Chapter I: Cultivated Cherries (1)

CHERRIES AND THEIR KINDRED

The genus Prunus plays a very important part in horticulture. It furnishes, in temperate climates, the stone-fruits, plants of ancient and modern agriculture of which there are a score or more commonly cultivated and at least as many more sparingly grown for their edible fruits. Of these stone-fruits the species of cherries rank with those of the plum and the peach in commercial importance while the several botanical groups of the apricot and almond are less important, but hardly less well-known, members of this notable genus. Prunus is of interest, too, because the history of its edible species follows step by step the history of agriculture. The domestication of its fruits from wild progenitors, most of which are still subjects of common observation, illustrates well the influences and conditions under which plants have generally been brought into domestication. The genus is also of more than ordinary note because the number of its economic species is being increased almost yearly by new-found treasures from North America and Asia, not varieties but species, which promise under future domestication still further to enrich horticulture.

The plum and the peach surpass the cherry in diversity of flavor, aroma, texture, color, form and size, characters which make fruits pleasant to the palate and beautiful to the eye; but the cherry, perhaps, plays a more important part than the plum or the peach in domestic economy. It has fewer prejudices as to soil and climate, hence is much more widely distributed and is more easily grown, being better represented in the orchards and gardens in the regions where the three fruits grow. The cherry, too, fruits more quickly after planting, ripens earlier in the season and its varieties are more regular in bearing and usually more fruitful--characters that greatly commend it to fruit-growing people. Probably it is the most popular of all fruits for the garden, dooryard, roadside and small orchard. All in all, while adorning a somewhat humbler place in pomology, it is more generally useful than the showier and more delicate plum and peach.

Though placed by most botanists in the same genus, each of the stone-fruits constitutes a natural group so distinct that neither botanist nor fruit-grower could possibly take one for another as the trees and fruits of the different groups are called to mind. But there are outstanding forms which seem to establish connections between the many species and the several groups of fruits and through these outliers the characters are so confounded in attempting to separate species that it becomes quickly apparent that there are few distinct lines of cleavage within the genus. For several centuries systematists have disputed as to whether the stone-fruits fall most naturally into one, two, or three genera--indeed have not been able to agree as to whether some species are plums or cherries, or others apricots or plums. Hybridization between the cultivated divisions of the genus--unquestionably it has taken place in nature as well--has added to the perplexities of classification. Accepting, then, for the present at least, the very artificial classification which, rather paradoxically, places in one genus a number of fruits commonly thought of as quite distinct, let us briefly note the characters which best distinguish cherries from their congeners.

The cherry is nearest of kin to the plum. These two are roughly separated from the other cultivated members of the genus to which they belong by bearing their fruits on stems in fascicles while the others are practically stemless and are solitary or borne in pairs. The fruits of plums and cherries are globular or oblong, succulent and smooth or nearly so. Peaches, apricots, nectarines and almonds are more sulcate than plums and cherries and the almond has a drier flesh, splitting at maturity to liberate the stone; and, with the exception of nectarines and a few varieties of apricots, all are very pubescent. The stones of cherries and plums are smooth, or nearly so, while those of the other fruits are sculptured and pitted, though those of the apricot are often somewhat plum-like.

Cherries are separated from plums by their smaller size and distinctive color of skin, juice and flesh; by the texture and distinct flavor of the flesh; by growth in corymbose rather than umbelliferous fascicles; by the more globular stone; and by the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Leaves of the plum are usually convolute, or rolled up, in the bud, while those of the cherry are conduplicate, or folded lengthwise along the midrib.

We have been discussing the cherries of common cultivation--the Sweet Cherry and Sour Cherry of the orchards, the fascicled cherries to which the botanists give the group name, Cerasus. But there is another group, the Padus cherries, well worthy of brief mention. The most noteworthy representatives of Padus are the bird cherry (_Prunus padus_) of the Old World and the choke cherry (_Prunus virginiana_) of the New World. These Padus cherries are distinguished botanically in having their flowers borne in racemes, that is, in long clusters of which those nearest the base of the shoot open first--rather than in the short-clustered fascicles of the Cerasus group. The cherries are small and almost or quite black. The Padus cherries are but sparingly cultivated but undoubtedly they are capable of some improvement under more thorough cultivation.

DISTRIBUTION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

The cherry is one of the most commonly cultivated of all fruits and the many varieties of its several forms encircle the globe in the North Temperate Zone and are being rapidly disseminated throughout the temperate parts of the Southern Hemisphere. For centuries it has been, as we shall see in the history of the species, one of the most valuable fruit-producing trees of Europe and Asia--an inhabitant of nearly every orchard and garden as well as a common roadside tree in temperate climates in both continents. From Europe, as a center of distribution, the cherry has played an important part in the orcharding in temperate regions of other continents. In North America varieties of the cherry are grown from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island on the north, to the Gulf of California, Texas and Florida on the south, yielding fruit in a greater diversity of soils and climates in Canada and the States of the Union than any other tree-fruit.

The Sour Cherry is very cosmopolitan, thriving in many soils; is able to withstand heat, cold and great atmospheric dryness, if the soil contain moisture; and, though it responds to good care, it grows under neglect better than any other tree-fruit. The Sour Cherry, too, is rather less inviting to insects and fungi than most other stone-fruits, being practically immune to the dreaded San José scale. On the other hand the Sweet Cherry is very fastidious as to soils, is lacking in hardiness to both heat and cold and is prey to many insects and subject to all the ills to which stone-fruits are heir; it is grown at its best in but few and comparatively limited areas, though these are very widely distributed.

USES OF THE CHERRY

The cherry is a delectable early-summer fruit, especially grateful as a refreshing dessert and much valued in cookery, when fresh, canned, preserved or dried, for the making of pies, tarts, sauces and confections. During the last few years, in America at least, the consumption of cherries has been enormously increased by the fashion of adding preserved cherries, as much for ornament as to give flavor, to many drinks and ices. The great bulk of the cherry crop now grown in America for commercial purposes is canned, the industry being more or less specialized in a few fruit regions. The demand for cherries for canning seems to be increasing greatly but unfortunately it calls for but few varieties, the Montmorency being the sort sought for among the Sour Cherries, while the hard-fleshed varieties of the Bigarreau type are in greatest demand among the Sweet Cherries.

The cherry, while a very common fruit in nearly all agricultural regions of America, does not hold the place in American markets as a fresh fruit that it does in the towns and cities of Europe. The great abundance of strawberries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, dewberries, blackberries, as well as early varieties of tree fruits, makes keener here than abroad the competition in the fruit markets during cherry time. The fact, too, that market fruits in America are shipped long distances, for which the cherry is not well adapted, helps to explain the relatively small regard in which this fruit has been held for commercial purposes in the fresh state. In recent years, however, both Sweet Cherries and Sour Cherries, the former in particular, have been sent to the markets in far greater abundance, the impetus to their market value being due to a better product--better varieties, hence greater demand--and to greatly improved facilities for shipping and holding for sale.

In Europe several liqueurs are very commonly made from cherries both for home and commercial uses. Such is not the case in America, where, except in very limited quantities in which unfermented cherry juices are used in the home, this fruit is not used in liqueur-making. In some of the countries of Europe, wine is made from the juice; a spirit, kirschwasser,[1] is distilled from the fermented pulp as an article for both home and commerce; and ratafias and cordials are very generally flavored with cherries. In the Austrian province of Dalmatia a liqueur or cordial called maraschino[2] is made by a secret process of fermentation and distillation. This liqueur is imported in America in considerable quantities to flavor preservatives in which the home-grown cherries are prepared for use in various drinks and confections. No attempts have been made to grow the Marasca cherry on a commercial scale in America but undoubtedly it could be grown and, with the process of making maraschino discovered, an important use would be developed for cherries--all the more to be desired since the foreign maraschino is now grossly adulterated and imitated in this country. Both the fruits and seeds of cherries, especially of the Mahaleb, are steeped in spirits for food, drink and medicinal purposes. An oil used in making perfumes for scenting soaps and confectionery is also extracted from the seeds of the Mahaleb because of which use this species is often called the "Perfumed Cherry."

In the old herbals and pomologies much is made of the value of cherries for medicinal purposes. The fruit was supposed to be a sovereign remedy for various ailments of the digestive tract as well as for nervous disorders and epilepsy. The astringent leaves and bark, or extracts from them, were much used by the ancients in medicine and are still more or less employed both as home remedies and in the practice of medicine as mild tonics and sedatives. One of the active chemicals of the leaf, seed and bark is hydrocyanic acid to which is largely due the peculiar odor of these structures. A gum is secreted from the trunks of cherry trees, known in commerce as cerasin, which has some use in medicine and in various trades as well, especially as a substitute and as an adulterant of gum arabic.

At least three cultivated cherry trees produce wood of considerable value. The wood of the cherry is hard, close-grained, solid, durable, a handsome pale red, or brown tinged with red. _Prunus avium_, the Sweet Cherry, furnishes a wood which, if sufficient care be taken to season it, is of much value in cabinet-making and for the manufacture of musical instruments. _Prunus mahaleb_ is a much smaller tree than the former but its wood, as much as there is of it, is even more valuable, being very hard and fragrant and dark enough in color to take on a beautiful mahogany-like polish. In France the wood of the Mahaleb cherry is held in high esteem, under the name _Bois de St. Lucie_, in cabinet-making and for toys, canes, handles and especially for the making of tobacco pipes. In Japan the wood of _Prunus pseudocerasus_ is said to be in great demand for engraving and in making the blocks used in printing cloth and wall-paper. In America the wood of the orchard species of cherries is seldom used for domestic purposes, that of the wild species being so much more cheaply obtainable and serving all purposes quite as well.

To people who know it only for its fruit, the cherry does not appear particularly desirable as an ornamental. But wild and cultivated cherries furnish many beautiful trees in a genus peculiar for the beauty of its species. The color and abundance of the flowers, fruits and leaves of the cultivated cherries and the fact that they are prolific of forms with double flowers, weeping, fastigiate or other ornamental habits, make the several species of this plant valuable as ornamentals. Besides, they are vigorous and rapid in growth, hardy, easy of culture, comparatively free from pests and adapted to a great diversity of soils and climates. Both the ornamental and the edible cherries are very beautiful in spring when abundantly covered with flowers, which usually open with the unfolding leaves, as well as throughout the summer when overspread with lustrous green foliage and most of them are quite as conspicuously beautiful in the autumn when the leaves turn from green to light and dark tints of red. All will agree that a cherry tree in full fruit is a most beautiful object. In the winter when the leaves have fallen, some of the trees, especially of the ornamental varieties, are very graceful and beautiful, others are often picturesque, and even the somewhat stiff and formal Sweet Cherries are attractive plants in the garden or along the roadside.

Very acceptable jellies, sauces and preserves are made from several of the wild cherries in the Padus group. The peasantry of the Eastern Hemisphere have in times of need found them important foods as have also the American Indians at all times. The fruits of some of the species of Padus are quite commonly used in flavoring liqueurs and on both continents are sometimes fermented and distilled into a liqueur similar to kirschwasser. The bark of different parts of the trees of this group is valuable in medicine--at least is largely used. The trees of several species form handsome ornamentals and some of them are in commerce for the purpose. _Prunus serotina_, one of the group, because of the strength of its wood and the beautiful satiny polish which its surface is capable of receiving, is a valuable timber tree of American forests. For the products of the members of this group, as just set forth, the domestication of some of the species of Padus might well be pushed.

[1] Kirschwasser as a commercial article is made chiefly on the
upper Rhine from the wild black Sweet Cherry (_Prunus avium_). In
its manufacture, fruit--flesh and kernels--is mashed into a pulp
which is allowed to ferment. By distillation from this fermented
pulp a colorless liqueur is obtained.

[2] Maraschino is a liqueur, or cordial, made from the fruit and
leaves of the small, sour, black Marasca cherry. The product
comes chiefly from Zara, the capital of the Austrian province
of Dalmatia, where it has been made and exported for over 200
years. Such accounts of the process of making maraschino as have
become public seem to agree that the liqueur is a distillation
of a compote made from the fruit and young leaves. When ripe
the cherries are picked early in the morning and sent at once
to the distillery where the stones are extracted by machinery.
The leaves are cut, pressed and added to the fruit with sugar
and alcohol. This mixture is allowed to ferment for six months
or thereabouts and from it is then distilled maraschino. It is
then stored in cellars for three years before being placed on the
markets. In both Europe and America there are many imitations of
the maraschino liqueur in which neither fruit nor foliage of the
Marasca nor any other cherry has any part.

According to the Dalmatians all attempts to improve the Marasca
cherry by culture have failed. They say, too, that it will not
thrive elsewhere than in Dalmatia. Under culture, the fruits and
leaves lose their distinctive aroma and taste as they do on any
but the native soil of the variety. The poorer, sparser and more
rocky the ferruginous soil, the wilder the tree, the smaller and
sourer the cherries, the better the maraschino liqueur--so the
present makers say.

Since considerable quantities of cherries are put up in America
in maraschino, or its imitation, and the manufacture of such
products is a growing industry, the following ruling by the Board
of Food and Drug Inspection of the United States Department of
Agriculture, taken from Food Inspection Decision 141, is of
interest to growers, canners and users of cherries:

"In considering the products prepared from the large light-colored
cherry of the Napoleon Bigarreau, or Royal Anne type, which
are artificially colored and flavored and put up in a sugar
sirup, flavored with various materials, the Board has reached
the conclusion that this product is not properly entitled to be
called 'Maraschino Cherries,' or 'Cherries in Maraschino.' If,
however, these cherries are packed in a sirup, flavored with
maraschino alone, it is the opinion of the Board that they would
not be misbranded, if labeled 'Cherries, Maraschino Flavor,' or
'Maraschino Flavored Cherries.' If these cherries are packed in
maraschino liqueur there would be no objection to the phrase
'Cherries in Maraschino.' When these artificially colored cherries
are put up in a sirup flavored in imitation of maraschino, even
though the flavoring may consist in part of maraschino, it would
not be proper to use the word 'Maraschino' in connection with
the product unless preceded by the word 'Imitation.' They may,
however, be labeled to show that they are a preserved cherry,
artificially colored and flavored.

"The presence of artificial coloring or flavoring matter, of any
substitute for cane sugar, and the presence and amount of benzoate
of soda, when used in these products must be plainly stated upon
the label in the manner provided in Food Inspection Decisions Nos.
52 and 104."

LITERATURE OF THE CHERRY

Despite the important part they have played in orcharding since the domestication of fruits in temperate zones, as shown by their history and their present popularity, pomological writers have singularly neglected cherries. There are relatively few European books devoted to them and in America, while there are treatises on all others of the common tree-fruits, the cherry alone seems not to have inspired some pomologist to print a book. Neither are the discussions in general pomologies as full and accurate as for other fruits. The reason for this neglect is that the cherry, until the last decade or two, has scarcely been a fruit of commerce, having been grown almost entirely for home use or at most for the local market. As a result of this neglect of the cherry by students of pomology, we have no authoritative nor serviceable system of classification of the varieties of cherries and the nomenclature of this fruit is in an appalling state of confusion, as a glance at the synonymy of some of the older varieties discussed in _The Cherries of New York_ will show.

AMELIORATION OF THE CHERRY

The amelioration of the cherry has been in progress almost since the dawn of civilization, yet few men have directed their efforts toward the improvement of this fruit. The histories of the varieties described in _The Cherries of New York_ show that nearly all of them have come from chance seedlings. Possibly there has been little interest in improving cherries because this fruit is comparatively immutable in its characters.

In spite of the fact that there are a great number of varieties, 1,145 being described in _The Cherries of New York_, this of all stone-fruits is most fixed in its characters. The differences between tree and fruit in the many varieties are less marked than in the other fruits of Prunus and the varieties come more nearly true to seed. Though probably domesticated as long ago as any other of the tree-fruits, the cherry is now most of all like its wild progenitors. The plum is very closely related to the cherry but it has varied in nature and under cultivation much more than the cherry and in accordance with different environments has developed more marked differences in its species to endure the conditions brought about by the topographical and climatic changes through which the earth has passed. Under domestication more than twice as many orchard varieties of the plum have come into being as of the cherry. In spite of this stability, there are ample rewards in breeding cherries to those who will put in practice rightly directed efforts to improve this fruit--a statement substantiated by the histories of some of the best varieties, described later in this text, which were originated through what was passing as current coin in plant-breeding before the far better methods of the present time, brought about by Mendel's discovery, came into being.

The cherry, as the histories of its many diverse kinds show, has been improved only through new varieties. There is no evidence, whatever, to show that any one of the several hundred cherries described in this text has been improved by selection as a cumulative process, or, on the other hand, that any one of them has cumulatively degenerated. Of varieties cultivated for their fruits there are no records of mutations either from the seed or from bud, though of the ornamental cherries not a few have arisen as bud-mutations, as, for example, the several double-flowered cherries and those of weeping or fastigiate habit of growth and the many sorts with abnormally colored foliage. Since improvement depends upon the bringing into being of new cherries it becomes highly important to know how the varieties we are dealing with in _The Cherries of New York_ have come into existence. The following is a summary of their manner of origin:--

No case is recorded in _The Cherries of New York_ of a variety known to have come from self-fertilized seed.

The seed parent is given for 61 varieties. The statements as to seed parents are probably accurate, for a man planting cherry seeds would record the name of the seed parent correctly if he knew it.

The seed and pollen parents of twenty of the cherries described in this work are given. Sixteen of these are hybrids originating with Professor N. E. Hansen of South Dakota, leaving but four sorts the parents of which were known before the recent work of Professor Hansen.

No cherry cultivated for its fruit is reported to have come from a sport or a bud-mutation.

Cherries arising from seed sown without knowledge of either parent or from natural seedlings are put down as chance seedlings; of these there are 147.

The origin of 917 of the varieties here described is unknown.

The total number of cherries under discussion is 1,145.

To improve the cherry the breeder must know the material with which he is working. The following is a brief discussion of the characters of this fruit to be found in the technical descriptions of species and varieties.

TREE AND FRUIT CHARACTERS OF THE CHERRY

Species of cherries have very characteristic trees. The merest glance at the tree enables one to tell the Sweet Cherry, _Prunus avium_, from the Sour Cherry, _Prunus cerasus_. The first named is the larger of the two, especially reaching a greater height, is pyramidal in shape, with branches erect and bearing much less foliage than the Sour Cherry. The Sweet Cherry often lives for a century or more--the Sour Cherry attains but the three score years and ten of man. _Prunus cerasus_ is easily distinguished from _Prunus avium_ by its comparatively low, roundish and never pyramidal head. So, too, many of the varieties of either of these two species are readily told in the orchard by the size or habit of the plant. Other species are either shrubby or tree-like and their varieties may often be identified from the spaciousness or dwarfness of its trees. Size is rather more variable than other gross characters because of the influence of environment--food, moisture, light, isolation, pests and the like--yet size in a plant, or in the parts of a plant, is a very reliable character when proper allowances have been made for environment.

Habit of growth, unlike size, varies but little with changing conditions and thus becomes a most important means of distinguishing species and varieties and not infrequently sets the seal and sign of desirability for an orchard cherry. More than any other character, habit of growth gives what is called "aspect" to a cherry tree. Thus, a species or a variety may be upright, spreading, round-topped, drooping or weeping in habit of growth; the head may be open or dense and may be formed by a central shaft with several whorls of branches or by three or four trunk-like stems each with its scaffolding branches. The trees may grow rapidly or slowly and may be long-lived or short-lived. The trunks may be short and stocky, or long and slender, straight or crooked, gnarled or smooth, these characters often determining whether a cherry is manageable or unmanageable in the orchard.

The degree of hardiness is a very important diagnostic character for groups of cherries and often wholly indicates their value for agriculture. Thus, the varieties of _Prunus avium_ are but little hardier than the peach while those of _Prunus cerasus_ are as hardy or hardier than the apple. The range of varieties as to hardiness falls within that of the species and it is interesting to note that in Europe, where the wild _Prunus avium_ is very common, in the many centuries since the fruit has been under domestication, a cultivated variety hardier than the wild Sweet Cherry has not been developed. Cherries are designated in the technical descriptions as hardy, half-hardy and tender.

Productiveness, age of bearing, and regularity of bearing are distinctive and valuable characters of orchard cherries but not of wild cherries. The care given the tree greatly influences fruitfulness, yet the quantity of fruit produced is often a helpful means of identifying a variety and is a character that must always be considered by the plant-breeder. Age of bearing and regularity of bearing are most important characters with the pome fruits, the apple, in particular, but while worth considering with the drupes are of relatively little value, all drupaceous fruits coming in bearing at about the same time for the species and all bearing regularly, as a rule, unless interfered with by some outside agency preventing the setting or causing the dropping of fruit.

Immunity and susceptibility to diseases and insects are valuable taxonomic characters of both species and varieties of cultivated cherries. Thus, the varieties of _Prunus cerasus_ are very susceptible to black knot (_Plowrightia morbosa_), while those of _Prunus avium_ are almost immune. On the other hand, _Prunus avium_ is an inviting prey to San José scale (_Aspidiotus perniciosus_), while _Prunus cerasus_ is but little injured, indeed, seldom attacked; _Prunus mahaleb_ appears to be almost wholly immune to the powdery mildew (_Podosphaera oxyacanthae_), while _Prunus avium_ and _Prunus cerasus_ are much attacked, though Wood, a variety of _Prunus avium_, is almost immune. The English Morello, a variety of _Prunus cerasus_, is very subject to leaf spot (_Cylindrosporium padi_), while Montmorency, of the same species, is nearly immune. These examples can be multiplied many times by references to the discussions of varieties, and represent only observations on the grounds and in the neighborhood of this Station. They serve to show the great importance, to the fruit-grower, the plant-breeder and the systematist, of natural resistance to disease and insects.

Both the outer and the inner bark have considerable value in determining species but are of little importance in identifying varieties and have no economic value to the fruit-grower and hence but little to the breeder. Smoothness, color, thickness and manner of exfoliation are the attributes of the outer bark to be noted, while the color of the inner bark is the only determinant and that relatively unimportant. In young trees the bark of the cherry of all species is smooth, glossy or even brilliant; but later it becomes uneven, scaly and dull, usually ash-gray but varying in all of these characters to an extent well worth noting for taxonomic purposes. Cherries, in common with most trees, have a lighter colored bark in cold than in warm regions, and in dry than in wet areas.

Branches and branchlets are very characteristic in both species and varieties. The length, thickness, direction, rigidity and the branching angle are valuable determining characters and very stable ones, changing but little even with marked variations of soil and climate. Thus, a Sweet Cherry tree can be told from a tree of the Sour Cherry, or the English Morello can be distinguished from Montmorency by branch characters as far as the outlines of the trees are discernible. Few cherries bear spines but all are more or less spurred and these spurs are quite characteristic even in varieties. With the branchlets the length of the internodes should be considered and their direction, whether straight or zigzag; also color, smoothness, amount of pubescence, size and appearance of the lenticels, the presence of excrescences, are all to be noted in careful study though all are more or less variable, pubescence especially so, this character being too often relied upon in descriptions by European botanists and pomologists.

Leaf-buds vary greatly in different species in size, shape, color of the buds and of their outer and inner scales and in the outline of the scales. The angle at which the bud stands out from the branchlet is of some taxonomic value. Vernation, or the disposition of the leaf-blade in the bud, is a fine mark of distinction in separating the cherry from other stone-fruits and while all cherry leaves are supposed to be conduplicate, that is, folded by the midrib so that the two halves are face to face, yet there are slight but important differences in the conduplication of the leaves in both species and varieties. The manner of bearing buds--whether single, in pairs, or in rosettes--must be taken into account, with species at least, and differences in shape and position of leaf and fruit-buds must be noted.

Leaves in their season are very evident and either collectively or individually are valuable determinants of species and varieties. Fruit-growers take little note of leaves, however, though they should be taken into practical account, since their size and number often indicate the degree of vigor. The variability of leaves is usually within limits easily set and occurs most often in young plants, in extremes of soil and climate, and on very succulent growths or water-sprouts. Leaf-size is the most variable character of this organ but is yet dependable in separating several species, as, for example, _Prunus avium_ from _Prunus cerasus_, the leaves being very much larger in the former than in the latter species. Leaf-forms are very constant in species and varieties, hence especially valuable in classification.

Much care has been taken to illustrate accurately the size and form of cherry leaves in the color-plates in this text but it is impossible to reproduce by color-printing the tints of the leaves, though these are quite constant in both species and varieties.

Other characters of leaves taken into account in describing cherries are thickness, roughness, and pubescence, all of which are somewhat variable, being greatly influenced by climate and soil. Quite too much stress is laid upon the value of pubescence on leaves in determining groups, unless comparisons can be made between plants growing in the same habitat. Possibly more important than any other part of the leaf-blade, in the study of species at least, is the margin. This in the cherry is always serrated and often sub-serrated. These serrations are best studied at the middle of the sides of the leaves, those at the base and apex often being crowded or wanting.

The petiole may be used to good advantage in distinguishing both species and varieties. Thus, in consequence of the great length and slenderness of the petiole of leaves of Sweet Cherries, the leaves are always more or less drooping, while those of the Sour Cherry are usually erect by reason of the petiole being short and strong. The color of the petiole is said by some to be correlated with that of the fruit--a statement that needs verification. The pubescence of the petiole must be noted.

The position, size, shape and color of the glands on cherry leaves must be noted as they are fairly constant guides. They are usually on the petiole at the base of the leaf but are sometimes on the leaf itself. The glands are commonly given as globular or reniform in shape but there are often intermediate forms the shape of which is hard to classify.

Stipules in this plant have considerable taxonomic value, having some distinguishing marks not possessed by the leaves. Cherry leaves springing from dormant leaf-buds have very small stipules, sometimes so minute as hardly to be seen, but on the current year's growth the stipules are larger, being largest at the tip of the branchlet. There is considerable difference in the size of these organs in varieties of the same species. Stipules of the cherry are nearly always borne in pairs. The small stipules, appearing with the first leaves, drop, at this Station, about the middle of June while those accompanying the later leaves on the wood growth of the current year remain until in July, there being a difference in varieties as to how long they remain. All stipules are deeply toothed and bear glands of varying color and shape on the serrations, the characters of both serrations and glands offering some distinguishing marks for species and varieties.

The flowers of cherries are very characteristic, as a study of the color-plates of blossoms will show, furnishing a wholly distinctive mark of species and helping to distinguish varieties. The flowers are hermaphrodites and are borne in more or less dense, corymbose clusters. Individual flowers in species and varieties vary in size, shape, color and odor. The peduncles are long or short, as the case may be; the corolla furnishes distinctions in size, shape and color of petals; the calyces are chiefly distinguished by their glands and the amount and character of the pubescence; while stamens and pistils offer differences in size, color of their different parts and in the number of stamens. In plums the reproductive organs differ greatly in ability to perform their functions, some varieties being self-sterile. In New York there seem to be no marked differences in fecundity in cherries nor are there so frequently the malformations of reproductive organs which are found in plums. The season of flowering is a fine mark of distinction between species and varieties, a fact well brought out by the chart on pages 80-81.

Of all organs, the fruit of the cherry is most responsive to changed conditions and hence most variable, yet the fruits furnish very valuable taxonomic characters in both botany and pomology. In pomology, in particular, the fruits must be closely studied. Size, shape, color, bloom, stem, cavity, apex, suture and skin are the outward characters of which note must be made; while the color, aroma, flavor and texture of the flesh are usually very characteristic. Both species and varieties are well distinguished by the time of ripening though there is much variation in ripening dates. The keeping quality is scarcely taken into account with cherries but varies a great deal, chiefly in accordance with firmness of the flesh. The flesh of cherries, as in all drupaceous fruits, clings to the stone or is wholly or partly free--a character of interest both to the systematist and to the fruit-grower. The color of the juice, whether colorless or red, is a plain and certain dividing line in both species and varieties.

The pits of cherries are rather more lacking in distinction than in other stone-fruits, plums for example, yet they must be accounted of considerable value in determination and for this reason have been included in all of the color-plates of varieties. Cherry-pits from individual trees are almost lacking in differences except in size but between species and varieties show many distinctions not only in size but in shape, surfaces, grooves and ridges, in the ends and more or less in the seeds within. Cherries of any variety grown on poor soils or in incongenial climates tend to have large stones and little flesh, while the pits are smaller and there is more flesh with the opposite extremes in environment. As will be pointed out in the discussion of the group of cherries known as the Dukes, many varieties have pits with shrunken and abortive seeds coming, as we think, from the hybrid origin of these cherries.

The several pages given to the discussion of the characters of cherries are in preparation for a proper understanding of the classifications and descriptions of species and varieties. We are now ready for the classification of the species of cherries which contribute or may contribute forms for cultivation either for their fruits or as stocks upon which to grow edible cherries. The following is a brief conspectus of the edible species of Prunus followed by a fuller conspectus of the sub-genus Cerasus to which cherries belong.

A CLASSIFICATION OF CULTIVATED CHERRIES

The genus Prunus is variously delimited and divided by systematic botanists. A simple, and from a horticultural point of view, a very satisfactory classification, is to put almonds and peaches in one sub-genus (Amygdalus), cherries in a second (Cerasus), plums and apricots in a third (Euprunus), and to place the racemose cherries and cherry-laurels, usually considered in Prunus, in another genus, Padus. In this division of Prunus into three sub-genera we may assign to each the following characters.

A. Leaves convolute, _i. e._, rolled in the bud (showing best in
the opening buds).[3]

_Euprunus._ Plums and apricots.

A.A. Leaves conduplicate, _i. e._, folded lengthwise along the midrib
in the bud.

B. Fruit more or less dry and hirsute; if juicy or glabrous the
blossoms appear long before the opening of the leaves;
fruits without stems.

_Amygdalus._ Almonds and peaches.

B.B. Fruit always juicy and usually glabrous; blooms appearing
with the leaves.

_Cerasus._ Cherries.

Of these several divisions we are here concerned only with Cerasus, to which belong all fascicled cherries, the racemose, or Padus, cherries as yet having little or no value as esculents. The genus Prunus is from year to year being enlarged by the discovery of new species, the additions to Cerasus in particular being numerous. Thus, a decade ago, botanists placed in this sub-genus, at the outside, not more than a score of species but Koehne, the most recent monographer of Cerasus, describes 119 species. Of Koehne's species at least a dozen are more or less cultivated for their fruits and a score or more are grown as ornamentals.

The following species are listed by Koehne:[4]

SPECIES OF CHERRIES

Div. I. TYPOCERASUS Koehne.

Sect. 1 CREMASTOSEPALUM Koehne.

Subsect. 1. MAHALEB Koehne.

_Cerasus_ sect. _Mahaleb_ Roemer. _Fam. Nat. Syn._ =3=:79. 1847.

_Prunus_ subgen. _Cerasus_ sect. _Mahaleb_ Koehne. _Deutsche
Dendr._ 305. 1893.

Ser. 1. EUMAHALEB Koehne.

=1. Prunus mahaleb= Linnaeus. _Sp. Pl._ 472. 1753. Europe, Western
Asia.

Ser. 2. PARAMAHALEB Koehne.

=2. Prunus mollis= Walpers. _Rep._ =2=:9. Western North America.

=3. Prunus emarginata= Walpers. _Rep._ =2=:9. Western North America.

_Cerasus californica_ Greene. _Fl. Francis_ =1=:50.

=4. Prunus pennsylvanica= Linnaeus. _Syst._ ed 13 Suppl. 252. Eastern
North America.

Subsect. 2. EUCERASUS Koehne.

_Prunus_ sect. _Eucerasus_ Koehne. _Deutsche Dendr._ 306. 1893.

=5. Prunus fruticosa= Pallas. _Fl. Ross._ =1=:19. 1784. Europe to
Siberia.

=6. Prunus acida= C. Koch. _Dendr._ =1=:112. 1869. Southern Europe.

=7. Prunus cerasus= Linnaeus. _Sp. Pl_. 474. 1753. Europe, Western
Asia.

=8. Prunus avium= Linnaeus. _Fl. Svec._ ed =2=:165. 1755. Europe,
Western Asia.

Subsect. 3. PHYLLOMAHALEB Koehne.

Ser. 1. APHANADENIUM KOEHNE.

=9. Prunus maximowiczii= Ruprecht. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_
=15=:131. 1857.

_Prunus bracteata_ Franchet & Savatier. _Enum. Pl. Jap_. =2=:329.
1879.

_Prunus apetala_ Zabel. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges._ =13=:60 (not
Franchet & Savatier) 1904. Amur,
eastern Manchuria, Korea, Saghalin, Japan from Hokkaido to
Kiushiu.

=Prunus maximowiczii= aperta Komarow. _Act. Hort. Petrop._ =22=:5,
48. 1904. Manchuria from the Ussuri through Kirin to Mukden
and northern Korea

=10. Prunus pulchella= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:197. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

Ser. 2. MACRADENIUM Koehne.

=11. Prunus conadenia= Koehne. _l. c._ 197. Western Szechuan.

=12. Prunus pleiocerasus= Koehne. _l. c._ 198. Western Szechuan.

=13. Prunus macradenia= Koehne. _l. c._ 199. Western Szechuan.

=14. Prunus discadenia= Koehne. _l. c._ 200. Western Hupeh.

=15. Prunus szechuanica= Batalin. _Act. Hort. Petrop._ =14=:167. 1895.
Szechuan.

Subsect. 4. PHYLLOCERASUS Koehne.

=16. Prunus tatsienensis= Batalin. _Act. Hort. Petrop._ =14=:322.
1897. Szechuan.

=Prunus tatsienensis= adenophora (Franchet) Koehne. _Plant. Wils._
Pt. =2=:238. 1912.

_Prunus maximowiczii adenophora_ Franchet. _Pl. Delavay._ 195.
1889. Yunnan.

=Prunus tatsienensis= stenadenia Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt.
=2=:201. 1912. Western Szechuan.

=17. Prunus variabilis= Koehne. _l. c._ 201. Western Hupeh.

=18. Prunus pilosiuscula= (Schneider) Koehne. _l. c._ 202.

_Prunus tatsienensis pilosiuscula_ Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov.
Sp._ =1=:66. 1905. Western Hupeh and Szechuan.

=19. Prunus polytricha= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:204. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=20. Prunus rehderiana= Koehne. _l. c._ 205. Western Hupeh.

=21. Prunus venusta= Koehne. _l. c._ 239. Western Hupeh.

=22. Prunus litigiosa= Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =1=:65. 1905.
Hupeh.

=Prunus litigiosa abbreviata= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:205.
1912. Western Hupeh.

=23. Prunus clarofolia= Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =1=:67. 1905.
Szechuan.

Subsect. 5. PSEUDOMAHALEB Koehne.

=24. Prunus yunnanensis= Franchet. _Pl. Delavay._ 195. 1889. Yunnan.

=25. Prunus macgregoriana= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=240. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=26. Prunus henryi= (Schneider) Koehne. _l. c._ 240.

_Prunus yunnanensis henryi_ C. K. Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._
=1:=66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.

=27. Prunus neglecta= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=241. 1912.

_Prunus yunnanensis henryi_ C. K. Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov.
Sp._ =1:=66 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.

Subsect. 6. LOBOPETALUM Koehne.

Ser. 1. HETEROCALYX Koehne.

=28. Prunus scopulorum= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=241. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=29. Prunus glabra= (Pampanini) Koehne.

_Prunus hirtipes glabra_ Pampanini. _Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital._
=17=:293. 1910; =18:=122. 1911. Hupeh.

=30. Prunus involucrata= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=206. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=31. Prunus hirtipes= Hemsley. _Jour. Linn. Soc._ =23:=218. 1887.

=32. Prunus schneideriana= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=242. 1912.
Chekiang.

=33. Prunus duclouxii= Koehne. _l. c._ 242. Yunnan.

=34. Prunus ampla= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=243. 1912. Szechuan.

=35. Prunus malifolia= Koehne. _l. c._ 207. Western Hupeh.

=Prunus malifolia rosthornii= Koehne. _l. c._ 243. Szechuan.

Ser. 2. CYCLAMINIUM Koehne.

=36. Prunus cyclamina= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=207. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=Prunus cyclamina biflora= Koehne. _l. c._ 243. Western China.

=37. Prunus dielsiana= Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =1:=68. 1905.

"_P. szechuanica_, var.?" or "_P. szechuanica dielsiana_
Schneider," _l. c._, not _P. szechuanica_ Batalin. Hupeh.

=Prunus dielsiana laxa= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=208. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=Prunus dielsiana conferta= Koehne. _l. c._ 244. Western Hupeh.

=38. Prunus plurinervis= Koehne. _l. c._ 208. Western Szechuan.

=39. Prunus rufoides= Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =1:=55. 1905.
Szechuan.

=40. Prunus hirtifolia= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ =Pt. 2:=209. 1912.
Western Szechuan.

Sect. 2. =PSEUDOCERASUS= Koehne.

_Prunus_ subgen. _Cerasus_ sect. _Yamasakura_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =25=:183. 1911.

Subsect. 7. HYPADENIUM Koehne.

=41. Prunus glandulifolia= Ruprecht & Maximowicz. _Mém. Sav. Étr.
Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =9:=87 (_Prim. Fl. Amur._) 1859. Amur.

Subsect. 8. SARGENTIELLA Koehne.

=42. Prunus pseudocerasus= Lindley. _Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond._ =6:=90.
1826. Cultivated in China.

_Cerasus pseudocerasus_ G. Don. Loudon _Hort. Brit._ 200. 1830.

_Prunus sieboldii_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =25:=184. 1911.

=Prunus pseudocerasus sieboldii= Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg_ =29:=102.

_Prunus paniculata_ Ker. _Bot. Reg._ =10:= t. 800. 1824, not
_Prunus paniculata_ Thunberg.

_Cerasus paniculata_ De Candolle. _Prodr._ =2:=539. 1825.

_Cerasus sieboldtii_ Carrière. _Rev. Hort._ 371. 1866.

_Prunus sieboldii_ Wittmack. _Gartenfl._ =51:=272. 1902.

_Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldtii_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot.
Mag._ =22:=102. 1908?

_Prunus serrulata serrulata sieboldtii_ Makino. _l. c._ =23:=74.
1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus typica sieboldii_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ 182.

_Prunus pseudocerasus flore roseo pleno_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus pseudocerasus naden_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

=Prunus pseudocerasus watereri= Koehne. _l. c._ 172. 1909.

_Cerasus wattererii_, cited by Lavallée _Icon. Arb. Segrez._ 119.
1885, as a synonym under _Cerasus pseudocerasus_?

_Cerasus watereri_ Goldring. _Garden_ =33:=416, fig. p. 420. 1888?

_Prunus serrulata serrulata wattererii_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._
=23:=75. 1909? (Horticultural)

=Prunus pseudocerasus virescens= Koehne.

_Prunus donarium_ Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

=43. Prunus paracerasus= Koehne. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =7:=133. 1909.
Japan. (Horticultural)

=44. Prunus serrulata= Lindley. _Trans. Hort. Soc. London_ =7=:138.
1830.

_Prunus cerasus flore simplici_ Thunberg. _Fl. Jap._ 201. 1784.

_Prunus donarium_ Siebold. _Verh. Batav. Genoot._ =12:= No. 1. 68
(_Syn. Pl. Oecon._) 1827.

_Prunus jamasakura_ Siebold. _l. c._ 1827.

_Cerasus serrulata_ G. Don. Loudon _Hort. Brit_. 480. 1830.

_Prunus puddum_ Miquel. _Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat._ =2=:90, (in part,
not Wallich) 1865.

_Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._
=22=:93. 1809.

_Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura præcox_ Makino. _l. c._ 98.
1908.

_Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura glabra præcox_ Makino. _l. c._
113.

_Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra_ Makino. _l. c._ 101.

_Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea hortensis_ Koidzumi. _l. c._
=23=:183. 1909.

_Prunus cerasus flore pleno_ Thunberg. _Fl. Jap._ 201. 1784.

_Prunus serrulata_ Lindley. cf. supra.

_Cerasus serrulata_ G. Don. Loudon Arb. Brit. =2=:701, fig. 407.
1833.

_Cerasus pseudocerasus_ Lavallée. _Icon. Arb. Segrez._ 119, t. 36.
1885, (ubi citatur: _Cerasus maeda_ h.).

_Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra fugenzo_ Makino. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =22=:73. 1908.

_Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo rosea_ Makino. _l. c._
=23=:74. 1909.

_Prunus jamasakura elegans glabra_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ =25=:185.
1911.

_Prunus jamasakura speciosa_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ 186. Japan, Korea.

=Prunus serrulata albida= (Makino) Koehne.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici albo_ Maximowicz.
_Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus pseudocerasus_ Stapf. _Bot. Mag._ 131: t. 8012. 1905.

_Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata sieboldii albida_ Makino. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =22=:102. 1908.

_Prunus serrulata serrulata albida_ Makino. _l. c._ =23=:74. 1909.

_Prunus serrulata yashino_ Koehne. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges._
=18=:167. 1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus yoshino_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

=Prunus serrulata lannesiana= (Carrière) Koehne. _Mitt. Deutsch.
Dendr. Ges._ =18=:167. 1909.

_Cerasus lannesiana_ Carrière. _Rev. Hort._ 198. 1872.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore simplici carneo_ Maximowicz.
_Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus serrulata serrulata lannesiana_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._
=23=:74. 1909.

_Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ =25=:187.
1911.

=Prunus serrulata kriegeri= Koehne. _Gartenfl._ =52=:2 (nomen
nudum) 1902.

_Cerasus pendula kriegeri_ F. Späth ex Koehne.

=Prunus serrulata grandiflora= A. Wagner. _Gartenfl._ =52=:169, t.
1513a. 1903.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pleno viridi_ Maximowicz.
_Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus pseudocerasus serrulata glabra viridiflora_ Makino. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =22=:102 1908.

_Prunus serrulata serrulata viridiflora_ Makino. _l. c._ =23=:74.
1909.

_Cerasus donarium_ Siebold. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

_Prunus pseudocerasus ukon_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

=Prunus serrulata ochichima= Koehne. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges._
=18=:169. 1909.

_Prunus serrulata serrulata fugenzo, 2. alborosea_ Makino. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =23=:74. 1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus ochichima_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus pseudocerasus shirofugen_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

=Prunus serrulata hisakura= Koehne. _Gartenfl_. =51=:2, t. 1494 b.
1902.

_Cerasus caproniana flore roseo pleno_ Van Houtte. _Fl. des.
Serres_ =21=:141, t. 2238. 1875.

_Cerasus serratifolia rosea_ Carrière. _Rev. Hort._ 889, t. fig.
B. 1877.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore semipleno roseo_ Maximowicz.
_Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =11=:699. 1883.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hisakura_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus pseudocerasus benifugen_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus pseudocerasus "New Red_." Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus serrulata "W. Kou."_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus jamasakura speciosa nobilis donarium_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo
Bot. Mag._ =25=:187. 1911.

=Prunus serrulata veitchiana= Koehne. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._
=9=:122. 1911.

_Cerasus pseudocerasus "James Veitch." Gartenfl._ =51=:497.
1902. (Horticultural)

=Prunus serrulata mucronata= Koehne. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges._
=18=:170. 1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore pulcherrimo pleno candido_
Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus cerasus flore roseo pleno_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

_Prunus serrulata flore pleno_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

=Prunus serrulata shidare-sakura= Koehne. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr.
Ges._ =18=:170. 1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus hortensis flore carneo suffuso_ Maximowicz.
_Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus pseudocerasus shidare-sakura_ Koehne. (Horticultural)

44 × 88? =Prunus affinis= Makino. =Prunus pseudocerasus jamasakura
×n incisa?= Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =22=:99. 1908. Japan.

=45. Prunus sargentii= Rehder. _Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges._
=17=:159. 1908.

_Prunus puddum_ Miquel. _Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat._ =2=:90 (in part,
not Wallich) 1865.

_Prunus pseudocerasus sachalinensis_ F. Schmidt. _Mém. Acad.
Sci. St. Pétersburg sér._ 7, 12: No. 2. 124.

_Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea_ Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St.
Pétersburg_ =29=:102.

_Prunus mume crasseglandulosa_ Miquel. Rijks-Herbarium, Leyden.

_Prunus pseudocerasus_ Sargent. _Garden and Forest_ =10=:462, fig.
58 (not Lindley) 1897.

_Prunus Sp. Zabel_. Beissner, Schelle & Zabel _Handb.
Laubholz-Ben._ 241. 1903.

_Prunus pseudocerasus borealis_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =22=:99.
1908.

_Prunus serrulata borealis_ Makino. _l. c._ =23=:75. 1909.

_Prunus pseudocerasus spontanea_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ 182.

_Prunus jamasakura elegans compta_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ =25=:186.
1911.

_Prunus jamasakura borealis_ Koidzumi. l. c. 187. Korea, Saghalin,
Japan.

=46. Prunus tenuiflora= Koehne. _Plant Wils._ Pt. =2=:209. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=47. Prunus wildeniana= Koehne. _l. c._ 249. Hupeh.

=48. Prunus leveilleana= Koehne. _l. c._ 250. Korea.

=49. Prunus sontagiæ= Koehne. _l. c._ 250. Korea.

=50. Prunus mesadenia= Koehne. _l. c._ 250. Nippon.

=51. Prunus parvifolia= (Matsumura) Koehne. _l. c._ 251.

_Prunus pseudocerasus parvifolia_ Matsumura. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._
=15=:101. 1901.

_Prunus pseudocerasus typica parvifolia_ Koidzumi. _l. c._
=23=:182. 1909.

_Prunus jamasakura elegans parvifolia_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ =25=:186.
1911. Japan.

=Prunus parvifolia aomoriensis= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt.
=2=:251. 1912. Northern Nippon.

=52. Prunus concinna= Koehne. _l. c._ 210. Western Hupeh.

=53. Prunus twymaniana= Koehne. _l. c._ 211. Western Szechuan.

Subsect. 9. CONRADINIA Koehne.

=54. Prunus conradinæ= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:211. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=55. Prunus helenæ= Koehne. _l. c._ 212. Western Hupeh.

=56. Prunus saltuum= Koehne. _l. c._ 213. Western Hupeh.

=57. Prunus pauciflora= Bunge._ Mém. Étr. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_
=2=:97 (_Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor._) 1835. Chili.

=58. Prunus sprengeri= Pampanini. _Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital_. =18=:230.
1911. Hupeh.

=59. Prunus yedoensis= Matsumura. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =15=:100. 1901.
Cultivated in the gardens of Tokyo.

Subsect. 10. SERRULA Koehne.

=60. Prunus majestica= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:252. 1912.

_Prunus puddum_ Franchet. _Pl. Delavay._ 197 (not Roxburgh
following Brandis) 1889.

_Prunus cerasoides tibetica_ Schneider. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._
=1=:54 (in part) 1905. Yunnan.

=61. Prunus serrula= Franchet. _Pl. Delavay_. 196. 1889. Yunnan.

=Prunus serrula tibetica= (Batalin) Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt.
=2=:213. 1912. Western Szechuan.

Subsect. 11. PUDDUM Koehne.

=62. Prunus campanulata= Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_
29. 103.

_Prunus cerasoides_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =23=:181 (in part,
not D. Don) 1909. Fokien.

Cultivated in Japan.

=63. Prunus hosseusii= Diels. Fedde _Rep. Nov. Sp._ =4=:289. 1907.
Siam.

=64. Prunus cerasoides= D. Don. _Prodr. Fl. Nepal._ 239. 1825.

_Prunus silvatica_ Roxburgh. _Hort. Beng._ 92. 1814.

_Cerasus phoshia_ Hamilton. De Candolle _Prodr._ =2=:535. 1825.

_Cerasus puddum_ Seringe. De Candolle _Prodr._ =2=:537. 1825.

_Prunus puddum_ Roxburgh. _Forest Fl. Brit._ Ind. 194. 1874.
Nepal.

=65. Prunus rufa= Steudel. _Nomencl_. Bot. =2=:404. 1841.

_Cerasus rufa_ Wallich. _Cat._ No. 721. 1829. Eastern Himalaya.

=66. Prunus trichantha= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:254. 1912.

_Prunus rufa_ Hooker. _Fl. Brit. Ind._ =2=:314 (in part) 1878.
Eastern Himalaya.

Subsect. 12. MICROCALYMMA Koehne.

=67. Prunus herincquiana= Lavallée. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:214. 1912.
Western Hupeh.

=Prunus herincquiana biloba= (Franchet) Koehne. Western Hupeh.

_Prunus biloba_ Franchet in Herb. Paris. China.

=68. Prunus subhirtella= Miquel. _Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat._ =2=:91.
1865.

_Prunus subhirtella oblongifolia_ Miquel. _l. c._

_Prunus incisa_ Maximowicz. Bul. _Sci. Acad. St. Pétersburg_
=29=:99.

_Prunus pendula ascendens_ Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =7=:103.
1893?

_Prunus herincquiana ascendens_ Schneider. _Ill. Handb.
Laubholzk._ =1=:608. 1906.

_Prunus itosakra subhirtella_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._
=23=:180. 1908. Japan.

=Prunus subhirtella fukubana= Makino. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =22=:118.
1908.

_Prunus itosakra ascendens amabilis_ Koidzumi. _l. c._ =23=:181.
1909?

=69. Prunus pendula= Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_
=29=:98.

_Prunus itosakura_ Siebold. _Verh. Batav. Genoot._ 12: No. 1. 68.
1830.

_Cerasus pendula flore roseo_ Siebold. _Cat._ =5=:31. 1863,
Maximowicz.

_Cerasus pendula rosea_ Dombrain. _Floral Mag._ 10. t. 536. 1871.

_Prunus subhirtella pendula_ Tanaka. _Useful Pl. Jap._ 153, fig.
620. 1895.

_Cerasus itosakura_ Siebold. Herb., Maximowicz. _l. c._

_Cerasus herincquiana_ Lavallée. _Icon. Arb. Segrez_, 117. 1885.

_Prunus miqueliana_ Schneider. _Ill. Handb. Laubholzk_, =1=:609
(not Maximowicz) 1906.

_Prunus herincquiana_ Schneider. _l. c._ 608.

_Cerasus pendula_ Siebold in herb., Koehne. _l. c._

_Prunus cerasus pendula flore roseo_ Koehne. _l. c._
(Horticultural)

_Prunus itosakra pendula_ Koidzumi. _Tokyo Bot. Mag._ =23=:180.
1909. Japan.

=70. Prunus taiwaniana= Hayata. _Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo_ =30=:87.
1911. Formosa.

=71. Prunus microlepis= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:256. 1912.
Hondo.

=Prunus microlepis ternata= Koehne. _l. c._ 256. Hondo.

Subsect. 13. CERASEIDOS (Siebold & Zuccarini) Koehne.

_Ceraseidos_ Siebold & Zuccarini. _Abh. Akad. Münch._ =3=:743
t. 5. 1843.

Ser. 1. PHYLLOPODIUM.

=72. Prunus setulosa= Batalin. _Act. Hort. Petrop._ =12=:165. 1892.
Eastern Kansu.

=73. Prunus phyllopoda= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:257. 1912.
Northern Shensi.

=74. Prunus canescens= Bois. _l. c._ 215. Western Hupeh.

=75. Prunus veitchii= Koehne. _l. c._.257. Western Hupeh.

Ser. 2. DROSERINA.

=76. Prunus giraldiana= Schneider. _Fedde Rep. Nov. Sp._ =1=:65.
1905. Northern Shensi.

=77. Prunus droseracea= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:215. 1912.
Western Szechuan.

Ser. 3. OXYODON.

=78. Prunus trichostoma= Koehne. _l. c._ 216. Western Szechuan.

=79. Prunus latidentata= Koehne. _l. c._ 217. Western Szechuan.

=80. Prunus micromeloides= Koehne. _l. c._ 218. Western Szechuan.

=81. Prunus oxyodonta= Koehne. _l. c._ 218. Western Szechuan.

=82. Prunus glyptocarya= Koehne. _l. c._ 219. Western Szechuan.

=83. Prunus podadenia= Koehne. _l. c._ 258. Western China.

=84. Prunus lobulata= Koehne. _l. c._ 220. Western Szechuan.

=85. Prunus stipulacea= Maximowicz. _Bul. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg_
=11=:689. 1883. Kansu.

=86. Prunus pleuroptera= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:221. 1912.
Western Szechuan.

=87. Prunus zappeyana= Koehne. _l. c._ 221. Western Hupeh.

=Prunus zappeyana? subsimplex= Koehne. _l. c._ 222. Western Hupeh.

=88. Prunus incisa= Thunberg. _Fl. Jap._ 202. 1784.

_Cerasus incisa_ Loiseleur. _Nouveau Duhamel_ =5=:33. 1812.

_Ceraseidos apetala_ Miquel. _Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat._ =2=:93 1865
(in part). Japan.

Ser. 4. EUCERASEIDOS.

=89. Prunus caudata= Franchet. _Pl. Delavay._ 196. 1889. Yunnan.

=90. Prunus iwagiensis= Koehne. _Plant. Wils._ Pt. =2=:259. 1912.
Hondo.