Chapter XXXI: Part 31

Pondomisi, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, attribute drought to wrath of
dead chief, vi. 177

Pondos, of South Africa, their festival of new fruits, viii. 66 _sq._

Pongal feast, in the Madras Presidency, vii. 244.
_See_ Pongol

Pongau district of Salzburg, the _Perchten_ maskers in, ix. 244

Pongol, a family festival among the Hindoos of Southern India, viii. 56;
Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, fires kindled at, xi. 1, 16

Ponnani River, near Calicut, iv. 49

_Pons Sublicius_ at Rome built without iron, iii. 230

Pont à Mousson, calf killed at harvest at, vii. 290

Pontarlier, Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 316

Pontaven in Finistère, effigy (of Carnival) thrown into the sea on Ash
Wednesday at, iv. 230

Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Pontifex Maximus at Rome, his relation to the Vestals, ii. 228

Pontiff of Zela in Pontus, ix. 370, 372

Pontiffs, the Roman, their mismanagement of the Julian calendar, vi. 93
_n._ 1;
celebrated the marriage of Orcus, vi. 231;
regulate Roman calendar, vii. 83

—— and Vestals threw puppets into the Tiber at Rome, viii. 107

Pontifical law at Rome, iii. 391 _n._ 1

Pontus, the Mosyni or Mosynoeci of, iii. 124;
sacred prostitution in, v. 39, 58;
rapid spread of Christianity in, ix. 420 _sq._

Poona, rain-making at, i. 275;
incarnation of elephant-headed god at, i. 405

Poor Man, name applied to the corn-spirit after harvest, vii. 231

—— Old Woman, corn left on field for, vii. 231 _sq._

—— Woman, name applied to the corn-spirit after harvest, vii. 231

Popayan, district of Colombia, the Indians of, will not kill deer, viii.
286

Pope or Patriarch of Fools, elected on St. Stephen’s Day, ix. 334

Popinjay, shooting at a, x. 194

_Popish Kingdome, The_, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, x. 125 _sq._, 162

Poplar in magic, i. 145;
burned on St. Peter’s Day, ii. 141

——, black, mistletoe on, xi. 318 _n._ 6

——, the silver, used to ban fiends, ii. 336

——, the white, at Olympia, a substitute for the oak, ii. 220;
used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, xi. 90 _n._ 1, 91 _n._ 7

Poplar-wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 282

Poplars burnt on Shrove Tuesday, iv. 224 _n._ 1

Poppies as symbols of Demeter, vii. 43 _sq._

Poppy, the, cultivated for opium, vii. 242

Populonia, an unmarried Roman goddess, vi. 231

_Populus trichocarpa_ in homoeopathic magic, i. 145

Porcupine, a Bechuana totem, viii. 164 _sq._;
respected by some Indians, viii. 243;
transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299;
as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, x. 49

Pork forbidden to enchanters of crops, vii. 100 _sq._;
not eaten by field labourers, viii. 33;
taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85;
reason for not eating, viii. 296.
_See also_ Pig’s flesh _and_ Swine’s flesh

Porphyry, on a human god in Egypt, i. 390;
on the souls of trees, ii. 12;
on Phoenician sacrifices of children, iv. 167, 179;
on the _Bouphonia_, viii. 5 _n._ 1;
on the homoeopathic diet of diviners, viii. 143 _n._ 7;
on demons, ix. 104

Porridge smeared on body as a purification, iii. 176

Port Charlotte in Islay, vii. 166;
stone used in cure for toothache near, ix. 62

—— Darwin, in Australia, conception in women not regarded as a direct
result of cohabitation among the tribes about, v. 103

—— Lincoln tribe of South Australia, prohibition to mention the names
ofthe dead in the, iii. 365;
their superstition as to lizards, xi. 216 _sq._

—— Moresby, in British New Guinea, ix. 84;
taboos as to trading voyages at, iii. 203;
homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet at, viii. 145

—— Stephens (Stevens), in New South Wales, burial at flood tide among the
natives at, i. 168;
medicine-men drive away rain at, i. 253

Porta Capena at Rome, i. 18, ii. 185, v. 273

_Porta Querquetulana_ at Rome, ii. 185 _n._ 3

—— _Triumphalis_ at Rome, xi. 195

Porto Novo, the negroes of, their beliefs and customs concerning twins, i.
265;
the King of Night at, ii. 23 _sq._;
in Guinea, precaution taken by executioner against the ghosts of his
victims at, iii. 171;
on the Slave Coast, vicarious human sacrifices at, iv. 117;
annual expulsion of demons at, ix. 205

Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, xi. 157

Portraits, souls in, iii. 96 _sqq._;
supposed dangers of, iii. 96 _sqq._

Portreath, sacrifice of a calf near, to cure disease of cows and horses,
x. 301

Portugal, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167 _sq._

Poseideon, an Attic month, vii. 62

Poseidon, sanctuary of, at Troezen, i. 27;
mated with Artemis, i. 36;
bull sacrificed to, i. 46;
represented as father of Demetrius Poliorcetes, i. 391;
identified with Erechtheus, iv. 87;
the Establisher or Securer, v. 195 _sq._;
the earthquake god, v. 195, 202 _sq._;
his intrigue with Demeter, v. 280, viii. 21;
first-fruits sacrificed to, viii. 133;
cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351;
priest of, uses a white umbrella, x. 20 _n._ 1;
makes Pterelaus immortal, xi. 103

Posidonius, ancient Greek traveller in Gaul, on indifference of Celts to
death, iv. 142;
on human sacrifices among the Celts, xi. 32

Poso, a district of Central Celebes, inspired priestesses in, i. 379
_sq._;
ears of rice fed like children in, ii. 29;
belief as to tree-demons in, ii. 35;
ceremony performed by farmer’s wife in, when the rice crop is not
thriving, ii. 104;
stranger taken for a spirit in, vii. 236;
jawbones of deer and wild pigs propitiated by hunters in, viii. 244
_sq._;
custom at the working of iron in, xi. 154

——, the Alfoors of, offer puppets to demons, iii. 62;
will not pronounce their own names, iii. 332;
may not pronounce the names of their fathers, mothers, grandparents, and
parents-in-law, iii. 340;
forbidden to use ordinary language in harvest-field, iii. 411;
ask riddles while watching the crops, vii. 194;
think that every man has three souls, xi. 222

Possession by the spirits of dead kings or chiefs, iv. 25 _sq._, vi. 192
_sq._;
of priest or priestess by a divine spirit, v. 66, 68 _sq._, 72 _sqq._;
by an evil spirit, cured by passing through a red-hot chain, xi. 186

Posterli, annual expulsion of, at Entlebuch in Switzerland, ix. 214

Pot in ashes, imprint of, effaced from superstitious motives, i. 214

Potala Hill at Lhasa, ix. 197

——, palace of the Dalai Lama at Lhasa, i. 412 _n._ 1

Potato-dog, said to be killed at end of digging the potatoes, vii. 272
_sq._

—— -mother, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 172, 173 _n._

—— -wolf, said to be caught in the last potatoes, vii. 271;
name given to woman who gathers the last potatoes, vii. 274

Potatoes, magical stones for the increase of, i. 162;
fertilized by a fairy banner, i. 368;
customs at eating new, viii. 50, 51

Potawatomi Indians, their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 218;
their women secluded at menstruation, x. 89

_Potlatch_, distribution of property, among the Carrier Indians, xi. 274

Potniae in Boeotia, goat substituted for child as victim in rites of
Dionysus at, iv. 166 _n._ 1, vii. 24;
priest of Dionysus killed at, vi. 99 _n._ 1

Potrimpo, old Prussian god, his priest bound to sleep on bare earth for
three nights before sacrificing, ii. 248

Pots of basil on St. John’s Day in Sicily, v. 245

—— used by girls at puberty broken, x. 61, 69.
_See also_ Vessels

Potter in Southern India, custom observed by a, v. 191 _n._ 2

Potters in Uganda bake their pots when the moon is waxing, vi. 135

Pottery, primitive, employed in Roman ritual, ii. 202 _sqq._;
superstitions as to the making of, among the Yuracares of Bolivia and
the Ba-Ronga of South Africa, ii. 204 _sq._

Pouilly, near Dijon, ox killed on harvest-field at, vii. 290

Poverty, annual expulsion of, ix. 144 _sq._

Powder, magic, rubbed into wounds for purpose of inoculation, viii. 159

Powers, Stephen, on the secrecy of personal names among the Californian
Indians, iii. 326;
on the expulsion of devils among the Pomos of California, ix. 170 _sq._

Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, x. 295

Powhatan, an assumed Indian name, iii. 318

Pozega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, x. 282

Prabat, in Siam, Footprint of Buddha at, iii. 275

Practical man, the plain, i. 243

Praeneste, Fortuna Primigenia, goddess of, vi. 234;
founded by Caeculus, ii. 197, vi. 235

Praetorius, Matthaeus, on the old Lithuanian god Pergrubius, ii. 347 _n._
1;
his work on old Lithuanian customs, viii. 50 _n._ 1

Praetors, the consuls at first called, ii. 291 _n._ 1

Prague, pieces of the May-tree burned in the district of, ii. 71;
the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 73

Prajapati, the creator, his mystic sacrifice in the daily ritual of the
Brahmans, ix. 411

_Pramantha_, the upper part of the Brahman fire-drill, ii. 249

Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-customat, x. 119

Pratz, Le Page du, on the festival of new corn among the Natchez Indians,
viii. 77 _sqq._

Prauss, in Silesia, race of girls at harvest at, vii. 76

Prayer to the _tulasi_ plant, ii. 26;
the Roman shepherd’s, ii. 327;
to Pergrubius, ii. 347;
the materialization of, ix. 22 _n._ 2;
at sowing, ix. 138

Prayer, the Place of, viii. 113

—— and spell, vii. 105

Prayers to the sun, i. 72, 312;
for rain to ancestors, i. 285, 286, 287, 346;
for rain to skulls of racoons, i. 288;
for rain to dragon, i. 291 _sq._;
to king’s ancestors, i. 352;
to sunflower roots, ii. 13;
for rain to the spirit who controls the rain, ii. 46;
to Zeus for rain, ii. 359;
to Jupiter for rain, ii. 362;
to Thunder, ii. 367 _sq._;
to an oak, ii. 372;
for rain to Nyakang, iv. 20;
to dead ancestors, vi. 175 _sq._, 178 _sq._, 183 _sq._;
to dead kings, vi. 192;
for rain at Eleusis, vii. 69;
to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112, 113, 124 _sq._;
to dead animals, viii. 184, 197, 224, 225, 226, 235, 236, 243, 253, 293;
to crocodile goddess, viii. 212;
to shark-idol, viii. 292;
at cairns or heaps of sticks or leaves, ix. 26, 28, 29 _sq._;
of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, x. 50 _sq._, 53, 98 _n._ 1;
to the Rain-makers up aloft, x. 133;
to ancestral spirits, xi. 243

Preachers to fish, viii. 250 _sq._

Precautions against witches on May Day, ii. 52 _sqq._, ix. 267;
against witches on St. George’s Day, ii. 354 _sqq._;
against witches on Walpurgis Night (Eve of May Day), ix. 158 _sqq._;
against witches during the Twelve Days, ix. 164 _sq._;
against witches on Midsummer Eve, xi. 73 _sqq._

Precious stones, homoeopathic magic of, i. 164 _sq._

Pre-existence of the human soul, belief in the, i. 104

Preference for a violent death, iv. 9 _sqq._

Pregnancy, ceremony in seventh month of, i. 72 _sq._;
husband’s hair kept unshorn during wife’s, iii. 261;
conduct of husband during wife’s, iii. 294, 295;
superstitions as to knots during wife’s, iii. 294 _sq._;
funeral rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his wife’s,
iv. 189;
causes of, unknown, v. 92 _sq._, 106 _sq._;
Australian beliefs as to the causes of, v. 99 _sqq._

Pregnant cows sacrificed to ensure fertility, i. 141;
sacrificed to the Earth goddess, ii. 229

—— women, forbidden to spin or twist ropes, i. 114;
not to loiter in the doorways of houses where there are, i. 114;
employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 _sq._, ii. 101;
taboos on, i. 141 _n._ 1;
their superstitions about shadows, iii. 82 _sq._;
carry _nim_ leaves or iron to scare evil spirits, iii. 234;
may not sew or use sharp instruments, iii. 238;
loosen their hair, iii. 311;
mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 _sq._;
fowls used to divert evil spirits from, ix. 31

Preller, L., on the marriage of Dionysus and Ariadne, ii. 138

Premature birth, Esquimau ideas as to, iii. 152;
to be announced publicly, iii. 213.
_See_ Miscarriage

Presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester’s day, iii. 88

Presteign in Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at, ix. 182 _sq._

Pretence made by reapers of mowing down visiters to the harvest-field,
vii. 229 _sq._;
of throwing people into fire, x. 110, 148, 186, xi. 25

—— of human sacrifices substituted for the reality, iv. 214 _sqq._;
at Christmas, vii. 302

Pretenders to divinity among Christians, i. 407 _sqq._

Priapus, image of, at need-fire, x. 286

Pricking patient with needles to expel demons of disease, iii. 106

Priene, Panionian festival at, i. 46

Priest drenched with water as a rain-charm, i. 277, ii. 77;
rolled on fields as fertility charm, ii. 103;
chief acting as, ii. 215 _sqq._, viii. 126;
brings back lost soul in a cloth, iii. 48, 64;
recovers lost souls from the sun-god, iii. 64;
conjures lost soul into a cup, iii. 67;
catches the spirit of a god in a snare, iii. 69;
inspired by spirit of dead king and giving oracles in his name, iv. 200
_sq._;
sows and plucks the first rice, viii. 54;
the corpse-praying, ix. 45.
_See also_ Priests _and_ High priest

—— of Aricia and the Golden Bough, x. i.

—— of Diana at Nemi, i. 8 _sqq._;
at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter, xi. 302
_sq._

—— of Dionysus at the Agrionia, iv. 163

—— of Earth, taboos observed by the, x. 4

—— and magician, their antagonism, i. 226

—— of Nemi, i. 8 _sqq._, 40, 41, ii. 376, 378, 386, 387, xi. 315.
_See also_ King of the Wood

—— of Poseidon, x. 20 _n._ 1

—— of the Sun, x. 20 _n._ 1

—— of Zeus on Mount Lycaeus, ii. 359

Priestess of the holy fire among the Herero, ii. 215;
identified with goddess, v. 219;
head of the State under a system of mother-kin, vi. 203;
of Athena, x. 20 _n._ 1

Priestesses, inspired, i. 379 _sq._, 381 _sq._;
as physicians, bring back lost souls, iii. 53 _sq._;
more important than priests, v. 45, 46;
of Perasian Artemis walk over fire, v. 115, 168;
beat corpse to exorcize a demon, ix. 260;
not allowed to step on ground, x. 5

Priestesses, virgin, in the island of Sena, ii. 241 _n._ 1;
of fire in Peru, ii. 243 _sq._;
of fire in Mexico, ii. 245;
of fire in Yucatan, ii. 245 _sq._

Priesthood of Aphrodite at Paphos, v. 43;
vacated on death of priest’s wife, v. 45;
of Hercules at Tarsus, v. 143

Priestly dynasties of Asia Minor, v. 140 _sq._

—— functions exercised by chiefs in New Britain, i. 340;
gradually acquired by kings, i. 372

—— king and queen personating god and goddess, v. 45

—— kings, i. 44 _sqq._, v. 42, 43;
of Sheba, iii. 125;
of the Nubas, iii. 132;
of Olba, v. 143 _sqq._, 161;
Adonis personated by, v. 223 _sqq._

Priests, magical powers attributed to priests by French peasants, i.
231-233;
inspired by gods in the Southern Pacific, i. 377 _sq._;
ancient Egyptian, recover lost souls, iii. 68;
influence wielded by, iii. 107;
to be shaved with bronze, iii. 226;
their hair unshorn, iii. 259, 260;
foods tabooed to, iii. 291;
personate gods, v. 45, 46 _sqq._, ix. 287;
tattoo-marks of, v. 74 _n._ 4;
not allowed to be widowers, vi. 227 _sqq._;
dressed as women, vi. 253 _sqq._;
first-fruits belong to, viii. 125;
of sharks cover their bodies with the appearance of scales, viii. 292;
sacrifice human victims, ix. 279, 280 _sq._, 284, 286, 287, 290, 292,
294, 298, 301;
expected to pass through fire, xi. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14

—— of Astarte, kings as, v. 26

—— of Attis, the emasculated, v. 265, 266

——, Jewish, their rule as to the pollution of death, vi. 230

—— of Tetzcatlipoca, viii. 165

—— of Zeus at the Corycian cave, v. 145, 155

Primitive ritual, marks of, vii. 169

—— thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, xi. 301 _sq._

Primroses on threshold as a charm against witches, ii. 52

Prince Sunless, x. 21

Prince of Wales Islands, Torres Strait, the Kowraregas of, iii. 346, 358
_sq._;
natives of, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 64 _sq._;
their treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 40

Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, x. 29, 30 _sq._

Princesses married to foreigners or men of low birth, ii. 274 _sqq._;
licence accorded to, in Loango, ii. 276 _sq._

Prisoner condemned to death, treated as king for five days, iv. 113 _sq._,
ix. 355

Prisoners shaved and their shorn hair kept as security for their good
behaviour, iii. 273;
released at festivals, iii. 316

Private magic, i. 214 _sq._

Privilege of the chapter of Rouen Cathedral to pardon a criminal once a
year, ii. 165

Proa, demons of sickness expelled in a, ix. 185 _sqq._;
diseases sent away in a, ix. 199 _sq._
_See also_ Ship

Proarcturia, a Greek festival, vii. 51

Procession to the Almo in the rites of Attis, v. 273;
with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at Lerwick, x. 268

Processions with ships perhaps rain-charms, i. 251 _n._ 3;
for rain in Sicily, i. 300;
carved on rocks at Boghaz-Keui, v. 129 _sqq._;
in honour of Adonis, v. 224 _sq._, 227 _n._, 236 _n._ 1;
with bears from house to house, viii. 192;
with sacred animals, viii. 316 _sqq._;
of men disguised as animals, viii. 325 _sqq._;
for the expulsion of demons, ix. 117, 233;
of monks and maskers at the Tibetan New Year, ix. 203;
of mummers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, ix. 240, 242 _sqq._;
to drive away demons of infertility, ix. 245;
bell-ringing, at the Carnival, ix. 247;
of maskers, W. Mannhardt on, ix. 250;
with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc., x. 107
_sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._, 141, 179, 233 _sq._, 266, 339
_sq._;
on Corpus Christi Day, x. 165;
to the Midsummer bonfires, x. 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193;
across fiery furnaces, xi. 4 _sqq._;
of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 _sqq._

—— and dances in honour of the dead, viii. 111

Proclus on Dionysus, vii. 13

Procopius, on the custom of putting the sick and old to death among the
Heruli, iv. 14;
on the god of lightning of the Slavs, ii. 365;
on the annual disappearance of the sun for forty days in Thule, ix. 125
_n._ 1

Procreation, savage ignorance of the causes of, v. 106 _sq._

Procreative virtue attributed to fire, ii. 233

Procris, her incest with her father Erechtheus, v. 44

Proculus, Julius, bids the Romans worship Romulus as a god, ii. 182

_Proerosia_, “Before the Ploughing,” a Greek festival of Demeter, vii. 50
_sqq._, 60, 108

Profligacy at rites designed to promote the fertility of trees and plants,
ii. 97, 104;
of human sexes supposed to quicken the earth, v. 48;
at Holi festival in India, xi. 2

Progress, the magician’s, i. 214 _sqq._;
intellectual, dependent on economic progress, i. 218;
industrial and political, i. 421

Prohibited degrees of kinship, the system of, perhaps based historically
on superstition, ii. 117

Promathion’s _History of Italy_, ii. 196, 197

Prometheus, his theft of fire, ii. 260

Propertius, on the Vestals, i. 18 _n._ 5;
on the throwing of stones at a grave, ix. 19 _sq._

Property, rules as to the inheritance of, under mother-kin, vi. 203 _n._
1;
landed, combined with mother-kin tends to increase the social importance
of women, vi. 209

Prophecy, Hebrew, distinctive character of, v. 75;
spirit of, acquired by eating certain food, viii. 143;
the Norse Sibyl’s, x. 102 _sq._

Prophet regarded as madman, v. 77.
_See also_ Prophets

Prophetess of Apollo at Patara, ii. 135

Prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 _sq._;
inspired by gods, vi. 207

Prophetic inspiration through the spirits of dead kings and chiefs, iv.
200 _sq._, vi. 171, 172, 192 _sq._;
under the influence of music, v. 52 _sq._, 54 _sq._, 74

—— marks on body, v. 74

—— powers conferred by certain springs, ii. 172

—— water drunk on St. John’s Eve, v. 247

Prophets in relation to _kedeshim_, v. 76;
or mediums inspired by the ghosts of dead kings, iv. 200 _sq._, vi. 171,
172

—— Hebrew, their ethical religion, i. 223;
on the burnt sacrifice of children, iv. 169 _n._ 3;
their resemblance to those of Africa, v. 74 _sq._

—— of Israel, their religious and moral reform, v. 24 _sq._

Propitiation essential to religion, i. 222;
of the souls of the slain, iii. 166;
of spirits of slain animals, iii. 190, 204 _sq._;
of ancestors, iii. 197, v. 46;
of the spirits of plants before partaking of the fruits, viii. 82 _sq._;
of wild animals by hunters, viii. 204 _sqq._;
of vermin by farmers, viii. 274 _sqq._;
of ancestral spirits, ix. 86;
of demons, ix. 93, 94, 96, 100

Proserpine River in Queensland, the aborigines of the, their dread of
women’s cut hair, iii. 282;
the Kia Blacks of the, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 39

_Prosopis spicigera_, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 248, 249, 250
_n._

Prostitution before marriage, practice of, ii. 282, 285, 287

——, sacred, before marriage, in Western Asia, v. 36 _sqq._;
suggested origin of, v. 39 _sqq._;
practised for the sake of the crops, v. 39 _n._ 3;
in Western Asia, alternative theory of, v. 57 _sqq._;
in India, v. 61 _sqq._;
in Africa, v. 65 _sqq._

—— of unmarried girls in the Pelew Islands, vi. 264 _sq._;
in Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, vi. 265 _sq._

Prothero, G. W., as to a May-pole, ii. 71 _n._ 1;
on the passage of sick women through a church window, xi. 190 _n._ 3

Provence, priests thought to possess the power of averting storms in, i.
232;
rain-making by means of images of saints in, i. 307;
May-trees in, ii. 69;
Mayos on May Day in, ii. 80;
mock execution of Caramantran on Ash Wednesday in, iv. 227;
bathing at Midsummer in, v. 248;
Midsummer fires in, x. 193 _sq._;
the Yule log in, x. 249 _sqq._

Prpats, boy employed in rain-making ceremony in Dalmatia, i. 274

Prporushe, young men employed in a rain-making ceremony in Dalmatia, i.
274

_Prunus padus_, L., branches of, used to avert evil influences, ii. 344

Prussia, contagious magic of clothes in, i. 206 _sq._;
customs at driving the herds out to pasture for the first time in, ii.
340 _sq._;
wolves not to be called by their proper name during December in, iii.
396;
harvest customs in, v. 238, vii. 136, 137, 139, 150 _sq._, 209, 219,
280, 281 _sq._, 289, 292;
divination at Midsummer in, v. 252 _sq._;
women’s race at close of rye-harvest in, vii. 76 _sq._;
the Corn-goat in, vii. 281 _sq._;
the Bull at reaping in, vii. 292;
“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268;
custom before first ploughing in spring in, x. 18;
Midsummer fires in, x. 176 _sq._;
mullein gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 63 _sq._;
witches’ Sabbath in, xi. 74.
_See also_ Prussians

——, Eastern, the Kurs of, their custom at sowing, i. 137;
dances of girls on Shrove Tuesday in, i. 138 _sq._;
“to chase out the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280;
herbs gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 48 _sq._;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53, 61;
belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, xi. 291 _n._ 3

Prussia, West, pretence of birth of child on harvest-field in, vii. 150
_sq._, 209;
sticks or stones piled on graves of suicides in, ix. 17

Prussian rulers, formerly burnt, ix. 391

Prussians, the heathen, sacrificed to Pergrubius on St. George’s Day, ii.
347

——, the old, their worship of trees, ii. 43;
their funeral feasts, iii. 238;
supreme ruler of, iv. 41 _sq._;
their prayers and offerings for the flax crop, iv. 156;
their custom at sowing, vii. 288;
their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 133;
their worship of serpents, xi. 43 _n._ 3

Pruyssenaere, E. de, on the privations of the Dinka in the dry season, iv.
30 _n._ 1;
on the reverence of the Dinka for their cattle, viii. 38 _sq._

Prytaneum at Athens, ii. 137, vii. 32;
perpetual fire in the, ii. 260

Psalmist (cvi. 35-38) on Hebrew idolatry, iv. 168 _sq._

Psammetichus I., king of Egypt, dedicates his daughter to Ammon, ii. 134

Pshaws of the Caucasus, their rain-charm, i. 282;
taboos observed by an annual official among the, iii. 292 _sq._

Pskov, Government of, holy oak on the borders of, ii. 371 _sq._

Psoloeis, the, at Orchomenus, iv. 163, 164

Psylli, a Snake clan, make war on the south wind, i. 331;
expose their infants to snakes, viii. 174 _sq._

Ptarmigans and ducks, dramatic contest of the, among the Esquimaux, iv.
259

Pterelaus and his golden hair, xi. 103

Pteria, captured by Croesus, v. 128

Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt, offered by Cato the priesthood of
Aphrodite at Paphos, v. 43

Ptolemy and Berenice, annual festival in honour of, vi. 35 _n._ 2

Ptolemy I. and Serapis, vi. 119 _n._

—— II., king of Egypt, iv. 15

—— III. Euergetes, his attempt to correct the vague Egyptian year by
intercalation, vi. 27

—— V. on the Rosetta Stone, vi. 152 _n._

Ptolemy Soter, v. 264 _n._ 4

Puberty, girls’ hair torn out at, iii. 282;
ceremonial pollution of girl at, viii. 268;
girls secluded at, x. 22 _sqq._;
fast and dream at, xi. 222 _n._ 5;
pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during
initiatory rites at, xi. 225 _sqq._

Public expulsion of evils, ix. 109 _sqq._

—— magic, i. 215

Public scapegoats, ix. 170 _sqq._

Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, their annual festival of the
dead, vi. 54;
their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312;
use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 230 _n._, 231

_Puhru_, “assembly,” ix. 361

_Puithiam_, sorcerer, among the Lushais, ix. 94

_Pul_, an astrologer, vii. 125 _sq._

Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 69

Pulling each other’s hair, a Lithuanian sacrificial custom, viii. 50 _sq._

_Pulque_, Mexican wine made from aloes, iii. 249, 250 _n._ 1;
continence at brewing, iii. 201 _sq._

Pulse cultivated in Bengal, vii. 123

Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257;
belief in the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, xi. 292

Pumi-yathon, king of Citium and Idalium, v. 50

Pumpkin, external soul in a, xi. 105

Puna Indians add stones to cairns in the Andes, ix. 9

Punchkin and the parrot, story of, xi. 97 _sq._, 215, 220

Punjaub, rain-making in the, i. 278;
General Nicholson worshipped in his lifetime in the, i. 404;
human sacrifices to cedar-tree in the, ii. 17;
no grass or green thing to be cut in the, till after the festival of the
ripening grain, ii. 49 _n._ 3;
wells resorted to by barren women for the sake of offspring in the, ii.
160;
belief as to tattooing in the, iii. 30;
belief as to the shadow of a pregnant woman in the, iii. 83;
belief among the Hindoos of the, as to length of residence in heaven,
iv. 67;
belief as to a man’s star in the, iv. 68;
belief in the reincarnation of infants in the, v. 94;
children at birth placed in winnowing-fans in the, vii. 7;
the Mother-cotton in the, vii. 178;
customs as to the first-fruits of sugar and cotton in the, viii. 119;
worship of snakes in the, viii. 316 _sq._;
the Snake tribe in the, viii. 316, 317;
human scapegoats in the, ix. 196;
supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, x. 295;
passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, xi. 190

_Puplem_, general council, among the Indians of San Juan Capistrano, vii.
125

Puppet made of branches representing the tree-spirit, ducked in water, ii.
75, 76;
substituted for human victim, v. 219 _sq._;
made out of last sheaf, vii. 137, 138, 231;
at threshing, vii. 148, 149;
at harvest, vii. 150;
representing the corn-spirit, vii. 224

Puppet-shows as a rain-charm, i. 301 _n._

Puppets or dolls employed for the restoration of souls to their bodies,
iii. 53 _sqq._, 62 _sqq._;
of rushes thrown into the Tiber, viii. 107;
used to attract demons of sickness from living patients, ix. 187.
_See also_ Dolls, Effigies, Images

Puppies, red-haired, sacrificed by the Romans to the Dog-star, vii. 261,
viii. 34

Puppy, blind, stomachic complaint transferred to a, ix. 50

_Pur_ in the sense of “lot,” ix. 361

Purest person cuts the last corn, vii. 158

Purgation, ceremonial, before partaking of new fruits, viii. 72 _n._ 2,
73, 75 _sq._, 76, 83, 90.
_See also_ Purification

Purgatory, popular beliefs as to souls in, iv. 66, 67

Purge as mode of ceremonial purification, iii. 175

Purification by passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289
_n._ 4;
by pig’s blood, ii. 107, 108, 109, v. 299 _n._ 2, ix. 262;
of hunting dogs and hunters, ii. 125;
by fire, ii. 327, 329, v. 115 _n._ 1, 179 _sqq._, x. 296, xi. 16 _sqq._;
of city, iii. 188;
of hunters and fishers, iii. 190 _sq._;
of moral guilt by physical agencies, iii. 217 _sq._;
by cutting the hair, iii. 283 _sqq._;
by swinging, iv. 282 _sq._;
things used in, how disposed of, vii. 9;
after contact with a pig, viii. 24;
by washing, ceremonies of, viii. 27 _sq._;
before partaking of new fruits, viii. 59, 60, 63, 69 _sq._, 71, 73, 75
_sq._, 82, 83, 135;
by emetics, viii. 73, 75 _sq._, 83 _sq._;
for slaughter of a serpent, viii. 219 _sq._;
by leaping through fire, viii. 249;
before eating the first salmon, viii. 253;
by bathing or washing, ix. 3 _sq._;
by means of stone-throwing, ix. 23 _sqq._;
religious, intended to keep off demons, ix. 104 _sq._;
of mourners intended to protect them from the spirits of the dead, ix.
105 _n._ 1;
by standing on sacrificed human victim, ix. 218;
by beating, ix. 262, x. 61, 64 _sqq._;
by stinging with ants, x. 61 _sqq._;
after a death, xi. 178;
by passing under a yoke, xi. 193 _sqq._
_See also_ Purificatory _and_ Expiation

——, ancient Greek, ritual of, iii. 312;
by laurel and pig’s blood, ix. 262

—— of Apollo at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240 _sq._

——, Chinese ceremonies of, in spring and autumn, ix. 213 _n._ 1

——, Feast of the (Candlemas), ix. 332

—— festival among the Cherokee Indians, ix. 128

——, the Great, a Japanese ceremony, ix. 213 _n._ 1

—— of manslayers, i. 26, iii. 165 _sqq._, viii. 148 _sq._, ix. 262;
intended to rid them of the ghosts of the slain, iii. 186 _sq._

—— of the matricide, Orestes, i. 26, ix. 262

—— of Pimas after slaying Apaches, iii. 182 _sqq._

Purificatory ceremonies at reception of strangers, iii. 102 _sqq._;
on return from a journey, iii. 111 _sqq._;
after a battle, vi. 251 _sq._

—— rites, for sexual crimes, ii. 107 _sqq._, 115, 116;
designed to raise a barrier against evil spirits, ii. 128

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, x. 329 _sq._, 341, xi. 16
_sqq._;
more probable than the solar theory, x. 346

Purim, in relation to Zakmuk, ix. 359 _sqq._;
the Jewish festival of, ix. 360 _sqq._;
in relation to the Sacaea, ix. 362 _sqq._;
custom of burning effigies of Haman at, ix. 392 _sqq._;
compared to the Carnival, ix. 394;
its relation to Persia, ix. 401 _sqq._

Purity, ceremonial, observed by incense-gatherers in ancient Arabia, ii.
106 _sq._;
observed in war, iii. 157.
_See also_ Chastity _and_ Continence

Purple loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_) gathered at Midsummer, xi. 65

_Purra_ or _poro_, secret society in Sierra Leone, xi. 260 _sq._

Puruha, a province of Quito, sacrifice of first-born children among the
Indians of, iv. 185

Pururavas and Urvasi, ancient Indian story of, ii. 250, iv. 131

Purushu, great primordial giant, in the Rig Veda, ix. 410

Pûs, an Indian month, ix. 230

Putanges, canton of, in Normandy, pretence of tying up landowner in last
sheaf at, vii. 226

Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, xi. 36 _sq._

Puwe-wai, god of the rice-fields, in Poso, ii. 104

Puy-de-Dôme, saying as to binder and reaper in, vii. 292

Puyallup Indians, taboo on the names of the dead among the, iii. 365

Pyanepsia, an Attic festival, vii. 52

Pyanepsion, Attic month (October), vi. 41, vii. 52;
the season of the autumn sowing, vii. 45 _sq._, 116

Pygmalion, king of Citium and Idalium in Cyprus, v. 50

——, king of Cyprus, father-in-law of Cinyras, v. 41, 49;
his love for an image of Aphrodite, v. 49 _sq._

——, king of Tyre, v. 50

Pygmies of Central Africa said not to know how to kindle fire, ii. 255;
their continence before hunting, iii. 197;
burn their cut hair, iii. 282

Pylos, burning the Carnival at, iv. 232 _sq._

Pymaton of Citium, v. 50 _n._ 2

Pyramid of King Pepi the First, ii. 4 _n._ 1

Pyramid Texts, vi. 4 _sqq._, 9 _n._;
intended to ensure the life of dead Egyptian kings, vi. 4 _sq._;
Osiris and the sycamore in the, vi. 110;
the mention of Khenti-Amenti in the, vi. 198 _n._ 2

Pyramids at Sakkara, inscriptions on the, vi. 4;
Egyptian texts of the, ix. 340, 341 _n._ 1

Pyramus, river in Cilicia, v. 165, 167, 173

Pyre at festivals of Hercules, v. 116;
at Tarsus, v. 126;
of dead kings at Jerusalem, v. 177 _sq._;
traditionary death of Asiatic kings and heroes on a, ix. 387, 388, 389
_sqq._

—— or Torch, name of great festival at the Syrian Hierapolis, v. 146, ix.
392

Pyrenees, prehistoric cave-paintings in the, i. 87 _n._ 1;
tree burned on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. 141;
Midsummer fires in the French, x. 193

Pyrites, iron, fire made by means of, ii. 258

Pythagoras, his maxim about footprints, i. 211;
his maxim as to bodily impressions on bed-clothes, i. 213;
superstitious nature of the maxims attributed to, i. 213 _sq._, iii. 314
_n._ 2;
his epitaph on the tomb of Apollo at Delphi, iv. 4;
his reincarnations, viii. 263, 300;
his doctrine of transmigration, viii. 300, 301;
his saying as to swallows, ix. 35 _n._ 3

Pythaists at Athens, their observation of lightning and their sacrifices
at Delphi, i. 33

Pythian games at Delphi, iv. 80 _sq._;
originally identical with the Festival of Crowning, iv. 80, vi. 242 _n._
1;
crown of oak leaves at first the prize in the, iv. 80;
celebrated in honour of the dragon or Python, iv. 80, 93;
originally celebrated every eight years, iv. 80, vii. 80, 84;
their period, vi. 242 _n._ 1

Python at Delphi, the Pythian games celebrated in his honour, iv. 93

——, sacred, associated with the fertility of the earth, ii. 150;
punishment for killing a, iii. 222;
worshipped by the Baganda, v. 86.
_See also_ Pythons

Python clan, a python expected to visit every newborn child of the, viii.
174

—— -god, human wives of the, v. 66

Pythons, dead kings turn into, iv. 84;
worshipped in West Africa, v. 83 _n._ 1;
dead chiefs reincarnated in, vi. 193

Qua, near Old Calabar, sacred palm-tree at, ii. 51

Quack, the, a Whitsuntide Mummer, ii. 81

Quadrennial period of Greek games, vii. 77 _sqq._

Quail, omens as to price of corn from cry of, vii. 295;
corn-spirit as, vii. 295, 296

“Quail-hunt,” legend on coins of Tarsus, v. 126 _n._ 2

Quails sacrificed to Hercules (Melcarth), v. 111 _sq._;
migration of, v. 112

Quarrelling at home forbidden in absence of husband, i. 120, 130

Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, need-fire used as a remedy for, x. 296

Quartz used at circumcision instead of iron, iii. 227

Quartz crystals, magic of, i. 176. _sq._;
used in rain-making, i. 254, 255, 304

—— stones, white, in rain-making, i. 346

Quatuordecimans of Phrygia celebrate the Crucifixion on March 25th, v. 307
_n._

Quatzow, village of Mecklenburg, taboo on names of animals at, iii. 397

Quauhtitlan, city in Mexico, women sacrificed to the fire-god in, ix. 301

Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, x. 276

Queen, name given to the last sheaf, vii. 146;
name given to the last corn cut at harvest, vii. 153

——, the Harvest, in England, vii. 146 _sq._, 152

—— of Athens married to Dionysus, ii. 136 _sq._, vii. 30 _sq._

—— of the Bean on Twelfth Night, ix. 313, 315

—— of the Corn-ears, drawn in procession at the end of harvest, vii. 146

—— of Egypt the wife of Ammon, ii. 131 _sqq._, v. 72

—— of Heaven, great Oriental goddess, v. 303 _n._ 5;
incense burnt in honour of the, v. 228;
the wife of the Sky-god, xi. 303

—— of May, representative of the spirit of vegetation, ii. 79, 84;
in France, ii. 87;
in England, ii. 87 _sq._;
in the Isle of Man, iv. 259;
married to the King of May, iv. 266

—— of the Roses at Grammont, x. 195

—— of Summer on St. Peter’s Day in Brabant, x. 195

—— of Winter in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 70, 133, 168, iii. 72
_n._ 1, vii. 20, x. 44;
their propitiation of slain animals, viii. 226.
_See_ Haida Indians

—— Charlotte Sound, mourning customs among the Indians of, iii. 143 _sq._

Queen sister in Uganda, licence accorded to the, ii. 275 _sq._

Queen’s County, Midsummer fires in, x. 203;
divination at Hallowe’en in, x. 242

Queens, licence accorded to, in Central Africa, ii. 277

Queensland, beliefs as to the afterbirth in, i. 183 _sq._;
rain-making in, i. 254 _sq._;
the Turrbal tribe of, iii. 156 _n._ 1, iv. 60;
namesakes of the dead change their names in some tribes of, iii. 355
_sq._;
the Gudangs of, iii. 359;
Maryborough in, iii. 424;
the Yerrunthally tribe of, iv. 64;
exposure of first-born children among some tribes of, iv. 180;
cannibalism in, viii. 151;
sorcery in, x. 14;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 37 _sqq._;
dread of women at menstruation in, x. 78;
use of bull-roarers in, xi. 233

——, aborigines of, custom of knocking out teeth among the, i. 99;
their belief as to scratching and rain, iii. 159 _n._;
their superstition as to personal names, iii. 320;
their beliefs as to the birth of children, v. 102 _sq._;
their belief as to the bones of dugong, viii. 258 _n._ 2

——, Central, expulsion of a demon among the tribes of, ix. 172

——, natives of, their superstitions as to falling stars, iv. 60;
their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent friend, xi. 159 _sq._

Quellendorff in Anhalt, custom at sowing at, i. 139

_Quercus aegilops_, its acorns eaten in Greece, ii. 356

—— _ballota_, its acorns eaten in Greece, ii. 356

—— _ilex_, the evergreen oak, its acorns eaten in Spain, ii. 356

—— _robur_, the British oak, its diffusion in Europe, ii. 355

_Querquetulani_, Men of the Oak, a tribe of the Latin League, ii. 188

Quetzalcoatl, a Mexican god, ix. 281, 300;
personated by a priest, viii. 90;

man sacrificed in the character of, ix. 281 _sq._

Quiches of Central America, their offerings of first-fruits, viii. 134

Quicken-tree, an English name for the rowan or mountain-ash, ix. 267 _n._
1

“Quickening” heifers with a branch of rowan, ix. 266 _sq._

Quilacare, in South India, suicide of the kings of, iv. 46 _sq._

_Quimba_, a secret society on the Lower Congo, xi 256 _n._

Quimper, Midsummer fires at, x. 184

Quinoa-mother, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 172

Quirinal hill, temple of Quirinus on the, ii. 182, 185;
villa of Atticus on the, ii. 182 _n._ 1

Quirinus, Romulus worshipped after death under the name of, ii. 182, 193
_n._ 1;
sanctuary of, on the Quirinal at Rome, ii. 185;
Patrician and Plebeian myrtle-trees in the sanctuary of, xi. 168

—— and Hora, vi. 233

Quiteve, title of the king of Sofala, revered as a god by his people, i.
392, iv. 37 _sq._

Quito, the kings of, vii. 236

Quivering of the body in a rain-charm, i. 260, 261

Quixos Indians, their belief in the transmigration of human souls into
animals, viii. 285;
cause themselves to be whipped with nettles before a hunting expedition,
ix. 263

Quonde in Nigeria, custom of king-killing at, iv. 35

Quop district of Borneo, ceremony at securing the soul of the rice in the,
vii. 188

Ra, the Egyptian sun-god, i. 418, 419, vi. 6, 8, 12, viii. 30, ix. 341;
how Isis discovered his name, iii. 387 _sqq._;
identified with many originally independent local deities, vi. 122
_sqq._

Rabbah, in Ammon, captured by King David, iii. 273, v. 19

Rabbis, burnings for dead Jewish, v. 178 _sq._

Rabbit used in stopping rain, i. 295

Rabbit-kangaroo in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

Rabbits in homoeopathic magic, i. 155

Race, charm to secure victory in, i. 150;
to May-tree to determine the Whitsuntide king, ii. 84;
succession to kingdom determined by a, ii. 299 _sqq._;
for a bride, ii. 300 _sqq._;
for the kingdom at Olympia, iv. 90;
to sheaf on harvest-field, vii. 137;
of reapers to last sheaf, vii. 291.
_See also_ Races

Races at Whitsuntide, ii. 69, 84;
on horseback to the May-pole to determine the Whitsuntide King, ii. 89;
to determine the successor to the kingship, iv. 103 _sqq._;
at harvest, vii. 76 _sq._;
in connexion with agriculture, vii. 98;
to ensure good crops, ix. 249;
at fire-festivals, x. 111;
to Easter bonfire, x. 122;
at Easter fires, x. 144;
with torches at Midsummer, x. 175.
_See also_ Chariot-races, Foot-races, Horse-races _and_ Torch-races

Racoons, prayers for rain to skulls of, i. 288

_Radica_, a festival at the end of the Carnival at Frosinone, iv. 222

Radigis, king of the Varini, marries his stepmother, ii. 283

Radium, atomic disintegration of, viii. 305;
bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the sun, xi. 307
_n._ 2

Radloff, W., on a Mongolian way of stopping rain, i. 305 _sq._

Radnorshire, the tug-of-war at Presteign in, ix. 182

Radolfzell, in Baden, the Rye-sow or Wheat-sow near, vii. 298

Rafts, evils expelled on, ix. 199, 200 _sq._

Rag well in the Aran Islands, ii. 161

Ragnit, in East Prussia, sacred oak near, ii. 371

——, in Lithuania, the Old Woman in the last standing corn at, vii. 223

Rags hung on trees, ii. 16, 32, 42

Ragusa, in Sicily, effigy of dragon carried on St. George’s Day at, ii.
164 _n._ 1

Rahab or Leviathan, a dragon of the sea, iv. 106 _n._ 2

Rahu, a tribal god in India, xi. 5

Raiatea, deified king of, i. 387 _sq._

Rain, extraction of teeth in connexion with, i. 98 _sq._;
the magical control of, i. 247 _sqq._;
made by homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 247 _sqq._;
charms to prevent or stop rain, i. 249, 252, 252 _sq._, 262, 263, 270
_sqq._, 290, 295 _sqq._, 305 _sq._;
prayers for, i. 285, 286, 287, 288, 346, ii. 46, iv. 20, x. 133;
kings expected to give, i. 348, 350, 351 _sq._, 353, 355, 356, 392
_sq._, 396;
supposed to fall only as a result of magic, i. 353;
sacrifices for, ii. 44;
excessive, supposed to be an effect of sexual crime, ii. 108, 111, 113;
Zeus as the god of, ii. 359 _sq._;
prevented by the blood of a woman who has miscarried in child-bed, iii.
153;
caused by cut or combed out hair, iii. 271, 272;
word for, not to be mentioned, iii. 413;
procured by bones of the dead, v. 22;
excessive, ascribed to wrath of God, v. 22 _sq._;
instrumental in rebirth of dead infants, v. 95;
regarded as the tears of gods, vi. 33;
thought to be controlled by the souls of dead chiefs, vi. 188, viii.
109;
prayer for, at Eleusis, vii. 69;
charms to produce, ix. 175 _sq._, 178 _sq._;
or drought, games of ball played to produce, ix. 179 _sq._;
dances to obtain, ix. 236 _sq._, 238;
festival to produce, ix. 277;
divinities of the, ix. 381;
Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, x. 188, 336;
bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, xi. 230 _sqq._
_See also_ Rain-charm

Rain, Mother of the, in rain-making ceremony among the Arabs of Moab, i.
276

Rain-bird, i. 287

—— -bride in Armenia, i. 276

“—— -bush,” ii. 46

—— -charm, by throwing water on leaf clad mummers, i. 272 _sqq._, iv. 211;
by ploughing, i. 282 _sq._;
by pouring water, iii. 154 _sq._;
in rites of Adonis, v. 237;
by throwing water on the last corn cut, v. 237 _sq._, vii. 134, 146, 170
_n._ 1, 268;
by pouring water on flesh of human victims, vii. 250, 252.
_See also_ Rain-making

—— clan of the Dinka, iv. 30, 31

—— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, x. 133.
_See also_ Clouds

—— Country, the, in Central Australia, i. 259

—— -doctor among the Toradjas of Celebes, his procedure and the taboos
which he observes, i. 271 _sq._

—— -dragon banished in time of drought, i. 298

—— -drops from eaves in magic, i. 253

—— -god, as dragon, i. 297, 298;
of the Ewe negroes, iv. 61, American Indian, represented with tears
running from his eyes, vi. 33 _n._ 3

—— gods compelled to give rain by threats and violence, i. 296 _sqq._;
appeal to the pity of the, i. 302 _sq._;
of Mexico, ix. 283

—— King, leaf-clad mummer sprinkled with water at Poona, i. 275;
on the Upper Nile, killed in time of drought, ii. 2

—— -maker among the Arunta, costume of the, i. 260;
assimilates himself to water, i. 269 _sqq._

—— -makers, their importance in savage communities, i. 247;
in Africa, their rise to political power, i. 342 _sqq._, 352;
on the Upper Nile, i. 345 _sqq._, ii. 2;
unsuccessful, punished or killed, i. 345, 352 _sqq._;
killed in time of drought, ii. 2, 3;
their hair unshorn, iii. 259 _sq._;
among the Dinka not allowed to die a natural death, iv. 32, 33;
(mythical), x. 133

Rain-making by imitative magic, i. 247 _sqq._;
by means of human blood, i. 256 _sqq._, iii. 244;
by wetting flower-clad or leaf-clad mummers, i. 272 _sqq._;
by bathing and sprinkling of water, i. 277 _sq._;
by ploughing, i. 282 _sq._;
by means of the dead, i. 284 _sqq._;
by means of animals, i. 287 _sqq._;
by means of stones, i. 304 _sqq._;
ceremonies of the Shilluks, iv. 20

—— song, sung by women, ii. 46

“—— -stick,” in Queensland, i. 254

—— -stones, for procuring rain, i. 254, 305, 345, 346

—— -temple, in Angoniland, i. 250

—— totem in the Kaitish tribe, ceremony performed by the headman of the
totem to procure rain, i. 258 _sq._

—— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, x. 17 _sq._

Rainbow, a net for souls, iii. 79

—— in rain-charm, picture of, i. 258;
imitation of, i. 288

—— totem in the Nullakun tribe of Northern Australia, v. 101

Rainless summer on the Mediterranean, v. 159 _sq._;
in Greece, vii. 69

Rains, autumnal, in Greece, vii. 52

Rainy season, general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of the,
ix. 224;
expulsion of demons at the beginning of the, ix. 225

Raipoor, the ancient Mandavie, iv. 132 _n._ 1

Raipur, in India, ix. 44

Rajah of Bilaspur, custom after the death of a, iv. 154, ix. 44 _sq._

—— of Manipur, his sins transferred to a criminal, ix. 39

—— of Tanjore, his sins after death transferred to twelve Brahmans, ix. 44

—— of Travancore, his sins at death transferred to a Brahman, ix. 42 _sq._

——, temporary, after death of rajah, iv. 154

Rajahs among the Malays, supernatural powers attributed to, i. 361;
two, in Timor, the civil rajah and the fetish or taboo rajah, iii. 24

Rajamahall, in India, persons who have died of dropsy thrown into river
among hill tribes near, i. 79;
sacrifices of first-fruits among hill tribes near, viii. 117 _sq._;
ceremony at killing tiger among hill tribes near, viii. 217

Rajaraja, king, dancing-girls in his temple at Tanjore, v. 61

Rajbansis of Bengal, their rain-making ceremony, i. 284 _n._

Rajputana, gardens of Adonis in, v. 241 _sq._

Rakelimalaza, a Malagasy god, taboos observed at his sanctuary, viii. 46

Raking a rick in the devil’s name, x. 243;
the ashes, a mode of divination at Hallowe’en, x. 243

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his colonists on Roanoke Island, iii. 357

Ralì, the fair of, in the Kanagra district of India, iv. 265

Ralston, W. R. S., on the Russian house-spirit Domovoy, ii. 233 _n._ 1;
on sacred fire of Perkunas, xi. 91 _n._ 3

Ram with golden fleece, iv. 162;
as vicarious sacrifice for human victim, iv. 165, 177;
sacrificed to Ammon, viii. 41;
Tibetan goddess riding on a, viii. 96;
killing the sacred, viii. 172 _sqq._;
consecration of a white, viii. 313.
_See also_ Rams

——, black, in rain-making, iii. 154;
sacrificed to Pelops, iv. 92, 104, viii. 85

Ram-god of Mendes, iv. 7 _n._ 3

Ram’s skull in charm to avert demons, viii. 96

Rama, his wife Sita, ii. 26;
his battle with the King of Ceylon, xi. 102

Ramadan, the fast of, vii. 316

_Ramanga_, men who eat up the nail-parings and lick up the spilt blood of
nobles among the Betsileo, iii. 246

Rambree, sorcerers dressed as women in the island of, vi. 254

Rameses II., king of Egypt, his treaty with the Hittites, v. 135 _sq._;
his order to the Nile, vi. 33

Ramin, in Stettin, harvest custom at, vii. 230

Ramirez manuscript on Mexican religion, ix. 283 _n._ 1

Ramman, Babylonian and Assyrian god of thunder, v. 163 _sq._

Rampart, old, of Burghead, x. 267 _sq._

Rams, testicles of, in the rites of Attis, v. 269

Rams’ horns attached to pillars, viii. 117

Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Bridget’s bed on the night before
Candlemas, ii. 94 _n._ 3;
on the Highland custom of beating a man in a cow’s hide on the last day
of the year, viii. 322 _sq._;
on Beltane fires, x. 146 _sqq._;
on Midsummer fires, x. 206;
on Hallowe’en fires, x. 230 _sq._;
on burying cattle alive, x. 325 _sq._

Ramsay, Sir William M., on the worship of unmarried goddesses in Western
Asia, i. 36 _n._ 2;
on Hittite hieroglyphs, i. 87 _n._ 1;
on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 134 _n._ 1, 137 _n._ 4;
on priest-dynasts of Asia Minor, v. 140 _n._ 2;
on the god Tark, v. 147 _n._ 3;
on the name Olba, v. 148 _n._ 1;
on _Hierapolis_ and _Hieropolis_, v. 168 _n._ 2;
on Attis and Men, v. 284 _n._ 5;
on cruel death of the human representative of a god in Phrygia, v. 285
_sq._;
on the early spread of Christianity in Pontus, ix. 421 _n._ 1

Ranchi, district of Chota Nagpur, annual expulsion of disease in, ix. 139

Rangoon, scruples with regard to the human head at, iii. 253;
Chins at, ix. 123

Rao of Kachh, the, his sacrifice of a buffalo, i. 385 _n._ 1

Raoul-Rochette, D., on Asiatic deities with lions, v. 138 _n._;
on the burning of doves to Adonis, v. 147 _n._ 1;
on apotheosis by death in the fire, v. 180 _n._ 1

Rape of Persephone, vii. 66

_Rapegyrne_, old Scottish name for the harvest Maiden, vii. 155 _n._ 2

Raratonga, in the Pacific, custom as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 179;
custom of succession in, iv. 191

Rarhi Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 68

Rarian plain at Eleusis, vii. 36, 234, viii. 15;
corn first sown by Triptolemus in the, vii. 70, 74;
expiation for the defilement of the, vii. 74;
the Sacred Ploughing on the, vii. 108

Raskolnik, Russian Dissenter, i. 285

Raskolniks, their hatred of mirrors, iii. 96

Raspberries, wild, ceremony at gathering the first, viii. 80 _sq._

Rat, the “god rat,” an idol to which sacrifices are offered when rats
infest the fields, viii. 283;
transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299;
external soul of medicine-man in, xi. 199.
_See also_ Rats

Rat’s hair as a charm, i. 151

Rathcroghan, in Roscommon, site of the palace of the kings of Connaught,
iii. 12 _n._ 1

Rats asked to give new teeth, i. 179;
superstitious precautions of farmers against, viii. 277, 278, 283;
ravages committed by, viii. 282 _n._ 8
_See also_ Rat

—— and mice, in magic concerned with teeth, i. 178 _sqq._

Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, xi. 183

Rattle, wooden, swung by twins to make fair or foul weather, i. 263;
of deer-hoofs used by shaman, iii. 58;
shaken before human victim, ix. 286;
used at a festival in East Africa, x. 28

Rattles in myth and ritual of Dionysus, vii. 13, 15;
to accompany dance, vii. 205;
to frighten or keep out ghosts, ix. 154 _n._, x. 52

Rattlesnake dance to secure immunity from snake-bites, i. 358

Rattlesnakes, attempt to deceive the spirits of, iii. 399;
respected by the North American Indians, viii. 217 _sqq._

Ratumaimbulu, Fijian god of fruit-trees, v. 90

Ratzeburg, harvest custom near, vii. 229

_Rauchfiess_, a Whitsuntide mummer, in Silesia, carted out of village and
thrown into water, iv. 207 _n._ 1

Raven, prophetic vision ascribed to the, i. 197;
used in wind-charm, i. 320;
soul as a, iii. 34;
transformation into a, iii. 324;
the great black (_Corvus umbrinus_), respected by Sudanese negroes,
viii. 221

Raven clan among the Niska Indians, xi. 271

—— legends among the Esquimaux, ix. 380

Raven’s eggs in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

Ravensberg, in Westphalia, the Fox in the corn at, vii. 296

Raw flesh, Flamen Dialis forbidden to touch or name, iii. 13, 239;
Brahman teacher not to look on, iii. 239;
relations of slain man not to touch, iii. 240

Ray, S. H., on the names for fire-sticks in the Torres Straits Islands,
ii. 209 _n._ 3