =7.= Christ _Handb._ 680. 1797.

_Amarellenbaum mit ganz gefüllter Blüte._ =8.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 640-644. 1819.

_Small Double Flowering._ =9.= Prince _Treat. Hort._ 31. 1828.

_Dwarf Double Flowering._ =10.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:151, 152. 1832.

_Gefülltblühende Amarelle._ =11.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:68. 1858.

The tree of this variety, unlike many other double-flowering sorts, attains but moderate size, in many cases is but a bush or shrub. The blossoms are exceedingly double, very showy, with a slight tinge of pink on opening, the blooming season extending over three or four weeks. Frequently the blossoms have small leaflets intermingled with the petals, while often a smaller flower appears to rise out of the center of another. The trees very seldom, if ever, bear. Truchsess reports having fruited it twice in ten years. The early English writers make brief mention of several double-flowering sorts which have been included under this variety.

=Fleurs Semi-doubles.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:173, Pl. V. 1768. =2.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 49. 1831.

_Lesser rose._ =3.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 402, 574. 1629.

_Red-flowered._ =4.= Ray _Hist. Plant._ 1538. 1688.

_Bloem-kers double._ =5.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:35, 38. 1771.

_Gefüllter Kirschbaume._ =6.= Krünitz _Enc._ 43, 44. 1790.

_Weichsel mit halbgefüllter Blüthe._ =7.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:9, Tab. 21 fig. 1. 1792.

_Glaskirsche mit halbgefüllter Blüthe._ =8.= Christ _Handb._ 680. 1797.

_Gedoppelte Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüte._ =9.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 646-649. 1819.

_Halbgefülltblühende Amarelle._ =10.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:68. 1858.

_Amarelle mit halbgefüllter Blüthe._ =11.= _Ill. Handb._ 93 fig., 94. 1867.

The home of this cherry is not known, it having been greatly confused with other double-flowering sorts. The flowers have a double row of from fifteen to twenty petals and often have two pistils, especially on the older trees. These generally bear twin-fruits though often the pistils are changed into small, green leaves, in which case the flowers are neither large nor attractive. The tree is of the Amarelle type, small, blooming profusely; fruit moderately round, compressed on one side with a shallow suture; stem long, stout; cavity wide; skin clear red, becoming darker and flecked with brown; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasing, subacid at first; stone oval, bluntly pointed, often small and round, free when fully ripe; ripens the middle of July.

=Florianer Kirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:34. 1858.

A productive seedling Bigarreau of medium size, elongated, angular; stem short, stout; skin black; flesh sweet, aromatic; second quality; ripens at the end of June.

=Folgerkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Christ _Wörterb._ 283. 1802. =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 415-419. 1819.

_Holländische Folgerkirsche_ incor. =3.= Christ _Handb._ 673. 1797.

_Cerise de Folger._ =4.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:158, 209. 1866.

A few authors describe this cherry as Volgers; the Volger described by Knoop in 1771, however, is a distinct variety. Duhamel's variety, Cerise-Guigne, is possibly the same. Fruit large, roundish, truncate at the base, in unfavorable seasons the apex and sides are strongly compressed, with a noticeable suture; stem stout, long, set in a wide cavity; skin deep reddish-purple, glossy, tender; flesh delicate, sweet with a piquant taste; stone small, turgid, roundish-oval.

=Folgers Swolfe.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Christ _Wörterb._ 292. 1802.

According to Christ, Salzman says that in Holland several Sour Cherries were known as Folgers. This is a large, black, pleasant subacid fruit with a very characteristic growth.

=Fouche Morello.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Am. Gard._ =9=:264. 1888. =2.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:75. 1903.

This variety is said to have been imported by Professor J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa, from Riga, Russia, where it was found planted along walks and drives. Tree rather small; fruit small, roundish-oblate; cavity shallow, broad; stem slender, rather long; suture a line; skin thin, rather tough, dark red changing to crimson; flesh firm, breaking, juicy, colored, sprightly subacid; quality fair; stone nearly round, of medium size; ripens early in July.

=Frauendorfer.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Del. Sta. An. Rpt._ =12=:125. 1900.

_Frauendorfer Weichsel._ =2.= _Ill. Handb._ 513 fig., 514. 1861. =3.= _Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 103. 1886-87.

_Griotte de Frauendorf._ =4.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 22, 194. 1876.

This variety was imported into this country by Professor J. L. Budd in 1883 from North Silesia. The Montreal Horticultural Society believes two forms exist, one from North Silesia being perfectly hardy while another from Metz, Germany, is far less so. Tree productive; branches drooping; fruit above medium in size, roundish-oblate; suture shallow; stem long; cavity small; skin thin, glossy, dark red at maturity; flesh tender, tinted with abundant, uncolored juice, acidulated; stone large; matures the last of June and the first of July.

=French Amarelle.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Rural N. Y._ =49=:453. 1890.

Trees thrifty and tall but set fruit sparingly; fruit large, yellow with a blush, two weeks later than Early Richmond.

=French Weichsel.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Tex. Sta. Bul._ =16=:99. 1891.

In the reference this cherry is listed as a Russian variety introduced by Professor J. L. Budd. If so, it was probably under some other name, as it seems not to be mentioned by Budd.

=Frogmore Early Bigarreau.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Gard. Chron._ 606. 1865. =2.= _Hogg Fruit Man._ 298. 1884. =3.= _Flor. & Pom._ 148 fig. 1867. =4.= Bunyard-Thomas _Fr. Gard._ 43. 1904.

_Frogmore Early Prolific._ =5.= Daniels Bros. _Cat._ 51. 1895.

_Frogmore Bigarreau._ =6.= _Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales._ 998. 1908.

Unlike the rest of its class, this cherry has tender flesh but is a Bigarreau in tree-habit, leaf and in appearance of fruit, and is therefore classified as such. The variety is a seedling raised by Thomas Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens at Windsor, Berkshire, England. Tree bears freely in clusters; fruit large, obtuse-cordate, slightly compressed, with a faint suture; stem long, set in a small cavity; skin waxen, orange-yellow, with a network of red and a blush of deeper red on the sunny side; flesh of a primrose color, very tender, translucent, rich, sweet; stone spoon-shaped, indented on one side; season early but short.

=Frogmore Early Crown.= Species? =1.= _Gard. Chron._ 364. 1866.

Also a seedling from Mr. Ingram. It is a small, red fruit about ten days earlier than May Duke, of a rich flavor when fully ripe.

=Frogmore Late Bigarreau.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Flor. & Pom._ 229, Pl. fig. 1. 1874. =2.= _Guide Prat._ 15. 1895.

Still another seedling raised by Ingram of the Frogmore Royal Gardens. Fruit large, bluntly heart-shaped, hanging long without cracking; suture slight; stem very long; skin pale, waxy-yellow, bright red on the sunny side; flesh tender, juicy; season very late.

=Frogmore Morrelo.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Thomas Guide Prat._ 25. 1876.

_New Frogmore Morello._ =2.= McIntosh _Bk. Gard._ =2=:543. 1885.

This variety attracted notice on account of the perfection to which it had been brought in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, Berkshire, England, where it is believed to have originated. For productiveness and size it is said to far surpass the old Morello.

=Fromm Heart.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Ill. Handb._ 63 fig., 64. 1860. =2.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:68, 69 fig., 70. 1866. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:322, 323 fig. 1877. =4.= _Can. Exp. Farms Rpt._ 549. 1901.

_Fromms Schwarze Herzkirsche._ =5.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 164, 674. 1819. =6.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 150, 151. 1825.

Fromm Heart was obtained from seed in 1806 by Fromm, at Guben, Prussia, Germany. In sandy soils and favorable years the trees are very productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, above medium in size, truncate-cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem of single fruits long, stout, inserted in a wide, deep cavity; skin dark reddish-brown to glossy black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sugary, pleasingly acidulated, aromatic; second quality; pit medium in size, turgid, roundish; ripens the third week of the cherry season.

=Frühe bunte Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 222, 223, 224. 1819.

_Frühe Lange Weisse Herzkirsche._ =2.= Christ _Wörterb._ 278. 1802.

_Guigne panachée longue précoce._ =3.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 18, 199. 1876.

This cherry is easily recognized by its elongated, cylindrical form and should not be confused with several others of similar type. It was found near Weinberge, Germany, by Büttner who sent it to Truchsess in 1797. Fruit medium in size, cylindrical, flattened on both sides, slightly drawn in at the apex and base; suture distinct on one side; stem long, inserted in a shallow cavity; skin yellow, blushed and faintly splashed with red where exposed; flesh pale yellow with a slight red tinge underneath the skin, moderately firm, juicy, without much sweetness; stone small, elongated, pointed at the apex; ripens early.

=Frühe Kurzstielige Knorpelkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Proskauer Obstsort._ 55. 1907.

Mentioned as a black, hard-fleshed cherry.

=Frühe Maikirsche.= _P. avium × P. cerasus._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 391-394. 1819.

Frühe Maikirsche differs from May Duke in being darker of skin and juice, smaller in size, sweeter, and less distinct in suture.

=Frühe Morello.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Ill. Handb._ 185 fig., 186. 1860. =2.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:306. 1866. =3.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:47, 48 fig. 24. 1882. =4.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 349. 1889.

An old variety of uncertain origin. Tree large, spreading; fruit often large, roundish, flattened; suture indistinct; stem slender, shallowly inserted; skin tender, nearly black when mature; flesh tender, juicy, dark red, acidulated; stone round, plump; ripens the first of June in France.

=Frühe Sauerkirsche.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 554, 555. 1819.

This cherry is thought to be a sub-variety of Kirsche von der Natte. Tree medium in growth; branches slender; fruit medium in size, round, sides compressed; stem long; cavity shallow; skin tough, black; flesh tender, dark red, juicy, sour, without a trace of sweetness; ripens the middle of July.

=Frühe Schwarze Knorpelkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Christ _Wörterb._ 277. 1802. =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 197, 198, 674, 675. 1819.

Obtained by Büttner in 1797 who later sent it to Truchsess. Tree productive; fruit small, roundish-cordate, compressed; suture distinct; stem of medium length; skin glossy, reddish-black deepening to black; flesh hard, reddish-black, juicy, sweet, with a slight bitterness; stone ovate, rather large; ripens the first half of July.

=Frühe von der Natte.= _P. avium × P. cerasus._ =1.= _Ill. Handb._ 153 fig., 154. 1860.

_Frühe Natte aus Samen._ =2.= Christ _Handb._ 671. 1797. =3.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 413, 414, 415. 1819.

_Frühe Süssweichsel von der Natt._ =4.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:49. 1858.

_Hâtive de Nattes._ =5.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:158, 304. 1866.

_Natte hâtive de semis._ =6.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:161. 1882.

Christ received this cherry in 1793, as Frühe von der Natte aus Saamen. Fruit above medium in size, cordate, flattened on one side; suture distinct; stem long, often dividing about an inch down into two, three, or four stems; apex depressed; skin glossy, dark brown when ripe; flesh dark red, soft, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; stone medium, oval; ripens early.

=Früher Gobet.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 619-621. 1819.

_Gobet Hâtif._ =2.= Mas _Le Verger_ =8=:125, 126, fig. 61. 1866-73.

Truchsess received this variety from Mayer as Gros Gobet which it resembles very closely in size, form, and flavor but is much earlier and not as flattened. Fruit of medium size, flattened; suture but a line; stem one inch long, often shorter, straight; cavity shallow; color clear red, becoming darker; flesh whitish with a reddish cast, tender, juicy, pleasingly acid; stone small, round, free but hanging to the stem.

=Früheste Bunte Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort._ 207-210. 1819.

_Weiss und rothe grosse Herzkirsche._ =2.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:2, Tab. 3 fig. 1. 1792. =3.= Christ _Wörterb._ 277. 1802.

_Frühkirsche_? =4.= Christ _Handb._ 672. 1797.

_Früheste bunte Molkenkirsche._ =5.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:26. 1858.

_Guigne panachée très-précoce._ =6.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:302. 1866. =7.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:13, 14, fig. 7. 1882.

The origin of this variety is unknown although it probably originated in Austria, as the celebrated Austrian pomologist, Kraft, was the first to mention it. Tree vigorous and in favorable seasons productive; fruit of medium size, obtuse-cordate, compressed, with a suture; stem medium, set in a deep, narrow cavity; skin tender, yellowish-white, striped with red around the base, spotted about the apex; flesh yellowish-white, with clear juice, sweet, pleasing, deteriorates on hanging; stone small, oval-cordate, clinging; ripens the last of May.

=Früheste der Mark.= Species? =1.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 350. 1889. =2.= Lucas _Handb. Obst._ 121. 1893. =3.= Lange _Allgem. Garten._ 440. 1897.

Fruit medium to above, truncate-cordate; stem very long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity; skin purplish, glossy; flesh reddish, firm, pleasing; ripens early.

=Fürst Schwarze Septemberkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 153. 1825.

Discovered by Liegel in Braunau, Bohemia, Austria, and named for his friend I. E. Fürst. Tree vigorous, productive; fruit small, oblate; stem very long; skin black; flesh firm, sweet, aromatic; stone large; one of the last to ripen, September to October.

=Galusha.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 165. 1881.

This cherry is seedling No. 11 from D. B. Wier, Lacon, Illinois. Tree hardy, vigorous, an abundant bearer; fruit above medium in size, light red changing to a very dark, bright red; subacid becoming a rich sweet; ripens three days before Early Richmond.

=Gamdale.= Species? =1.= _Horticulturist_ =17=:498. 1862.

A cherry described by E. Manning, Harrisburg, Ohio, as of second rank in size and quality.

=Garcine.= _P. avium._ =1.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:75 fig., 76, 77. 1866. =2.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 24, 198. 1876.

Garcine was obtained from seed about 1808 by M. Garcine, near Grenoble, Isère, France. It is propagated in that locality by suckers, hence it was called by some, Aventurière. Tree pyramidal, productive; fruit large, oblate, ends drawn in and flattened, sides convex; stem long, inserted in a large, deep cavity; skin glossy black; flesh dark, firm, sugary, aromatic, juicy; stone large, turgid; ripens the middle of June.

=Gardiner.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Me. Sta. An. Rpt._ =22=:175. 1906.

Gardiner is a seedling of Black Tartarian. It is frequently killed back by severe winters in Maine.

=Gaskins.= Species? =1.= Hogg _Fruit Man._ 298. 1884.

Gaskins is a corruption of Gascoignes. About Rye, Sussex, England, the name is still in general use, the people believing the variety was brought from Gascony, France.

=Gauchers Knorpelkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Proskauer Obstsort._ 56. 1907.

Listed in this reference.

=Geer.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 156. 1897.

Geer is a new cherry from eastern Oregon said to be later than Napoleon and to surpass it in size and quality.

=Gelbe Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 161. 1791. =2.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 342-349. 1819.

_Grosser weisser glänzender Herzkirschbaum._ =3.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:2, Tab. 4 fig. 1. 1792.

_Guigne Jaune._ =4.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:99, 303. 1866.

_Guigne Grosse ambrée._ =5.= _Le Bon Jard._ 345. 1882.

First mentioned in 1786 as Gelbe or Weisse Herzkirsche. It is distinguished from Goldgelbe Herzkirsche through its cordate form, lighter color and earlier ripening. Fruit above medium in size, borne in twos and threes, cordate, sides compressed; suture shallow; stem long, slender, slightly inserted; skin pale yellow, glossy, tough, adherent, blushed with red on the sides; flesh clear, not tender, juicy, acidulated; stone free, small, elongated-cordate; ripens in July.

=Gelbe Wachskirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 355, 685, 686. 1819. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:33. 1858.

An unproductive seedling from the North Sea, ripening later than Gelbe Herzkirsche which it resembles. Fruit medium in size, round, flattened; stem long; skin glossy, clear waxy-yellow, transparent; flesh yellowish, firm, moderately sweet, without aroma; ripens from the middle to the end of July.

=Gemeine Glaskirsche.= _P. avium × P. cerasus._ 1. Christ _Wörterb._ 292. 1802.

This is a well-known Duke cherry in Germany. Tree large; fruit large, almost round; skin clear, light red on a yellow ground; flesh melting, with uncolored juice, pleasant sourness; ripens early in July and lasts a long while.

=Genesee.= _P. avium._

A chance seedling of the Bigarreau type originating about twenty-five years ago and recently introduced by J. A. Morgan of Scottsville, New York. The fruit is above medium in size, cordate, compressed; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish; stem slender, long; skin medium thick, tender, adherent, dark red mottled with amber; dots numerous, small, obscure; flesh yellowish-white, juicy, meaty, crisp, mild, sweet; quality good; stone clinging, medium, ovate, flattened, smooth, slightly tinged red; use late market.

=German.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =169=:199. 1899.

_German_ (Kraus). =2.= _Ibid._ =143=:181. 1897.

German is said to have been introduced into Michigan from New York. Tree vigorous, though not productive; fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem long, slender, set in a broad, moderately deep cavity; color very dark red, nearly black; flesh firm, red, sweet, slightly bitter, with dark juice; ripens early in July.

=German Morello.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:147. 1832.

_Griotte d'Allemagne._ =2.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:192, 193, Pl. XIV. 1768. =3.= Christ _Obstbäume_ 159. 1791. =4.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:276, 277 fig. 1877.

_Deutscher Griottier Weichselbaum._ =5.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:6, Tab. 16 fig. 2. 1792.

_Deutsche Griotte._ =6.= Christ _Handb._ 675. 1797. =7.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 569, 570, 571. 1819.

_Grosse Deutsche Belzkirsche._ =8.= _Ibid._ 421. 1819.

_Griotte de Chaux._ =9.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 50. 1831.

_German Duke._ =10.= Kenrick _Am. Orch._ 280. 1832.

_Deutsche Weichsel._ =11.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:62. 1858.

_Süssweichsel von Chaux._ =12.= _Ill. Handb._ 71 fig., 72. 1867.

_De Chaux._ =13.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 478. 1869.

_Cerise d'Allemagne._ =14.= _Le Bon Jard._ 346. 1882.

This old variety is badly confused with other cherries and its origin is uncertain. Fruit large, roundish-oblate; stem long, slender; cavity deep, wide; skin glossy, tough, brownish, almost black; flesh firm, dark red, juicy, with pleasing acidity, sweet if in a dry, warm soil; stone large, oval-pointed; ripens the middle of July; productive.

=Germersdorf.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Can. Exp. Farm Bul._ 2nd Ser. =3=:60. 1900.

_Bigarreau noir de Germersdorf._ =2.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 22, 189. 1876.

_Germersdorfer Grosse Kirsche._ =3.= _Lauche Deut. Pom._ =III=: No. 7, Pl. 1882.

A seedling of German origin. Tree large, vigorous, productive; fruit very large, roundish-cordate; suture distinct; stem medium, set in a deep, wide cavity; skin dark brown with dark spots and streaks; flesh rather firm, light red, juice tinted, sweet, pleasingly acidulated; stone of medium size, oval; ripens the fifth week of the season.

=Geschiltztblättrige Süssweichsel.= _P. avium._ =1.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:47. 1858.

An ornamental cherry distinguished from May Duke through its smaller fruit and laciniated leaves.

=Gestriefte Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 259, 260. 1819. =2.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:30. 1858.

Fruit cordate; stem long, slender, set in a shallow cavity; skin thin, tender, white, streaked with red, which, if allowed to remain on the tree, becomes nearly solid red; flesh tender, soft, fibrous under the skin, juicy, colorless, honey-sweet, refreshing; ripens in July lasting about three weeks.

=Gewöhnliche Muskatellerkirsche.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Christ _Handb._ 672. 1797.

Fruit smaller than that of the Black or Red Muskateller, roundish, very dark brown, almost black; flesh red, pleasant subacid; ripens at the end of June.

=Giant.= _P. avium._ =1.= Burbank _Cat._ 8. 1914.

Giant was grown in 1900 by Luther Burbank and introduced by The Luther Burbank Company in 1914. It is claimed by its introducer that it is the largest cherry grown. Tree rapid in growth, with large and heavy foliage; fruit glossy black, rich, sweet, delicious; ripens in California about June 20th.

=Gibb.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =2=:39. 1888. =2.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 79. 1890. =3.= _Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:17. 1910.

Gibb was imported from Orel, Central Russia, without a name. It is much like Brusseler Braune in tree, fruit, and in habit of bearing a double crop of blossoms and fruit, but is hardier. Fruit large, roundish-cordate; stem stout; skin thick, tender, dark crimson changing to purplish-red; flesh dark red, meaty; quality good; stone large, oblong; ripens the last of July to early August.

=Gifford.= _P. avium._ =1.= Downing_ Fr. Trees Am._ 270. 1857.

Fruit small, light red, roundish-cordate, very sweet; productive; season the last of June.

=Glasherzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 246-248. 1819. _Grosse Glas-Herzkirsche._ =2.= Christ _Wörterb._ 281. 1802.

=Glas-Molkenkirsche.= =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:30, 31. 1858.

This cherry differs from others of its class in being rounder, darker, and later. Fruit of medium size, roundish-cordate, convex on one side, compressed on the other, with a shallow suture; stem long, slender, shallowly inserted; skin mingled with dull red and clear white, often streaked; flesh yellowish-white, tender, juicy, sweet, but not high; stone large, acutely pointed; ripens the middle of July.

=Glaskirsche von der Natte.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 470-473, 689. 1819.

According to Truchsess this variety is very similar to, and often taken for Double Natte, Frühe von der Natte, and Double Glass.

=Glasskirsche Kurzstielige.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 331. 1885.

This Sweet Cherry is supposed to have come from Vilna, Russia.

=Gloire de France.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Thomas _Guide Prat_. 26, 194. 1876. =2.= Leroy _Dict. Pom_. =5=:271, 272 fig. 1877. =3.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 3rd App. 162. 1881.

_Bonnemain_. =4.= _Guide Prat._ 9, 184. 1895.

Originated from seed by Auguste Bonnemain, Etamps, Seine-et-Oise, France, fruiting in 1845 for the first time. On Mazzard stock the tree never reaches full size but on Mahaleb it grows large and regular and is more globular in form. At best it is only moderately productive. Fruit borne in threes, medium in size, roundish-oblate, somewhat depressed; suture broad, shallow, often indistinct; apex rather large, slightly depressed; stem short, thick, inserted in a wide cavity; skin a reddish-brick color, occasionally mottled with greenish-brown in the shade and red on the sunny side; flesh pale red, grayish, transparent, rather tender and fibrous, with abundant juice, sprightly acidulated, agreeable; pit of medium size, roundish-oval, convex; season the first of July.

=Golden Knob.= Species? =1.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 50. 1831.

Golden Knob is a worthless, medium-sized, oval cherry ripening the middle of July; skin yellow and flesh firm.

=Goldgelbe Herzkirsche.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 350-354. 1819.

_Kleine Ambra_, [or] _Goldgelber Herzkirschbaum_. =2.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:2, Tab. 4 fig. 2. 1792.

_Kleine Ambra._ =3.= Christ _Handb._ 665. 1797.

Distinguished from other yellow Heart cherries by its round form, dark yellow color, and rather firm flesh. Fruit of medium size, roundish; suture a line; stem very long, slender, deeply inserted; skin thin, tough, readily removed, transparent, glossy, golden-yellow; flesh moderately tender, yellowish, with darker spots showing through the skin, very juicy, with a pleasing sweetness when ripe; stone of medium size, oval, slightly adherent; ripens the last of June.

=Goldsmith Black Heart.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat._ 47. 1831.

Mentioned but not described in this reference.

=Goodspeed.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Ia. Sta. Bul._ =73=:70. 1903.

Goodspeed is of the Montmorency type ripening just after Early Richmond. The trees are long-lived and regular bearers. Fruit of medium size, oblate, slightly cordate; cavity deep, broad; suture shallow; stem short, stout; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh moderately firm, tender, with uncolored juice, slightly subacid; quality good; stone free, of medium size, roundish-ovate.

=Gormley.= Species? =1.= _Can. Hort._ =20=:317. 1897. =2.= _Ibid_. =21=:297. 1897.

This hardy seedling, now about twenty-five years old, was found by John Gormley of Pickering, Canada. It resembles Montmorency in color, English Morello in shape, and a Bigarreau in texture. Its firm, yellowish flesh parts readily from the pit.

=Gottorper.= _P. avium._ =1.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 289, 290, 291. 1819. =2.= Liegel _Syst. Anleit._ 159. 1825.

_Gottorper Marmorkirsche._ =3.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3=:41. 1858.

_Cerise de Gottorpe._ =4.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:117-119. 1866.

Originated in the vicinity of Coburg, Germany, toward the latter part of the Eighteenth Century. It resembles Yellow Spanish. Tree above medium in size, very productive; fruit abruptly cordate to roundish; stem short, slender; cavity shallow; skin tough, red, mottled with yellow; flesh yellowish-white, not very firm, juicy, usually very sweet, slightly aromatic; stone small, oblate, free; ripens the fourth week of the cherry season; cracks in the rain when nearly mature; excellent for home use.

=Gould No. X.= Species? =1.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._ 211. 1896.

Reported by the Illinois Horticultural Society in 1896.

=Governor Luce.= Species? =1.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._ =143=:181. 1897.

Listed as growing at the Michigan Station.

=Grafenburger Frühkirsche.= Species? =1.= _Reut. Pom. Inst. Festschrift_ 121. 1910.

A very productive, strong-growing cherry recommended for table and market use; fruit large, truncate-cordate, red, early.

=Graham.= _P. avium._ =1.= _Wash. Sta. Bul._ =92=:28. 1910.

The Washington Experiment Station lists this variety as: Tree of medium size, upright, with abundant foliage; fruit small, round; skin thin, tender, dark red; flesh light red, juicy, rich, sweet; good; season the last of July; productive.

=Grande Ronde.= Species? =1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._ 156. 1897.

A new, early, large, black cherry recommended in eastern Oregon; ships well.

=Great Bearing.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Rea Flora_ 205. 1676.

Fruit large, blackish-red on the outer side when ripe, blood-red within. Ripens late, with a sharp taste; bears well.

=Great Leafed.= Species? =1.= Parkinson _Par. Ter._ 571. 1629.

This is a variety with very large leaves; relatively unproductive, bearing pale red fruit of only medium size.

=Gridley.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:123, 124. 1832. =2.= Downing _Fr. Trees Am._ 187. 1845. =3.= _Gard. Mon._ =11=:219. 1869. =4.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._ 12. 1871.

Apple. =5.= Cole _Am. Fr. Book_ 234. 1849.

This variety was discovered by William Maccarty about the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, growing in the garden of Deacon Samuel Gridley, Roxbury, Massachusetts. For a good many years it was considered a valuable cherry but later was supplanted by better sorts. Tree upright, vigorous, very productive; fruit medium in size, roundish; stem short; color black; flesh firm, purplish-red, medium juicy, sprightly, rather acid at first becoming milder when fully ripe; stone small; matures in mid-season.

=Grenner Glas.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Ont. Dept. Agr. _Fr. Ont._ 94. 1914.

Tree upright, vigorous, moderately productive; fruit borne in clusters, large, oblate, one-sided; suture distinct on one side; stem long; cavity broad, shallow; apex a small depression; skin bright red; flesh yellowish, tender, very juicy, tart; quality good; season the middle of July.

=Griotte Acher.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:275 fig., 276. 1877. =2.= Mas _Pom. Gen._ =11=:67, 68, fig. 34. 1882. =3.= _Can. Exp. Farms Rpt._ 482. 1904.

_Griotte Double._ =4.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:35, 38, 39. 1771.

_Ächer's Weichsel_. =5.= Mathieu _Nom. Pom._ 332. 1889.

The origin of Griotte Acher is not known but it may have sprung up by chance in Holland a century and a half ago. Tree medium in growth, productive; fruit usually borne in pairs, medium to large, flattened heart-shaped with truncate sides; cavity narrow; suture distinct; stem variable, usually long, medium thick; skin rather firm, vivid purple shading to almost purplish-black; flesh tender, slightly stringy, reddish-purple, medium sweet, somewhat pleasing because of a slight tart, acid flavor, with abundant, violet juice; stone medium in size, ovoid, truncate at the base, turgid; ripens the last of July and the first of August.

=Griotte de Büttner.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= _Am. Gard._ =9=:264. 1888.

A dwarf sort that blossoms and ripens late; much like Imperial Morello.

=Griotte Commune.= _P. cerasus._ =1.= Noisette _Man. Comp. Jard._ =2=:508. 1860. =2.= Thomas _Guide Prat._ 26, 194. 1876. =3.= Leroy _Dict. Pom._ =5=:282 fig., 283. 1877.

_Griotte._ =4.= Duhamel _Trait. Arb. Fr._ =1=:187-189, Pl. XII. 1768. =5.= Truchsess-Heim _Kirschensort_. 431, 432. 1819.

_Griotte simple._ =6.= Knoop _Fructologie_ =2=:36, 39. 1771.

_Griottier Weichselbaum._ =7.= Kraft _Pom. Aust._ =1=:6, Tab. 15 fig. 2. 1792.

_Common French Griotte._ =8.= Prince _Pom. Man._ =2=:148. 1832.

_Gemeine Süssweichsel._. =9.= Dochnahl _Führ. Obstkunde_ =3:=49. 1858.

_Cerise Commune._ =10.= Mortillet _Le Cerisier_ =2=:146 fig., 147, 148, 220. 1866.

The origin of this variety is unknown but according to French writers it was brought from Syria by the Crusaders about 1485. Tree large, productive; fruit medium in size, usually borne in pairs, distinguished from others of its class by its firm flesh, its black skin, and its colored juice, oblate, flattened at the base; suture slight; stem long, rather stout, set in a broad, shallow cavity; skin thin, glossy, dark red, changing to black; flesh colored, firm, vinous, aromatic, juicy; first quality; pit small, turgid, round; ripens the first of July.