Chapter XXXVII: Section 10: No State Shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or (7)

[1692] Maynard _v._ Hill, 125 U.S. 190 (1888); Dartmouth College _v._ Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 629 (1819). _Cf._ Andrews _v._ Andrews, 188 U.S. 14 (1903). The question whether a wife's rights in the community property under the laws of California were of a contractual nature was raised but not determined in Moffitt _v._ Kelly, 218 U.S. 400 (1910).

[1693] New Orleans _v._ New Orleans Waterworks Co., 142 U.S. 79 (1891); Zane _v._ Hamilton County, 189 U.S. 370, 381 (1903).

[1694] 4 Wheat. 122 (1819). For the first such case in a Federal Circuit Court, _see_ Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, I, 67 (Boston, 1922).

[1695] 12 Wheat. 213 (1827).

[1696] Ibid. 353-354.

[1697] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 552 (1867).

[1698] 1 How. 311 (1843).

[1699] 2 How. 608 (1844).

[1700] Oshkosh Waterworks Co. _v._ Oshkosh, 187 U.S. 437, 439 (1903); New Orleans & L.R. Co. _v._ Louisiana, 157 U.S. 219 (1895).

[1701] Antoni _v._ Greenhow, 107 U.S. 769 (1883).

[1702] The right was unheld in Mason _v._ Haile, 12 Wheat. 370 (1827); and again in Vial _v._ Penniman (Penniman's Case), 103 U.S. 714 (1881). On early English and Colonial law touching the subject, _see_ argument of counsel in Sturges _v._ Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 140-145 (1819).

[1703] McGahey _v._ Virginia, 135 U.S. 662 (1890).

[1704] Louisiana ex rel. Ranger _v._ New Orleans, 102 U.S. 203 (1880).

[1705] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 554 (1867).

[1706] Antoni _v._ Greenhow, 107 U.S. 769, 775.--Illustrations of changes in remedies, which have been sustained, may be seen in the following cases: Jackson ex dem. Hart _v._ Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280 (1830); Hawkins _v._ Barney, 5 Pet. 457 (1831); Crawford _v._ Branch Bank of Alabama, 7 How. 279 (1849); Curtis _v._ Whitney, 13 Wall. 68 (1872); Cairo & F.R. Co. _v._ Hecht, 95 U.S. 168 (1877); Terry _v._ Anderson, 95 U.S. 628 (1877); Tennessee _v._ Sneed, 96 U.S. 69 (1877); South Carolina _v._ Gaillard, 101 U.S. 433 (1880); Louisiana _v._ New Orleans, 102 U.S. 203 (1880); Connecticut Mut. L. Ins. Co. _v._ Cushman, 108 U.S. 51 (1883); Vance _v._ Vance, 108 U.S. 514 (1883); Gilfillan _v._ Union Canal Co., 109 U.S. 401 (1883); Hill _v._ Merchants' Mut. Ins. Co., 134 U.S. 515 (1890); New Orleans City & Lake R. Co. _v._ Louisiana, 157 U.S. 219 (1895); Red River Valley Nat. Bank _v._ Craig, 181 U.S. 548 (1901); Wilson _v._ Standefer, 184 U.S. 399 (1902); Oshkosh Waterworks Co. _v._ Oshkosh, 187 U.S. 437 (1903); Waggoner _v._ Flack, 188 U.S. 595 (1903); Bernheimer _v._ Converse, 206 U.S. 516 (1907); Henley _v._ Myers, 215 U.S. 373 (1910); Selig _v._ Hamilton, 234 U.S. 652 (1914); Security Sav. Bank _v._ California, 263 U.S. 282 (1923); United States Mortgage Co. _v._ Matthews, 293 U.S. 232 (1934).

Compare the following cases, where changes in remedies were deemed to be of such a character as to interfere with substantial rights: Wilmington & W.R. Co. _v._ King, 91 U.S. 3 (1875); Memphis _v._ United States, 97 U.S. 293 (1878); Poindexter _v._ Greenhow, 114 U.S. 269, 270, 298, 299 (1885); Effinger _v._ Kenney, 115 U.S. 566 (1885); Fisk _v._ Jefferson Police Jury, 116 U.S. 131 (1885); Bradley _v._ Lightcap, 195 U.S. 1 (1904); Bank of Minden _v._ Clement, 256 U.S. 126 (1921).

[1707] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 554-555 (1867).

[1708] _See also_ Louisiana ex rel. Nelson _v._ St. Martin's Parish, 111 U.S. 716 (1884).

[1709] Mobile _v._ Watson, 116 U.S. 289 (1886); Graham _v._ Folsom, 200 U.S. 248 (1906).

[1710] Heine _v._ Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655 (1874). _Cf._ Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 246 U.S. 565 (1918).

[1711] Faitoute Iron & Steel Co. _v._ Asbury Park, 316 U.S. 502, 510 (1942). Alluding to the ineffectiveness of purely judicial remedies against defaulting municipalities, Justice Frankfurter says: "For there is no remedy when resort is had to 'devices and contrivances' to nullify the taxing power which can be carried out only through authorized officials. _See_ Rees _v._ City of Watertown, 19 Wall. 107, 124 (1874). And so we have had the spectacle of taxing officials resigning from office in order to frustrate tax levies through mandamus, and officials running on a platform of willingness to go to jail rather than to enforce a tax levy (_see_ Raymond, State and Municipal Bonds, 342-343), and evasion of service by tax collectors, thus making impotent a court's mandate. Yost _v._ Dallas County, 236 U.S. 50, 57 (1915)." 316 U.S. at 511.

[1712] Myers _v._ Irwin, 2 Sergeant and Rawle's (Pa.), 367, 371 (1816); _also_, to same effect, Lindenmuller _v._ The People, 33 Barbour (N.Y.), 548 (1861). _See also_ Brown _v._ Penobscot Bank, 8 Mass. 445 (1812).

[1713] Manigault _v._ Springs, 199 U.S. 473, 480 (1905).

[1714] Jackson _v._ Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280 (1830). _See also_ Phalen _v._ Virginia, 8 How. 163 (1850).

[1715] Stone _v._ Mississippi, 101 U.S. 814 (1880).

[1716] Boston Beer Co. _v._ Massachusetts, 97 U.S. 25 (1878).

[1717] New York C.R. Co. _v._ White, 243 U.S. 188 (1917). In this and the preceding two cases the legislative act involved did not except from its operation existing contracts.

[1718] Manigault _v._ Springs, 199 U.S. 473 (1905).

[1719] Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. _v._ Railroad Comm. of Oregon, 229 U.S. 397 (1913).

[1720] Midland Realty Co. _v._ Kansas City Power & Light Co., 300 U.S. 109 (1937).

[1721] Hudson County Water Co. _v._ McCarter, 209 U.S. 349 (1908).

[1722] Brown (Marcus) Holding Co. _v._ Feldman, 256 U.S. 170, 198 (1921); followed in Levy Leasing Co. _v._ Siegel, 258 U.S. 242 (1922).

[1723] Chastleton Corp. _v._ Sinclair, 264 U.S. 543, 547-548 (1924).

[1724] 290 U.S. 398 (1934).

[1725] Ibid. 442, 444. _See also_ Veix _v._ Sixth Ward Building and Loan Assn. of Newark, 310 U.S. 32 (1940) in which was sustained a New Jersey statute, amending, in view of the Depression, the law governing building and loan associations. The authority of the State to safeguard the vital interests of the people, said Justice Reed, "is not limited to health, morals and safety. It extends to economic needs as well." Ibid. 38-39.

[1726] _See_ especially Edwards _v._ Kearzey, 96 U.S. 595 (1878); and Barnitz _v._ Beverly, 163 U.S. 118 (1896).

[1727] 290 U.S. 398 (1934). As to conditions surrounding the enactment of moratorium statutes in 1933, _see_ New York Times of January 22, 1933, sec. II, pp. 1-2.

[1728] Worthen Co. _v._ Thomas, 292 U.S. 426 (1934); Worthen Co. _v._ Kavanaugh, 295 U.S. 56 (1935).

[1729] 295 U.S. at 62.

[1730] East New York Savings Bank _v._ Hahn, 326 U.S. 230, 235 (1945).

[1731] Honeyman _v._ Jacobs, 306 U.S. 539 (1939). _See also_ Gelfert _v._ National City Bank, 313 U.S. 221 (1941).

[1732] 313 U.S. at 233-234.

[1733] One reason for this is indicated in the following passage from Justice Field's opinion for the Court in Paul _v._ Virginia, decided in 1869: "At the present day corporations are multiplied to an almost indefinite extent. There is scarcely a business pursued requiring the expenditure of large capital, or the union of large numbers, that is not carried on by corporations. It is not too much to say that the wealth and business of the country are to a great extent controlled by them." 8 Wall. 168, 181-182.

[1734] Wright, The Contract Clause, 91-100.

[1735] Perry _v._ United States, 294 U.S. 330 (1935); Louisville Joint Stock Bank _v._ Radford, 295 U.S. 555 (1935). The Court has pointed out, what of course, is evident on a reading of the Constitution, that the contract clause is a limitation on the powers of the States and not of the United States. Central P.R. Co. _v._ Gallatin (Sinking Fund Cases), 99 U.S. 700, 718 (1879). _See also_ Mitchell _v._ Clark, 110 U.S. 633, 643 (1884); Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 529 (1871); Continental Ill. Nat. Bank & Trust Co. _v._ Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 648 (1935); St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. _v._ Board of Water Commissioners, 168 U.S. 349, 372 (1897); Dubuque, S.C.R. Co. _v._ Richmond, 19 Wall. 584 (1874); New York _v._ United States, 257 U.S. 591 (1922). _Cf._ however, Hepburn _v._ Griswold, 8 Wall. 603, 623 (1870); and Central Pacific R.R. Co. _v._ Gallatin (Sinking Fund Cases), 99 U.S. 700, 737 (1879).

[1736] _See_, e.g., Neblett et al. _v._ Carpenter, et al., 305 U.S. 297 (1938); Asbury Hospital _v._ Cass County, 326 U.S. 207 (1945); Connecticut Mutual L. Ins. Co. _v._ Moore, 333 U.S. 541 (1948). For a notable case in which the obligations clause was mustered into service, by rather heroic logic, to do work that was afterwards put upon the due process clause, _see_ State Tax On Foreign-Held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300 (1873).

[1737] Hooven & Allison Co. _v._ Evatt, 324 U.S. 652, 673 (1945).

[1738] Woodruff _v._ Parham, 8 Wall. 123 (1869).

[1739] 12 Wheat. 419 (1827).

[1740] Ibid. 441.

[1741] May & Co. _v._ New Orleans, 178 U.S. 496, 502 (1900).

[1742] Ibid. 501; Gulf Fisheries Co. _v._ MacInerney, 276 U.S. 124 (1928); McGoldrick _v._ Gulf Oil Corp., 309 U.S. 414 (1940).

[1743] Low _v._ Austin, 13 Wall. 29 (1872); May & Co. _v._ New Orleans, 178 U.S. 496 (1900).

[1744] Hooven & Allison Co. _v._ Evatt, 324 U.S. 652, 667 (1945).

[1745] Ibid. 664.

[1746] Canton R. Co. _v._ Rogan, 340 U.S. 511 (1951).

[1747] Brown _v._ Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 447 (1827).

[1748] Anglo-Chilean Nitrate Sales Corp. _v._ Alabama, 288 U.S. 218 (1933).

[1749] Low _v._ Austin, 13 Wall. 29, 33 (1872).

[1750] Cook _v._ Pennsylvania, 97 U.S. 566, 573, (1878).

[1751] Crew Levick Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 245 U.S. 292 (1917).

[1752] Cooley _v._ Board of Port Wardens, 12 How. 299, 313 (1851).

[1753] Waring _v._ Mobile, 8 Wall. 110, 122 (1869). _See also_ Pervear _v._ Massachusetts, 5 Wall. 475, 478 (1867); Schollenberger _v._ Pennsylvania, 171 U.S. 1, 24 (1898).

[1754] Gulf Fisheries Co. _v._ MacInerney, 276 U.S. 124 (1928).

[1755] Nathan _v._ Louisiana, 8 How. 73, 81 (1850).

[1756] Mager _v._ Grima, 8 How. 490 (1850).

[1757] Brown _v._ Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 441 (1827); Hooven & Allison Co. _v._ Evatt, 324 U.S. 652 (1945).

[1758] New York ex rel. Burke _v._ Wells, 208 U.S. 14 (1908).

[1759] Selliger _v._ Kentucky, 213 U.S. 200 (1909); _cf._ Almy _v._ California, 24 How. 169, 174 (1861).

[1760] Bowman _v._ Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 125 U.S. 465, 488 (1888).

[1761] 107 U.S. 38 (1883).

[1762] Ibid. 55.

[1763] Patapsco Guano Co. _v._ North Carolina Bd. of Agriculture, 171 U.S. 345, 301 (1898). For a discussion of the limitations on State power to pass inspection laws resulting from the commerce clause, _see_ pp. 183, 237.

[1764] Bowman _v._ Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 125 U.S. 465, 488-489 (1888).

[1765] Clyde Mallory Lines _v._ Alabama ex rel. State Docks Commission, 296 U.S. 261, 265 (1935); Cannon _v._ New Orleans, 20 Wall. 577, 581 (1874); Wheeling, P. & C. Transportation Co. _v._ Wheeling, 99 U.S. 273, 283 (1879).

[1766] Keokuk Northern Line Packet Co. _v._ Keokuk, 95 U.S. 80 (1877); Parkersburg & Ohio River Transportation Co. _v._ Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691 (1883); Ouachita Packet Co. _v._ Aiken, 121 U.S. 444 (1887).

[1767] Cooley _v._ Board of Port Wardens, 12 How. 299, 314 (1851); Ex parte McNiel, 13 Wall. 236 (1872); Inman Steamship Co. _v._ Tinker, 94 U.S. 238, 243 (1877); Northwestern Union Packet Co. _v._ St. Louis, 100 U.S. 423 (1880); Vicksburg _v._ Tobin, 100 U.S. 430 (1880); Cincinnati, P.B.S. & P. Packet Co. _v._ Catlettsburg, 105 U.S. 559 (1882).

[1768] Huse _v._ Glover, 119 U.S. 543, 549 (1886).

[1769] Southern S.S. Co. _v._ Portwardens, 6 Wall. 31 (1867).

[1770] Peete _v._ Morgan, 19 Wall. 581 (1874).

[1771] Morgan's L. & T.R. & S.S. Co. _v._ Board of Health, 118 U.S. 455, 462 (1886).

[1772] Wiggins Ferry Co. _v._ East St. Louis, 107 U.S. 365 (1883). _See also_ Gloucester Ferry Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 114 U.S. 196, 212 (1885); Philadelphia & S. Mail Steamship Co. _v._ Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326, 338 (1887); Osborne _v._ Mobile, 16 Wall. 479, 481 (1873).

[1773] Cox _v._ Lott (State Tonnage Tax Cases), 12 Wall. 204, 217 (1871).

[1774] Luther _v._ Borden, 7 How. 1, 45 (1849).

[1775] Presser _v._ Illinois, 116 U.S. 252 (1886).

[1776] Poole _v._ Fleeger, 11 Pet 185, 209 (1837).

[1777] Hinderlider _v._ La Plata Co., 304 U.S. 92, 104 (1938).

[1778] Frankfurter and Landis, The Compact Clause of the Constitution--A Study in Interstate Adjustments, 34 Yale Law Journal, 685, 691 (1925).

[1779] Article IX.

[1780] Article VI.

[1781] 14 Pet. 540 (1840).

[1782] Ibid. 570, 571, 572.

[1783] 148 U.S. 503, 518 (1893). _See also_ Stearns _v._ Minnesota, 179 U.S. 223, 244 (1900); _also_ reference in next note, at pp. 761-762.

[1784] _See_ Leslie W. Dunbar, Interstate Compacts and Congressional Consent, 36 Virginia Law Review, 753 (October, 1950).

[1785] Frankfurter and Landis, The Compact Clause of the Constitution--A Study in Interstate Adjustments, 34 Yale Law Journal, 685, 735 (1925); Frederick L. Zimmerman and Mitchell Wendell, Interstate Compacts Since 1925 (1951), 8 Book of States, 26 (1950-1951).

[1786] 48 Stat. 909 (1934).

[1787] 8 Book of the States, 45 (1950-1951).

[1788] 7 U.S.C. Sec. 515; 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717j; 16 U.S.C. Sec. 552, 667a; 33 U.S.C. Sec. 11, 567-567b.

[1789] Green _v._ Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1, 85 (1823).

[1790] Virginia _v._ Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893).

[1791] Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 11 Wall. 39 (1871).

[1792] Wharton _v._ Wise, 153 U.S. 155, 173 (1894).

[1793] James _v._ Dravo Contracting Co., 302 U.S. 134 (1937). _See also_ Arizona _v._ California, 292 U.S. 341, 315 (1934).

[1794] 332 U.S. 631 (1948).

[1795] On the activities of the Board, in which representatives of both races participate and from which both races have benefited, _see_ Remarks of Hon. Spessard L. Holland of Florida. Cong. Rec., 81st Cong., 2d sess., v. 96, p. 465-470.

[1796] Pennsylvania _v._ Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 18 How. 421, 433 (1856).

[1797] St. Louis & S.F.R. Co. _v._ James, 161 U.S. 545, 562 (1896).

[1798] Poole _v._ Fleeger, 11 Pet. 185, 209 (1837); Rhode Island _v._ Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 657, 725 (1838).

[1799] Hinderlider _v._ La Plata Co., 304 U.S. 92, 104, 106 (1938).

[1800] Green _v._ Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1, 13 (1823); Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 246 U.S. 565 (1918). _See also_ Pennsylvania _v._ Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 13 How. 518, 566 (1852); Olin _v._ Kitzmiller, 259 U.S. 260 (1922).

[1801] Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 246 U.S. 565, 601 (1918).

[1802] Dyer _v._ Sims, 341 U.S. 22 (1951). The case stemmed from mandamus proceedings brought to compel the auditor of West Virginia to pay out money to a commission which had been created by a compact between West Virginia and other States to control pollution of the Ohio River. The decision of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia denying mandamus was reversed by the Supreme Court, and the case remanded. The opinion of the Court, by Justice Frankfurter, reviews and revises the West Virginia Court's interpretation of the State constitution, thereby opening up, temporarily at least, a new field of power for judicial review. Justice Reed, challenging this extension of judicial review, thought the issue determined by the Supremacy Clause. Justice Jackson urged that the compact power was "inherent in sovereignty" and hence was limited only by the requirement of congressional consent. Justice Black concurred in the result without opinion.

ARTICLE II

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT