Chapter XII: Section 8: Powers of Congress

Clause 1. Taxing-spending power 105
Kinds of taxes permitted 105
Decline of forbidden subject matter test 105
Rise and fall of Collector _v._ Day 106
Federal taxation of State interests 106
Immunity left to the States 108
Conflicting views on the court 108
Rule of uniformity 109
Purposes of taxation 110
Regulation by taxation 110
Extermination by taxation 110
Protective tariff 112
Spending for the general welfare 112
Hamilton _v._ Madison 113
Triumph of Hamiltonian theory 113
Security Act Cases, The 115
Earmarked funds 116
Conditional grants-in-aid 116
"Debts of the United States" 116
Clause 2. Borrowing power 117
Clause 3. Power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce 118
Purpose of the clause 118
Definition of terms: Gibbons _v._ Ogden 118
"Commerce" 118
"Commerce" today 119
"Necessary and proper" clause 121
"Among the several States" 121
"Regulate" 123
Interstate versus foreign commerce 123
Instruments of commerce 125
Congressional regulation of waterways 126
Navigation 126
Hydroelectric power 130
Congress' jurisdiction over navigable streams today 131
Purposes for which power may be generated 131
Congressional regulation of land transportation 132
Early Acts: Federal provision for highways 132
Beginnings of federal railway regulation 132
Regulation of rates: Interstate Commerce Commission 133
Interstate Commerce Commission today 135
Shreveport Case 135
Act of 1920 and State railway rate regulation 136
Regulation of other agents of carriage and communication 137
Acts of Congress protective of labor engaged in interstate
transportation 139
Adair Case 141
Railroad Retirement Act 142
Bills of Lading: Ferger Case 143
Congressional regulation of commerce as traffic 144
Sherman Act: Sugar Trust Case 144
Sherman Act revised 146
"Current of commerce" concept: Swift Case 147
Danbury Hatters Case 149
Stockyards and Grain Futures Acts 149
Securities and Exchange Commission 150
Congressional regulation of production and industrial
relations 152
Antidepression legislation 152
National Industrial Recovery Act 152
Schechter Case 152
Agricultural Adjustment Act 153
Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 153
National Labor Relations Act 154
Fair Labor Standards Act: Darby Case 155
Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act 159
Acts of Congress prohibiting commerce 160
Foreign commerce; Jefferson's embargo 160
Foreign commerce; protective tariffs 162
Foreign commerce; banned articles 162
Interstate commerce; conflict of doctrine and opinion 163
Acts of Congress prohibitive of commerce 168
Lottery Case 169
National prohibitions and State police power 169
Hammer _v._ Dagenhart 170
Interstate commerce in stolen goods banned 171
Darby Case 172
Congress and the federal system 173
Commerce clause as a restraint on State power 173
Doctrinal background 173
Doctrinal background: Webster's contribution 175
Cooley _v._ Board of Port Wardens 175
Judicial formulas 176
Taxing power of the State and foreign commerce 177
Browne _v._ Maryland: Original package doctrine 177
State taxation of the subject matter of interstate commerce 178
General considerations 178
State Freight Tax Case 179
Goods in transit 180
State taxation of manufacturing and mining 181
Production for an established market 182
Rejection of original package concept in interstate
commerce 182
Inspection charges 183
Local sales: Peddlers 184
Stoppage in transit 185
Drummer Cases; Robbins _v._ Shelby County Taxing
District 186
Limitation of the Robbins Case 187
Robbins Case today 189
Depression Cases: Use taxes 189
Depression Cases: Sales taxes 190
End of the Depression Cases 191
Taxation of carriage of persons 192
State taxation of the interstate commerce privilege:
Foreign Corporations 193
Doctrinal history 193
License taxes 194
Doctrine of Western Union Telegraph _v._ Kansas 196
Spread of the doctrine 196
Status of the doctrine today 197
State taxation of property engaged in, and of the proceeds
from, interstate commerce 198
General issue 198
Development of the apportionment rule 199
Unit rule 200
Apportioned property taxes 201
Apportioned gross receipts taxes 202
Franchise taxes 202
Gross receipts taxes, classes of 203
Multiple taxation test 204
Recent cases 206
Taxes on net income 208
Miscellaneous taxes affecting interstate commerce 209
Vessels 209
Airplanes 210
Motor vehicles 211
Public utilities: Regulatory charges 213
Dominance of Congress 214
McCarran Act: Regulation of insurance 214
Police power and foreign commerce 215
Origin of police power 215
State curbs on entry of foreigners 216
State quarantine laws 217
State game protection and foreign commerce 217
Police power and interstate commerce 217
General principles 217
State regulation of agencies of interstate commerce 220
Railway rate regulation 220
Adequate service regulations 221
Safety and other regulations 221
Invalid State regulations 222
State regulation of length of trains 223
Lesson of Southern Pacific Co. _v._ Arizona 225
State regulation of motor vehicles: Valid regulations 226
Invalid State acts affecting motor carriers 227
Transportation agencies 228
Navigation; general doctrine 228
Bridges, dams, ferries, wharves 230
Ferries 231
Telegraphs and telephones 231
Gas and electricity 233
Foreign corporations 234
Miscellaneous 234
Banks and banking 234
Brokers 235
Commission men 235
Attachment and garnishment 235
Statutory liens 235
Police power and the subject matter of commerce 235
Scope of the police power 235
Quarantine laws 236
State inspection laws 237
State prohibition laws: The original package doctrine 238
Oleomargarine and cigarettes 239
Demise of the original package doctrine 240
Curbs on the interstate movement of persons 241
State conservation and embargo measures 242
State conservation and embargo measures: The Milk Cases 244
State conservation and embargo measures: The Shrimp Cases 245
Concurrent federal and State legislation 246
General issue 246
Hepburn Act 246
Quarantine Cases 248
Recent cases sustaining State legislation 249
Recent cases nullifying State action 250
Federal versus State labor laws 251
Commerce with Indian Tribes 252
United States _v._ Kagama 252
Clause 4. Naturalization and bankruptcies 254
Naturalization and citizenship 254
Categories of naturalized persons 254
Who are eligible for naturalization 255
Procedure of naturalization 256
Rights of naturalized persons 257
Congress' power exclusive 258
Right of expatriation: Loss of citizenship 258
Exclusion of aliens 259
Bankruptcy 262
Persons who may be released from debt 262
Liberalization of relief granted 262
Constitutional limitations on the bankruptcy power 263
Power not exclusive 264
Constitutional status of State insolvency laws 264
Clauses 5 and 6. Fiscal and monetary powers of Congress 265
Coinage, weights, and measures 265
Punishment of counterfeiting 266
Borrowing power versus the fiscal power 266
Clause 7. Postal power 267
"Establish" 267
Powers to protect the mails 268
Antislavery and the mails 268
Power to prevent harmful use of the postal facilities 268
Exclusion power as an adjunct to other powers 269
State regulations affecting the mails 270
Clause 8. Copyrights and Patents 271
Scope of the power 271
Patentable discoveries 271
Procedure in issuing patents 274
Nature and scope of the right secured 274
Power of Congress over patent rights 275
State power affecting patents and copyrights 276
Trade-marks and advertisements 276
Clause 9. _See_ article III 277
Clause 10. Piracies and felonies 277
Origin of the clause 277
Definition of offenses 277
Extraterritorial reach of the power 278
Clauses 11, 12, 13, and 14. War: Military establishments 279
War power 279
Source and scope 279
An inherent power 280
A complexus of granted powers 281
Declaration of war: When required 281
Prize Cases, The, (1863) 282
Power to raise and maintain armed forces 283
Purpose of specific grants 283
Time limit on appropriations for the army 283
Establishment of the air force 284
Conscription 284
Care of the armed forces 285
Trial and punishment of offenses 285
War legislation 286
Revolutionary war legislation 286
Civil War legislation 287
World War I legislation 287
World War II legislation 288
Mobilization of industrial resources 288
Delegation of legislative power in wartime 289
Mergence of legislative and executive in wartime 290
Doctrine of Lichter _v._ United States 290
War powers in time of peace 291
Atomic Energy Act 292
Postwar legislation 292
Private rights in wartime 293
Enemy country 293
Theatre of military operations 294
Enemy property 294
Prizes of war 295
Police regulations: Rent control 296
Personal liberty in wartime 297
Alien enemies 297
Eminent domain 298
Clauses 15 and 16. Militia 299
Militia clauses 299
Calling out the militia 299
Regulation of the militia 299
Clause 17. Seat of government, etc. 300
Seat of government 300
Nature and extent of rights ceded to United States 301
Retrocession of Alexandria county 301
Continuance of State laws 302
Status of the district today 302
Legislative power over the district 303
Taxation in the district 303
Delegation of legislative power to municipal officers 304
Courts of the district 304
Authority over places purchased 305
"Places" 305
Duration of federal jurisdiction 305
Reservation of jurisdiction by States 306
Clause 18. "Necessary and proper" clause 307
Coefficient or elastic clause 307
Scope of incidental powers 307
Operation of coefficient clause 308
Definition and punishment of crimes 308
Chartering of banks 309
Currency regulations 309
Power to charter corporations 310
Courts and judicial proceedings 310
Special acts concerning claims 311
Maritime law 311