Chapter XXXVIII: Part 38

Totemism defined, viii. 35;
in Central Australia not a religion, i. 107 _sq._;
characteristics of early Australian, i. 107;
of the Dinkas, iv. 30 _sq._;
the source of a particular type of folk-tales, iv. 129 _sqq._;
possible trace of Latin, iv. 186 _n._ 4;
in Kiziba, vi. 173, 174 _n._ 1;
not proved for the Aryans, viii. 4;
probably originated in the hunting stage of society, viii. 37;
in Australia and America, viii. 311;
suggested theory of, xi. 218 _sqq._

Totems in Central Australia, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of
the, i. 85 _sqq._, 335;
custom of eating the, i. 107;
descent of the, in Uganda, ii. 288;
sacrifices to, iv. 31;
stories told to account for the origin of, iv. 129;
honorific, of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 _sqq._;
personal, among the North American Indians, xi. 273, 276 _n._ 1;
multiplex, of the Australians, xi. 275 _n._ 1

Totonacs, their worship of the corn-spirit, ix. 286 _n._ 1

Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims in Mexico, ix. 298

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, x. 87, 90

Touch-me-not (_Impatiens sp._), bundle of, representative of goddess
Gauri, ii. 77

Touching for the King’s Evil (scrofula), i. 368 _sqq._

—— sacred king or chief, supposed effects of, iii. 132 _sqq._

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, xi. 276

Toulon, custom of drenching people with water at Midsummer at, v. 248
_sq._

Toulouse, adoration paid to each other by the Albigenses noticed in the
records of the Inquisition at, i. 407;
torture of sorcerers at, xi. 158

Toumbuluh tribe of Celebes, taboos observed during wife’s pregnancy in
the, iii. 295, 298

Toumon, Egyptian god, the mummy of, iv. 5

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, x. 182

Town, charm to protect a, vi. 249 _sqq._

Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year, ix. 149 _n._ 2;
old Mexican festival, ix. 149 _n._ 2, 276

Tozer, H. F., on Mount Argaeus, v. 191

_Trachinian Women, The_, play of Sophocles, ii. 161

Trading voyages, continence observed on, iii. 203

Tradition, the thraldom of, i. 219;
historical, hampered by the taboo on the names of the dead, iii. 363
_sqq._

Traditions of kings torn in pieces, vi. 97 _sq._

Train, Joseph, on St. Bridget in the Isle of Man, ii. 95;
on Beltane fires in the Isle of Man, x. 157

Trajan, Pliny’s letter to, ix. 420

Tralles in Lydia, sacred prostitution at, v. 38

Transference of human souls to other bodies, iii. 49;
from the living to the dead, iii. 73

—— of Egyptian festivals from one month to the preceding month, vi. 92
_sqq._

—— of evil, ix. 1 _sqq._;
to other people, ix. 5 _sqq._;
to sticks and stones, ix. 8 _sqq._;
to animals, ix. 31 _sqq._;
to men, ix. 38 _sqq._;
in Europe, ix. 47 _sqq._

—— of a man’s soul to his totem, xi. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._

—— of sins, iii. 214 _sqq._, ix. 39 _sqq._, 42 _sqq._

Transformation of men into animals, iv. 82 _sqq._, xi. 207;
of men into women, attempted, in obedience to dreams, vi. 255 _sqq._;
of women into men, attempted, vi. 255 _n._ 1;
of woman into crocodile, viii. 212;
of animals into men, ix. 380;
of men into wolves at the full moon, x. 314 _n._ 1;
of witches into animals, x. 315 _sqq._, xi. 311 _sq._;
of man into his totem animal, xi. 275

Transgressions, need of confessing, iii. 211 _sq._
_See also_ Sins

Transition from mother-kin to father-kin, vi. 261 _n._ 3

Transmigration, belief in, a motive for infanticide, iv. 188 _sq._

—— of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, xi. 172

—— of human souls, into animals, iii. 65, iv. 84 _sq._, viii. 141, 285
_sqq._;
into turtles, viii. 178 _sq._;
into bears, viii. 191;
doctrine of, in ancient India, viii. 298 _sq._;
doctrine of, in ancient Greece, viii. 300 _sqq._, 307 _sq._;
into totem animals, xi. 223

Transmigrations of human deities, i. 410 _sqq._;
of Buddha, viii. 299;
or Buddha in the _Jataka_, ix. 41

Transmission of soul to successor, iv. 198 _sqq._

Transubstantiation among the ancient Aryans, viii. 89 _sq._;
among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 89;
ridiculed by Cicero, viii. 167

Transvaal, the Bawenda of the, i. 351, 401 _n._ 3;
the Malepa of the, iii. 241

Transylvania, rain-making in, i. 282;
festival of Green George among the gipsies of, ii. 75 _sq._;
precautions against witches on St. George’s Eve or Day in, ii. 337
_sq._;
saying as to sleeping child in, iii. 37; story of a witch’s soul in the
shape of a fly in, iii. 38 _sq._;
belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;
“Sawing the Old Woman” among the gipsies of, iv. 243;
crown made of last ears cut at harvest in, v. 237 _sq._, vii. 221;
the Cock at reaping the last corn at Braller in, vii. 276;
cock beheaded on harvest-field near Klausenburg in, vii. 278;
live cock killed in last sheaf near Udvarhely in, vii. 278;
the Hare at reaping the last corn at Birk in, vii. 280;
catching the quail in the last corn reaped in the Bistritz district of,
vii. 295;
customs at sowing to keep off birds and insects in, viii. 274 _sq._;
belief as to children born on a Sunday in, xi. 288 _n._ 5.
_See also_ Transylvanian

——, the Germans of, iii. 296, 310

——, the Roumanians of, iii. 88, 89, 238, ix. 16, 106 _sq._, x. 13;
harvest custom among, v. 237

——, the Saxons of, iii. 294, iv. 230, 248, 254, vii. 285, 295, viii. 274;
harvest customs among, v. 237 _sq._;
story of the external soul among, xi. 116

Transylvanian gipsies, their way of stopping rain, i. 296

—— Saxons, their homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 138

—— sowers carry locks as a charm to keep off birds, iii. 308

Traps for devils, iii. 59, 69 _n._ 4;
set for souls, iii. 70 _sq._

Trasimene Lake, battle of, iv. 186

Traunstein, district of Upper Bavaria, the Oats-goat at harvest thought to
be in the last sheaf of oats in, vii. 287;
the last standing corn called the Sow in, vii. 298

Travail, women in, knots on their garments untied, iii. 294.
_See also_ Childbirth

Travancore, special terms used with reference to persons of the
blood-royal in, i. 401 _n._ 3;
serpents spoken of respectfully in, iii. 402;
dancing-girls in, v. 63 _sqq._;
infants placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 8 _sq._;
customs at executions in, viii. 272;
the Rajah of, his sins transferred to a Brahman, ix. 42 _sq._;
demon-worship in, ix. 94;
women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, x. 24 _n._ 2;
the Pulayars of, x. 69

Travellers make knots in their garments as a charm, iii. 306

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, x. 318

Treason, old English punishment of, v. 290 _n._ 2

Treasures guarded by demons, xi. 65;
found by means of fern-seed, xi. 65, 287;
discovered by divining-rod, xi. 68;
revealed by springwort, xi. 70;
revealed by mistletoe, xi. 287, 291;
bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, xi. 288 _n._ 5

Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenus, iv. 164

Treasury Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313

Treaty, blood of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in
making a, i. 211

Trebius on the springwort, xi. 71

Tree thought to cause blindness, i. 147;
extracted teeth placed in a, i. 176;
child’s life thought to be bound up with the tree which was planted with
its navel-string, i. 182, 184;
embraced by barren women in hopes of obtaining offspring, i. 182;
the navel-string planted with or under a, i. 182, 184, 186, 196;
navel-string hung on a, i. 185, 186, 190, 198;
the afterbirth buried under a, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195;
the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199;
that has been struck by lightning, i. 319;
on which an eagle has built its nest deemed holy, ii. 11;
culprits tied to sacred, ii. 112 _sq._;
origin of men and cattle from a sacred, ii. 219;
fire kindled from ancestral, ii. 221;
decked with bracelets, anklets, etc., v. 240;
soul of a, in a bird, vi. 111 _n._ 1;
disease transferred to, ix. 6;
use of stick cut from a fruitful, ix. 264;
burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, x. 173 _sq._, 180, 183;
external soul in a, xi. 102, 156.
_See also_ Trees

Tree of life in Eden, v. 186 _n._ 4

Tree-agates, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 _sq._

—— -bearers (_Dendrophori_) in the worship of Cybele and Attis, v. 266
_n._ 2, 267

—— -creeper (_Climacteris scandens_), women’s “sister” among the Yuin, xi.
216

—— -gods banned at building a house, ix. 81

—— -spirit in the shape of a bull, ii. 14;
represented simultaneously in vegetable and human form, ii. 73 _sqq_.;
representative of, thrown into water to ensure rain, ii. 75, 76;
killing of the, iv. 205 _sqq._;
resurrection of the, iv. 212;
in relation to vegetation-spirit, iv. 253;
Osiris as a, vi. 107 _sqq._;
effigies of, burnt in bonfires, xi. 21 _sqq._;
human representatives of, put to death, xi. 25;
human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the
fire-festivals, xi. 90

—— -spirits, ii. 7 _sqq._;
threatened, ii. 20 _sqq._;
in house-timber propitiated, ii. 39 _sq._;
beneficent powers of, ii. 45 _sqq._;
give rain and sunshine, ii. 45 _sq._;
make crops grow, ii. 47 _sqq._;
make cattle and women fruitful, ii. 50 _sqq._, 55 _sqq._, xi. 22;
in human form or embodied in living people, ii. 71 _sqq._;
fear of, iii. 412 _sq._;
in the form of serpents, xi. 44 _n._ 1

—— -stone, marvellous virtue of a, i. 165 _n._ 1

—— -worship in ancient Rome, ii. 8;
among the ancient Germans, ii. 8 _sq._;
among the European families of the Aryan stock, ii. 9 _sqq._;
among the Lithuanians, ii. 9;
in ancient Greece and Italy, ii. 9 _sq._;
among tribes of the Finnish-Ugrian stock in Europe, ii. 10 _sq._;
notions at the root of, ii. 11 _sqq._;
in modern Europe, relics of, ii. 59 _sqq._

Trees married to men and women, i. 40 _sq._, ii. 57;
foreskins placed in, i. 95 _sq._;
extracted teeth deposited in, i. 98;
the dead deposited in, i. 102 _sq._;
navel-strings placed in, i. 182, 183, 185, 186;
afterbirth (placenta) placed in, i. 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 199;
stones placed in, to prevent sun from setting, i. 318;
worship of, ii. 7 _sqq._;
oracular, ii. 9;
regarded as animate, ii. 12 _sqq._;
sacrifices offered to, ii. 15, 16 _sq._, 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,
42, 44, 46, 47, 48;
rags hung on, ii. 16, 32;
sensitive, ii. 18;
apologies offered to trees for cutting them down, ii. 18 _sq._, 36
_sq._;
bleeding, ii. 18, 20, 33;
threatened to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 _sqq._;
married to each other, ii. 24 _sqq._;
in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28;
animated by the souls of the dead, ii. 29 _sqq._;
planted on graves, ii. 31;
bones of dead shamans placed in, ii. 32;
as the abode of spirits, ii. 33 _sqq._;
ceremonies at cutting down, ii. 34 _sqq._;
demons of, ii. 42;
drenched with water as a rain-charm, ii. 47;
grant women an easy delivery, ii. 57 _sq._;
cut hair deposited on or under, iii. 14, 275 _sq._, 286;
the shadow of trees sensitive, iii. 82;
lucky and unlucky, iii. 275 _n._ 3;
struck by lightning used in magic, iii. 287;
masks hung on, iv. 283;
spirit-children awaiting birth in, v. 100;
sacrificial victims hung on, v. 146;
represented on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110 _sq._;
felled in the waning of the moon, vi. 133, 135 _sq._, 137;
growing near the graves of dead kings revered, vi. 162, 164;
in relation to Dionysus, vii. 3 _sq._;
spirits of the dead in, viii. 124;
evils transferred to, ix. 52, 54 _sqq._;
evils nailed into, ix. 59 _sqq._;
men changed into, by look of menstruous women, x. 79;
burnt in spring fires, x. 115 _sq._, 116, 142;
burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 173 _sq._, 185, 192, 193, 209;
burnt at Holi festival in India, xi. 2;
burnt in bonfires, xi. 22;
lives of people bound up with, xi. 159 _sqq._;
hair of children tied to, xi. 165;
the fate of families or individuals bound up with, xi. 165 _sqq._;
creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, xi. 170
_sqq._;
fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, xi. 295;
struck by lightning, superstitions about, xi. 296 _sqq._
_See also_ Tree _and_ Fruit-trees

Trees and plants, attempts to deceive the spirits of, ii. 22 _sqq._;
as life-indices, xi. 160 _sqq._

—— and rocks, Greek belief as to birth from, v. 107 _n._ 1

——, sacred, ii. 40 _sqq._;
smeared with blood, ii. 367

_Tréfoir_, the Yule log, x. 249

_Tréfouet_, the Yule log, x. 252 _n._ 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, x. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, x. 150, 152

Trespass on sacred groves, apologies for, ii. 328

Trevelyan, G. M., on the custom of a temporary king in Cornwall, v. 154
_n._ 1

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires in Wales, x. 201;
on Hallowe’en in Wales, x. 226 _n._ 1;
on St. John’s wort in Wales, xi. 55 _n._ 2;
on burnt sacrifices in Wales, xi. 301

Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle, their name preserved in _Treves_,
ii. 126 _n._ 2

Trèves, “cutting the goat’s neck off” at harvest near, vii. 268;
the Corn-wolf killed at threshing in the district of, vii. 275;
the Archbishop of, gives wine for burning wheel rolled down hill, x. 118

Triad, divine, at Tarsus, v. 171

Trial of the axe at Athens, viii. 5

Trials, judicial, of animals and inanimate things by the king at Athens,
i. 45, viii. 5 _n._ 1

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, xi. 177 _sq._

Tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of making fire, ii. 253 _sq._

Tribute (presents) brought to rain-makers, i. 338, 342, 346, 348, 349,
351, 353, ii. 3;
of youths and maidens sent to the Minotaur, iv. 74 _sqq._

Trident, emblem of Hittite thunder-god, v. 134, 135;
emblem of Indian deity, v. 170

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, xi. 188

Triennial tenure of the kingship, iv. 112 _sq._

Trieste, St. Sylvester’s Eve at, ix. 165

Τριετηρίς, vii. 15 _n._

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, xi.
201

Trimouzette, the, a flower-crowned girl in the Ardennes on May Day, ii. 80
_n._ 4

Tring, a Tonquinese general, restores the king, iii. 19

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, xi. 11

Trinities, the ancient Egyptian gods arranged in, iv. 5 _n._ 3

Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, iv. 5 _n._ 3

——, the Batta, ix. 88 _n._ 1

——, the Hindoo, i. 225, 404;
the Norse, ii. 364

Trinity College, Cambridge, Lord of Misrule at, ix. 332

_Trinouxtion_, in the Coligny calendar, seems to mark summer solstice, ix.
343 _n._

Tripoli, fighting the wind in, i. 331;
ghosts of murdered men nailed into the earth in, ix. 63

Triptolemus, prince of Eleusis, vii. 37;
shown the corn by Demeter, vii. 38;
the agent of Demeter in disseminating corn over the world, vii. 54, 72
_sq._;
victims sacrificed to him at Eleusis, vii. 56, 72;
his Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 61, 72, 75;
in Greek art, vii. 68 _n._ 1, 72;
sows seed in Rarian plain, vii. 70, 74;
the corn-hero, vii. 72 _sq._;
etymology of his name, vii. 72 _sq._;
receives corn from Demeter, viii. 19

_Triptolemus_, play of Sophocles, vii. 54

Tristram, H. B., on date of corn-reaping in Palestine, v. 232 _n._;
on wild boars in Palestine, viii. 31 _sq._

Triumph, costume worn by Roman generals in celebrating a, ii. 174 _sqq._

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, xi. 195

Troad, temple of Mouse (Smintheus) Apollo in the, viii. 283

Trobriands, Kiriwina, an island of the, v. 84

Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, iv. 85

Troezen, sanctuary of Hippolytus at, i. 24 _sq._

Troezenians sacrificed first-fruits to Poseidon, viii. 133;
their festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Trojeburg, labyrinths for children’s games called, iv. 77

Trokoarbasis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trokombigremis, priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 145

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, x. 146;
and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, x. 172;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 54;
rendered powerless by mistletoe, xi. 86, 283, 294

Trophonius at Lebadea, iv. 166 _n._ 1

Troppau, in Silesia, “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 250 _sq._

Trows, certain mythical beings in Shetland, ix. 168

Troy, sanctuary of Athena at, ii. 284;
the game of, iv. 76 _sq._

“True of speech,” epithet of Osiris, vi. 21

“True Man, the,” official title of the head of Taoism in China, i. 413

—— Steel, whose heart was in a bird, xi. 110 _sq._

Trumpets, blowing of, in the rites of Attis, v. 268;
in rites of Dionysus, vii. 15;
blown to expel demons, ix. 116, 117, 156;
blown at the feast of Purim, ix. 394;
sounded at initiation of young men, xi. 249

——, penny, blown at Befana (Twelfth Night) in Rome, ix. 166;
at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, x., 221, 222

Trumpets, sacred, blown to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24

Truth the hypothesis which is found to work best, iii. 422

Tschudi, J. J. von, his communication of a Spanish tract to W. Mannhardt,
vii. 172 _n._ 2

Tschwi, the, of West Africa, their custom after the death of a twin, viii.
98

Tsetsaut Indians of British Columbia, fasting and chastity of hunters
among the, iii. 198;
men among the, do not cut their hair, iii. 260;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46

Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, rules observed by wives during
absence of their husbands at war, i. 132;
descent of kingship among the, ii. 274 _sq._;
their stories to explain their totemism, iv. 128 _sq._;
dedicated men and women among the, v. 69 _sq._;
ordeal of chastity among the, v. 115 _n._ 2;
their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66 _n._ 2

Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia, their beliefs as to twins, i. 262
_sq._;
cannibal rites among the, vii. 19, 20;
their ceremonies after catching the first olachen fish of the season,
viii. 254 _sq._;
rules observed by their girls at puberty, x. 44 _n._ 2

Tsong-ming, Chinese island, mode of procuring rain in, i. 298

Tsuen-cheu-fu, in China, geomancy at, i. 170

_Tsuina_, expulsion of demons in Japan, ix. 212 _sq._

Tsûl, the, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 179

Tuaran district of British North Borneo, the Dusuns of, their annual
expulsion of demons, ix. 200 _sq._

Tuaregs of the Sahara, their seclusion at meals, iii. 117;
their men veil their faces, iii. 122;
reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;
their fear of ghosts, iii. 353

_Tubilustrium_, purification of trumpets at Rome, v. 268 _n._ 1

Tübingen, “Burying the Carnival” near, iv. 230

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, xi.
247

Tubuériki, a god in the Kingsmill Islands, first-fruits offered to, viii.
127 _sq._

Tucanos, the, of the Amazon, their custom of drinking the ashes of the
dead, viii. 157

Tud or Warrior Island, Torres Straits, sweat of warriors drunk in, viii.
152 _sq._

Tug-of-war before sowing and at reaping of rice, ii. 100;
probably in origin a magical rite, vii. 103 _n._ 1, 110 _n._;
as a religious or magical rite, ix. 173 _sqq._;
as a charm to produce rain, ix. 175 _sq._, 178 _sq._

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, xi.
242 _sq._

Tuhoe tribe of Maoris, their belief as to the fertilization of barren
women, ii. 56

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, xi. 11

Tuic tribe of the Upper Nile, lion-tamer as chief of the, i. 347 _sq._

Tuikilakila, a Fijian chief, claims to be a god, i. 389

Tukaitawa, a Mangaian warrior, whose strength waxed and waned with his
shadow, iii. 87

Tul-ya’s e’en, seven days before Christmas, the Trows let loose on, in
Shetland, ix. 168

_Tulasi_, or Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26;
married to Krishna, ii. 26;
married to the _Salagrama_, ii. 26 _sq._

Tulava, sacred prostitution in, v. 63

Tulle, in Berry, “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 242

Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome, ii. 193;
killed by lightning, ii. 181, 320;
said to have instituted the Saturnalia, ix. 345 _n._ 1

Tully River, in Queensland, natives of, their ideas as to falling stars,
iv. 60;
belief of the natives as to conception without sexual intercourse, v.
102

_Tulsi_ plant, its miraculous virtue, xi. 5

Tum of Heliopolis, an Egyptian sun-god, i. 419, vi. 123

Tumbucas of South Africa, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 _n._ 2

Tumleo, island of, treatment of spilt blood and rags in, i. 205;
contagious magic of bodily impressions in, i. 213;
seclusion of women after childbirth in, iii. 150;
annual fight in, ix. 142 _sq._

Tummel, the valley of the, Hallowe’en fires in, x. 231

Tuña, a spirit, expulsion of, among the Esquimaux, ix. 124 _sq._

Tundja River, the Orotchis of the, viii. 197

Tung ak, a powerful spirit, dreaded by the Esquimaux, ix. 79 _sq._

_Tunghät_, wandering genii of the Esquimaux, ix. 379

Tunguzian people, the Gilyaks a, viii. 190;
the Orotchis a, viii. 197

Tunis, New Year fires at, x. 217;
gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, xi. 80 _n._ 3

Tunja, capital of the Chibchas, in Colombia, i. 416

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, x. 283 _sq._

Tupi Indians of Brazil, their customs as to eating captives, iii. 179
_sq._;
cut off the thumbs of dead enemies, viii. 272

Tupinambas of Brazil, their superstition as to planting earth-almonds, i.
142;
woman’s share in agriculture among the, vii. 122

Turban, soul caught in a, iii. 75

Turcoman cure of fever by means of knotted thread, iii. 304

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, xi. 191

Turiks of Borneo, soul hooked fast to body among the, iii. 30

Turkana, the, of British East Africa, the power of medicine-men among, i.
344 _sq._

Turkestan, human scapegoat in, ix. 45;
Ferghana in, ix. 184

Turkey, feathers of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155;
soul in form of, iii. 42 _n._

Turkish tribes of Central Asia, girls propound riddles to their wooers
among the, ix. 122 _n._

—— village, oak-tree worshipped in, ii. 16

Turks, exorcism practised by the, iii. 102;
preserve their nail-parings for use at the resurrection, iii. 280;
their belief as to the bones of Scanderbeg, viii. 154

—— of Armenia, their rain-charm by means of pebbles, i. 305

—— of Central Asia give birds’ tongues to backward child to eat, viii. 147

—— of Siberia, marriage custom of the, x. 75

Turmeric cultivated, vii. 245, 250

Turner, Dr. George, on the power of the disease-makers in Tana, i. 341
_sq._;
on sacred stones, v. 108 _n._ 1

Turner, L. M., on the fear of demons among the Esquimaux of Labrador, ix.
79 _sq._

Turner’s picture of “The Golden Bough,” i. 1

Turning or whirling round, custom of, observed by mummers, i. 273, 275,
ii. 74, 80, 81, 87

“Turquoise, Mistress of,” at Sinai, v. 53

Turrbal tribe of Queensland, rule observed by boys at initiation in the,
iii. 156 _n._ 1

—— River in Queensland, natives of the, their ideas as to falling stars,
iv. 60

Turrinus, P. Clodius, coin of, i. 12 _n._ 3

Turtle, magical models of, i. 108

Turtle-catching, taboos in connexion with, iii. 192

—— -dove, consumption transferred to a, ix. 52

—— family in Samoa, their rule as to eating and cutting up turtles, iii.
122

—— -shell badges of homicide, iii. 168

Turtles, ancestral spirits in, in the Tenimber and Timor-laut Islands,
viii. 123;
killing the sacred, among the Zuni, viii. 175 _sqq._;
transmigration of human souls into, among the Zuni, viii. 178 _sq._

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, xi. 196

Tusayan, an ancient province of Arizona, vii. 312

——, the Pueblo Indians of, their custom at planting, v. 239;
their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312

Tuscan Romagna, Befana (Epiphany) in the, ix. 167

Tuscany, oak forests on the coast of, ii. 354;
volcanic district of, v. 208 _n._ 1;
omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295

Tusculum, Egerius Baebius or Laevius, of Tusculum, a Latin dictator, i.
22, 23 _n._ 3;
King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44 _n._ 1

Tusks of ivory, souls shut up in, iii. 70

Tusser, Thomas, on planting peas and beans, vi. 134

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Tver Government in Russia, charm to keep wolves from cows in, iii. 307

Twana Indians of Washington State, recovery of lost souls by medicine-men
among the, iii. 58;
prohibition to mention the names of the dead among the, iii. 365

Twanyirika, an Australian spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the
bull-roarer, xi. 233 _sq._;
kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, xi. 234

Twelfth Day, dances on, i. 138;
ceremony of the King at Carcassone on, viii. 321;
mummers representing a Goat and a Bear on, viii. 327;
dances on the roof on, to make the hemp grow tall, ix. 315;
serious significance of, ix. 315;
the Three Kings on, ix. 329 _sqq._
_See also_ Twelfth Night

—— Day, the Eve of, expulsion of witches, etc., on, ix. 166 _sq._;
twelve fires in Gloucestershire and Herefordshire on, ix. 318;
the bonfires of, x. 107;
processions with torches on, x. 340

—— Night, fruit-trees girt with straw ropes between Christmas and, ii. 17;
certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas
and, iii. 396 _sq._;
expulsion of the powers of evil on, ix. 165 _sqq._;
dances for the crops on, ix. 238;
Perchta’s Day, ix. 244;
(Epiphany), the King of the Bean on, ix. 313 _sqq._, x. 153 _n._ 2;
divination on, ix. 316;
cake, x. 184;
the Yule log on, x. 248, 250, 251;
the divining-rod cut on, xi. 68.
_See also_ Twelfth Day

Twelfth Night, the Eve of, old Mrs. Perchta on, ix. 240, 241;
ceremonial fires on, ix. 316 _sqq._

Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night (Epiphany), precautions
against witches during the, ix. 158 _sqq._, 164 _sqq._;
in Macedonia, superstitions as to the, ix. 320;
weather of the twelve months supposed to be determined by the weather of
the, ix. 322 _sqq._;
in ancient India, ix. 324 _sq._;
accounted a miniature of the year, ix. 324;
in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324;
difference of opinion as to the date of the, ix. 324, 327;
probably an old intercalary period at midwinter, ix. 325 _sq._, 328, 338
_sq._, 342

—— Days or Twelve Nights not of Christian origin, ix. 326 _sqq._

—— fires on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 318 _sq._, 321 _sq._

—— Gods, images of the, carried in procession at Magnesia, viii. 8

—— Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, x. 248;
between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, x. 310
_n._ 1

—— years, king’s reign limited to, in South India, iv. 46 _sqq._

“Twice-born” Brahman, xi. 276

Twin, name applied by the Baganda to the navel-string, i. 195, 196, vi.
170;
the navel-string of the king of Uganda called his, vi. 147.
_See also_ Twins

——, ghost of a, lodged in a wooden figure, viii. 98

Twin brothers in ritual, x. 278

—— girl charged with special duty, viii. 280

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, xi. 79

Twining thread forbidden to women and children during absence of warriors,
i. 131

Twins in war, i. 49 _n._ 3;
produced by eating two mice, two bananas, or two grains of millet, i.
118, 145;
taboos laid on parents of, i. 262, 263 _sq._;
supposed to possess magical powers, especially over the weather and
rain, i. 262-269, ii. 183;
supposed to be salmon, i. 263;
thought to be related to grizzly bears, i. 264 _sq._;
thought to be related to apes, i. 265;
thought to be the sons of lightning, i. 266;
called the children of the sky, i. 267, 268;
water poured on graves of, i. 268, iii. 154 _sq._;
custom observed by mother of still-born, i. 269 _n._ 1;
parents of, thought to be able to fertilize plantain-trees, ii. 102;
mothers of, not allowed to go near farm at sowing and reaping, ii. 102
_n._ 1;
customs of the Baganda in regard to, ii. 102 _sq._;
precautions taken by women at the graves of, v. 93 _n._ 1;
precautions against the ghosts of, viii. 98;
deemed a great misfortune in Kamtchatka, viii. 173 _n._ 4, ix. 178;
crocodiles thought to be born as the twins of human children, viii. 212;
Baganda women throw sticks or stones on the graves of, ix. 18

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, xi. 162 _n._ 2

——, father of, taboos observed by the, iii. 239 _sq._;
his hair shaved and nails cut, iii. 284;
no male except the, allowed to enter hut of girl in her seclusion at
puberty, x. 24

Two bananas eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, xi. 134 _sqq._

—— days, heathen festivals displaced in the Christian calendar by, i. 14

—— -faced statue set up by the mother of still-born twins, i. 269 _n._ 1;
mask worn by image of goddess, ix. 287

—— Goddesses, the, Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 56, 59, 73, 90

—— grains of millet eaten produce twins, i. 145

—— -headed bust at Nemi, portrait of the King of the Wood, i. 41 _sq._

—— -headed deity on a Cilician coin, v. 165 _sq._

—— mice eaten produce twins, i. 118

Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 _n._ 1

Tybi, an Egyptian month, vi. 98 _n._ 2

Tycoons, the, long the temporal sovereigns of Japan, iii. 19

Tydeus marries the daughter of the king of Argos, ii. 278

Tyers, Lake, in Victoria, reluctance to mention personal names among the
blacks about, iii. 321

Tying up the winds in knots, i. 326;
the soul to the body, iii. 32 _sq._, 43

Tylon or Tylus, a Lydian hero, v. 183;
his death and resurrection, v. 186 _sq._

Tylor, Sir Edward B., on fertilization of date-palm, i. 25 _n._;
on magic, i. 53 _n._ 1;
on the fire-drill, ii. 208;
on Garcilasso’s account of the Peruvian priestesses of fire, ii. 244
_n._ 1;
on the association of flints with lightning, ii. 374 _n._ 2;
on reincarnation of ancestors, iii. 372 _n._ 1;
on fossil bones as a source of myths, v. 157 _sq._;
on names for father and mother, v. 281;
on a theory of totemism, viii. 298 _n._ 2

Tyndarids (Castor and Pollux) thought to attend the Spartan kings, i. 49

Types of animal sacrament, viii. 310 _sqq._

Typhon, or Set, the brother of Osiris, vi. 6;
the sea called the foam of, iii. 10;
invoked by his true names, iii. 390;
the soul of, in the Great Bear, iv. 5;
murders Osiris, vi. 7 _sq._;
mangles the body of Osiris, vi. 10, viii. 30;
interpreted as the sun, vi. 129;
the enemy of Osiris, vii. 262, 263, viii. 100;
his injury of the eye of Horus, viii. 30;
as a pig or boar, viii, 30, 31, 33, 34;
the birth of, ix. 341.
_See also_ Set

——, in Greek mythology, slays Hercules, v. 111;
Corycian cave of, v. 155 _sq._;
his battle with the gods, v. 193, 194;
the gods flee before, vii. 18

—— and Zeus, battle of, v. 156 _sq._

Tyre, Melcarth at, v. 16;
burning of Melcarth at, v. 110 _sq._;
festival of “the awakening of Hercules” at, v. 111;
king of, his walk on stones of fire, v. 114 _sq._

——, kings of, their divinity, v. 16;
as priests of Astarte, v. 26

—— and Sidon, ix. 17

Tyrie, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the _clyack_ sheaf in,
vii. 158

Tyrimnus, axe-bearing hero at Thyatira, v. 183 _n._

Tyrol, sacred larch-tree in the, ii. 20;
“ringing out the grass” on St. George’s Day in the, ii. 343 _sq._;
witches in the, their magic use of cut hair, iii. 271;
disposal of loose hair in the, iii. 282;
wedding rings as amulets in the, iii. 314;
Feast of All Souls in the, vi. 73 _sq._;
the Wheat-bride and Rye-bride at harvest in the, vii. 163;
treatment of man who gives last stroke at threshing at Volders in the,
vii. 224;
last thresher said to “strike down the Dog” at Dux in the, vii. 273;
the last thresher called the Goat at Oberinntal in the, vii. 286;
annual “Burning out of the Witches” on May Day in the, ix. 158 _sq._, x.
160;
the _Perchten_ in the, ix. 240, 242 _sq._;
Senseless Thursday in the, ix. 248;
burning the witch on the first Sunday in Lent at Voralberg in the, x.
116;
Midsummer fires in the, x. 172 _sq._;
magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 47;
St. John’s wort in the, xi. 54;
mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 58;
four-leaved clover gathered on Midsummer Eve in the, xi. 62 _sq._;
dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, xi. 64;
the divining-rod in the, xi. 68;
mistletoe used to open all locks in the, xi. 85;
belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, xi. 291 _n._ 3

Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent
money from decreasing, xi. 288

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, x. 72

Tyropoeon, ravine at Jerusalem, v. 178

Tyrrel, Colonel F., as to the story of Sultan Bayazid and his external
soul, iii. 51 _n._

Tzentales, the, of Mexico, propitiate dead deer, viii. 241

Tzultacca, a mythical being of the Central American Indians, viii. 241

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, xi. 233

Uap (Yap), one of the Caroline Islands, taboos observed by fishermen in,
iii. 193;
custom as to cutting hibiscus tree in, iii. 227;
the natives of, burn or throw into the sea their cut hair and nails for
fear of witchcraft, iii. 281 _sq._
_See also_ Yap

Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 61

—— River, woman’s share in agriculture among the tribes of the, vii. 121
_sq._

Ubemba, a royal family in Central Africa, ii. 277

Ucayali river in Peru, the Conibos of the, ii. 183 _n._ 2, v. 198;
the Indians of the, their greetings to the new moon, vi. 142

Ucria, in Sicily, barren fruit-trees threatened at, ii. 21 _sq._

Udvarhely in Transylvania, wreath made out of the last ears cut at harvest
at, vii. 221;
cock killed in last sheaf at, vii. 278

Uea, one of the Loyalty Islands, recall of a lost soul in, iii. 54

Uelzen in Hanover, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Uffizi, the temple of Vesta represented on a relief in the gallery of the,
at Florence, ii. 186

Uganda, priest inspired by tobacco smoke in, i. 384;
ceremonies observed by the parents of twins in, ii. 102;
the king’s perpetual fire in, ii. 261;
licence accorded to the Queen-Dowager and Queen-Sister in, ii. 275
_sq._;
descent of the totems in, ii. 288;
avoidance of wife’s mother in, iii. 84 _sq._;
rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86;
ceremony on return from a journey in, iii. 112;
uncleanness of women at menstruation and childbirth in, iii. 145;
seclusion of brides in, iii. 148 _n._ 1;
intercourse of chiefs with their wives before going to war in, iii. 164
_n._ 1;
taboos observed by fishermen in, iii. 194 _sq._;
weapons removed from room at childbirth in, iii. 239;
taboos observed by fathers of twins in, iii. 239 _sq._;
king’s brothers burnt in, iii. 243;
custom as to roofing the king’s palace in, iii. 254;
rule as to cutting child’s hair in, iii. 263;
disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 277;
custom as to the hair and nails of fathers of twins in, iii. 284;
reluctance of people to name their totems in, iii. 330;
spirits of ancestors reincarnate in their namesakes in, iii. 369;
etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 39 _sq._;
human sacrifices in, iv. 139;
first-born sons strangled in, iv. 182;
dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, iv. 200 _sq._, vi.
167, 171 _sq._;
priest drinks beer out of skull of dead king in, iv. 200, viii. 150;
temples of the dead kings of, vi. 167, 168 _sq._, 170 _sqq._;
human sacrifices offered to dead kings of, vi. 168, 172 _sq._;
human sacrifices offered to prolong the lives of the kings of, vi. 223
_sqq._;
men inspired by the spirits of lions, leopards, and serpents in, viii.
213;
funeral ceremony in, ix. 45 _n._ 2;
human scapegoats in, ix. 42, 194 _sq._;
kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, x. 3 _sq._;
life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, xi. 160;
passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, xi.
181 _sq._;
cure for lightning-stroke in, xi. 298 _n._ 2
_See also_ Baganda

Uganda Protectorate, the Bahima of the, iii. 183 _n._, ix. 6

Ugi, one of the Solomon Islands, fear of passing under a fallen tree in,
iii. 250;
cut hair buried in, iii. 277;
observation of the Pleiades in, vii. 313

Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, x. 158

Uist, in the Hebrides, rain-making in, i. 308;
Beltane cakes in, x. 154

——, North, the harvest _Cailleach_ in, vii. 166;
need-fire in, x. 293 _sq._

——, South, fairies at Hallowe’en in, x. 226;
salt cake at Hallowe’en in, x. 238 _sq._

Uiyumkwi tribe, in Red Island, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 39
_sq._

Ujjain, the old capital of Malwa, in Western India, iv. 132, 133;
tradition as to killing kings after one day’s reign in, iv. 122 _sq._;
Vikramaditya’s Gate at, iv. 124

Ukami, in German East Africa, xi. 313

_Ukpong_, external soul in Calabar, xi. 206

Ukraine, ceremony to fertilize the fields on St. George’s Day in the, ii.
103

Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 214

Ulawa, one of the Solomon Islands, soul of dead man in a shark at, viii.
297;
soul of dead man in bananas in, viii. 298

Uliase, East Indian island, fear to lose the shadow at noon in, iii. 87;
sick people sprinkled with pungent spices in, iii. 105

Ullensvang, Hardanger, Norway, Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom at, ii. 92

Ulster, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 12;
tombs of the kings of, iv. 101

Ulysses wins Penelope in a foot-race, ii. 300 _sq._

—— and Aeolus, i. 326

Umbandine, king of the Swazies, expected to make rain for his people, i.
350

Umbrella, white, carried over Athenian priests and priestess, x. 20 _n._
1;
carried over bride in procession, x. 31

Umbrellas in ritual, x. 20 _n._ 1

Umbrians, ordeal of battle among the, ii. 321

Unalashka, one of the Aleutian Islands, stones piled on a grave in, ix. 16

Uncle, dead, worshipped among the Awemba, vi. 175

——, maternal, preferred to father, mark of mother-kin, ii. 285;
in marriage ceremonies in India, v. 62 _n._ 1

Unclean and sacred, correspondence of the rules regarding the, iii. 145

Unclean animals originally sacred, viii. 24

Uncleanness regarded as a vapour, iii. 152, 206;
of man-slayers, of menstruous and lying-in women, and of persons who
have handled the dead, iii. 169;
of whalers, iii. 191, 207;
of lion-killer, iii. 220;
of bear-killers, iii. 221;
caused by contact with the dead, vi. 227 _sqq._;
ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, x. 65 _n._ 1;
of women at menstruation, x. 76 _sqq._;
and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, x. 97
_sq._
_See also_ Menstruous

Uncles named after their nephews, iii. 332

Unconquered Son, Mithra identified with the, v. 304

Uncovered in the open air, prohibition to be, iii. 3, 14

Underground Zeus, Greek ploughman prayed to, vii. 45, 50

Undiara in Central Australia, magical stones at, i. 147

Ungarisch Brod, in Moravia, dramatic contest between Summer and Winter
among the Slavs near, iv. 257 _sq._

Unguent of lion’s fat, magic virtue of an, viii. 164;
made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, x. 14

Uniformity of occupation in primitive society, i. 245;
of nature, ii. 376

Unis, king of Egypt, mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, vi. 5

Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, xi. 77

Unkareshwar, the goddess of cholera at, ix. 194

Unkulunkulu, “the Old-Old-one,” the first man in the traditions of the
Zulus, vi. 182

Unleavened bread baked with new corn at the harvest festival of the
Natchez Indians, viii. 136

Unlucky, intercalary days regarded as, ix. 339 _sq._;
Midsummer Day regarded as, xi. 29

—— children passed through narrow openings, xi. 190

—— marriages in India, ii. 57 _n._ 4

Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, x. 315, 321

Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their disposal of foreskins at
circumcision, i. 95 _sq._;
burial customs of the, i. 102;
their charm to ensure wakefulness, i. 154;
their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208;
their rites of initiation, xi. 234;
initiation of a medicine-man in the, xi. 238

Unna, in Westphalia, treatment of the last sheaf at, vii. 138

Unnefer, “the Good Being,” a title of Osiris, vi. 12

Unreaped corn, patches of, left at harvest, viii. 233

Unreason, Abbot of, in Scotland, ix. 331

“Unspoken water” in marriage rites, vi. 245 _sq._

Unyoro, king of, his custom of drinking milk, iii. 119;
not to be seen drinking, iii. 119;
cowboy of the king of, iii. 159 _n._;
diet of the king of, iii. 291 _sq._;
kings of, put to death, iv. 34

Up-helly-a’, popular festival on January 29th in Shetland, ix. 168 _sq._,
x. 269 _n._

Up-uat, Egyptian jackal-god, vi. 154

Upias, King, father of Bormus, vii. 216

Upis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 34 _n._;
a name of Artemis, i. 34 _n._

Upsala, popular assembly at, i. 366 _sq._;
sacred grove at, ii. 9, 364, 365;
temple of Frey at, ii. 144;
images of Thor, Odin, and Frey at, ii. 364;
sacrificial spring at, ii. 364;
great temple and festival at, ii. 364 _sq._, iv. 58;
sepulchral mound at, iv. 57, 161;
sacrifice of king’s sons at, iv. 160;
human sacrifices in the holy grove at, v. 289 _sq._, vi. 220;
the reign of Frey at, vi. 100

Upulero, the spirit of the sun, in the Babar Archipelago, prayers for
offspring to, i. 72

Ur, the fourth dynasty of, i. 417

Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their fire-drill, ii. 209;
their rites of initiation, xi. 234

Uranium, atomic disintegration of, viii. 305

Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, iv. 192, v. 283

Uraons. _See_ Oraons

Urewera, in New Zealand, magic use of spittle in, iii. 288

Uri-melech or Adom-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Urns, funereal, in shape of huts, ii. 201 _sq._

Urquhart, Sir Thomas, on the Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Urua, in Central Africa, divinity claimed by the chief of, i. 395

Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story, ii. 250, iv. 131

Usagara hills in German East Africa, the Wamegi of the, vii. 240

Usener, H., on Befana at Rome, ix. 167 _n._ 1;
on the etymology of Veturius, ix. 229 _n._ 2

Ushnagh, in Ireland, pagan cemetery at, iv. 101

Usirniri, temple of, at Busiris, vi. 151

Usondo, the lord of rain, in Zululand, i. 303

Ussingen, in Nassau, saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Ussukuma (Usukuma), district on the southern bank of Lake Victoria Nyanza,
sultans of, expected to make rain and drive away locusts, i.
353;
heads not to be shaved till corn is sown in, iii. 260

_Ustrels_, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, supposed to attack cattle, x.
284

Utch Kurgan, in Turkestan, human scapegoat at, ix. 45

Uttoxeter, May garlands at, ii. 61

Ututwa, sultan of, expelled for drought, i. 353

Uuayayab, demon of evil in Yucatan, ix. 171

Uwet, tribe on the Calabar River, their excessive use of the poison
ordeal, iv. 197

Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, x. 254

Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, xi. 301 _sq._

Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, x. 120

Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, x. 172;
cursing a mist in, x. 280

Vale of Tempe, Apollo purified from the dragon’s blood in the, iv. 81, vi.
240

Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 _n._ 4

Valentines at bonfires, x. 109 _sq._

Valerius Soranus, said to have divulged the name of Rome, iii. 391

Valesius, on the standard Egyptian cubit, vi. 217 _n._ 1

Valhalla, the dead in battle received by Odin in, iv. 13

Vallabhacharyas or Maharajas, a Hindoo sect, believe that barren women can
be fertilized by bathing in a sacred well, ii. 160;
men assimilated to women in the, vi. 254.
_See also_ Maharajas

Vailancey, General Charles, on Hallowe’en customs in Ireland, x. 241 _sq._

Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, x. 280

Vallericcia, near the Alban Lake, archaic Greek relief found in the, i. 11
_n._ 1

Valley of Hinnom, sacrifices of children to Moloch in the, iv. 169, v. 178

—— of the Kings of Thebes, vi. 90

—— of Poison, in Java, v. 203 _sq._

Vampyres, charms against, ix. 153 _n._ 1;
need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, x. 284 _sqq._, 344

Vancouver Island, the Lkungen Indians of, i. 145;
wind-stones in, i. 322;
the Ahts of, vi. 139 _n._ 1, x. 43;
the Songish or Lkungen tribe of, viii. 254

Vanua Lava, in the Banks Islands, avoidance of wife’s mother at, iii. 85

Vapour thought to be exhaled by lying-in women and hunters, iii. 152, 206,
213;
supposed, of blood and corpses, iii. 210 _sq._;
supposed to be produced by the violation of a taboo, iii. 212

Vapour bath taken by girls at puberty, x. 40

Vapours, worship of mephitic, v. 203 _sqq._

Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, x. 193

Varanda, in Armenia, rain-charm at, i. 306

Varé, African kingdom, power of rain-making ascribed to the kings of, i.
348

Varini, a tribe akin to the Saxons, marriage with a step-mother among the,
ii. 283

Varro, on the oak groves of Rome, ii. 185;
on the so-called temple of Vesta, ii. 200;
on the foundation of Rome by shepherds and herdsmen, ii. 324 _n._ 1;
on Pales, ii. 326;
on Janus as a sky-god, ii. 381;
on a Roman funeral custom, iv. 92;
on suicides by hanging, iv. 282;
on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 230 _sq._, 236 _n._ 1;
his derivation of _Dialis_ from Jove, vi. 230 _n._ 2;
on Salacia, vi. 233;
on Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234 _n._ 4;
on the rites of Eleusis, vii. 88;
on killing oxen in Attica, viii. 6;
on annual sacrifice of goat on the Acropolis of Athens, viii. 41;
on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14 _n._ 3

Varuna, festival of, wife of the sacrificer obliged to name her paramours
at the, iii. 217

Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, xi. 145 _sq._

Vase-paintings of Cadmus and the dragon, iv. 78, 79;
of Croesus on the pyre, v. 176

Vashti, derivation of the name, ix. 366

—— and Esther, temporary queens, ix. 365, 401

—— and Haman the duplicates of Esther and Mordecai, ix. 406

Vasse River in Western Australia, mourners cut themselves for the dead on
the, i. 91

Vaté, in the New Hebrides, the aged buried alive in, iv. 12

Vatican, worship of Cybele and Attis on the site of the, v. 275 _sq._

Vatican hill, evergreen oak on the, ii. 186

—— statue of Ephesian Artemis, i. 38 _n._ 1

Vaughan Stevens, H., on the wild tribes of the Malay region, ii. 236 _n._
1

Veal eaten by Egyptian kings, iii. 13, 291

Veckenstedt, E., i. 326 _n._ 5

Vecoux, in the Vosges, cattle believed to talk on Christmas Eve at, x. 254

Vedas, the magical ritual of the, akin to shamanism, i. 229

Vedic age, the Aryans of the, their calendar, ix. 342

—— hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, xi. 295 _sq._

—— India, consecration of the sacrificer of soma in, iii. 159 _n._;
belief and custom as to meteors in, iv. 63;
swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 279 _sq._

—— rites, magical nature of, i. 229

—— times, charm to restore a banished prince in, i. 145;
transference of sin in, ix. 3;
cure for consumption in, ix. 51;
the creed of the, ix. 90;
riddles asked at sacrifice of horse in, ix. 122 _n._;
the Aryans of the, ix. 324

Vedijovis, she-goat sacrificed like human victim to, vii. 33.
_See also_ Vejovis

Vegetable and animal life associated in primitive mind, v. 5

—— food prescribed for man-slayers, iii. 167

Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, xi. 51

Vegetation, homoeopathic influence of persons on, i. 142;
spirit of, newly awakened in spring, ii. 70;
spirit of, brought to houses, ii. 74;
spirit of, represented by mummers dressed in leaves, branches, and
flowers, ii. 74 _sqq._, 78 _sqq._, 97;
spirit of, represented by a tree and a living man, ii. 76;
spirit of, represented in duplicate by a girl and an effigy, ii. 78;
spirit of, represented by a king or queen, ii. 84, 87, 88;
influence of the sexes on, ii. 97 _sqq._;
men and women masquerading as spirits of, ii. 120;
marriage of the powers of, ii. 142, 171;
death and revival of the spirit of, iv. 212, 252, 263 _sqq._;
perhaps generalized from a tree-spirit, iv. 253, v. 233;
mythical theory of the growth and decay of, v. 3 _sqq._;
annual decay and revival of, represented dramatically in the rites of
Adonis, v. 227 _sqq._;
gardens of Adonis charms to promote the growth of, v. 236 _sq._, 239;
Midsummer fires and couples in relation to, v. 250 _sq._;
Attis as a god of, v. 277 _sqq._;
Osiris as a god of, vi. 112, 126, 131, 158;
decay and growth of, conceived as the death and resurrection of gods,
vii. 1 _sq._;
Mars a deity of, ix. 229 _sq._;
outworn deity of, ix. 231;
processions representing spirits of, ix. 250;
spirit of, burnt in effigy, xi. 21 _sq._;
reasons for burning a deity of, xi. 23;
leaf-clad representative of the spirit of, burnt, xi. 25;
W. Mannhardt’s view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented
spirits of, xi. 43

Vegetation-god, Easter an old vernal festival of the death and
resurrection of the, ix. 328

Vehicle, expulsion of evils in a material, ix. 185 _sqq._, 198 _sqq._, 224

Vehicles, material, of immaterial things (fear, misfortune, disease,
etc.), ix. 1 _sqq._, 22 _n._ 2, 23 _sqq._

Veil over mouth worn by Parsee priests, ii. 241, 241 _n._ 4

Veiling faces to avert evil influences, iii. 120 _sqq._

Veils worn by candidates for initiation at Eleusis, vii. 38

“Veins of the Nile,” near Philae, offerings of money and gold thrown into
the, vi. 40

Vejovis, the Little Jupiter, ii. 179, 180 _n._
_See also_ Vedijovis

Velamas, in India, their belief as to third marriages being unlucky, ii.
57 _n._ 4

Veleda, deified woman among the Bructeri, i. 391

Vellalas, of Southern India, their custom at marrying a second, third, or
fourth wife, ii. 57 _n._ 4

Velten, C., on an African Balder, xi. 312 _sq._

Vendée, custom at threshing in, vii. 149 _sq._

Veneti sacrifice white horses to Diomede, i. 27;
on the Atlantic coast of Brittany, their boats of oak, ii. 353

Venezuela, province of Coro in, viii. 157;
sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Venison, taboos concerning, iii. 208 _sq._;
Esquimaux rules as to eating, viii. 84;
eaten as a protection against fever, viii. 143;
not eaten by young men lest it make them timid like deer, viii. 144;
not brought into hut by door, viii. 242 _sq._;
not eaten because the souls of the dead are believed to be in deer,
viii. 286, 293

Ventriloquism a basis of political power, i. 347

Ventriloquist as chief of his tribe, i. 347

Venus (Aphrodite) and Adonis, i. 21, 25, 40, 41, ix. 406.
_See also_ Adonis, Aphrodite

——, the bearded, in Cyprus, vi. 259 _n._ 3

—— and Vulcan, vi. 231

Venus, the planet, identified with Astarte, v. 258, vi. 35

Venus’ fly-trap (_Dionaea_), homoeopathic magic of, i. 144

Vera Cruz, in Mexico, the Indian tribes of, dated the beginning of their
years by the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 310

_Verbascum_, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 63 _sq._;
its relation to the sun, xi. 64

_Verbena officinalis_, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, xi. 62

Verdun, “killing the dog” at harvest near, vii. 272

Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, x. 114 _sq._

Vermilion applied to bride in Hindoo marriage ceremony, ii. 25;
faces of Roman generals at a triumph reddened with, ii. 175

Vermin from hair returned to their owner, iii. 278;
propitiated by farmers, viii. 274 _sqq._;
images of, made as a protection against them, viii. 280 _sq._;
exorcized with torches, x. 340

Vernal festival of Adonis, v. 226

Verrall, A. W., as to Mohammed’s prohibition of the artificial
fertilization of the palm, ii. 25 _n._ 1;
on the _Anthesteria_, v. 235 _n._ 1;
on the pyre of Hercules, ix. 391 _n._ 4

Verres, C., carried off image of Demeter from Henna, vii. 65

_Versipellis_, a were-wolf, x. 314 _n._ 1

Vertumnus and Pomona, vi. 235 _n._ 6