Chapter XXVI: Part 26

Mannhardt, W., iv. 249 _n._ 4, vii. 258, viii. 337;
on loading trees with stones, i. 140 _n._ 6;
on rain-making by drenching trees, ii. 47;
on the Harvest-May, ii. 48;
on the representation of the spirit of vegetation at the spring
festivals of Europe, ii. 78 _sq._;
on the May King, Queen of May, etc., ii. 84;
on the pinching and beheading of frogs as a rain-charm, ii. 87;
on a French custom at May Day, ii. 93 _n._ 1;
on the “carrying out of Death,” iv. 253;
on the European ceremonies for the revival of vegetation in spring, iv.
267 _sq._;
on placing children in winnowing-fans, vii. 11;
on the etymology of Demeter, vii. 131;
on the Corn-mother or Barley-mother in modern Europe, vii. 132;
on corn-puppet called Ceres, vii. 135;
on the identification of the harvester with the corn-spirit, vii. 138
_sq._;
on the Peruvian Maize-mother, Quino-mother, etc., vii. 172;
on the corn-spirit in human form, vii. 204;
on Lityerses, vii. 217 _n._ 1, 218 _n._ 1;
on the corn-spirit in the corn last cut or threshed, vii. 222;
on the mythical calf of the corn, vii. 292;
on corn-spirit as horse, vii. 294;
on goat-formed woodland deities, viii. 2 _sq._;
on the sacrifice of the October horse at Rome, viii. 42 _n._ 1;
on the golden leg of Pythagoras, viii. 263;
on processions of animals or of men disguised as animals, viii. 325;
on processions of maskers representing the spirits of vegetation, ix.
250;
on beating human scapegoats, ix. 255, 272;
on the human victims at the Thargelia, ix. 257 _n._ 4;
on fire-customs, x. 106 _n._ 3;
his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure
sunshine, x. 329, 331 _sqq._;
on torches as imitations of lightning, x. 340 _n._ 1;
on the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 15 _n._;
on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, xi. 25;
on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, xi. 33;
his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, xi. 43;
his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, xi. 72;
on killing a cock on the harvest-field, xi. 280 _n._

Mannikin, the soul conceived as a, iii. 26 _sqq._

Manning, Percy, on May garlands in Hertfordshire, ii. 61 _sq._

Man-slayers, purification of, iii. 165 _sqq._;
secluded, iii. 165 _sqq._;
tabooed, iii. 165 _sqq._;
haunted by ghosts of slain, iii. 165 _sqq._;
their faces blackened, iii. 169;
their bodies painted, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 _n._ 1;
their hair shaved, iii. 175, 177;
taste the blood of their victims, viii. 154 _sq._
_See also_ Homicide

Mantinea, Poseidon worshipped at, v. 203 _n._ 2;
sanctuary of Demeter at, vii. 46 _n._ 2;
games in honour of Antinous at, vii. 80, 85

Mantineans purify their city by sacrificial victims, iii. 189

_Mantis religiosus_, a totem in the Duke of York Island, xi. 248 _n._

Mantras, the, of the Malay Peninsula, their fear of demons, ix. 88 _sq._

_Mantras_, sacred texts recited as spells by the Brahmans, i. 403 _sq._

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, x. 95;
on the three births of the Aryan, xi. 276 _sq._
_See also_ Manu, the Laws of

_Manu, the Laws of_, on the effects of a good king’s reign, i. 366;
on the divinity of kings and Brahmans, i. 403;
on the rebirth of a father in his son, iv. 188 _sq._;
on the transmigration of evil-doers into animals, viii. 298 _sq._

Manure, ashes used as, vii. 117

Manx fishermen, tabooed words of, iii. 396

—— mummers at Hallowe’en, x. 224

Many Manii at Aricia, a proverb, i. 22, viii. 94 _sqq._

Maori. _See also_ New Zealand

Maori chiefs, their sanctity or taboo, iii. 134 _sqq._;
their heads sacred, iii. 256 _sq._;
their hair sacred, iii. 265

—— gods, ix. 81

—— language, synonyms in the, iii. 381

—— priest catches the soul of a tree, vi. 111 _n._ 1

—— sorcerers, their use of clipped hair, nails, etc., iii. 269

Maoris, magical images among the, i. 71;
magic of navel-string and afterbirth among the, i. 182 _sq._;
their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208;
acquainted with the sexes of trees, ii. 24;
their belief as to fertilizing virtue of trees, ii. 56;
their ceremonies on entering a strange land, iii. 109;
persons who have handled the dead tabooed among the, iii. 138 _sq._;
tabooed on the war-path, iii. 157;
will not lean against the wall of a house, iii. 251;
their spells at hair-cutting, iii. 264 _sq._;
their belief as to falling stars, iv. 64;
determined the beginning of their year by the rising of the Pleiades,
vii. 313;
their offering of first-fruits of sweet potatoes, viii. 133;
warriors taste the blood of their slain foes among the, viii. 156;
put the first fish caught back into the sea, viii. 252;
birth-trees among the, xi. 163

Mar-na, a Philistine deity, ix. 418 _n._ 1

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, burial rites of the, i. 102 _sq._;
their rain-making, i. 251;
their belief as to falling stars, iv. 60 _sq._;
initiation of medicine-men in the, xi. 239

_Marake_, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps among the Indians of
French Guiana, x. 63 _sq._

Marash, Hittite monuments at, v. 173

Maravars, the, of Southern India, their use of iron as a talisman, iii.
234

Maraves, the, of South Africa, revere a spiritual head called Chissumpe,
i. 393;
sanctity of burial-grounds among the, ii. 31 _sq._;
their offering of first-fruits to the dead, viii. 111;
pile stones on places where witches were burnt, ix. 19

Marburg, in Steiermark, the thresher of last corn disguised as a wolf at,
viii. 327

Marcellus of Bordeaux, homoeopathic remedies prescribed by, i. 84;
his cure for warts, ix. 48;
on transference of toothache to a frog, ix. 50;
on transference of asthma to a mule, ix. 50;
on transference of an intestinal disorder to a hare, ix. 50 _sq._;
on medicines which may not touch the ground, x. 17

March, the old Slavs began the year with, iv. 221 _sq._;
festival of Attis in, v. 267;
annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 149;
annual expulsion of witches in, ix. 157;
annual expulsion of evils in, ix. 199;
expulsion of Mamurius Veturius in, ix. 229, 231;
old Roman year began in, ix. 231, 345;
dances of the Salii in, ix. 232;
custom of beating people and cattle in, ix. 266;
festival of the Matronalia in, ix. 346;
marriage festival of all the gods in, ix. 373 _n._ 1;
the first month of the year in the oldest Persian calendar, ix. 402;
the fire-walk in, xi. 6;
mistletoe cut at the full moon of, xi. 84, 86

——, the 1st, sacred fire at Rome annually extinguished on, ii. 267;
custom of “Driving out Death” on, iv. 235;
wooden effigies of swallows carried about the streets on, viii. 322
_n._;
bells rung to make the grass grow on, ix. 247;
Roman festival of the Matronalia on, ix. 346

——, the 25th, tradition that Christ was crucified on, v. 306

March moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, xi. 184

Marco Polo, on beating as a punishment in China, iii. 243 _sq._

_Mardi Gras_, Shrove Tuesday, iv. 227.
_See_ Shrove Tuesday

Marduk or Merodach, chief Babylonian god, ix. 356, 357, 399;
as a magician, i. 240 _sq._;
his wives, ii. 130, v. 71; New Year festival of, iv. 110, ix. 356;
his image at Babylon, iv. 113;
as a deliverer from demons, ix. 103;
the votaries of, ix. 372 _n._ 2

Marduk and Mordecai, ix. 365, 405

—— and Tiamat, iv. 105 _sq._, 107 _sq._

Mare, treatment of the placenta of a, i. 199

—— in foal, last sheaf of corn given to, vii. 160, 162, 168

—— or horse, corn-spirit as, vii. 292 _sqq._;
“crying the Mare” at end of reaping in Hertfordshire and Shropshire,
vii. 292 _sqq._
_See also_ Mares

_Mareielis_, girls carrying May-trees or wreaths of flowers, at Zurich,
iv. 260

Marena, Winter or Death, on Midsummer Eve in Russia, iv. 262

Mares in homoeopathic magic, i. 152, 153

Marett, R. R., on taboo as negative magic, i. 111 _n._ 2

_Margas_, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, xi. 222 _sq._

Mariandynian reapers, mournful song of, vii. 216

Marianne Islands, precautions as to spittle in the, iii. 288

Mariette-Pacha, A., on the burial of Osiris, vi. 89 _n._

Marigolds, magic of, i. 211;
used to adorn tombstones on All Souls’ Day, vi. 71.
_See also_ Marsh-marigolds

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, xi. 318 _n._ 6

Marimos, a Bechuana tribe, their human sacrifices for the crops, vii. 240,
251

Mariner, W., on taboo in Tonga, iii. 140;
on the sacrifice of first-fruits in the Tonga Islands, viii. 128 _sqq._

Mariners at sea, special language employed by, iii. 413 _sqq._

Marjoram a protection against witchcraft, ix. 160, xi. 74;
burnt at Midsummer, x. 214;
gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Mark of Brandenburg, fruit-trees girt with straw at Christmas in the, ii.
17;
race of bride and bridegroom in the, ii. 303;
name of mice tabooed between Christmas and Twelfth Night in the, iii.
397;
need-fire in the, x. 273;
simples culled at Midsummer in the, xi. 48;
St. John’s blood in the, xi. 56;
the divining-rod in the, xi. 67

Marketa, the holy, prayed to for good crops in Bohemia, iv. 238

Marks, bodily, of prophets, v. 74

Marksuhl, near Eisenach, harvest custom at, vii. 231

Marktl, in Bavaria, the Straw-goat at threshing at, vii. 286

Marno, Ernst, on the reverence of the Nuehr for their cattle, viii. 39

Maroni river in Guiana, i. 156

Marotse. _See_ Barotse

Marquesans, their way of detaining the soul in the body, iii. 31;
their regard for the sanctity of the head, iii. 254 _sq._;
their customs as to the hair, iii. 261 _sq._;
their dread of sorcery, iii. 268

Marquesas or Washington Islands, human gods in the, i. 386 _sq._;
extinction of fires after a death in the, ii. 268 _n._;
seclusion of manslayers in the, iii. 178;
continence at making coco-nut oil and at baking in the, iii. 201;
custom at childbirth in the, iii. 245;
the fire-walk in the, xi. 11

Marriage of trees to each other, i. 24 _sqq._;
of men and women to trees, i. 40 _sq._, ii. 57;
treading on a stone at, i. 160;
bath before, i. 162;
the pole-star at, i. 166;
second, third, or fourth, regarded as unlucky, ii. 57 _n._ 4;
of Earth in spring, ii. 76, 94;
to a palm-tree before tapping it, ii. 101;
of near kin, the prohibition of, perhaps based historically on
superstition, ii. 117;
of girls to spirits of lakes, ii. 150 _sq._;
of girls to rivers, ii. 151 _sq._;
with king’s widow constitutes a claim to the kingdom, ii. 281 _sqq._,
iv. 193;
with half-sister legal in Attica, ii. 284;
rice strewn on bridegroom’s head at, iii. 35;
the consummation of, prevented by knots and locks, iii. 299 _sqq._;
of brothers and sisters in royal families, iv. 193 _sq._;
as an infringement of old communal rights, v. 40;
of women to serpent-god, v. 66 _sqq._;
exchange of dress between men and women at, vi. 260 _sqq._;
of mice, viii. 278;
of younger before elder brother deemed a sin, ix. 3;
leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, x. 107, 108, 110;
omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 338
_sq._;
omens of, from flowers, xi. 52 _sq._, 61;
oak-trees planted at, xi. 165

—— of Adonis and Aphrodite celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224

—— of the god Marduk, ix. 356

——, mock, of leaf-clad mummers, i. 97;
at Carnival masquerade, vii. 27;
or real, of human victims, ix. 257 _sq._

—— of the Roman gods, vi. 230 _sqq._

——, Sacred, ii. 120 _sqq._;
of Dionysus with the Queen of Athens, ii. 136 _sq._, vii. 30 _sq._;
of Zeus and Demeter in Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 138, vii. 65 _sqq._,
viii. 9;
of Zeus and Hera, ii. 140 _sqq._, iv. 91;
of Frey and his wife, ii. 143 _sq._, iv. 91;
of Roman kings, ii. 172 _sq._, 192, 193 _sq._, 318 _sq._;
of king and queen, iv. 71;
of gods and goddesses, iv. 73;
of actors disguised as animals, iv. 83;
of priest and priestess as representatives of deities, v. 46 _sqq._;
represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140;
of Hercules and Hera perhaps celebrated in Cos, vi. 259 _n._ 4

Marriage of Sky and Earth, v. 282 with _n._ 2

—— of the Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic, ii. 146 _sq._, iv. 71, 73
_sq._, 78, 87 _sq._, 90, 92, 105;
of the Sun and Earth, ii. 98 _sq._, 148, v. 47 _sq._

Marriage customs of the Aryan family, vi. 235;
use of children of living parents in, vi. 245 _sqq._;
to ensure the birth of boys, vi. 262

—— festival of the gods, i. 129 _sqq._, ix. 273 _n._ 1;
festival of all the gods and goddesses in the Date Month, ii. 25

“—— Hollow” at Teltown, iv. 99

Marriages of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 _sqq._;
their intention to keep the property in the family, vi. 215 _sq._

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, x. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339;
young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, x. 116;
the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, x. 192;
men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, x. 192
_sq._;
last married bride made to leap over bonfire, xi. 22

Married men make fire by the friction of wood, ii. 238, 239;
kindle need-fire, x. 289

—— pair of priestly functionaries in charge of the sacred fire, ii. 235

Marriott, Fitzgerald, on dance of women during war, i. 132

Marrow bones not to be broken in a hut, i. 115 _sq._

Mars, the reputed father of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196 _sq._, vi. 235;
horse sacrificed to, in October, at Rome, viii. 42, ix. 230;
a god of vegetation, ix. 229 _sq._;
the Old, at Rome, ix. 229, 231, 252;
represented by Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229

—— and Bellona, vi. 231

——, Field of, at Rome, annual chariot-race on the, viii. 42

—— and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

——, the planet, red-haired men sacrificed to, vii. 261 _sq._

—— and Silvia, xi. 105

——, temple of, at Rome, i. 310;
nails knocked into the, ix. 67 _n._ 1

Mars Silvanus, ix. 230

Marsaba, a devil in the island of Rook, his expulsion, ix. 109;
swallows lads at initiation, xi. 246

Marsala in Sicily, Midsummer customs at, v. 247

Marsden, W., on the confusion of the agricultural year in Sumatra caused
by the introduction of the lunar Mohammedan calendar, vii. 315

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, v. 248 _sq._, x.
193;
human scapegoats at, ix. 253;
Midsummer king of the double-axe at, x. 194;
the Yule log at, x. 250;
Midsummer flowers at, xi. 46

Marsh-marigolds, a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54, ix. 163;
hoops wreathed with, carried on May Day, ii. 63, 88.
_See also_ Marigolds

Marshall, A. S. F., on the felling of timber in Mexico, vi. 136 _n._ 3

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, xi. 200

Marshall Bennet Islands, magical powers of chiefs in the, i. 339

Marsi, Midsummer fires in the land of the ancient, x. 209

Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo and his death, v. 55, 288 _sq._;
perhaps a double of Attis, v. 289

——, the river, v. 289

Martens, magic to snare, i. 110;
bones of, kept from dogs, viii. 239

Martial on the Ides of August as Diana’s day, i. 12 _n._ 2

Martin, Father, on the indifference to human life of a robber caste in
Southern India, iv. 141 _sq._

Martin, Rev. John, on annual expulsion of the devil on the Gold Coast, ix.
132 _sq._

Martin, M., on St. Bride’s Day in the Hebrides, ii. 94 _n._ 2;
on forced fire (need-fire) in Scotland, ii. 238, x. 289;
on the cutting of peat in the Hebrides, vi. 138;
on _dessil_ (_deiseal_), x. 151 _n._

Martin of Urzedow, Polish priest, denounced heathen practices of women on
St. John’s Eve, x. 177

Martinique, precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Martius, C. F. Phil. von, on the political power of medicine-men among the
Indians of Brazil, i. 359

Martyrdom of St. Dasius, ix. 308 _sqq._

—— of St. Hippolytus, i. 21

Marwaris of India, Holi festival among the, xi. 2 _sq._

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, fiery wheel rolled down, in Lent, x. 118

Maryborough, in Queensland, custom of the tribes about, as to women
stepping over things, iii. 424;
exposure of first-born children among the tribes about, iv. 180;
ate men to acquire their virtues, viii. 151

Marzana, goddess of Death, effigy of, in Polish parts of Silesia, iv. 237

Masai of East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 343 _sq._;
their reverence for the _subugo_ tree, ii. 16;
their fire-drill, ii. 210;
custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 _n._ 1;
continence of man and woman at brewing honey-wine among the, iii. 200;
beards not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers among the, iii. 260;
head chief of the, foods tabooed to him, iii. 291;
their use of magic knots, iii. 309;
their use of rings as amulets, iii. 315;
unwilling to tell their own names, iii. 329 _sq._;
said to change the names of the dead, iii. 354 _sq._;
namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356;
changes in their vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 361;
their customs as to falling stars, iv. 61, 65;
their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, iv. 202 _sq._;
their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 84;
their ceremonies at the new moon, vi. 142 _sq._;
their rule as to the choice of a chief, vi. 248;
boys wear female costume at circumcision among the, vi. 263;
their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 317;
their rules as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 83 _sq._;
the El Kiboron clan of the, viii. 288;
their custom of throwing stones or grass on graves, ix. 20;
peace-making ceremony among the, x. 139 _n._

Masai pope, the, i. 343 _sq._

Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 _sq._

Mashona, the, of South Africa, revered human gods, i. 393

Mashonaland, chiefs of, not allowed to cross rivers, iii. 9 _sq._

Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, ix. 366 _sq._

Mask of dog or jackal worn by priest who personated Anubis, vi. 85 _n._ 3;
two-faced, worn by image of goddess, ix. 287;
priest of Earth not to wear a, x. 4.
_See also_ Masks

Masked dances, vii. 95 _sq._, 111, 186, viii. 208 _n._ 1, 339, ix. 236;
at Carnival, viii. 333, 334;
in ritual of Demeter, viii. 339;
to promote fertility, ix. 236;
and ceremonies of savages, ix. 374 _sqq._;
bull-roarers used at, xi. 230 _n._
_See also_ Dances

Maskers, representing the dead, ii. 178;
in Thrace at Carnival, vii. 26 _sqq._;
representing demons, vii. 95, 186 _sq._;
in the Grisons, ix. 239;
in the Tyrol and Salzburg, ix. 242 _sqq._;
as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable and
animal, ix. 249 _sq._;
supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, ix. 380,
382, 383

Masks worn by shamans in pursuit of lost souls, iii. 57 _sq._;
hung on trees at time of sowing, iv. 283;
worn by actors who represent demons or spirits, vii. 95, 186;
worn by Egyptian kings, vii. 260 _sq._;
worn in masked dances, not to be seen by women on pain of death, viii.
208 _n._ 1;
worn by women, viii. 232 _sq._, 234;
worn by mummers at Carnival, viii. 333;
worn by Cingalese devil-dancers, ix. 38;
worn at expulsion of demons, ix. 111, 127, 145, 213;
worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, ix. 236, 240, 242
_sqq._, 247, 248 _sq._;
worn by the _Perchten_, ix. 242, 243, 245, 247;
intended to ban demons, ix. 246;
worn by priests who personate gods, ix. 287;
worn in religious dances and performances, ix. 375, 376 _n._ 2, 378,
379, 380, 382;
representing mythical personages, ix. 375, 376 _n._ 2, 378, 379, 382
_sq._;
representing totemic animals, ix. 380;
burned at end of masquerade, ix. 382;
thought to be animated by demons, ix. 382;
worn by girls at puberty, x. 31, 52;
worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, xi. 247;
worn by members of a secret Wolf society among the Nootka Indians, xi.
270, 271.
_See also_ Mask, Maskers, _and_ Masquerade

Masnes, a giant, in a legend of Sardes, v. 186

_Masoka_, the spirits of the dead, worshipped by the Wahehe of German East
Africa, vi. 188 _sq._

Maspéro, Sir Gaston, on the confusion of magic and religion in ancient
Egypt, i. 230;
on the assimilation of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 133 _sq._;
edits the Pyramid Texts, vi. 4 _n._ 1;
on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 _n._ 2, vii. 260 _n._ 2

Masquerade at the Carnival in Thrace, vi. 99 _sq._;
at sowing festival in Borneo, vii. 95 _sq._, 98, 186 _sq._;
of boys among the Lengua Indians, x. 57 _n._ 1

Masquerades, Roman, of men personating the dead, ii. 178;
of kings and queens, iv. 71 _sq._, 78, 88, 89;
Californian, of men personating the dead, vi. 53;
in modern Europe, intention of certain, ix. 251 _sq._
_See also_ Masks _and_ Maskers

“Mass of the Holy Spirit,” i. 231 _sq._

Mass of Saint Sécaire, i. 232 _sq._

Massacres for sick kings of Uganda, vi. 226

Massagetae sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315

Massaya, volcano in Nicaragua, human victims sacrificed to, v. 219

_Massebah_ (plural _masseboth_), sacred stone or pillar in ancient Israel,
v. 107, 108

Masset, in Queen Charlotte Islands, dances of Haida women at, while their
husbands were away at war, i. 133

Massim, the, of British New Guinea, seclusion of manslayers among, iii.
169

Masson, Bishop, on Annamite indifference to death, iv. 136 _sq._

Mastarna, an Etruscan, ii. 196 _n._

Master of the Fish, sacrifices offered by the Tarahumares to the, viii.
252

——, the Heavenly, the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

—— of Life, first-fruits offered by the Arkansas Indians to the, viii. 134

—— of the Revels, ix. 333 _sq._

—— of Sorrows at corpse-burning among the Chams, i. 280

Master craftsman regarded as a magician, ix. 81

Masur, in Dutch New Guinea, belief in the transmigration of human souls
into cassowaries at, viii. 295

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 269;
Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel in, x. 177, 335
_sq._;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 52, 53;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, xi. 61;
camomile gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63;
fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, xi. 91

Mata, the smallpox goddess, sacrifice of first-born sons to, iv. 181

Matabele, magical effigies among the, i. 63;
their rain-charm, i. 291;
the power of witch-doctors among the, i. 351;
their relation to the human god of the Mashona, i. 393 _sq._;
woman’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 115;
their festival of new fruits, viii. 70 _sq._;
their way of getting rid of caterpillars, viii. 275;
fumigate their gardens, x. 337

——, kings of the, as priests, i. 48;
as rain-makers, i. 351 _sq._

——, Lobengula, king of the, iii. 114

Matabeleland, i. 394

_Mataboole_, rank next below chiefs in Tonga, viii. 130 _n._ 2, 131

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their belief as to the souls of
the dead, iii. 373 _n._;
their custom of secluding girls at puberty, x. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding
girls at puberty, x. 58

Mateer, Rev. S., on the worship of demons in Travancore, ix. 94

_Mater Dolorosa_, the ancient and the modern, ix. 349

Materbert, off New Britain, natives of, carried fire about with them, ii.
258

Material vehicles of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease, etc.),
ix. 1 _sqq._, 22 _n._ 2, 23 _sqq._

Materialization of prayer, ix. 22 _n._ 2

Maternal uncle preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285;
in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 _n._ 1

Maternity and paternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 _sqq._

Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, iv. 35 _sq._

Matlalcuéyé, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices
offered to, vii. 237

“Matriarchate,” v. 46; inappropriateness of the term, ii. 271 _n._ 2

Matronalia, Roman festival on the 1st of March, ix. 346

Matse tribe of Togoland, two royal families in the, ii. 293;
their sacrifice of new corn to the Earth Goddess, viii. 115;
their transference of sorrow to leaves, ix. 3

Matthes, Dr. B. F., on harvest festival in Celebes, viii. 122 _sq._;
on sympathetic relation between man and animal among the Malays, xi. 197

Matthews, Dr. Washington, on unwillingness of Indians to speak of their
gods at certain times, iii. 385

Mattogrosso, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;
the Pleiades worshipped by some tribes of, vii. 309

Matuana, Zulu chief, drank gall of foes, viii. 152

Matuku, in Fiji, iii. 39, 40

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59;
ordeal of young men among the, x. 62

Maui, Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 _n._

Maundrell, H., on the discoloration of the river Adonis, v. 225 _n._ 4

Maundy Thursday, church bells silent on, x. 125 _n._ 1

Maurer, Konrad, on succession to the kingdom in Scandinavia, ii. 280 _n._
1;
on Icelandic story of the external soul, xi. 125 _n._ 1

Mauretanians, rain-charm of the, i. 286

Maury, A., on the Easter ceremonies compared with those of Adonis, v. 257
_n._ 1

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, iv. 94 _sq._

Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, v. 95;
his ashes swallowed by his widow Artemisia, viii. 158

Mauss, M., and H. Hubert, Messrs., on taboo as negative magic, i. 111 _n._
2

_Mawu_, god, in the language of the Hos of Togoland, i. 396 _sq._;
Supreme Being of Ewe negroes, ix. 74 _sq._, 76 _n._ 1

Mawu Sodza, a Ewe goddess, viii. 115

Maximian and Diocletian, reign of, ix. 308

Maxims of Pythagoras, their superstitious nature, i. 213 _sq._

Maximus, Tyrius, on conical image at Paphos, v. 35 _n._;
on the rites of Demeter at the threshing-floor, vii. 62 _n._ 1

Maxwell, W. E., on the stratification of religious beliefs among the
Malays, ix. 90 _n._ 1

May, J. D., viii. 281 _n._ 2

May, modern Greek Feast of All Souls in, vi. 78 _n._ 1;
puppets thrown into the Tiber at Rome in, viii. 107;
Roman festival of ghosts in, ix. 154 _sq._;
Mexican human sacrifices in, ix. 276, 280;
dances of Castilian peasants in, ix. 280

——, the 2nd of, called Walburgis Day in Bavaria, ii. 75 _n._ 2

——, King of, ii. 84, 85 _sq._;
King and Queen of, iv. 266, ix. 406

——, Queen of, ii. 84, 87 _sq._;
in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

May Bride, the, ii. 95, iv. 266;
the, at Whitsuntide, in Brunswick, ii. 96

—— bridegroom, ii. 91, 93

—— -bushes, ii. 84, 85, 89, 90, 142;
placed at doors of stables and byres, ii. 52

—— Day, the first of May, dance of milkmaids on, ii. 52;
witches rob cows of milk on, ii. 52 _sqq._, ix. 267;
precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 52 _sqq._;
green bushes placed at doors of loved maidens on, ii. 56;
celebration of, ii. 59 _sqq._;
licence of, ii. 67, 103 _sq._;
a festival of flowers in Peloponnese, ii. 143 _n._ 2;
in Sweden, iv. 254;
in the Isle of Man, iv. 258, x. 157;
magpies’ eggs and young carried from house to house on, viii. 321 _n._
3;
in the Tyrol, “Burning out of the Witches” on, ix. 158 _sq._;
dance of witches on the Blocksberg on, ix. 163 _n._ 1;
ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359;
bonfires on, x. 146 _sqq._;
bonfires on, a precaution against witchcraft, x. 295;
sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, x. 306;
witches active on, xi. 19, 184 _n._ 4, 185
the Eve of (Walpurgis Night), witches steal milk from cattle on, ii. 52;
ceremony at Meiron in Galilee on, v. 178;
Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15;
witches active on, ix. 158 _sqq._, xi. 73;
a witching time, x. 295.
_See_ Walpurgis

—— -flowers over the door a protection against elves and witches, ii. 53

—— Fools, ii. 91

—— garlands, ii. 60 _sqq._, 90 _sq._

—— Lady in Cambridge, ii. 62;
representative of the spirit of vegetation, ii. 79

—— morning, custom of herdsmen on, ix. 266

—— -pole, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52;
at Midsummer in Sweden, ii. 65;
carried on May Day in Warwickshire, ii. 88 _sq._;
or Midsummer-tree in Sweden and Bohemia, v. 250;
set up in front of house of mayor or burgomaster, viii. 44

—— -poles, ii. 59, 65 _sqq._;
village, in England, ii. 66 _sqq._;
permanent, ii. 70 _sq._

—— Rose, the Little, ii. 74

—— -tree, apparently thought to fertilize women and cattle, ii. 52;
burned at the end of the year, ii. 71;
horse-race to, iv. 208;
brought into village and called summer, iv. 246;
carried about, x. 120, xi. 22

—— -trees, ii. 59 _sq._, 64, 68 _sq._, iv. 251 _sq._;
at Whitsuntide, iv. 208, 210, 211

Mayas of Yucatan, their annual expulsion of the demon of evil, ix. 171;
their calendar, ix. 171;
their five supplementary days, ix. 171, 340

Mayenne, French department of, May carols and trees in, ii. 63

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, x. 228

Mayos or Mayes, on May Day in Provence, ii. 80

Mbaya Indians of South America, self-sacrifice of old woman among the, iv.
140;
their custom of infanticide, iv. 197

M’Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, xi. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, xi. 10 _sq._

_Mbete_, priest, in Fiji, i. 378

Me Bau, a Thay goddess, ix. 98

Méac (February), a Cambodian month, iv. 148

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, x. 214 _n._

Meal offered to the wind, i. 329 _n._ 5;
sprinkled to keep off evil spirits, iii. 112;
rubbed on man as a purificatory rite, iii. 113

“Meal and ale,” standing dish at harvest supper, vii. 160, 161

Measuring shadows at laying foundations, iii. 89 _sq._

Measuring-tape deified, iii. 91 _sq._

Meat and milk, dietary rules as to, viii. 83 _sq._

Meath, County, hunting the wren in, viii. 320 _n._;
Hill of Ward in, x. 139;
Uisnech in, x. 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, x. 182

Mecca, pilgrims to, not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 _sq._;
stone-throwing at, ix. 24

Mechanisms, primitive, for determining the time of year by observation of
the sun, vii. 314

Mecklenburg, contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210, 211;
locks unlocked at childbirth in, iii. 296;
wolves and other animals not to be called by their proper names between
Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396 _sq._;
harvest customs in, vii. 229, 274;
the Corn-wolf in, vii. 273;
the Harvest-goat in, vii. 283;
cure for fever in, ix. 56;
precaution against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 163 _n._ 1;
cattle beaten on Good Friday in, ix. 266;
mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327;
need-fire in, x. 274 _sq._;
simples gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 48;
mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 60;
the divining-rod in, xi. 67;
treatment of the afterbirth in, xi. 165;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 _sq._;
custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, xi. 279 _n._ 4

Medea and her magic cauldron, v. 180 _sq._

—— and Aeson, viii. 143

Medes, the king of, not to be seen by anybody, iii. 121;
law of the, iii. 121

Medicine differentiated from magic, i. 421 _n._ 1;
in Bolang Mongondo nothing but sacrifice, magic, and talismans, ix. 86

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at
initiation, xi. 268 _sq._

—— -man bleeds a man, i. 91;
bottles up departing souls, iii. 31;
dance of, at blessing maize or dead game, viii. 71 _sq._;
propitiates rattlesnake, viii. 217;
atones for slaughter of wolf, viii. 220;
conjures soul of infant into coco-nut, xi. 154 _sq._;
his mode of cure in Uganda, xi. 181 _sq._;
in Australia, initiation of, xi. 237 _sqq._
_See also_ Medicine-men

Medicine-men (magicians, sorcerers), drive away rain, i. 253;
their political power in South-east Australia, i. 336;
power of, among African tribes, i. 342 _sqq._;
power of, among the American Indians, i. 355 _sqq._;
develop into gods and kings, i. 375, 420 _sq._;
progressive differentiation of, i. 420 _sq._;
the oldest professional class, i. 420;
employed to recover lost souls, iii. 42 _sq._, 45, 47 _sq._, 54, 56, 58,
66;
swinging of, as a mode of cure, iv. 280 _sq._;
of Zulus, feel ancestral spirits in their shoulders, v. 74 _n._ 4;
of Wiimbaio, extract disease in shape of crystals, v. 75 _n._ 4;
assimilated to women or thought to be transformed into women, vi. 256;
need of, to circumvent evil spirits, ix. 76;
whirl bull-roarers, xi. 231;
in initiatory rites, xi. 237.
_See also_ Magicians, Shamans, Sorcerers, _and_ Wizards

Medium inspired by dead king of Uganda, vi. 171

Mediums, inspired, in Bali, i. 378 _sq._;
human, inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions, leopards, and
serpents, viii. 213

Medontids at Athens, changed from kings to magistrates, ii. 290;
reduction in their tenure of office, vii. 86

Mefitis, Italian goddess of mephitic vapours, v. 204, 205

Megalopolis, battle of gods and giants in plain of, v. 157

Megara, annual kingship at, i. 46;
besieged by Minos, xi. 103

_Megara_, sacred caverns or vaults, viii. 17 _n._ 6

Megarian girls offer their hair to Iphinoe, i. 28

Megassares, king of Hyria, v. 41

Megha Raja, the lord of rain, his figure painted in a rain-charm, i. 296

Meilichios, epithet of Dionysus, vii. 4

Meiners, C., on purification by blood, v. 299 _n._ 2

Meinersen, in Hanover, need-fire at a village near, x. 275

Meiningen, use of pigs’ bones at sowing in, vii. 300

Meiron, in Galilee, burnings for dead Jewish Rabbis at, v. 178 _sq._

Meissen or Thuringia, horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire in, xi. 40

Mekeo, district of British New Guinea, homoeopathic magic of drums in, i.
134 _sq._;
taboos observed for the sake of the crops in, ii. 106;
double chieftainship in, iii. 24 _sq._;
customs observed by widowers in, iii. 144 _sq._;
women after childbirth tabooed in, iii. 148

Mela’s description of the Corycian cave, v. 155 _n._, 156

Melampus and Iphiclus, i. 158

Melancholy, characteristic of men of genius, viii. 302 _n._ 5

Melanesia, homoeopathic magic of stones in, i. 164;
contagious magic of wounds in, i. 201;
confusion of religion and magic in, i. 227 _sq._;
wizards in, the variety of their functions, i. 227 _sq._;
weather doctors in, i. 321;
wind-charms in, i. 321;
supernatural power of chiefs in, i. 338 _sqq._;
continence observed while the yam vines are training in, ii. 105;
close relation of mother’s brother to his nephews in, ii. 285;
practice of lengthening the head artificially in, ii. 298 _n._ 2;
attempt to recover a lost soul in, iii. 65;
ghost-haunted stones in, iii. 80;
magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127 _sq._;
tabooed persons not allowed to handle food in, iii. 141;
cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 _n._ 1;
story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 130 _n._ 1;
belief in conception without sexual intercourse in, v. 97 _sq._;
magicians buried secretly in, vi. 105;
conception of the external soul in, xi. 197 _sqq._
_See also_ Melanesians

Melanesian and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

—— wizard, his soul as an eagle, iii. 34

Melanesians of the Bismarck Archipelago, unwilling to tell their names,
iii. 329;
mother-kin among the, vi. 211;
of New Britain, their use of flowers and leaves as talismans, vi. 242
_sq._;
their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313;
their belief in demons, ix. 82 _sq._;
their stories of the origin of death, ix. 303 _sq._

—— of Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, their fear of offending ghosts
after eating of certain foods, viii. 85

Melawie River, the Dyaks of the, iii. 71

Melcarth, the god of Tyre, identified with Hercules, v. 16, 111;
worshipped at Amathus in Cyprus, v. 32, 117;
the burning of, v. 110 _sqq._;
worshipped at Gades, v. 112 _sq._, vi. 258 _n._ 5

Melchior, one of the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day, ix. 329 _sqq._

Melchizedek, king of Salem, v. 17

Meleager, his life bound up with a firebrand, ii. 265, xi. 103;
and the olive-leaf, xi. 103 _n._ 2

_Melech_ and Moloch, vi. 219 _sq._

Melenik, in Macedonia, rain-making at, i. 274;
fiends scalded to death on New Year’s Eve at, ix. 320

Meles, king of Lydia, banished because of a dearth, v. 183;
causes lion to be carried round acropolis, v. 184

Melicertes, Isthmian games at Corinth celebrated in his honour, iv. 93,
103;
son of Athamas and Ino, iv. 161;
changed with his mother into marine divinities, iv. 162;
in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, iv. 162;
a form of Melcarth, v. 113

Melite in Phthia, Aspalis, a form of the Hanged Artemis, at, v. 291 _sq._

Melito on the father of Adonis, v. 13 _n._ 2

_Mell_, last corn cut, vii. 151 _sq._

Mell-doll, vii. 151

—— -sheaf, vii. 151 _sq._

—— -supper, vii. 151

Melos, milk-stones in, i. 165

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8 _sq._

Memnonium at Thebes, vi. 35 _n._

Memorial stones, flat and standing, in honour of women and men
respectively, among the Khasis, vi. 203

Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, iv. 259 _n._ 1;
head of Osiris at, vi. 11;
oath of the kings of Egypt at, vi. 24;
festival of Osiris in the month of Khoiak at, vi. 108;
Apis the sacred bull of, vi. 119 _n._, viii. 34;
the sanctuary of Serapis at, vi. 119 _n._

Men, masked, personating the dead, ii. 178, vi. 53;
injured through their shadows, iii. 78 _sqq._;
create gods in their own likeness, iv. 194;
make gods, vi. 211;
dressed as women, vi. 253 _sqq._;
dressed as women at marriage, vi. 261 _sq._;
dressed as women to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 _sq._;
dressed as women at circumcision, vi. 263;
parts of, eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 _sqq._;
disguised as animals, processions of, viii. 325 _sqq._;
evil transferred to, ix. 38 _sqq._;
possessed by spirits in China, ix. 117;
disguised as demons, ix. 170 _sq._, 172, 173, 213, 214 _sq._, 235;
as scapegoats, ix. 194 _sqq._;
divine, as scapegoats, ix. 217 _sqq._;
masked, as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable
and animal, ix. 249 _sq._;
sacrifices of deified, ix. 409;
disguised as women, x. 107

—— and asses, redemption of firstling, iv. 173

“—— of God,” prophets, v. 76

—— and women, difference of language between, iii. 348 _sq._;
inspired by the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, vi. 171, 172, 192
_sq._;
forbidden by Mosaic law to interchange dress, ix. 363;
eat apart, x. 81

Men’s blood not to be seen by women, iii. 252 _n._

Men Tyrannus, Phrygian moon-god, v. 284;
custom as to pollution of death at his shrine, vi. 227

_Mên-an-tol_, “holed stone” in Cornwall, xi. 187

Mendalam River in Borneo, vii. 97, 98, 187

Mendes, in Egypt, mummy of Osiris at, iv. 4;
the ram-god of, iv. 7 _n._ 2;
the goat the beast-god of, viii. 172

Menedemus, sacrifices without the use of iron to, iii. 226 _sq._

Menelaus, husband of Helen and king of Sparta, ii. 279

Menelik, Emperor of Abyssinia, forbids sanguinary fights for purpose of
procuring rain, i. 258

_Mengap_, a Dyak liturgy, ix. 383

Menoeceus, his voluntary death, iv. 192 _n._ 3

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268 _n._
1

Menstruation, women tabooed at, iii. 145 _sqq._;
seclusion of girls at the first, x. 22 _sqq._;
the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, x. 24;
reasons for secluding women at, x. 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, x. 76.
_See also_ Blood

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, x. 98 _n._ 1

—— woman forbidden to touch roof-thatch, i. 179 _n._ 1

—— women, avoidance of, by hunters, iii. 211;
disability of, viii. 253 _sq._;
keep their heads or faces covered, x. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 _sq._, 48
_sq._, 55, 90, 92;
not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, x. 77;
not allowed to go near water, x. 77;
supposed to spoil fisheries, x. 77, 78, 90 _sq._, 93;
painted red, or red and white, x. 78;
not allowed to use the ordinary paths, x. 78, 80, 84, 89, 90;
not allowed to approach the sea, x. 79;
not allowed to enter cultivated fields, x. 79;
obliged to occupy special huts, x. 79, 82, 85 _sqq._;
supposed to spoil crops, x. 79, 96;
not allowed to cook, x. 80, 82, 84, 90;
not allowed to drink milk, x. 80, 84;
not allowed to handle salt, x. 81 _sq._, 84;
kept from wells, x. 81, 82, 97;
obliged to use separate doors, x. 84;
not allowed to lie on high beds, x. 84;
not allowed to touch or see fire, x. 84, 85;
not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, x. 84, 91, 93;
excluded from religious ceremonies, x. 85;
not allowed to eat with men, x. 85, 90;
thought to spoil the luck of hunters, x. 87, 89, 90, 91, 94;
not allowed to ride horses, x. 88 _sq._, 96;
not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, x. 90;
dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, x. 94;
not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, x. 96;
not allowed to salt or pickle meat, x. 96 _n._ 2;
not allowed to cross running streams, x. 97;
not allowed to draw water at wells, x. 97;
used to protect fields against insects, x. 98 _n._ 1

Menstruous women dreaded and secluded, iii. 145 _sqq._, 206;
in Australia, iii. 145, x. 76 _sqq._;
in America, iii. 145 _sqq._, x. 85 _sqq._;
in the Torres Straits Islands, x. 78 _sq._;
in New Guinea, x. 79;
in Galela, x. 79;
in Sumatra, x. 79;
in Africa, x. 79 _sqq._;
among the Jews and in Syria, x. 83 _sq._;
in India, x. 84 _sq._;
in Annam, x. 85

Mentawei Islands, ceremony at reception of strangers in the, iii. 104

Mentras of Malacca use a special language in searching for lignum aloes,
iii. 404;
their tradition as to primitive man, vi. 140

Mephitic vapours, worship of, v. 203 _sqq._

Mequinez in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer
at, x. 216

Mercato Nuovo at Florence, the Old Woman sawn through at Mid-Lent in the,
iv. 241

Mercurial temperament of merchants and sailors, vi. 218

Merenra, king of Egypt, worshipped in his lifetime, i. 418

Meriahs, human victims sacrificed for good crops among the Khonds, iv.
139, vii. 245, 246, 249, 250

Merkel, R., on the grove of Helernus, ii. 190 _n._ 2

Merker, Captain M., on the power of medicine-men among the Masai, i. 343
_sq._

Merlin, the wizard, his magic sleep, i. 306

Merodach or Marduk, Babylonian deity, ix. 356. See Marduk

Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, iv. 15

Merolla, G., da Sorrento, on food taboos in Congo, iii. 137;
on the custom of putting the Chitomé to death, iv. 14 _sq._;
on seclusion of girls at puberty on the Congo, x. 31 _n._ 3

Merovingian kings may have touched for scrofula, i. 370

Merrakech, in Morocco, custom of throwing water on each other at Midsummer
at, x. 216;
New Year fires at, x. 217

Merseburg, binder of last sheaf called the Oatsman near, vii. 221

Merton College, Oxford, King of the Bean at, ix. 332 _sq._

Mesha, king of Moab, his god Kemosh, v. 15;
sacrifices his first-born, v. 110

Mesopotamia, artificial fertilization of the date-palm in, ix. 272 _sq._;
Atrae in, x. 82

Mespelaer, in Belgium, St. Peter’s fires at, x. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, children passed through holed rock near, xi. 189

Messenia, Andania in, ii. 122

Messiah, pretended new, in America, i. 409;
pretended Jewish, at Smyrna, iv. 46;
“the Anointed One,” v. 21

Metageitnion, an Attic month, vii. 77, viii. 17 _n._ 2, ix. 354

Metal instruments, the clash of, a protection against witches, ix. 158

Metapontum, head of Demeter on a coin of, vii. 68 _n._ 1

Meteor as signal for festival, v. 259

Meteorite, powdered, in a charm, viii. 166 _sq._

Meteors, superstitions as to, iv. 58 _sqq._
_See also_ Falling Stars

Metharme, daughter of Pygmalion, v. 41

_Methide_ plant growing over grave of Osiris, vi. 111

Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, iv. 192

Meton, his cycle of nineteen years, vii. 81 _n._ 3

“Metropolis of the Corn,” Athens called the, by Delphic oracle, vii. 58

Metsik, a forest-spirit, the patron of cattle, ii. 55;
his effigy carried out of the village by the Esthonians on Shrove
Tuesday, iv. 233, 252 _sq._

Metz, F., on the fire-walk among the Badagas, xi. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, xi. 39

Mexican calendar, its mode of intercalation, vi. 28 _n._ 3

—— custom of veiling the images of the gods during the king’s sickness,
iii. 95 _n._ 8;
of making images of gods out of dough and eating them sacramentally,
viii. 86 _sqq._

—— human sacrifices in connexion with the maize crop, vii. 236 _sqq._,
251;
assimilation of the victims to the gods in, vii. 261, ix. 275 _sqq._

—— Indians, confession of sins among the, iii. 216 _n._ 2

—— kings, oath taken by them at their accession, i. 356, 416

—— sacraments, viii. 86 _sqq._

—— temples, their form, ix. 279

Mexicans, their custom of eating a man as an embodiment of a god, viii. 92
_sq._

——, the ancient, their human sacrifices to the sun, i. 314 _sq._;
human sacrifices of, vi. 107, vii. 236 _sqq._;
their customs at maize-harvest, vii. 174 _sqq._

Mexico, the Huichol Indians of, i. 123, 154 _sq._, 302, iii. 197, vii.
177, viii. 93;
Indians of, their charm to cause sleep, i. 148;
the Tarahumare Indians of, i. 150, 155, 249, 284, ii. 156 _sq._, vii.
227 _sq._, viii. 252, ix. 10, 236;
the Tepehuanes of, iii. 325, 424, ix. 10;
rule as to the felling of timber in, vi. 136;
the Zapotecs of, vii. 174, xi. 212;
the Tzentales of, viii. 241;
heaps of stones and sticks to which passers-by add, in, ix. 10;
the Cora Indians of, ix. 238, 381;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 127 _sq._

——, ancient, custom as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 179;
treatment of the navel-string in, i. 196 _sq._;
custom of passing new-born children through the smoke of fire in, ii.
232 _n._ 3;
virgin-priestesses of fire in, ii. 245;
continence at brewing _pulque_ in, iii. 201 _sq._;
tears of human victims a sign of rain in, vii. 248 _n._ 2;
magic ointment in, viii. 165;
use of skins of human victims in, ix. 265 _sq._, 297, 298 _sq._;
killing the god in, ix. 275 _sqq._;
story of the creation of the sun in, ix. 410;
ceremony of new fire in, x. 132;
representation of the sun as a wheel in, x. 334 _n._ 1

Meyer, Professor Eduard, on prophecy in Canaan, v. 75 _n._ 5;
on the Hittite language, v. 125 _n._;
on costume of Hittite priest or king, v. 133 _n._, 141 _n._ 1;
on the rock-hewn sculptures of Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 _n._;
on Anubis at Abydos, vi. 18 _n._ 3;
on the hawk as an Egyptian emblem, vi. 22 _n._ 1;
on the date of the introduction of the Egyptian calendar, vi. 36 _n._ 2;
on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 _n._ 2, vii. 260 _n._ 2;
on the relation of Byblus to Egypt, vi. 127 _n._ 1;
on the Lycian language, vi. 213 _n._ 1;
on the age of the Egyptian calendar, ix. 340 _n._ 4

Meyer, Professor Kuno, on an Irish legend, iv. 159 _n._ 1

Mezentius, king of Caere, his battle with Latinus, iv. 283

_Mhaighdean-Bhuana_ (or _Maighdean-Buana_), the Corn-maiden in the
Highlands of Scotland, vii. 156, 164 _sq._

Míamis, Indian tribe of North America, their myth of the Corn-spirit, vii.
206 _sq._

Miao-Kia, aborigines of China, their sacred trees and groves, ii. 31

Micah, the prophet, on man’s duty, i. 223, iv. 174;
on sacrifice, iv. 171

Mice asked to give new teeth, i. 178, 179;
and shorn hair, superstition as to, iii. 270;
not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397, 399, 415;
thought to understand human speech, iii. 399;
eaten by the Jews as a religious rite, viii. 24;
their ravages on the crops, viii. 33, 282;
the genius of, viii. 243;
superstitious precautions taken by farmers against, viii. 276 _sqq._,
281;
superstition as to white, viii. 279, 283;
white, under the altar of Apollo, viii. 283.
_See also_ Mouse

—— and rats, teeth of, in magic, i. 178 _sqq._

—— and twins, supposed connexion between, i. 118

Michael, in the Isle of Man, x. 307

Michael Angelo, the Pietà of, v. 257

Michaelmas, 29th September, festival of the dead among the Letts at, vi.
74;
cakes baked at, x. 149.
_See also_ St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, x. 5

Micksy, rivulet, holy oak on the, ii. 371 _sq._

_Microseris Forsteri_, roots of, dug and eaten by Australian aborigines,
vii. 127

Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, iv. 222 _n._ 1;
also called Dead Sunday, iv. 221;
custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 234, 236 _sq._;
ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 _sqq._

Midas and his ass’s ears, iii. 258 _n._ 1

—— and Gordias, names of Phrygian kings, v. 286

——, King of Gordium, iii. 316

——, King of Phrygia, father of Lityerses, vii. 217;
the tomb of, v. 286

Middle Ages, belief as to consummation of marriage being prevented by
knots and locks in the, iii. 299;
the Yule log in the, x. 252;
the need-fire in the, x. 270

Middleton, J. H., on the temple of Apollo at Delphi, vii. 14 _n._ 3;
on “crying the neck” in Cornwall, vii. 266

Midianites, the slaughter of the, iii. 177

Midsummer, precautions against witches at, ii. 127;
new fire made at, ii. 242;
reason for celebrating the death of the spirit of vegetation at, iv. 263
_sq._;
gardens of Adonis at, v. 244 _sqq._;
old heathen festival of, in Europe and the East, v. 249 _sq._;
divination at, v. 252 _sq._;
wells crowned with flowers at, xi. 28;
processions of giants at, xi. 33 _sqq._;
sacred to Balder, xi. 87

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” x. 334

—— bonfires in Sweden, ii. 65;
intended to drive away dragons, x. 161.
_See_ Midsummer fires

—— Bride and Bridegroom in Sweden and Norway, ii. 92, v. 251

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, xi. 54

—— Day (St. John’s Day), cattle crowned on, ii. 127;
ancient Roman festival of, ii. 272, x. 178;
ceremonies concerned with vegetation on, ix. 359;
charm for fig-trees on, x. 18;
water claims human victims on, x. 26 _sqq._;
regarded as unlucky, xi. 29.
_See also_ St. John’s Day

—— Day or Eve, custom of bathing on, v. 246 _sqq._, xi. 29 _sq._;
pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— Eve (St. John’s Eve), May-poles and bonfires in Sweden on, ii. 65;
trees burned on, ii. 66, 141, v. 250;
activity of witches and warlocks on, ii. 127, ix. 158, 160, x. 176
_sq._, xi. 19, 73 _sqq._;
bonfires in Cornwall on, ii. 141;
figures of Kupalo carried over bonfires in Russia on, iv. 262, v. 250
_sq._;
Snake Stones thought to be formed on, x. 15;
trolls and evil spirits abroad on, x. 172;
the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, xi. 45 _sqq._;
the magic flowers of, xi. 45 _sqq._;
divination on, xi. 46 _n._ 3, 50, 52 _sqq._, 61, 64, 67 _sqq._;
dreams of love on, xi. 52, 54;
fern-seed blooms on, xi. 65, 287;
the divining-rod cut on, xi. 67 _sqq._;
treasures bloom in the earth on, xi. 288 _n._ 5;
theoak thought to bloom on, xi. 292, 293.
_See also_ St. John’s Eve

—— festival, in Europe, ii. 272 _sq._, x. 161 _sqq._;
named after St. John, v. 244;
the bonfires, processions with torches, and rolling wheels of the, x.
161;
Kirchmeyer’s account of the, x. 162 _sq._;
of fire and water among the Mohammedan peoples of North Africa, x. 213
_sqq._;
common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, x. 219, xi. 31;
the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, xi.
40;
its relation to Druidism, xi. 45