Chapter XCII: Section 5: The Congress shall have power to enforce, by (2)

[273] Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. _v._ Glenn, 239 U.S. 388 (1915).

[274] St. Louis & S.F.R. Co. _v._ Mathews, 165 U.S. 1 (1897).

[275] Chicago & N.W.R. Co. _v._ Nye Schneider Fowler Co., 260 U.S. 35 (1922).

[276] Kansas City Southern R. Co. _v._ Anderson, 233 U.S. 325 (1914).

[277] St. Louis, I.M. & S.R. Co. _v._ Wynne, 224 U.S. 354 (1912).

[278] Chicago, M. & St. P.R. Co. _v._ Polt, 232 U.S. 165 (1914).

[279] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Tucker, 230 U.S. 340 (1913).

[280] St. Louis, I.M. & S.R. Co. _v._ Williams, 251 U.S. 63, 67 (1919).

[281] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Humes, 115 U.S. 512 (1885); Minneapolis & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Beckwith, 129 U.S. 26 (1889).

[282] Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. _v._ Cram, 228 U.S. 70 (1913).

[283] Southwestern Teleg. & Teleph. Co. _v._ Danaher, 238 U.S. 482 (1915).

[284] New Orleans Debenture Redemption Co. _v._ Louisiana, 180 U.S. 320 (1901).

[285] Lake Shore & M.S.R. Co. _v._ Smith, 173 U.S. 684, 698 (1899).

[286] National Council _v._ State Council, 203 U.S. 151 (1906).

[287] Munday _v._ Wisconsin Trust Co., 252 U.S. 499 (1920).

[288] State Farm Ins. Co. _v._ Duel, 324 U.S. 154 (1945).

[289] Asbury Hospital _v._ Cass County, 326 U.S. 207 (1945).

[290] Nebbia _v._ New York, 291 U.S. 502, 527-528 (1934).

[291] Smiley _v._ Kansas, 196 U.S. 447 (1905). _See_ Waters-Pierce Oil Co. _v._ Texas, 212 U.S. 86 (1909); National Cotton Oil Co. _v._ Texas, 197 U.S. 115 (1905), also upholding antitrust laws.

[292] International Harvester Co. _v._ Missouri, 234 U.S. 199 (1914). _See also_ American Seeding Machine Co. _v._ Kentucky, 236 U.S. 660 (1915).

[293] Grenada Lumber Co. _v._ Mississippi, 217 U.S. 433 (1910).

[294] Aikens _v._ Wisconsin, 195 U.S. 194 (1904).

[295] Central Lumber Co. _v._ South Dakota, 226 U.S. 157 (1912).

[296] Fairmont Creamery Co. _v._ Minnesota, 274 U.S. 1 (1927).

[297] Old Dearborn Distributing Co. _v._ Seagram-Distillers Corp., 299 U.S. 183 (1936); The Pep Boys _v._ Pyroil Sales Co., 299 U.S. 198 (1936).

[298] Schmidinger _v._ Chicago, 226 U.S. 578, 588 (1913), citing McLean _v._ Arkansas, 211 U.S. 539, 550 (1909).

[299] Merchants Exch. _v._ Missouri ex rel. Barker, 248 U.S. 365 (1919).

[300] Hauge _v._ Chicago, 299 U.S. 387 (1937).

[301] Lemieux _v._ Young, 211 U.S. 489 (1909); Kidd, D. & P. Co. _v._ Musselman Grocer Co., 217 U.S. 461 (1910).

[302] Pacific States Box & Basket Co. _v._ White, 296 U.S. 176 (1935).

[303] Schmidinger _v._ Chicago, 226 U.S. 578 (1913).

[304] Burns Baking Co. _v._ Bryan, 264 U.S. 504 (1924).

[305] Petersen Baking Co. _v._ Bryan, 290 U.S. 570 (1934).

[306] Armour & Co. _v._ North Dakota, 240 U.S. 510 (1916).

[307] Heath & M. Mfg. Co. _v._ Worst, 207 U.S. 338 (1907); Corn Products Ref. Co. _v._ Eddy, 249 U.S. 427 (1919); National Fertilizer Asso. _v._ Bradley, 301 U.S. 178 (1937).

[308] Advance-Rumely Thresher Co. _v._ Jackson, 287 U.S. 283 (1932).

[309] Hall _v._ Geiger-Jones Co., 242 U.S. 539 (1917); Caldwell _v._ Sioux Falls Stock Yards Co., 242 U.S. 559 (1917); Merrick _v._ Halsey & Co., 242 U.S. 568 (1917).

[310] Booth _v._ Illinois, 184 U.S. 425 (1902).

[311] Otis _v._ Parker, 187 U.S. 606 (1903).

[312] Brodnax _v._ Missouri, 219 U.S. 285 (1911).

[313] House _v._ Mayes, 219 U.S. 270 (1911).

[314] Rast _v._ Van Deman & L. Co., 240 U.S. 342 (1916); Tanner _v._ Little, 240 U.S. 369 (1916); Pitney _v._ Washington, 240 U.S. 387 (1916).

[315] Noble State Bank _v._ Haskell, 219 U.S. 104 (1911); Shallenberger _v._ First State Bank, 219 U.S. 114 (1911); Assaria State Bank _v._ Dolley, 219 U.S. 121 (1911); Abie State Bank _v._ Bryan, 282 U.S. 765 (1931).

[316] Provident Inst. for Savings _v._ Malone, 221 U.S. 660 (1911); Anderson National Bank _v._ Luckett, 321 U.S. 233 (1944).

When a bank conservator appointed pursuant to a new statute has all the functions of a receiver under the old law, one of which is the enforcement on behalf of depositors of stockholders' liability, which liability the conservator can enforce as cheaply as could a receiver appointed under the pre-existing statute, it cannot be said that the new statute, in suspending the right of a depositor to have a receiver appointed, arbitrarily deprives a depositor of his remedy or destroys his property without due process of law. The depositor has no property right in any particularly form of remedy.--Gibbes _v._ Zimmerman, 290 U.S. 326 (1933).

[317] Doty _v._ Love, 295 U.S. 64 (1935).

[318] Farmers & M. Bank _v._ Federal Reserve Bank, 262 U.S. 649 (1923).

[319] Griffith _v._ Connecticut, 218 U.S. 563 (1910).

[320] Mutual Loan Co. _v._ Martell, 222 U.S. 225 (1911).

[321] La Tourette _v._ McMaster, 248 U.S. 465 (1919); Stipcich _v._ Metropolitan L. Ins. Co., 277 U.S. 311, 320 (1928).

[322] German Alliance Ins. Co. _v._ Lewis, 233 U.S. 389 (1914).

[323] O'Gorman and Young _v._ Hartford Insur. Co., 282 U.S. 251 (1931).

[324] Nutting _v._ Massachusetts, 185 U.S. 553, 556 (1902), distinguishing Allgeyer _v._ Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897). _See also_ Hooper _v._ California, 155 U.S. 648 (1895).

[325] Daniel _v._ Family Ins. Co., 336 U.S. 220 (1949).

[326] Osborn _v._ Ozlin, 310 U.S. 53, 68-69 (1940). Dissenting from the conclusion, Justice Roberts declared that the plain effect of the Virginia law is to compel a nonresident to pay a Virginia resident for services which the latter does not in fact render.

[327] California Auto. Assn. _v._ Maloney, 341 U.S. 105 (1951).

[328] Allgeyer _v._ Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578 (1897).

[329] New York L. Ins. Co. _v._ Dodge, 246 U.S. 357 (1918).

[330] National Union F. Ins. Co. _v._ Wanberg, 260 U.S. 71 (1922).

[331] Hartford Acci. & Indem. Co. _v._ Nelson (N.O.) Mfg. Co., 291 U.S. 352 (1934).

[332] Merchants Mut. Auto Liability Ins. Co. _v._ Smart, 267 U.S. 126 (1925).

[333] Orient Ins. Co. _v._ Daggs, 172 U.S. 557 (1899).

[334] Hoopeston Canning Co. _v._ Cullen, 318 U.S. 313 (1943).

[335] German Alliance Ins. Co. _v._ Hale, 219 U.S. 307 (1911). _See also_ Carroll _v._ Greenwich Ins. Co., 199 U.S. 401 (1905).

[336] Life & C. Ins. Co. _v._ McCray, 291 U.S. 566 (1934).

[337] Northwestern Nat. L. Ins. Co. _v._ Riggs, 203 U.S. 243 (1906).

[338] Whitfield ex rel. Hadley _v._ Aetna L. Ins. Co., 205 U.S. 489 (1907).

[339] Polk _v._ Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association, 207 U.S. 310 (1907).

[340] Neblett _v._ Carpenter, 305 U.S. 297 (1938).

[341] Brazee _v._ Michigan, 241 U.S. 340 (1916).--With four Justices dissenting, the Court, in Adams _v._ Tanner, 244 U.S. 590 (1917), "struck down a State law absolutely prohibiting maintenance of private employment agencies." Commenting on the "constitutional philosophy" thereof in Lincoln Union _v._ Northwestern Co., 335 U.S. 525, 535 (1949), Justice Black stated that Olsen _v._ Nebraska, 313 U.S. 236 (1941), (_see_ p. 997) "clearly undermined Adams _v._ Tanner."

[342] Liggett (Louis K.) Co. _v._ Baldridge, 278 U.S. 105 (1928).

[343] McNaughton _v._ Johnson, 242 U.S. 344, 349 (1917). _See also_ Dent _v._ West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114 (1889); Hawker _v._ New York, 170 U.S. 189 (1898); Reetz _v._ Michigan, 188 U.S. 505 (1903); Watson _v._ Maryland, 218 U.S. 173 (1910).

[344] Collins _v._ Texas, 223 U.S. 288 (1912); Hayman _v._ Galveston, 273 U.S. 414 (1927).

[345] Semler _v._ Oregon State Dental Examiners, 294 U.S. 608, 611 (1935). _See also_ Douglas _v._ Noble, 261 U.S. 165 (1923); Graves _v._ Minnesota, 272 U.S. 425, 427 (1926).

[346] Olsen _v._ Smith, 195 U.S. 332 (1904).

[347] Nashville, C. &. St. L.R. Co. _v._ Alabama, 128 U.S. 96 (1888).

[348] Smith _v._ Texas, 233 U.S. 630 (1914).

[349] Western Turf Asso. _v._ Greenberg, 204 U.S. 359 (1907).

[350] Cargill (W.W.) Co. _v._ Minnesota ex rel. Railroad & W. Commission, 180 U.S. 452 (1901).

[351] Lehon _v._ Atlanta, 242 U.S. 53 (1916).

[352] Gundling _v._ Chicago, 177 U.S. 183, 185 (1900).

[353] Bourjois, Inc. _v._ Chapman, 301 U.S. 183 (1937).

[354] Weller _v._ New York, 268 U.S. 319 (1925).

[355] Packer Corp. _v._ Utah, 285 U.S. 105 (1932).

[356] Halter _v._ Nebraska, 205 U.S. 34 (1907).

[357] McCloskey _v._ Tobin, 252 U.S. 107 (1920).

[358] Natal _v._ Louisiana, 139 U.S. 621 (1891).

[359] Murphy _v._ California, 225 U.S. 623 (1912).

[360] Rosenthal _v._ New York, 226 U.S. 260 (1912).

[361] Thompson _v._ Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp., 300 U.S. 55, 76-77 (1937), citing Ohio Oil Co. _v._ Indiana (No. 1), 177 U.S. 100 (1900); Lindsley _v._ Natural Carbonic Gas Co., 220 U.S. 61 (1911); Oklahoma _v._ Kansas Natural Gas Co., 221 U.S. 229 (1911).

[362] Champlin Ref. Co. _v._ Corporation Commission, 286 U.S. 210 (1932).

[363] Railroad Commission _v._ Oil Co., 310 U.S. 573 (1940). _See also_ R.R. Commission _v._ Oil Co., 311 U.S. 570 (1941); R.R. Commission _v._ Humble Oil & Refining Co., 311 U.S. 578 (1941).

[364] Thompson _v._ Consolidated Gas Utilities Corp., 300 U.S. 55 (1937).

[365] Cities Service Co. _v._ Peerless Co., 340 U.S. 179 (1950); Phillips Petroleum Co. _v._ Oklahoma, ibid., 190 (1950).

[366] Walls _v._ Midland Carbon Co., 254 U.S. 300 (1920). _See also_ Henderson Co. _v._ Thompson, 300 U.S. 258 (1937).

[367] Bandini Petroleum Co. _v._ Superior Ct., 284 U.S. 8 (1931).

[368] Gant _v._ Oklahoma City, 289 U.S. 98 (1933).

[369] Pennsylvania Coal Co. _v._ Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922).

[370] Hudson County Water Co. _v._ McCarter, 209 U.S. 349, 356-357 (1908).

[371] Miller _v._ Schoene, 276 U.S. 272, 277, 279 (1928).

[372] Sligh _v._ Kirkwood, 237 U.S. 52 (1915).

[373] Bayside Fish Flour Co. _v._ Gentry, 297 U.S. 422, 426 (1936).

[374] Manchester _v._ Massachusetts, 139 U.S. 240 (1891); Geer _v._ Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519 (1896).

[375] Miller _v._ McLaughlin, 281 U.S. 261, 264 (1930).

[376] Bayside Fish Flour Co. _v._ Gentry, 297 U.S. 422 (1936).

[377] Geer _v._ Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519 (1896).

[378] Silz _v._ Hesterberg, 211 U.S. 31 (1908).

[379] Reinman _v._ Little Rock, 237 U.S. 171 (1915).

[380] Hadacheck _v._ Sebastian, 239 U.S. 394 (1915).

[381] Fischer _v._ St. Louis, 194 U.S. 361 (1904).

[382] Reinman _v._ Little Rock, 237 U.S. 171 (1915).

[383] Bacon _v._ Walker, 204 U.S. 311 (1907).

[384] Northwestern Laundry Co. _v._ Des Moines, 239 U.S. 486 (1916). For a case embracing a rather special set of facts, _see_ Dobbins _v._ Los Angeles, 195 U.S. 223 (1904).

[385] Welch _v._ Swasey, 214 U.S. 91 (1909).

[386] Euclid _v._ Ambler Realty Co., 272 U.S. 365 (1926); Zahn _v._ Board of Public Works, 274 U.S. 325 (1927); Nectaw _v._ Cambridge, 277 U.S. 183 (1928); Cusack (Thomas) Co. _v._ Chicago, 242 U.S. 526 (1917); St. Louis Poster Advertising Co. _v._ St. Louis, 249 U.S. 269 (1919).

[387] Washington ex rel. Seattle Title Trust Co. _v._ Roberage, 278 U.S. 116 (1928).

[388] Eubank _v._ Richmond, 226 U.S. 137 (1912).

[389] Gorieb _v._ Fox, 274 U.S. 603 (1927).

[390] Buchanan _v._ Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917).

[391] Pierce Oil Corp. _v._ Hope, 248 U.S. 498 (1919).

[392] Standard Oil Co. _v._ Marysville, 279 U.S. 582 (1929).

[393] Barbier _v._ Connolly, 113 U.S. 27 (1885); Soon Hing _v._ Crowley, 113 U.S. 703 (1885).

[394] Maguire _v._ Reardon, 255 U.S. 271 (1921).

[395] Queenside Hills Co. _v._ Saxl, 328 U.S. 80 (1946).

[396] Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a Vapeur _v._ Louisiana State Board of Health, 186 U.S. 380 (1902).

[397] Jacobson _v._ Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11 (1905); New York ex rel. Lieberman _v._ Van De Carr, 199 U.S. 552 (1905).

[398] Perley _v._ North Carolina, 249 U.S. 510 (1919).

[399] California Reduction Co. _v._ Sanitary Reduction Works, 199 U.S. 306 (1905).

[400] Hutchinson _v._ Valdosta, 227 U.S. 303 (1913).

[401] Sligh _v._ Kirkwood, 237 U.S. 52, 59-60 (1915).

[402] Powell _v._ Pennsylvania, 127 U.S. 678 (1888); Magnano (A.) Co. _v._ Hamilton, 292 U.S. 40 (1934).

[403] North American Cold Storage Co. _v._ Chicago, 211 U.S. 306 (1908).

[404] Adams _v._ Milwaukee, 228 U.S. 572 (1913).

[405] Baccus _v._ Louisiana, 232 U.S. 334 (1914).

[406] Roschen _v._ Ward, 279 U.S. 337 (1929).

[407] Minnesota ex rel. Whipple _v._ Martinson, 256 U.S. 41, 45 (1921).

[408] Hutchinson Ice Cream Co. _v._ Iowa, 242 U.S. 153 (1916).

[409] Hebe Co. _v._ Shaw, 248 U.S. 297 (1919).

[410] Price _v._ Illinois, 238 U.S. 446 (1915).

[411] Sage Stores _v._ Kansas, 323 U.S. 32 (1944).

[412] Weaver _v._ Palmer Bros Co., 270 U.S. 402 (1926).

[413] Ah Sin _v._ Wittman, 198 U.S. 500 (1905).

[414] Marvin _v._ Trout, 199 U.S. 212 (1905).

[415] Stone _v._ Mississippi ex rel. Harris, 101 U.S. 814 (1880); Douglas _v._ Kentucky, 168 U.S. 488 (1897).

[416] L'Hote _v._ New Orleans, 177 U.S. 587 (1900).

[417] Petit _v._ Minnesota, 177 U.S. 164 (1900).

[418] Boston Beer Co. _v._ Massachusetts, 97 U.S. 25, 33 (1878); Mugler _v._ Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887); Kidd _v._ Pearson, 128 U.S. 1 (1888); Purity Extract & Tonic Co. _v._ Lynch, 226 U.S. 192 (1912); James Clark Distilling Co. _v._ Western Maryland R. Co., 242 U.S. 311 (1917); Barbour _v._ Georgia, 249 U.S. 454 (1919).

[419] Mugler _v._ Kansas, 123 U.S. 623, 671 (1887).

[420] Hawes _v._ Georgia, 258 U.S. 1 (1922); Van Oster _v._ Kansas, 272 U.S. 465 (1926).

[421] Stephenson _v._ Binford, 287 U.S. 251 (1932).

[422] Stanley _v._ Public Utilities Commission, 295 U.S. 76 (1935).

[423] Stephenson _v._ Binford, 287 U.S. 251 (1932).

[424] Michigan Public Utilities Commission _v._ Duke, 266 U.S. 570 (1925).

[425] Frost _v._ Railroad Commission, 271 U.S. 583 (1926); Smith _v._ Cahoon, 283 U.S. 553 (1931).

[426] Bradley _v._ Pub. Util. Comm'n., 289 U.S. 92 (1933).

[427] Sproles _v._ Binford, 286 U.S. 374 (1932).

[428] Railway Express _v._ New York, 336 U.S. 106 (1949).

[429] Reitz _v._ Mealey, 314 U.S. 33 (1941).

[430] Young _v._ Masci, 289 U.S. 253 (1933).

[431] Ex parte Poresky, 290 U.S. 30 (1933). _See also_ Packard _v._ Banton, 264 U.S. 140 (1924); Sprout _v._ South Bend, 277 U.S. 163 (1928); Hodge Drive-It-Yourself Co. _v._ Cincinnati, 284 U.S. 335 (1932); Continental Baking Co. _v._ Woodring, 286 U.S. 352 (1932).

[432] Irving Trust Co. _v._ Day, 314 U.S. 556, 564 (1942).

[433] Demorest _v._ City Bank Co., 321 U.S. 36, 47-48 (1944).

[434] Connecticut Ins. Co. _v._ Moore, 333 U.S. 541 (1948). Justice Jackson and Douglas dissented on the ground that New York is attempting to escheat unclaimed funds not located either actually or constructively in New York and which are the property of beneficiaries who may never have been citizens or residents of New York.

[435] 341 U.S. 428 (1951).

[436] Snowden _v._ Hughes, 321 U.S. 1 (1944).

[437] Angle _v._ Chicago, St. P.M. & O.R. Co., 151 U.S. 1 (1894).

[438] Coombes _v._ Getz, 285 U.S. 434, 442, 448 (1932).

[439] Gibbes _v._ Zimmerman, 290 U.S. 326, 332 (1933).

[440] Shriver _v._ Woodbine Sav. Bank, 285 U.S. 467 (1932).

[441] Chase Securities Corp. _v._ Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304, 315-316 (1945).

[442] Sentell _v._ New Orleans & C.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698 (1897).

[443] Soliah _v._ Heskin, 222 U.S. 522 (1912).

[444] Trenton _v._ New Jersey, 262 U.S. 182 (1923).

[445] Chicago _v._ Sturges, 222 U.S. 313 (1911).

[446] Louisiana ex rel. Folsom Bros. _v._ New Orleans, 109 U.S. 285, 289 (1883).

[447] Attorney General ex rel. Kies _v._ Lowrey, 199 U.S. 233 (1905).

[448] Hunter _v._ Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161 (1907).

[449] Stewart _v._ Kansas City, 239 U.S. 14 (1915).

[450] Tonawanda _v._ Lyon, 181 U.S. 389 (1901); Cass Farm Co. _v._ Detroit, 181 U.S. 396 (1901).

[451] Southwestern Oil Co. _v._ Texas, 217 U.S. 114, 119 (1910).

[452] Citizens' Sav. & L. Asso. _v._ Topeka, 20 Wall. 655 (1875); Jones _v._ Portland, 245 U.S. 217 (1917); Green _v._ Frazier, 253 U.S. 233 (1920); Carmichael _v._ Southern Coal & Coke Co., 300 U.S. 644 (1937).

[453] Milheim _v._ Moffat Tunnel Improv. Dist., 262 U.S. 710 (1923).

[454] Jones _v._ Portland, 245 U.S. 217 (1917).

[455] Green _v._ Frazier, 253 U.S. 233 (1920).

[456] Nicchia _v._ New York, 254 U.S. 228 (1920).

[457] Milheim _v._ Moffat Tunnel Improv. Dist, 262 U.S. 710 (1923).

[458] Cochran _v._ Louisiana State Bd. of Ed., 281 U.S. 370 (1930).

[459] Carmichael _v._ Southern Coal & Coke Co., 300 U.S. 644 (1937).

[460] Fox _v._ Standard Oil Co., 294 U.S. 87, 99 (1935).

[461] Stewart Dry Goods Co. _v._ Lewis, 294 U.S. 550 (1935). _See also_ Chapman _v._ Zobelein, 237 U.S. 135 (1915); Kelly _v._ Pittsburgh, 104 U.S. 78 (1881).

[462] Nashville, C. & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Wallace, 288 U.S. 249 (1933); Carmichael _v._ Southern Coal & Coke Co., 300 U.S. 644 (1937). A taxpayer therefore cannot contest the imposition of an income tax on the ground that, in operation, it returns to his town less income tax than he and its other inhabitants pay.--Dane _v._ Jackson, 256 U.S. 589 (1921).

[463] Stebbins _v._ Riley, 268 U.S. 137, 140, 141 (1925).

[464] Cahen _v._ Brewster, 203 U.S. 543 (1906).

[465] Keeney _v._ New York, 222 U.S. 525 (1912).

[466] Salomon _v._ State Tax Commission, 278 U.S. 484 (1929).

[467] Orr _v._ Gilman, 183 U.S. 278 (1902); Chanler _v._ Kelsey, 205 U.S. 466 (1907).

[468] Nickel _v._ Cole, 256 U.S. 222, 226 (1921).

[469] Coolidge _v._ Long, 282 U.S. 582 (1931).

[470] Binney _v._ Long, 299 U.S. 280 (1936).

[471] Whitney _v._ State Tax Com., 309 U.S. 530, 540(1940).

[472] Welch _v._ Henry, 305 U.S. 134, 147 (1938).

[473] Hoeper _v._ Tax Commission, 284 U.S. 206 (1931).

[474] Welch _v._ Henry, 305 U.S. 134, 147-150 (1938).

[475] Puget Sound Power & Light Co. _v._ Seattle, 291 U.S. 619 (1934).

[476] New York, P. & N. Teleg. Co. _v._ Dolan, 265 U.S. 96 (1924).

[477] Barwise _v._ Sheppard, 299 U.S. 33 (1936).

[478] Nashville, O. & St. L. Ky. _v._ Browning, 310 U.S. 362 (1940).

[479] Paddell _v._ New York, 211 U.S. 446 (1908).

[480] Hagar _v._ Reclamation District, 111 U.S. 701 (1884).

[481] Butters _v._ Oakland, 263 U.S. 162 (1923).

[482] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Western Crawford Road Improv. Dist., 266 U.S. 187 (1924). _See also_ Roberts _v._ Richland Irrig. Co., 289 U.S. 71 (1933) in which it was also stated that an assessment to pay the general indebtedness of an irrigation district is valid, even though in excess of the benefits received.

[483] Houck _v._ Little River Drainage Dist, 239 U.S. 254 (1915).

[484] Road Improv. Dist. _v._ Missouri P.R. Co., 274 U.S. 188 (1927).

[485] Kansas City Southern R. Co. _v._ Road Improv. Dist., 266 U.S. 379 (1924).

[486] Louisville & N.R. Co. _v._ Barber Asphalt Pav. Co., 197 U.S. 430 (1905).

[487] Myles Salt Co. _v._ Iberia & St. M. Drainage Dist., 239 U.S. 478 (1916).

[488] Wagner _v._ Leser, 239 U.S. 207 (1915).

[489] Charlotte Harbor & N.R. Co. _v._ Welles, 260 U.S. 8 (1922).

[490] Union Refrigerator Transit Co. _v._ Kentucky, 199 U.S. 194, 204 (1905). _See also_ Louisville & J. Ferry Co. _v._ Kentucky, 188 U.S. 385 (1903).

[491] Carstairs _v._ Cochran, 193 U.S. 10 (1904); Hannis Distilling Co. _v._ Baltimore, 216 U.S. 285 (1910); Frick _v._ Pennsylvania, 268 U.S. 473 (1925); Blodgett _v._ Silberman, 277 U.S. 1 (1928).

[492] New York ex rel. New York, C. & H.R.R. Co. _v._ Miller, 202 U.S. 584 (1906).

[493] Wheeling Steel Corp _v._ Fox, 298 U.S. 193, 209-210 (1936); Union Refrigerator Transit Co. _v._ Kentucky, 199 U.S. 194, 207 (1905); Johnson Oil Ref. Co. _v._ Oklahoma ex rel. Mitchell, 290 U.S. 158 (1933).

[494] Robert L. Howard, State Jurisdiction to Tax Intangibles: A Twelve Year Cycle, 8 Missouri Law Review 155, 160-162 (1943); Ralph T. Rawlins, State Jurisdiction to Tax Intangibles: Some Modern Aspects, 18 Texas Law Review 296, 314-315 (1940).

[495] Kirtland _v._ Hotchkiss, 100 U.S. 491, 498 (1879).

[496] Savings & L. Soc. _v._ Multnomah County, 169 U.S. 421 (1898).

[497] Bristol _v._ Washington County, 177 U.S. 133, 141 (1900).

[498] Fidelity & C. Trust Co. _v._ Louisville, 245 U.S. 54 (1917).

[499] Rogers _v._ Hennepin County, 240 U.S. 184 (1916).

[500] Citizens Nat. Bank _v._ Durr, 257 U.S. 99, 109 (1921).

[501] Hawley _v._ Maiden, 232 U.S. 1, 12 (1914).

[502] First Bank Stock Corp. _v._ Minnesota, 301 U.S. 234, 241 (1937).

[503] Schuylkill Trust Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 302 U.S. 506 (1938).

[504] Harvester Co. _v._ Dept. of Taxation, 322 U.S. 435 (1944).

[505] Wisconsin Gas Co. _v._ United States, 322 U.S. 526 (1944).

[506] New York ex rel. Hatch _v._ Reardon, 204 U.S. 152 (1907).

[507] Graniteville Mfg. Co. _v._ Query, 283 U.S. 376 (1931).

[508] Buck _v._ Beach, 206 U.S. 392 (1907).

[509] Brooke _v._ Norfolk, 277 U.S. 27 (1928).

[510] Greenough _v._ Tax Assessors, 331 U.S. 486, 496-497 (1947).

[511] 277 U.S. 27 (1928).

[512] 280 U.S. 83 (1929).

[513] Senior _v._ Braden, 295 U.S. 422 (1985).

[514] Stebbins _v._ Riley, 268 U.S. 137, 140-141 (1925).

[515] 199 U.S. 194 (1905).--In dissenting in State Tax Commission _v._ Aldrich, 316 U.S. 174, 185 (1942), Justice Jackson asserted that a reconsideration of this principle had become timely.

[516] 268 U.S. 473 (1925). _See also_ Treichler _v._ Wisconsin, 338 U.S. 251 (1949); City Bank Farmers Trust Co. _v._ Schnader, 293 U.S. 112 (1934).

[517] 240 U.S. 625, 631 (1916).--A decision rendered in 1920 which is seemingly in conflict was Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. _v._ Doughton, 272 U.S. 567, in which North Carolina was prevented from taxing the exercise of a power of appointment through a will executed therein by a resident, when the property was a trust fund in Massachusetts created by the will of a resident of the latter State. One of the reasons assigned for this result was that by the law of Massachusetts the property involved was treated as passing from the original donor to the appointee. However, this holding was overruled in Graves _v._ Schmidlapp, 315 U.S. 657 (1942).

[518] 233 U.S. 434 (1914).

[519] Rhode Island Hospital Trust Co. _v._ Doughton, 270 U.S. 69 (1926).

[520] 277 U.S. 1 (1928).

[521] First National Bank _v._ Maine, 284 U.S. 312, 330-331 (1932).

[522] 280 U.S. 204 (1930).

[523] 188 U.S. 189 (1903).

[524] 281 U.S. 586 (1930).--In dissenting, Justice Holmes observed that Wheeler _v._ Sohmer, 233 U.S. 434 (1914), previously mentioned, apparently joined Blackstone _v._ Miller on the "Index Expurgatorius."

[525] 282 U.S. 1 (1930).

[526] 284 U.S. 312 (1932).

[527] 316 U.S. 174 (1942).

[528] 307 U.S. 357, 363, 366-368, 372 (1939).

[529] 308 U.S. 313 (1939).

[530] 307 U.S. 383 (1939).

[531] Ibid. 386.

[532] 315 U.S. 657, 660, 661 (1942).

[533] 4 Wheat. 316, 429 (1819).

[534] 319 U.S. 94 (1943).

[535] 306 U.S. 398 (1939).

[536] Wheeling Steel Corp. _v._ Fox, 298 U.S. 193 (1936). _See also_ Memphis Gas Co. _v._ Beeler, 315 U.S. 649, 652 (1942).

[537] Adams Express Co. _v._ Ohio State Auditor, 165 U.S. 194 (1897).

[538] Alpha Portland Cement Co. _v._ Massachusetts, 268 U.S. 203 (1925).

[539] Cream of Wheat Co. _v._ Grand Forks County, 253 U.S. 325 (1920).

[540] Newark Fire Ins. Co. _v._ State Board, 307 U.S. 313, 318, 324 (1939). Although the eight judges affirming this tax were not in agreement as to the reasons to be assigned in justification of this result, the holding appears to be in line with the dictum uttered by the late Chief Justice Stone in Curry _v._ McCanless (307 U.S. at 368) to the effect that the taxation of a corporation by a State where it does business, measured by the value of the intangibles used in its business there, does not preclude the State of incorporation from imposing a tax measured by all its intangibles.

[541] Delaware L. & W.R. Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 198 U.S. 341 (1905).

[542] Louisville & J. Ferry Co. _v._ Kentucky, 188 U.S. 385 (1903).

[543] Kansas City Ry. _v._ Kansas, 240 U.S. 227 (1916); Kansas City, M. & B.R. Co. _v._ Stiles, 242 U.S. 111 (1916).

[544] Schwab _v._ Richardson, 263 U.S. 88 (1923).

[545] Western U. Teleg. Co. _v._ Kansas ex rel. Coleman, 216 U.S. 1 (1910); Pullman Co. _v._ Kansas ex rel. Coleman, 216 U.S. 56 (1910); Looney _v._ Crane Co., 245 U.S. 178 (1917); International Paper Co. _v._ Massachusetts, 246 U.S. 135 (1918).

[546] Cudahy Packing Co. _v._ Hinkle, 278 U.S. 460 (1929).

[547] St. Louis S.W.R. Co. _v._ Arkansas ex rel. Norwood, 235 U.S. 350 (1914).

[548] Atlantic Refining Co. _v._ Virginia, 302 U.S. 22 (1937).

[549] American Mfg Co. _v._ St. Louis, 250 U.S. 459 (1919). Nor does a State license tax on the production of electricity violate the due process clause because it may be necessary, to ascertain, as an element in its computation, the amounts delivered in another jurisdiction.--Utah Power & Light Co. _v._ Pfost, 286 U.S. 165 (1932).

[550] James _v._ Dravo Contracting Co. 302 U.S. 134 (1937).

[551] Union Refrigerator Transit Co. _v._ Kentucky, 199 U.S. 194 (1905).

[552] Southern Pacific Co. _v._ Kentucky, 222 U.S. 63 (1911).

[553] Old Dominion Steamship Co. _v._ Virginia, 198 U.S. 299 (1905).

[554] 199 U.S. 194 (1905).

[555] Pullman's Palace Car Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 141 U.S. 18 (1891).

[556] Northwest Airlines _v._ Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292, 294-297, 307 (1944).--The case was said to be governed by New York Central Railroad _v._ Miller, 202 U.S. 584, 596 (1906). As to the problem of multiple taxation of such airplanes, which had in fact been taxed proportionately by other States, the Court declared that the "taxability of any part of this fleet by any other State than Minnesota, in view of the taxability of the entire fleet by that State, is not now before us." Justice Jackson, in a concurring opinion, would treat Minnesota's right [to tax as] exclusive of any similar right elsewhere.

[557] Johnson Oil Ref. Co. _v._ Oklahoma ex rel. Mitchell, 290 U.S. 158 (1933).

[558] Pittsburgh, C.C. & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Backus, 154 U.S. 421 (1894).

[559] Wallace _v._ Hines, 253 U.S. 66 (1920).--For example, the ratio of track mileage within the taxing State to total track mileage cannot be employed in evaluating that portion of total railway property found in said State when the cost of the lines in the taxing State was much less than in other States and the most valuable terminals of the railroad were located in other States. _See also_ Fargo _v._ Hart, 193 U.S. 490 (1904); Union Tank Line _v._ Wright, 249 U.S. 275 (1919).

[560] Great Northern R. Co. _v._ Minnesota, 278 U.S. 503 (1929).

[561] Illinois Cent. R. Co. _v._ Minnesota, 309 U.S. 157 (1940).

[562] Lawrence _v._ State Tax Commission, 286 U.S. 276 (1932).

[563] Shaffer _v._ Carter, 252 U.S. 37 (1920); Travis _v._ Yale & T. Mfg. Co., 252 U.S. 60 (1920).

[564] New York ex rel. Cohn _v._ Graves, 300 U.S. 308 (1937).

[565] Maguire _v._ Trefry, 253 U.S. 12 (1920).

[566] Guaranty Trust Co. _v._ Virginia, 305 U.S. 19, 23 (1938).

[567] Whitney _v._ Graves, 299 U.S. 366 (1937).

[568] Underwood Typewriter Co. _v._ Chamberlain, 254 U.S. 113 (1920); Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton _v._ State Tax Commission, 266 U.S. 271 (1924).

[569] Hans Rees' Sons _v._ North Carolina, 283 U.S. 123 (1931).

[570] Matson Nav. Co. _v._ State Board, 297 U.S. 441 (1936).

[571] Wisconsin _v._ J.C. Penney Co., 311 U.S. 435, 448-449 (1940). Dissenting, Justice Roberts, along with Chief Justice Hughes and Justices McReynolds and Reed, stressed the fact that the use and disbursement by the corporation at its home office of income derived from operations in many States does not depend on, and cannot be controlled by, any law of Wisconsin. The act of disbursing such income as dividends, he contended, is "one wholly beyond the reach of Wisconsin's sovereign power, one which it cannot effectively command, or prohibit or condition." The assumption that a proportion of the dividends distributed is paid out of earnings in Wisconsin for the year immediately preceding payment is arbitrary and not borne out by the facts. Accordingly, "if the exaction is an income tax in any sense it is such upon the stockholders [many of whom are nonresidents] and is obviously bad."--_See also_ Wisconsin _v._ Minnesota Mining Co., 311 U.S. 452 (1940).

[572] Great A. & P. Tea Co. _v._ Grosjean, 301 U.S. 412 (1937).

[573] Equitable L. Assur. Soc. _v._ Pennsylvania, 238 U.S. 143 (1915).

[574] Provident Sav. Life Assur. Soc. _v._ Kentucky, 239 U.S. 103 (1915).

[575] Continental Co. _v._ Tennessee, 311 U.S. 5, 6 (1940), (Emphasis supplied).

[576] Palmetto F. Ins. Co. _v._ Connecticut, 272 U.S. 295 (1926).

[577] St. Louis Cotton Compress Co. _v._ Arkansas, 260 U.S. 346 (1922).

[578] Connecticut General Co. _v._ Johnson, 303 U.S. 77 (1938).

[579] Metropolitan L. Ins. Co. _v._ New Orleans, 205 U.S. 395 (1907).

[580] Board of Assessors _v._ New York L. Ins. Co., 216 U.S. 517 (1910).

[581] Liverpool & L. & G. Ins. Co. _v._ Board of Assessors, 221 U.S. 346 (1911).

[582] Orient Ins. Co. _v._ Board of Assessors, 221 U.S. 358 (1911).

[583] Turpin _v._ Lemon, 187 U.S. 51, 58 (1902); Glidden _v._ Harrington, 189 U.S. 255 (1903).

[584] McMillen _v._ Anderson, 95 U.S. 37, 42 (1877).

[585] Bell's Gap R. Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 134 U.S. 232, 239 (1890).

[586] Hodge _v._ Muscatine County, 196 U.S. 276 (1905).

[587] Hagar _v._ Reclamation Dist. No. 108, 111 U.S. 701, 709-710 (1884).

[588] Hagar _v._ Reclamation Dist. No. 108, 111 U.S. 701, 710 (1884).

[589] McMillen _v._ Anderson, 95 U.S. 37, 42 (1877).

[590] Taylor _v._ Secor, (State Railroad Tax Cases), 92 U.S. 575, 610 (1876).

[591] Nickey _v._ Mississippi, 292 U.S. 393, 396 (1934). _See also_ Clement Nat. Bank _v._ Vermont, 231 U.S. 120 (1914).

[592] Pittsburgh, C.C. & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Backus, 154 U.S. 421 (1894).

[593] Michigan C.R. Co. _v._ Powers, 201 U.S. 245, 302 (1906).

[594] Pittsburgh, C.C. & St. L.R. Co. _v._ Board of Public Works, 172 U.S. 32, 45 (1898).

[595] St. Louis & K.C. Land Co. _v._ Kansas City, 241 U.S. 419, 430 (1916); Paulson _v._ Portland, 149 U.S. 30, 41 (1893); Bauman _v._ Ross, 167 U.S. 548, 590 (1897).

[596] Tonawanda _v._ Lyon, 161 U.S. 389, 391 (1901).

[597] Londoner _v._ Denver, 210 U.S. 373 (1908).

[598] Withnell _v._ Ruecking Constr. Co., 249 U.S. 63, 68 (1919); Browning _v._ Hooper, 269 U.S. 396, 405 (1926). Likewise, the committing to a board of county supervisors of authority to determine, without notice or hearing, when repairs to an existing drainage system are necessary cannot be said to deny due process of law to landowners in the district, who, by statutory requirement, are assessed for the cost thereof in proportion to the original assessments.--Breiholz _v._ Pocahontas County, 257 U.S. 118 (1921).

[599] Fallbrook Irrig. District _v._ Bradley, 164 U.S. 112, 168, 175 (1896); Browning _v._ Hooper, 269 U S. 396, 405 (1926).

[600] Utley _v._ St. Petersburg, 292 U.S. 106, 109 (1934); French _v._ Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U.S. 324, 341 (1901). _See also_ Soliah _v._ Heskin, 222 U.S. 522 (1912).

[601] Hibben _v._ Smith, 191 U.S. 310, 321 (1903).

[602] Hancock _v._ Muskogee, 250 U.S. 454, 488 (1919).--Likewise, a taxpayer does not have a right to a hearing before a State board of equalization preliminary to issuance by it of an order increasing the valuation of all property in a city by 40%.--Bi-Metallic Invest. Co. _v._ State Bd. of Equalization, 239 U.S. 441 (1915).

[603] Detroit _v._ Parker, 181 U.S. 399 (1901).

[604] Paulsen _v._ Portland, 149 U.S. 30, 38 (1893).

[605] Londoner _v._ Denver, 210 U.S. 373 (1908). _See also_ Cincinnati, N.O. & T.P.R. Co. _v._ Kentucky (Kentucky Railroad Tax Cases), 115 U.S. 321, 331 (1885); Winona & St. P. Land Co. _v._ Minnesota, 159 U.S. 526, 537 (1895); Merchants' & Mfgrs. Nat. Bank _v._ Pennsylvania, 167 U.S. 461, 466 (1897); Glidden _v._ Harrington, 189 U.S. 255 (1903).

[606] Corry _v._ Baltimore, 196 U.S. 466, 478 (1905).

[607] Leigh _v._ Green, 193 U.S. 79, 92-93 (1904).

[608] Ontario Land Co. _v._ Yordy, 212 U.S. 152 (1909). _See also_ Longyear _v._ Toolan, 209 U.S. 414 (1908).

[609] Brinkerhoff-Faris Trust & Sav. Co. _v._ Hill, 281 U.S. 673 (1930).

[610] Central of Georgia R. Co. _v._ Wright, 207 U.S. 127 (1907).

[611] Carpenter _v._ Shaw, 280 U.S. 363 (1930). _See also_ Ward _v._ Love County, 253 U.S. 17 (1920).

[612] Farncomb _v._ Denver, 252 U.S. 7 (1920).

[613] Pullman Co. _v._ Knott, 235 U.S. 23 (1914).

[614] Bankers Trust Co. _v._ Blodgett, 260 U.S. 647 (1923).

[615] National Safe Deposit Co. _v._ Stead, 232 U.S. 58 (1914).

[616] Pierce Oil Corp. _v._ Hopkins, 264 U.S. 137 (1924).

[617] Carstairs _v._ Cochran, 193 U.S. 10 (1904); Hannis Distilling Co. _v._ Baltimore, 216 U.S. 285 (1910).

[618] Travis _v._ Yale & T. Mfg. Co., 252 U.S. 60, 75-76 (1920).

[619] League _v._ Texas, 184 U.S. 156 (1902).

[620] Palmer _v._ McMahon, 133 U.S. 660, 669 (1890).

[621] Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. _v._ Bowland, 196 U.S. 611 (1905).

[622] King _v._ Mullins, 171 U.S. 404 (1898); Chapman _v._ Zobelein, 237 U.S. 135 (1915).

[623] Leigh _v._ Green, 193 U.S. 79 (1904).

[624] Davidson _v._ New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97, 107 (1878).

[625] Dewey _v._ Des Moines, 173 U.S. 193 (1899).

[626] League _v._ Texas, 184 U.S. 156, 158 (1902). _See also_ Straus _v._ Foxworth, 231 U.S. 162 (1913).

[627] Exercisable as to every description of property, tangibles and intangibles including choses in action, contracts, and charters, but only for a public purpose, the power of eminent domain may also be conferred by the State upon municipal corporations, public utilities, and even upon individuals. Like every other governmental power, the power of eminent domain cannot be surrendered by the State or its subdivisions either by contract or by any other means.--Long Island Water Supply Co. _v._ Brooklyn, 166 U.S. 685 (1897); Offield _v._ New York, N.H. & H.R. Co., 203 U.S. 372 (1906); Sweet _v._ Rechel, 159 U.S. 380 (1895); Clark _v._ Nash, 198 U.S. 361 (1905); Pennsylvania Hospital _v._ Philadelphia, 245 U.S. 20 (1917); Galveston Wharf Co. _v._ Galveston, 260 U.S. 473 (1923).

[628] Green _v._ Frazier, 253 U.S. 233, 238 (1920).

[629] 7 Pet. 243.

[630] 96 U.S. 97, 105.

[631] 166 U.S. 226, 233, 236-237 (1897); _see also_ Sweet _v_: Rechel, 159 U.S. 380, 398 (1895).

[632] Hairston _v._ Danville & W.R. Co., 208 U.S. 598, 606 (1908).

[633] Green _v._ Frazier, 253 U.S. 233, 240 (1920); Cincinnati _v._ Vester, 281 U.S. 439, 446 (1930).

[634] Hairston _v._ Danville & W.R. Co., 208 U.S. 598, 607 (1908).

[635] United States ex rel. T.V.A. _v._ Welch, 327 U.S. 546, 551-552, 556-558 (1946), citing Case _v._ Bowles, 327 U.S. 92, 101 (1946), and New York _v._ United States, 326 U.S. 572 (1946)--Concurring in the result, Justice Frankfurter insisted that "the fact that the nature of the subject matter gives the legislative determination nearly immunity from judicial review does not mean that the power to review is wanting." Also concurring in the result, Justice Reed, for himself and Chief Justice Stone, dissented from that portion of the opinion which suggested that "there is no judicial review" of the question whether a "taking is for a public purpose."

[636] Justice Reed concurring in United States ex rel. T.V.A. _v._ Welch, 327 U.S. 546, 557 (1946).

[637] Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57-59 (1919).--It is no longer open to question that the State legislature may confer upon a municipality the authority to determine such necessity for itself.--Joslin Mfg. Co. _v._ Providence, 262 U.S. 668, 678 (1923).

[638] Rindge Co. _v._ Los Angeles County, 262 U.S. 700 (1923).

[639] Pumpelly _v._ Green Bay Company, 13 Wall. 166, 177-178 (1872); Welch _v._ Swasey, 214 U.S. 91 (1909); Pennsylvania Coal Co. _v._ Mahon, 260 U.S. 393 (1922). _See also_ comparable cases involving the Federal Government and discussed under the Fifth Amendment, United States _v._ Lynah, 188 U.S. 445 (1903); United States _v._ Cress, 243 U.S. 316 (1917); Portsmouth Harbor L. & H. Co. _v._ United States, 260 U.S. 327 (1922); United States _v._ Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946). _See also_ the cases hereinafter discussed on the limitations on "uncompensated takings."

[640] Long Island Water Supply Co. _v._ Brooklyn, 166 U.S. 685 (1897)

[641] Clark _v._ Nash, 198 U.S. 361 (1905).

[642] Strickley _v._ Highland Boy Gold Mining Co., 200 U.S. 527 (1906).

[643] Mt. Vernon-Woodberry Cotton Duck Co. _v._. Alabama Interstate Power Co., 240 U.S. 30 (1916).

[644] Hendersonville Light & Power Co. _v._. Blue Ridge Interurban R. Co., 243 U.S. 563 (1917).

[645] Roe _v._ Kansas ex rel. Smith, 278 U.S. 191, 193 (1929).

[646] Dohany _v._ Rogers, 281 U.S. 362 (1930).

[647] Hairston _v._ Danville & W.R. Co., 208 U.S. 598 (1908).

[648] Delaware, L. & W.R. Co. _v._ Morristown, 276 U.S. 182 (1928).

[649] Otis Co. _v._ Ludlow Mfg. Co., 201 U.S. 140, 151, 153 (1906). _See also_ Head _v._ Amoskeag Mfg. Co., 113 U.S. 9, 20-21 (1885).

[650] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Nebraska ex rel. Board of Transportation, 164 U.S. 403, 416 (1896). The State court in this case was declared to have acknowledged that the taking was not for a public use. Hence, its reversal by the Supreme Court did not conflict with the later observation by the Court that "no case is recalled where this Court has condemned * * * a taking upheld by the State court as a taking for public uses in conformity with its laws."--_See_ Hairston _v._ Danville & W.R. Co., 208 U.S. 598, 607 (1908).

[651] Backus (A.) Jr. and Sons _v._ Port Street Union Depot Co., 169 U.S. 557, 573, 575 (1898).

[652] McGovern _v._ New York, 229 U.S. 363, 370-371 (1913).

[653] Ibid. 371.

[654] Provo Bench Canal and Irrig. Co. _v._ Tanner, 239 U.S. 323 (1915); Appleby _v._ Buffalo, 221 U.S. 524 (1911).

[655] Backus (A.) Jr. and Sons _v._ Port Street Union Depot Co., 169 U.S. 557, 569 (1898).

[656] Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. _v._ Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 250 (1897); McGovern _v._ New York, 229 U.S. 363, 372 (1913).

[657] Roberts _v._ New York, 295 U.S. 264 (1935).

[658] Dohany _v._ Rogers, 281 U.S. 362 (1930).

[659] Joslin Mfg. Co. _v._ Providence, 262 U.S. 668, 677 (1923).

[660] Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. _v._ Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 255 (1897).

[661] Manigault _v._ Springs, 199 U.S. 473, 484-485 (1905).

[662] Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co. _v._ Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 252 (1897).

[663] Darling _v._ Newport News, 249 U.S. 540 (1919).

[664] Northern Transportation Co. _v._ Chicago, 99 U.S. 635, 642 (1879). _See also_ Marchant _v._ Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 153 U.S. 380 (1894).

[665] Meyer _v._ Richmond, 172 U.S. 82 (1898). For cases illustrative of the types of impairment or flooding consequent upon erection of dams or aids to navigation which have been deemed to amount to a taking for which compensation must be paid, _see_ Pumpelly _v._ Green Bay Company, 13 Wall. 166 (1872); United States _v._ Lynah, 188 U.S. 445 (1903); United States _v._ Cress, 243 U.S. 316 (1917).

[666] Sauer _v._ New York, 206 U.S. 536 (1907).

[667] Welch _v._ Swasey, 214 U.S. 91 (1909).

[668] Pennsylvania Coal Co. _v._ Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 413-414 (1922). For comparable cases involving the Federal Government _see_ Portsmouth Harbor L. & H. Co. _v._ United States, 260 U.S. 327 (1922) and United States _v._ Causby, 328 U.S. 256 (1946).

[669] Georgia _v._ Chattanooga, 264 U.S. 472, 483 (1924).

[670] North Laramie Land Co. _v._ Hoffman, 268 U.S. 276, 283 (1925). _See also_ Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57 (1919).

[671] Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57 (1919); Joslin Mfg. Co. _v._ Providence, 262 U.S. 668, 678 (1923).

[672] Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57, 59 (1919); North Laramie Land Co. _v._ Hoffman, 268 U.S. 276 (1925).

[673] Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57, 59 (1919).

[674] Long Island Water Supply Co. _v._ Brooklyn, 166 U.S. 685, 695 (1897).

[675] Hays _v._ Seattle, 251 U.S. 233, 238 (1920); Bailey _v._ Anderson, 326 U.S. 203, 205 (1945).

[676] The requirements of due process in tax and eminent domain proceedings are discussed in conjunction with the coverage of these topics. _See_ pp. 1056-1062, 1069.

[677] Hagar _v._ Reclamation Dist., 111 U.S. 701, 708 (1884); Hurtado _v._ California, 110 U.S. 516, 537 (1884).

[678] Brown _v._ New Jersey, 175 U.S. 172, 175 (1899); Hurtado _v._ California, 110 U.S. 516, 529 (1884); Twining _v._ New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 101 (1908); Anderson Nat. Bank _v._ Luckett, 321 U.S. 233, 244 (1944).

[679] Marchant _v._ Pennsylvania R. Co., 153 U.S. 380, 386 (1894).

[680] Ballard _v._ Hunter, 204 U.S. 241, 255 (1907); Palmer v. McMahon, 133 U.S. 660, 668 (1890).

[681] McMillen _v._ Anderson, 95 U.S. 37, 41 (1877).

[682] R.R. Commission _v._ Oil Co., 311 U.S. 570 (1941). _See also_ Railroad Commission _v._ Oil Co., 310 U.S. 573 (1940).

[683] Dreyer _v._ Illinois, 187 U.S. 71, 83-84 (1902).

[684] New York ex rel. Lieberman _v._ Van De Carr, 199 U.S. 552, 562 (1905).

[685] Ohio ex rel. Bryant _v._ Akron Metropolitan Park Dist, 281 U.S. 74, 79 (1930).

[686] Carfer _v._ Caldwell, 200 U.S. 293, 297 (1906).

[687] Scott _v._ McNeal, 154 U.S. 34, 46 (1894); Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 733 (1878).

[688] National Exchange Bank _v._ Wiley, 195 U.S. 257, 270 (1904); Iron Cliffs Co. _v._ Negaunee Iron Co., 197 U.S. 463, 471 (1905).

[689] Arndt _v._ Griggs, 134 U.S. 316, 321 (1890); Grannis _v._ Ordean, 234 U.S. 385 (1914); Pennington _v._ Fourth Nat. Bank, 243 U.S. 269, 271 (1917).

[690] Goodrich _v._ Ferris, 214 U.S. 71, 80 (1909).

[691] Pennington _v._ Fourth Nat. Bank, 243 U.S. 269, 271 (1917).

[692] The jurisdictional requirements for rendering a valid decree in divorce proceedings are considered under the full faith and credit clause, _supra_, pp. 662-670.

[693] Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878); Simon _v._ Southern R. Co., 236 U.S. 115, 122 (1915); Grannis _v._ Ordean, 234 U.S. 385, 392, 394 (1914).

[694] Louisville & N.R. Co. _v._ Schmidt, 177 U.S. 230 (1900); McDonald _v._ Mabee, 243 U.S. 90, 91, (1917). _See also_ Adam _v._ Saenger, 303 U.S. 59 (1938).

[695] Rees _v._ Watertown, 19 Wall. 107 (1874); Coe _v._ Armour Fertilizer Works, 237 U.S. 413, 423 (1915); Griffin _v._ Griffin, 327 U.S. 220 (1946).

[696] Sugg _v._ Thornton, 132 U.S. 524 (1889).

[697] Riverside & Dan River Cotton Mills _v._ Menefee, 237 U.S. 189, 193 (1915); Hess _v._ Pawloski, 274 U.S. 352, 355 (1927). _See also_ Harkness _v._ Hyde, 98 U.S. 476 (1879); Wilson _v._ Seligman, 144 U.S. 41 (1892).

[698] Milliken _v._ Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 462-464 (1940).

[699] McDonald _v._ Mabee, 243 U.S. 90, 92 (1917).

[700] Thus, in an older decision rendered in 1919, the Court held that whereas "States could exclude foreign corporations * * *, and therefore establish * * * [appointment of such an agent] as a condition to letting them in," they had no power to exclude individuals; and as a consequence, a statute was ineffective which treated nonresident partners, by virtue of their having done business therein, as having consented to be bound by service of process on a person who was their employee when the transaction sued on arose but was not their agent at the time of service.--Flexner _v._ Farson, 248. U.S. 289, 293 (1919).

Because it might be construed to negative extension to nonresidents, other than motorists, of the statutory device upheld in Hess _v._ Pawloski, the doctrine of Flexner _v._ Farson, "that the mere transaction of business in a State by a nonresident natural person does not imply consent to be bound by the process of its courts," was recently condemned as inadequate "to cope with the increasing problem of practical responsibility of hazardous business conducted in absentia * * *"--Sugg _v._ Hendrix, 142 F. (2d) 740, 742 (1944).

[701] Hess _v._ Pawloski, 274 U.S. 352 (1927); Wuchter _v._ Pizzutti, 276 U.S. 13, 20, 24 (1928).

[702] 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945).

[703] 326 U.S. 310.

[704] Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. _v._ McKibbin, 243 U.S. 264, 265 (1917).

[705] In a very few cases, "continuous operations within a State were thought to be so substantial and of such a nature as to justify suits against [a foreign corporation] on causes of action arising from dealings entirely distinct from those" operations.--_See_ St. Louis S.W.R. Co. _v._ Alexander, 227 U.S. 218 (1913); Missouri, K. & T.R. Co. _v._ Reynolds, 255 U.S. 565 (1921).

[706] Old Wayne Life Assn. _v._ McDonough, 204 U.S. 8, 21 (1907).

[707] Simon _v._ Southern R. Co., 236 U.S. 115, 129-130 (1915).--In neither this case, nor the preceding decision were the defendant corporations notified of the pendency of the action, service having been made only on the Insurance Commissioner or the Secretary of State.

[708] Green _v._ Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co., 205 U.S. 530 (1907). _See also_ Davis _v._ Farmers Co-operative Co., 262 U.S. 312, 317 (1923).

[709] Pennsylvania F. Ins. Co. _v._ Gold Issue Min. & M. Co., 243 U.S. 93, 95-96 (1917).

[710] Rosenberg Bros. & Co. _v._ Curtis Brown Co., 260 U.S. 516, 517 (1923).

[711] Goldey _v._ Morning News, 156 U.S. 518 (1895).

[712] Conley _v._ Mathieson Alkali Works, 190 U.S. 406 (1903).

[713] Riverside Mills _v._ Menefee, 237 U.S. 189, 195 (1915).

[714] Mutual Life Insurance Co. _v._ Spratley, 172 U.S. 602 (1899).

[715] St. Clair _v._ Cox, 106 U.S. 350, 356 (1882). _See_ St. Louis S.W.R. Co. _v._ Alexander, 227 U.S. 218 (1913).

[716] Mutual Reserve &c. Assn. _v._ Phelps, 190 U.S. 147, 156 (1903).

[717] Washington _v._ Superior Court, 289 U.S. 361, 365 (1933).

[718] 326 U.S. 310, 317-320 (1945).

[719] This departure was recognized by Justice Rutledge in a subsequent opinion in Nippert _v._ Richmond, 327 U.S. 416, 422 (1946).

The principle that solicitation of business alone is inadequate to confer jurisdiction for purposes of subjecting a foreign corporation to a suit _in personam_ was established in Green _v._ Chicago, B. & Q.R. Co., 205 U.S. 530 (1907); but was somewhat qualified by the later holding in International Harvester Co. _v._ Kentucky, 234 U.S. 579 (1914) to the effect that when solicitation was connected with other activities (in the latter case, the local agents collected from the customers), a foreign corporation was then doing business within the forum State. Inasmuch as the International Shoe Company, in addition to having its agents solicit orders, also permitted them to rent quarters for the display of merchandise, the observation has been made that the Court, by applying the qualification of the International Harvester Case, could have decided International Shoe Co. _v._ Washington, 326 U.S. 310 (1945) as it did without abandoning the "presence" doctrine.

[720] 326 U.S. 310, 316-317.

[721] Ibid. 319.

[722] 339 U.S. 643 (1950).

[723] Ibid. 647-649.--Concerning the holding in Minnesota Ass'n. _v._ Benn, 261 U.S. 140 (1923), that a similar Minnesota mail order insurance company could not be viewed as doing business in Montana where the claimant-plaintiff lived, and that the circumstances under which its Montana contracts, executed and to be performed in Minnesota, were consummated could not support in implication that the foreign insurer had consented to be sued in Montana, the majority asserted that the "narrow grounds relied on by the Court in the Benn Case cannot be deemed controlling."

Declaring that what is necessary to sustain a suit by a policyholder in Virginia against a foreign insurer is not determinative when the State seeks to regulate solicitation within its borders, Justice Douglas, in a concurring opinion, emphasized that it is the nature of the State's action that determines the degree of activity in a State necessary for satisfying the requirements of due process, and that solicitation by existing members operates as though the insurer "had formally designated Virginia members as its agents."

Insisting that "an _in personam_ judgment cannot be based upon service by registered letter on a nonresident corporation or a natural person, neither of whom has ever been" in Virginia, Justice Minton, with whom Justice Jackson was associated in a dissenting opinion, would have dismissed the appeal on the ground that "Virginia has not claimed the power to require [the insurer] * * * to appoint the Secretary of State as their agent for service of process, nor have [its] courts rendered judgment in a suit where service was made in that manner." He would therefore let Virginia "go through this shadow-boxing performance in order to publicize the activities of" the insurer.--Justices Reed and Frankfurter joined this dissent on the merits.--Ibid. 655-656, 658, 659.

In Perkins _v._ Benguet Mining Co., 342 U.S. 437 (1952) it was held, that the State of Ohio was free either to open its courts, or to refuse to do so, to a foreign corporation owning gold and silver mines in the Philippine Islands, but temporarily (during Japanese occupation) carrying on a part of its general business in Ohio, including directors meetings, business correspondence, banking, etc. Two members of the Court dissented, contending that what it was doing was "giving gratuitously an advisory opinion to the Ohio Supreme Court. [They] would dismiss the writ [of certiorari] as improvidently granted." The case is obviously too atypical to offer much promise of importance as a precedent.

[724] Arndt _v._ Griggs, 134 U.S. 316, 321 (1890).

[725] Ballard _v._ Hunter, 204 U.S. 241, 254 (1907); Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878).

[726] Dewey _v._ Des Moines, 173 U.S. 193, 203 (1899); Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878).

[727] American Land Co. _v._ Zeiss, 219 U.S. 47 (1911).

[728] Pennoyer _v._ Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1878); citing Boswell _v._ Otis, 9 How. 336 (1850); Cooper _v._ Reynolds, 10 Wall. 308 (1870). Such remedy, by way of example, is also available to a wife who is enabled thereby to impound local bank deposits of her absent husband for purposes of collecting unpaid instalments by him. Moreover, because of the antiquity of the procedure authorized, a statute permitting the impounding of property of an absconding father for the maintenance of his children is not in conflict with due process because it fails to provide for notice, actual or constructive, to the absconder.--Pennington _v._ Fourth Nat. Bank, 243 U.S. 269, 271 (1917); Corn Exch. Bank _v._ Coler, 280 U.S. 218, 222 (1930). Likewise, proceedings to attach wages in execution of a judgment for debt may be instituted without any notice or service on the judgment debtor. The latter, having had his day in court when the judgment was rendered, is not entitled to be apprized of what action the judgment creditor may elect to take to enforce collection.--Endicott Co. _v._ Encyclopedia Press, 266 U.S. 285, 288 (1924).

[729] Goodrich _v._ Ferris, 214 U.S. 71, 80 (1909).

[730] McCaughey _v._ Lyall, 224 U.S. 558 (1912).

[731] RoBards _v._ Lamb, 127 U.S. 58, 61 (1888). Inasmuch as it is within the power of a State to provide that one who has undertaken administration of an estate shall remain subject to the order of its courts until said administration is closed, it follows that there can be no question as to the validity of a judgment for unadministered assets obtained on service of publication plus service personally upon an executor in the State in which he had taken refuge and in which he had been adjudged incompetent.--Michigan Trust Co. _v._ Ferry, 228 U.S. 346 (1913). Also, when a mother petitions for her appointment as guardian, and no one but the mother and her infant son of tender years, are concerned, failure to serve notice of the petition upon the infant does not invalidate the proceedings resulting in her appointment.--Jones _v._ Prairie Oil & Gas Co., 273 U.S. 195 (1927). Also a Pennsylvania statute which establishes a special procedure for appointment of one to administer the estate of absentees, which procedure is distinct from that contained in the general law governing settlement of decedents' estates and provides special safeguards to protect the rights of absentees is not repugnant to the due process clause because it authorizes notice by publication after an absence of seven years.--Cunnius _v._ Reading School Dist., 198 U.S. 458 (1905).

[732] Hamilton _v._ Brown, 161 U.S. 256, 275 (1896).

[733] Security Sav. Bank _v._ California, 263 U.S. 282 (1923).

[734] Anderson Nat. Bank _v._ Luckett, 321 U.S. 233 (1944).

[735] Mullane _v._ Central Hanover Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950).

[736] Voeller _v._ Neilston Co., 311 U.S. 531 (1941).

[737] Grannis _v._ Ordean, 234 U.S. 385, 395-396 (1914).

[738] Miedreich _v._ Lauenstein, 232 U.S. 236 (1914).

[739] Twining _v._ New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 110 (1908); Jacob _v._ Roberts, 223 U.S. 261, 265 (1912).

[740] Bi-Metallic Co. _v._ Colorado, 239 U.S. 441, 445 (1915); Bragg _v._ Weaver, 251 U.S. 57, 58 (1919). For the procedural requirements that must be observed in the passage of legislation levying special assessments or establishing assessment districts, _see_ pp. 1058-1059.

[741] Pacific States Box & Basket Co. _v._ White, 296 U.S. 176 (1935); Western Union Telegraph Co. _v._ Industrial Com'n., 24 F. Supp. 370 (1938); Ralph F. Fuchs, Procedure in Administrative Rule-Making, 52 Harvard Law Review, 259 (1938).

Whether action of an administrative agency, which voluntarily affords notice and hearing in proceedings in which due process would require the same, is voided by the fact that the statute in pursuance of which it operates does not expressly provide such protection, is a question as to which the Supreme Court has developed no definitive answer. It appears to favor the doctrine enunciated by State courts to the effect that such statutes are to be construed as impliedly requiring notice and hearing, although, in a few instances, it has uttered comments rejecting this notice-by-implication theory.--_See_ Toombs _v._ Citizens Bank, 281 U.S. 643 (1930); Paulsen _v._ Portland, 149 U.S. 30 (1893); Bratton _v._ Chandler, 260 U.S. 110 (1922); Cincinnati, N.O. & T.R. Co. _v._ Kentucky, 115 U.S. 321 (1885). _Contra_: Central of Georgia R. Co. _v._ Wright, 207 U.S. 127 (1907); Coe _v._ Armour Fertilizer Works, 237 U.S. 413 (1915); Wuchter _v._ Pizzutti, 276 U.S. 13 (1928).

[742] Bratton _v._ Chandler, 260 U.S. 110 (1922); Missouri ex rel. Hurwitz _v._ North, 271 U.S. 40 (1926).

[743] North American Cold Storage Co. _v._ Chicago, 211 U.S. 306, 315-316 (1908). For an exposition of the doctrine applicable for determining the tort liability of administrative officers, _see_ Miller _v._ Horton, 152 Mass. 540 (1891).