Chapter I: Front Matter

THE HISTORY
OF
CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.

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THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.

BY

JOHN MACKINTOSH, LL.D.

_Author of “The Story of Scotland,”
“The Revolution of 1688 and Viscount Dundee,”
“The Highland Land Question Historically Considered,”
“History of the Valley of the Dee,” Etc._

_A NEW EDITION._

PARTLY REWRITTEN, AND CAREFULLY REVISED THROUGHOUT.

Volume Fourth.

ALEXANDER GARDNER,
Publisher to her Majesty the Queen,
PAISLEY; AND 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON.

1896.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXV.

_History of Scottish Philosophy――Carmichael――Hutcheson._

⭘ Scope of this account of Scottish Philosophy――Carmichael, his
Teaching and Writings

⭘ Francis Hutcheson, his success as a Professor――His Writings
and Moral Doctrines――Moral Sense, Happiness, the Object of
Approbation――His Political Views――Influence of his Teaching and
Writings

CHAPTER XXXVI.

_David Hume and Adam Smith._

SECTION I.

_Hume._

⭘ Characteristics of Hume and Smith――Hume’s Treatise of Human
Nature, its Method――His own Account of the Origin of his
Philosophy

⭘ His Explication of the Understanding, treatment of Impressions
and Ideas――Discussion of the Ideas of Space and Time, Idealism
――Treatment of Causation――Scepticism touching Reason and the
Senses, Personal Identity――Summary of his Conclusions concerning
the Understanding

⭘ His Handling of the Passions and the Will――His Theory of Morals,
Utility――Summary of his Views

⭘ Essay on Miracles, its Characteristics――Natural History of
Religion, and Dialogues on Religion――Estimate of his Philosophy
――Its Influence on Subsequent Speculation――Hume’s Personal
Character

SECTION II.

_Adam Smith._

⭘ His early Life――Method of Teaching――His Travels――His Method of
Working

⭘ His Theory of Moral Sentiments, its Method and Style――Sympathy
the Origin of Approbation, early manifestation of Sympathy
――Exposition of the operation of Sympathy――Happiness――Summary
of his Moral Views

⭘ The Wealth of Nations, his chief work, its Arrangement――His
Explanation of Labour, Land, and Rent

⭘ His Explication of the accumulation and employment of Stock
――Progress of Opulence, state of Agriculture in Europe, and the
Rise and Progress of Cities

⭘ Discussion of the Mercantile System, erroneous notions about
Money――Exposure of the Doctrine of the Balance of Trade――His
attack upon the Great Eastern Company

⭘ Revenue of the State――Educational and Religious Institutions
――Influence of the Work

CHAPTER XXXVII.

_Reid, Ferguson, Stewart, and Other Writers._

SECTION I.

_Reid._

⭘ His Life and Teaching――His Writings――Treatment of the External
Senses――His doctrine of Signs

⭘ His doctrine of Perception, imperfect Discrimination of the
Views of other Philosophers――Explanation of Theories of Mediate
Perception

⭘ His Division of Mental Phenomena, and Treatment of Mental Powers
――Common-sense, its Relation to First Principles――Classification
of First Principles

⭘ Active Powers of the Mind――Moral Obligation――Reid’s Merits

SECTION II.

_Adam Ferguson._

⭘ His early Life――Principles of Moral and Political Science, his
Method, Conceptions, and grasp of Thought

⭘ The Standard of Morality, the Supreme End, and the Principle of
Approbation

SECTION III.

_Dugald Stewart._

⭘ Stewart was a successful Professor――The Scope of his Philosophy
of the Human Mind――His Political Views

⭘ Discrimination of Ultimate Principles――Classification of the
Intellectual Faculties――Laws of Association of Ideas――Memory,
Imagination――Reasoning and Deductive Evidence――Varieties of
Intellectual ♦Caricature

♦ “Characture” replaced with “Caricature”

⭘ Summary of his Ethical System――His Method and Style

SECTION IV.

_Gerard, Beattie, Campbell, and Alison._

⭘ Gerard’s Essay on Taste, its Method and Characteristics

⭘ Beattie’s Essay on the Immutability of Truth――His Elements of
Moral Science――Characteristics of his Style

⭘ Campbell’s Essay on Miracles, its Method――His Rhetoric and Style
――Alison, the Scope of his Essay on Taste

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

_Dr. Brown――Mackintosh._

SECTION I.

_Dr. Brown._

⭘ His early Life――Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect――A
successful Professor, his Lectures

⭘ Exposition of his Psychology――Analysis of Sensation, his
Doctrine of Perception, and Criticism of Dr. Reid――His
Classification of Mental Phenomena, Laws of Suggestion or
Association――Reduction of the Faculties of Judgment and Reason

⭘ Treatment of the Emotions, his Ethical Views, the Moral Faculty
――Practical Ethics――The existence of God and Immortality of the
Soul――Estimate of his Psychology

SECTION II.

_Mackintosh._

⭘ Vicissitudes of his Life――He entered keenly into the stormy
Movements of his Time――His Literary Projects

⭘ His Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy――Its
Method and Scope――His Sketches of Ethical Systems and Writers
――Summary of his own Ethical Views